ANAT 211
INTRODUCTION &
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Anatomy is defined as being the
science which deals with the structure
of the body.
The word “anatom” is of Greek origin
meaning cutting up.
Ana= up
Tome = cutting.
•Anatomy is subdivided according to the
method of description into gross anatomy
and microscopic anatomy ,as follows:
1- Gross ( macroscopic ) anatomy:
•Is studied by means of dissection of the human
body.
2- Microscopic anatomy :
•Is studied by the use of the microscope it is also
called ( Histology & Embryology)
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
1- Cadaveric anatomy( gross anatomy):
•Is studied on dead bodies usually by eyes.
•Can be done by one of two methods:
A- Systemic anatomy : the body is studied
system by system.
B- Regional anatomy : the body is studied
region by region.
2- Living anatomy:
Is studied on living bodies by :
a. Inspection b. palpation
c. Percussion d. auscultation (heart, breath, Bowel sounds)
3- Developmental anatomy:
Study of developmental form of fertilized egg to give adult
individual.
* Embryology:
Study of the development or changes that occur on
the fertilized egg inside the uterus.
4- Histology:
Is the study of the structure with the aid of the
microscope.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY (EMBRYOLOGY)
5- Surface anatomy
•Is the study of deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin
surface.
6- Radiographic anatomy :
•Is the study of the deeper organs by plain and contrast
radiography.
7- Comparative anatomy:
•Is the study of anatomy of other animals to explain the changes
in form, structure and function of different parts of the human
body.
8- Applied anatomy:
•Deals with the application of the anatomical knowledge to the
medical and surgical practice
SURFACE ANATOMY
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
- In order to understand the life, biologist studies
the biological organization at different levels.
- Subatomic particles form atoms and atoms
make molecules.
- Molecules form the organelles, which makes
simple functional unit; cell.
- Cells are organized to form the tissues and
the different tissues make the organ, which form
the different systems of individual.
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
BODY COVERING
• The body is covered by:
1- Skin:
• The skin protects the underlying structures, and gives the smooth and
color of individual.
• It protects the body from harmful things, dryness and heat.
• It consists of:
• Epidermis: superficial layer of vascular and stratified squamous
epithelium.
• Dermis: deeper layer, vascular and dense fibrous tissue.
2- Superficial fascia:
Fibrous mesh filled with fat; under the skin.
It consists of :
Fatty fascia:
More clear in abdominal region and gluteal
area as storage of fat.
Deep fascia:
More clear in pressure areas as scalp and
palm of the hands for protection and support.
The superficial fascia:
Contains more fat in female comparatively
with male.
ANATOMICAL TERMS
1- Medial and lateral
•Medial: nearer to the median plane.
•Lateral: away from the median plane.
2- Anterior or ventral
•Is used to describe the front of the body or limbs.
•Any structure nearer to the front is said to be anterior or ventral (
the nose is anterior to the ear).
3- Posterior or dorsal
•Is used to describe the back of the body or limbs.
•Any structure nearer the back is said to be posterior or dorsal ( the
ear is posterior to the nose).
4- Superior and inferior:
•indicate relative levels of different structures from
the head.
•Superior: nearer to the head.
•Inferior: away from the head.
•Ex. the heart is superior to the liver , but inferior
to the eyes.
5-Proximal and distal:
•The relative distances from the roots of the limbs,
•Ex. the arm is proximal to the forearm and hand is
distal to the forearm
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6- Cephalic and caudal
•Used in embryology
•Cephalic : nearer to the head.
•Caudal : nearer to the tail.
•Any structure nearer to the head is cephalic and the other
is caudal.
7- Superficial and deep:
•The relative depth of various structure from the surface of
the body.
•Any structure nearer to the surface is superficial and the
other is deep ( the sternum is superficial to the heart)
8- Ipsilateral:
•Refers to the same side of the body ,
•Ex. the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral.
9- Conralateral:
•Refers to the opposite side of the body
•The left hand and right hand are contralateral.
10- The supine position:
•Means that the body is lying on the back.
11- The prone position :
•Means that the body is lying face down.
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Anatomical position
•This position is as follow:
1- The body is standing erect (upright)
with the eyes directed forwards.
2- the upper limbs hang by the sides with
the palms facing forwards and the
thumbs directed laterally (outwards)
ANATOMICAL PLANES
1- Median (midsagittal) plane:
•Is a vertical plane which passes through the centre of the body dividing it into
equal right and left halves (2 equal halves).
2- Sagittal plane:
•Is any vertical plane which passes antero-posteriorly parallel to the median
plane.
3- Coronal (frontal ) plane:
•Is a vertical plane which passes at right angles to the median or sagittal planes.
•It divided the body into anterior and posterior parts.
4- Transverse plane:
•A horizontal plane which passes through the body at right angle to the median ,
sagittal or coronal planes.
•It divided the body into upper and lower parts.
BODY REGIONS
Umbilical region
•Epigastric region.
•Hypogastric region
•Right and left hypochondriac regions.
•Right and left lumbar regions.
•Right and left inguinal regions.
BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES
Dorsal cavity: cranial and vertebral
–Ventral cavity: containing viscera (visceral organs) divided
into 2 main cavities:
•Thoracic cavity
–2 lateral pleural cavities
–Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity
•Abdominopelvic cavity
–Abdominal cavity
–Pelvic cavity
–Serous cavities: are slit-like spaces lined by serous
membranes (serosa):
•Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity
•Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ.
TERMS OF MOVEMENTS
1- flexion
•Making an angle between two segment, or making the
angle more acute
2-extension
•Straightening out of an angle or undoing an angle made by
flexion.
3- abduction :
•Abduction of the limb is the movement away from the
midline of the body.
4- adduction:
•Adduction of the limb is the movement toward the body.
5- Cirumduction:
•Is the combination in sequence of the
movement of flexion , extension, abduction
and adduction.
6- protraction:
•Is to move foreword.
7- retraction:
•Is to move backward ,they are mostly used
to describe the movement of the mandible.
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PRONATION AND
SUPINATION OF FOREARM?
ANATOMICAL TERMS RELATED TO
MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY
ANATOMICAL TERMS RELATED TO
MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY
• Dorsiflexion: is movement of
the foot towards the body, as
the dorsum of the foot.
• Platerflexion: is movement of
the foot towards the ground, as
the planter surface of the foot.
SPECIAL ANATOMICAL TERMS
RELATED TO MOVEMENTS OF THE
BODY AXIS
SPECIAL ANATOMICAL TERMS
RELATED TO MOVEMENTS OF THE
BODY
• Hyperextension: is extension of
the head more than normal
extension position.
• Caudal: is related to the lower tail
of the brain.
• Rosterior: towards the apex of
the head (above) for brain positions.
SPECIAL ANATOMICAL TERMS
RELATED TO MOVEMENTS OF THE
BODY
• Opposition:
• is action of which U can
count the phalanges of
the fingers.
