1

LECTURE:
1

THEHI
STORYOFENGLI
SHLANGUAGE

Le
ctur
er
Aye
shaKoma
l

Cl
ass
BSEngl
is
h(2k17)

Da
te: 28.
8.2018

Uni
ver
sit
ytyofSi
ndhTha
tt
aCa
mpus

Aye
shaKoma
l
 2

Cont
ent
s:

1. Wha
tisl
angua
ge?
2. Whywes
tudyl
angua
ge?
3. Wha
tisLi
ngui
st
ic
s?
4. HowLi
ngui
st
ic
sisas
cie
nce
?
5. Wha
tisHi
st
orya
ndWhyi
tisi
mpor
tantt
ost
udy?
6. Abr
iefhi
st
oryofde
vel
opme
ntofEngl
is
hla
ngua
ge
(
a) Ol
dEngl
is
h
(
b) Mi
ddl
eEngl
is
h
(
c) Ea
rlyMode
rnEngl
is
h
(
d) Mode
rnEngl
is
h
7. Di
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
enBCa
ndAD

Aye
shaKoma
l
 3

1.Wha
tisl
angua
ge?

Me
ansofc
ommuni
cat
ion Symbols
yst
em

I
dent
it
y

Expa
nda
ble Modi
fi
abl
e

Ar
bit
rar
y
La
ngua
ge

Soc
ial Ar
bit
rar
y

Fl
exi
ble

Or
gani
sed
Sys
temofSys
tems

Phonol
ogy

Mor
phol
ogy

Synt
ax

Aye
shaKoma
l
 4

2.Whywes
tudyl
angua
ge?

t
ounde
rst
and

t
oexpl
ore

t
oknowt
hec
ult
ure

t
oknowt
hec
hange

WhytoStudy
la
nguage
t
oge
tknowl
edge

t
oknowt
hede
vel
opme
nt

t
oknowt
heor
gani
zat
ion

t
oknow(
How)a
nd(
Why)

Aye
shaKoma
l
 5

3.Wha
tisLi
ngui
st
ics
?

Li
ngui
st
ics

Or
gani
zat
ionofl
angua
ge Sys
tema
tic

Uni
ver
sal Soc
ial

Sc
ient
if
ic Obj
ect
ive

l
earni
ngaboutala
nguage
Not
Lea
rni
ngal a
nguage

Aye
shaKoma
l
 6

4.HowLi
ngui
st
icsi
sas
cie
nce
?

Clea
r
Syst
ema t
ic
Organi
sed
Observat
ion
Lingui
sti
csisa
Explana
tion
s
ciencebeca
use
Empiric
al
Resea
rch
Clas
sif
icat
ion
Theori
es

5.Wha
tisHi
st
orya
ndWhyi
tisi
mpor
tant
?

Hi
st
ory

ARe
cor
dofpa
st Ake
yofs
ucc
essi
nfut
ure

At
oolt
ounde
rst
andpr
ese
nt

Aye
shaKoma
l
 7

t
oknow(
how) t
oknow(
why)

t
ounde
rst
and

t
oge
tawa
re t
oma
kes
ens
e

I
mpor
tanc
eofHi
st
ory

t
ocr
eat
eana
lyt
ica
lski
ll
s t
opr
omot
eCr
it
ica
lre
asoni
ng

Pa
stc
aus
esPr
ese
nte
ffe
ctsa
ndf
utur
epr
edi
cti
ons

Aye
shaKoma
l
 8

6. Abr
iefhi
st
oryofEngl
is
hla
ngua
ge

Hi
stor
yofEngl
ishl
angua
ges
tar
tswi
tht
hes
ett
leme
ntofAngl
o-Sa
xons
-Jut
esi
n

Engl
andi
n499AD.TheAngl
o-Sa
xonswe
ret
heGe
rma
nict
ri
besba
sedon3gr
oups

na
meda
sAngl
es,Sa
xonsa
ndJ
ute
s.Thel
angua
geoft
hes
etr
ibe
swa
sWe
stGe
rma
nic

orOl
dEngl
is
h.Sot
hede
vel
opme
ntofEngl
is
hla
ngua
ges
tar
tsf
romt
hes
ett
leme
ntof

t
hes
etr
ibe
s.Engl
ishl
angua
gegoti
tsna
mef
rom t
hena
meoft
het
ribeAngl
es.

