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 2n
d
Ed
iti
on
Ansible
Up & Running
AUTOMATING CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
AND DEPLOYMENT THE EASY WAY

Lorin Hochstein & René Moser

 Praise for Ansible: Up and Running

I devoured the manuscript for the first edition of Ansible: Up and Running within a few
hours: Lorin did an amazing job describing all of Ansible’s facets, and I was excited to
hear he’d joined forces with René for a second edition. In this, the two authors have done
an outstanding job of showing us how to put an incredibly useful utility to good use, and I
cannot think of anything they haven’t covered in depth.
—Jan-Piet Mens, consultant

Impressive coverage of Ansible. It’s not only great for getting started, but also for
understanding how to use the more advanced features. Fantastic resource for
leveling up your Ansible skills.
—Matt Jaynes, Chief Engineer, High Velocity Ops

The nice thing about Ansible is that you can start by doing, and that it lends itself for
easy prototyping, which is great to make quick progress and get things done.
However, over time this tends to lead to gaps in knowledge and understanding,
which is hard to come by.
Ansible: Up and Running is a very useful resource because it can fill those gaps, as it
explains Ansible from the very basics up to the complexities of working with YAML and
Jinja2. And because it is packed with many off-the-shelf examples to learn from and build
on, it gives insight into how others are automating their environments.
During training sessions and hands-on missions over the past few years, I always
recommend this book to colleagues and customers.
—Dag Wieers, freelance Linux system engineer,
long-time Ansible contributor and consultant
 This book gives everyone an easy start, but also a deep dive into Ansible configuration
management. There are a lot of hints and how-tos and it covers a wide range of use cases
like AWS, Windows, and Docker.
—Ingo Jochim, Manager Cloud Implementation,
itelligence GMS/CIS

Lorin and René did an amazing job by writing this book. The authors take the user by the
hand and lead him/her through all the important steps of creating and managing a
properly designed Ansible project. The book is much more than a simple Ansible
reference, as it covers several important conceptual topics missing from the official docs.
It is an excellent resource for Ansible beginners, but it also includes many practical
concepts and tricks for existing Ansiblers.
—Dominique Barton, DevOps engineer at confirm IT solutions
 SECOND EDITION

Ansible: Up and Running

Automating Configuration Management and
Deployment the Easy Way

Lorin Hochstein and René Moser

Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo

Ansible: Up and Running
by Lorin Hochstein and René Moser
Copyright © 2017 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles (http://oreilly.com/safari). For more information, contact our corporate/insti‐
tutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.

Editor: Brian Anderson Indexer: Ellen Troutman-Zaig

Production Editor: Kristen Brown Interior Designer: David Futato
Copyeditor: Sharon Wilkey Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Proofreader: James Fraleigh Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest

December 2014: First Edition

August 2017: Second Edition

Revision History for the Second Edition

2017-07-20: First Release

The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Ansible: Up and Running, the cover
image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility
for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of
or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-491-97980-8
[LSI]
 Table of Contents

Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Preface to the Second Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Preface to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A Note About Versions 2
Ansible: What Is It Good For? 2
How Ansible Works 3
What’s So Great About Ansible? 5
Easy-to-Read Syntax 5
Nothing to Install on the Remote Hosts 5
Push Based 5
Ansible Scales Down 6
Built-in Modules 6
Very Thin Layer of Abstraction 7
Is Ansible Too Simple? 8
What Do I Need to Know? 9
What Isn’t Covered 10
Installing Ansible 10
Setting Up a Server for Testing 11
Using Vagrant to Set Up a Test Server 11
Telling Ansible About Your Test Server 14
Simplifying with the ansible.cfg File 16
Moving Forward 19

v
2. Playbooks: A Beginning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Some Preliminaries 21
A Very Simple Playbook 22
Specifying an Nginx Config File 24
Creating a Custom Home Page 25
Creating a Webservers Group 26
Running the Playbook 26
Playbooks Are YAML 28
Start of File 28
Comments 28
Strings 28
Booleans 28
Lists 29
Dictionaries 29
Line Folding 30
Anatomy of a Playbook 30
Plays 32
Tasks 33
Modules 34
Putting It All Together 35
Did Anything Change? Tracking Host State 35
Getting Fancier: TLS Support 36
Generating a TLS Certificate 37
Variables 37
Generating the Nginx Configuration Template 39
Handlers 41
Running the Playbook 42

