PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM REVIEWER
PHILOSOPHY one coherent whole. “The true is the
- comes from the Greek word “philo” (love) Whole”- George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
and “sophia” (wisdom)
- Pythagoras coined the term MOST NOTABLE ANCIENT GREEK
“philosopher” (lover of wisdom) to PHILOSOPHERS
differentiate himself from those called “wise
men” (sophists) explaining that he was PYTHAGORAS
simply someone who loved wisdom, not a - “All is number”
wise man himself - a mathematician and scientist, he was
- studying big ideas credited with formulating the Pythagorean
- originated in Greece, City of Miletus in theorem
the Western
HERECLITUS
THALES - “You cannot step into the same river twice”
- first philosopher in the Western - constant change is the fundamental nature
civilization. He believed that despite the of the universe
different things we encounter there is one
underlying stuff or substance in which DEMOCRITUS
everything is composed. He was the first - “Everything is made of atoms and empty
individual who tried to reduce the multiplicity space”
into a unity (Jones, 1969). - proposed the earliest atomic theory of the
- Religion rests on faith, while philosophy universe
rests on reason
- “The most difficult thing in life is to know SOCRATES
yourself” - “I know that I know nothing”
- Socratic Method
PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
- the act of asking, seeking and thinking PLATO
deeply about the world, ourselves and our - “There is a perfect world beyond what we
experiences see”
- Theory of Forms, which asserts that all
FIRST PHILOSOPHY existing things are based on ideal models
- involves the widest generalizations. that can only be mentally conceived
Philosophers concern themselves with big
issues pertaining to the truth, the good, the ARISTOTLE
just, the beautiful and the existence of - “Virtue lies in our power and similarly so
practically all things does vice”
- studies in logic led to development of a
SECOND PHILOSOPHY formal process of analyzing reasoning,
- a fundamental is the root that explains which gave rise to deductive reasoning
almost everything in a given context
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
THIRD PHILOSOPHY
- driven by the desire to integrate things into EPISTEMOLOGY
PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM REVIEWER
- theory of knowledge
- comes from the Greek words “episteme” KNOWLEDGE
(knowledge) and “logos” (the study of) - is something we gain from experience
- how we come to know things
WISDOM
METAPHYSICS - correct and right application of knowledge
- life's beginnings and its ultimate end
- derives from Aristotle's Greek book “Te CLEVER PERSON
meta ta Physika” , explores the concepts - is someone who is quick thinking and good
that lie beyond the realm of physical at solving problems
phenomena
WISE PERSON
LOGIC - able to transfer their knowledge to a
- provides constructing valid arguments and variety of situations
guides individuals toward well supported
conclusions based on given premises FACT
- statement of actuality or occurrences
ETHICS OR MORAL PHILOSOPHY - based on direct evidence, experience or
- the nature of right and wrong observation
- “Ethos” (custom or habit)
OPINION
AESTHETICS - belief or feeling
- explores the essence of beauty and how - Solid opinions while based on facts on
we experience art someone's views on a subject and not facts
themselves
INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY - no sufficient proof
- addresses the big questions that have
always puzzled reflective persons TRUTH
- is accepted as correct because it aligns
PERSONAL ACCOMPLISHMENT with facts and reality
- gain satisfaction from doing the best that
we can with the extraordinary task of FALLACIES
building a plausible worldview - are invalid arguments
INTELLECTUAL AUTONOMY AD HOMINEM
- think things through for ourselves rather - attacking the person presenting argument
than rely on other persons to think for us
APPEAL TO FORCE
HOLISTIC THINKING - threat of force or an undesirable event to
- looking at the entire puzzle rather than advance an argument
focusing on just a few pieces
APPEAL TO EMOTION
PARTIAL THINKING - emotion as pity or sympathy
- zooming in on specific details
PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM REVIEWER
APPEAL TO POPULAR - used to separate man from other human
- ideas is presented as acceptable because classification like animals
a lot of people accept it
PERSON
FALLACY OF COMPOSITION - possessed self-awareness,
- what is true of a part is true for the whole self-determination, rational mind and the
capacity to interact with other and by
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING himself/herself
PHILOSOPHIZE PERSONHOOD
- to think and express ideas in a - being a person with unique, sacred and
philosophical style ethical status
SOCRATIC HUMAN NATURE
- no particular end goal aside from reaching - deepest and natural behavior of a person
an absolute truth from proving statements
and in the process, eliminating ideas that SELF AWARENESS
are questionable or contradicting EXTERNALITY
SELF DETERMINATION
DIALECTIC DIGNITY
- clarification of controversial notions and
arguments with other people ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
- personal and shared conceptions should - philosopher and one of the greatest
be considered theologian in the Catholic church
- “ of all creatures, human beings have the
SCIENTIFIC unique power to change themselves and
- hypothesis testing and its results are things for the better”
considered the most important feature of the
method THE EIGHTFOLD PATHS
- values observation
RIGHT VIEW
HISTORICAL RIGHT INTENTION
- more important than logic and more valid RIGHT SPEECH
source of the truth RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
MAN RIGHT EFFORT
- generally and commonly define to RIGHT CONCENTRATION
represent entire human race RIGHT MINDFULNESS
HUMAN THE FOUR NOTABLE TRUTHS
- various classifications and species
- Mamalia TRUTH OF SUFFERING
- we live in an ongoing state of
HUMAN BEING dissatisfaction
PHILOSOPHY MIDTERM REVIEWER
IMMANUEL KANT
TRUTH OF THE ORIGIN OF SUFFERING - nature guide us toward a deeper religious
- suffering arises from causes and understanding
conditions
HERBERT MARCUSE
TRUTH OF CESSATION - humans have power over nature
- there is a possibility of reaching a state
where dissatisfaction and suffering has GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
ceased - humans have duties and responsibilities in
nature
TRUTH OF THE PATH
- a path for us to follow that will bring us to ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
such a state - reconciling human activities and economic
development with the protection of the
ANTHROPOCENTRISM environment
- nature exist to serve human needs and - ensuring that there is still enough left for
can be transformed for human benefit future use
BIOCENTRISM THREE IMPORTANT SUSTAINABILITY
- all living organisms have value and PRINCIPLES
deserve ethical treatment
ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY
ECOCENTRISM ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
- values entire ecosystems EQUITY
- sees humans as part of a larger natural
community PRUDENCE
- making wise decisions by carefully
ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS considering the consequences
- believes in maintaining order in the
environment will bring out the natural beauty FRUGALITY
of surroundings - spending only when necessary
- can contribute to the well-being of the
people and other organisms
ANAXIMANDER
- nature is boundless and indeterminate
- evolves through generation
PYTHAGORAS
- universe is a living embodiment of order,
harmony and beauty
- Biophilia (love of living things),
Cosmophilia (love of universe)
