Unit Learning Objective

Analyze the different interpretations of globalization and
its essential terms.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
a)Analyze the different interpretations of globalization
and its essential terms;
b) Discover the emergence of global economic,
political, social and cultural systems;
Scrutinize the issues confronting the nation-states
and assess the effects of globalization on different
social units and their responses.
TERMS TO REMEMBER
 Globalization– The process by which companies or other
organizations develop international inf lu ence or commence
operations on an international scale. Manfred Steger also
described globalization as expanding and intensifying social ties
and consciousness throughout the world.
 Ec on om i c G l ob a l i za t i on – ref ers to t h e exp a n s i on a n d
intensification of different economic aspects in the society.
 Cultural Globalization – refers to the expansion and intensification
of different cultural aspects in the society.
• Political Globalization – refers to the expansion and intensification
of different political aspects in the society.
 The Rise of Globalization
Globalization is the engagement and convergence mechanism
between individuals, corporations, and governments worldwide. Since
the 18th century, globalization has intensif ied due to developments in
technology for transportation and communication. This rise in global
interactions has caused international trade and the exchange of ideas
and culture to develop. Globalization is mainly an economic
phenomenon combined with social and cultural aspects of contact
and integration.Conf licts and diplomacy, though, are still wonderful
aspects of the history of globalization and modern globalization.
 The Rise of Globalization
Globalization economically includes goods, services, data, technology,
and the capital's economic resources.The expansion of global trade
liberalizes the exchange of goods and funds through economic
activities.The elimination of cross-border trade barriers has made it
more possible to build global markets. Transport advances, such as
steam locomotives, steamships, jet engines and container ships, and
telecommunications technology innovations, such as telegraphs, the
Internet and mobile phones, have been major factors in globalization
and have created more interdependence between the world's
economic and cultural activities.
 The Rise of Globalization
Although several scholars position the origins of globalization in
modern times, others trace its roots to the New World long before the
European Era of Exploration and trips, and some even to the third
millennium BC.The word globalization f irst appeared in the early 20th
century (supplanting the earlier French term globalization), sometime
in the second half of the 20th century formed its current meaning.
Large-scale globalization started in the 1820s, leading a rapid
expansion in the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures in
the late 19th century and early 20th century.
 The Rise of Globalization
Four basic aspects of globalization were established in
2000 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF):

1)
Trade and transactions;
2)
Capital and investment movements;
3)
Migration and movement of people; and
4)
The dissemination of knowledge.
The Rise of Globalization
Globalization has been associated with environmental
issues such as global warming, cross-border water and air
pollution, and over-f is hing. Processes of globalization
inf lu ence and are inf lu enced by the organization of
business and jobs, economics, sociocultural capital, and
th e n atu ral e n v i r o n m e n t. G l o b al i z ati o n i s w i d e l y
categorized into three main areas of scholarly literature:
economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political
globalization.
 Types of Globalization
1. Economic Globalization
Through a rapid increase in the cross-border movement of goods, services,
technology and money, the economic interdependence of national economies around the
world is growing. Although business globalization focuses on reducing foreign trade
restrictions, as well as tariffs, taxes, and other obstacles that impede free trade, economic
globalization is the process of growing economic integration between countries, leading
to the development of a global market or a single world economy. Economic globalization
can be perceived as either a positive or a negative phenomenon, depending on the
framework. Economic globalization includes: development globalization; referring to the
procurement of products and services from a single source from locations around the
world to benef it from cost and quality differences. It also includes market globalization,
which is characterized as the unification of distinct and distinct markets into a large global
marketplace. Competition, technology, and companies and markets are all part of
economic globalization.
 Types of Globalization
2. Cultural Globalization
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission across the world of concepts,
meanings, and values in such a way that social ties are expanded and intensif ied.
This mechanism is characterized by the widespread consumption of cultures
disseminated by the Internet, the media of popular culture, and international
travel. This has contributed to product trade and colonization cycles that have a
longer history of taking cultural signif icance across the globe. Cultural circulation
encourages people to engage in extended social relationships that cross national
and regional boundaries. On a material level, the development and expansion of
such social ties is not merely observed. Cultural globalization requires the
creation of common norms and awareness with which individuals associate their
c ul t ural i d e nt i t i e s, bo t h pe rso n and c o l l e c t i v e . Thi s bri ngs gro w i ng
interconnectedness between various cultures and populations.
 Types of Globalization
3. Political Globalization
Political globalization refers to the expansion, both in size and
complexity, of worldwide political systems. This structure involves national
governments, their political and intergovernmental bodies, as well as
elements of global civil society separate from the government, such as
international non-governmental organizations and organizations of social
movements. The decreasing relevance of the nation-state and the
emergence of other players on the political scene is one of the main
aspects of political globalization. It was def ined by William R. Thompson a
s "the creation of a global political system and its institutions where inter-
regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to, trade) are
handled".
 Emergence of Globalization
The international Monetary Fund (IMF) f in ds economic
globalization a historic phenomenon that ref lects the outcome
o f h u m a n i n n ov a ti o n a n d te c h n i c a l p r o c e s s e s . I t i s
characterized by the increasing integration of economies
around the world through the cross-border movement of goods,
services, and capital. These changes are the products of
individuals, organizations, institutions and technology (IMF,
2017). The following the changes bought by globalization.
 Emergence of Globalization
Item/s 10 years ago Present
Acquired physically
Books Digitally downloaded
(e.g. bookstores, library)
Cellular phones Keypad mobile phones Touch-screen Smart phones
Acquired physically Digitally downloaded
Music
(e.g. records and tapes) (e.g. mp3, mp4)
Compact Discs
Movies Digitally downloaded (HD)
(e.g. VCDs, DVDs)
Foreign direct
US $57 billion US $1.76 trillion
investments
International trading Face-to-face transaction High-frequency trading
Emergence of Globalization

Note:
 The oldest known trade route was known as the Silk Road (a network
of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is
now the Middle East and Europe which was discovered by the
Venetians).

 Even though the Silk Road was considered international but it was
not truly global because it had no ocean routes that could reach the
American continent.
END….