3. Inventory: Describing Your Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

The Inventory File 45
Preliminaries: Multiple Vagrant Machines 46
Behavioral Inventory Parameters 49
ansible_connection 49
ansible_shell_type 50
ansible_python_interpreter 50
ansible_*_interpreter 50
Changing Behavioral Parameter Defaults 50
Groups and Groups and Groups 51
Example: Deploying a Django App 52
Aliases and Ports 54
Groups of Groups 55
Numbered Hosts (Pets versus Cattle) 55

vi | Table of Contents
 Hosts and Group Variables: Inside the Inventory 56
Host and Group Variables: In Their Own Files 57
Dynamic Inventory 59
The Interface for a Dynamic Inventory Script 60
Writing a Dynamic Inventory Script 61
Preexisting Inventory Scripts 64
Breaking the Inventory into Multiple Files 65
Adding Entries at Runtime with add_host and group_by 65
add_host 65
group_by 67

4. Variables and Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Defining Variables in Playbooks 69
Viewing the Values of Variables 70
Registering Variables 70
Facts 74
Viewing All Facts Associated with a Server 75
Viewing a Subset of Facts 75
Any Module Can Return Facts 76
Local Facts 77
Using set_fact to Define a New Variable 78
Built-in Variables 79
hostvars 79
inventory_hostname 80
Groups 80
Setting Variables on the Command Line 81
Precedence 82

5. Introducing Mezzanine: Our Test Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Why Deploying to Production Is Complicated 85
PostgreSQL: The Database 89
Gunicorn: The Application Server 89
Nginx: The Web Server 90
Supervisor: The Process Manager 91

6. Deploying Mezzanine with Ansible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Listing Tasks in a Playbook 93
Organization of Deployed Files 94
Variables and Secret Variables 95
Using Iteration (with_items) to Install Multiple Packages 96
Adding the Become Clause to a Task 98
Updating the Apt Cache 98

Table of Contents | vii

 Checking Out the Project by Using Git 100
Installing Mezzanine and Other Packages into a virtualenv 102
Complex Arguments in Tasks: A Brief Digression 105
Configuring the Database 107
Generating the local_settings.py File from a Template 108
Running django-manage Commands 111
Running Custom Python Scripts in the Context of the Application 112
Setting Service Configuration Files 115
Enabling the Nginx Configuration 118
Installing TLS Certificates 118
Installing Twitter Cron Job 119
The Full Playbook 120
Running the Playbook Against a Vagrant Machine 124
Troubleshooting 124
Cannot Check Out Git Repository 124
Cannot Reach 192.168.33.10.xip.io 125
Bad Request (400) 125
Deploying Mezzanine on Multiple Machines 125

7. Roles: Scaling Up Your Playbooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Basic Structure of a Role 127
Example: Database and Mezzanine Roles 128
Using Roles in Your Playbooks 128
Pre-Tasks and Post-Tasks 130
A database Role for Deploying the Database 130
A mezzanine Role for Deploying Mezzanine 133
Creating Role Files and Directories with ansible-galaxy 138
Dependent Roles 138
Ansible Galaxy 139
Web Interface 140
Command-Line Interface 140
Contributing Your Own Role 141

8. Complex Playbooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Dealing with Badly Behaved Commands: changed_when and failed_when 143
Filters 147
The Default Filter 147
Filters for Registered Variables 147
Filters That Apply to File Paths 148
Writing Your Own Filter 149
Lookups 150
file 151

viii | Table of Contents

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