Howe
vert
hena
meofEngl
andwa
sal
sogi
venbyt
hist
ri
beAngl
esa
s'Angl
e-l
and'

whi
chi
stoda
yknowna
sEngl
and.Angl
o-Sa
xonsga
veEngl
ishl
angua
gei
t'
sroot
s

whi
lei
tise
xpa
nde
dmodi
fi
eda
ndc
hange
dwi
tht
hede
vel
opme
ntsa
nde
vent
stha
t

t
akepl
acei
nhi
st
ory.Thej
our
neyofEngl
is
hla
ngua
ges
tar
tedwi
thOl
dEngl
is
hand

goe
stowa
rdsMi
ddl
eEngl
is
htoEa
rlymode
rna
ndMode
rnEngl
is
htoda
y.Thema
jor

e
vent
stha
twe
ret
ake
npl
acei
nhi
st
orya
reme
nti
onbe
low:

Ce
lts(
1stoc
cupa
ntsofEngl
and)
---
---
---6-
7BC

Roma
nsr
ule(
Huma
nci
vil
iza
tion)
---
---43-
410AD

Angl
o-Sa
xons(
OldEngl
is
h)-
---
---
---
--449-
1066AD

Nor
manConque
st(
Middl
eEngl
is
h)-
---
1066-
1500AD

Re
nai
ssa
nce(
Ear
lyMode
rnEngl
is
h)-
--1500-
1600AD

USAGl
oba
lpowe
r(Mode
rnEngl
is
h)-
-17-
18Ce
ntur
y

Aye
shaKoma
l
 9

I
nthi
swa
yEngl
ishl
angua
get
oda
ytooki
tss
hapewi
thanumbe
rofe
vent
sinpa
st

t
hatwer
etakenpl
acei
nhi
stor
y.I
tindi
cat
est
hatEngl
ishi
snotj
ustas
ingl
e

l
angua
gei
tist
hef
usi
onofanumbe
rofl
angua
gest
hatc
ombi
nel
yfor
medEngl
ish

l
angua
ge.Thos
ewhoc
amei
nEngl
anda
nds
ett
ledt
her
ebr
oughtt
hei
rla
ngua
gewi
th

t
hemt
hate
nri
che
dthel
angua
geoft
hatl
andme
anst
heEngl
is
hla
ngua
geofEngl
and.

(
a) Ol
dEngl
is
h

Ol
dEngl
is
h be
ginswi
th Thei
nva
sionofGe
rma
nict
ri
bes

 The
irf
ir
stste
pt owardsci
vil
iz
a t
ionisconver
siontoChris
ti
anit
y.
 The
yint
roducedRo ma nal
phabetonwoodors tone.
 The
ystar
tedthecre
ationofEnglis
hlit
erat
urebywr i
tingBeowulf
.

(
b) Mi
ddl
eEngl
is
h

Mi
ddl
eEngl
is
h be
ginswi
th TheNor
manConque
st

 Engl
is
hinfl
uencedbyFrenc
hlangua
ge.
 Engl
is
hlanguagelo
stit
spre
sti
geandFr
enchbec
amel
anguageofcour
t.
 Engl
is
hgotitssi
gnif
ica
ncewit
htheuni
tyofNor
man-
Saxonsasonenat
ion.

(
c) Ea
rlyMode
rnEngl
is
h

Ea
rlyMode
rnEngl
is
h be
ginswi
th Thei
nve
nti
onofPr
int
ingpr
ess

 Pri
ntingofKingJamesBi
ble.
 GreatVowelShift
.
 LondonEngli
s hbeca
meStandar
dEngl
is
h.

(
d) Mode
rnEngl
is
h

Mode
rnEngl
is
h be
ginswi
th Ther
iseofUSAa
sgl
oba
lsupe
rpowe
r

 Engl
is
hle
adinga
sint
ernat
iona
lla
nguage(li
nguafr
anca
).
 Engl
is
hbeca
meoffi
ciall
angua
geof60s t
at
es.
 Engl
is
hbeca
mewo rl
ds3rdmostspoke
nna t
ivel
angua
ge.

Aye
shaKoma
l
 10

7.Di
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
enBCa
ndAD:

Aye
shaKoma
l