Chapter 17 Questions on World Wars 1. Why are the two world wars unequalled with any other wars fought in history? (10 marks) 2. Identify the countries in Europe that had established their dominance as the political, economic and military powers of the world, (4 marks} 3. Explain the long term causes of World War I, (12 marks) 4. Explain how the Balkan wars increased international tension in Europe setting stage for the World War I (6 marks) 5. Give a brief analysis of the events that became the immediate cause of World War |. (10 marks) 6. Outline the terms contained in the ultimatum presented to Serbia by Austria after the assassination in Sarajevo. (4 marks} 7. What made the two sides of the warring parties overconfident to win the war? (2 marks) 8. Why was Germany overconfident of speedy and overwhelming victory over her enemies in the World War I? {2 marks} 9. Identify the main war fronts during the world war one. (3 marks) 10. Identify the main events in the course of World War | at the Western Front. (10 marks) 11, Why did the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente change their names to Central Powers and Allied Powers respectively? (2 marks} 12. Analyze the course of World War I in the Eastern Front. (12 marks} 230 Howto ass History Form 3d. O&A13. Why did Russia withdraw from World War I in 1917? (3 marks} 14. Analyze the course of World War I in the Sea Front. (10 marks) 1S. Identify the two major events that led to the end of World War 1 in 1917. (2 marks) 16. Give the reasons why USA had refrained from joining the World War I until 1917. (3 marks) 17, Why did USA eventually join in the war? (10 marks) 18, Analyze the events that led to the end of World War I. (02 marks) 19. Name the supreme commander of the allied forces who led the allied forces to win the First World War. (1 mark) 20. Outline the conditions given to the Germans by the commander of the altied forces towards the end of World War I. (10 marks) 21. Give the time and date when the First World Way ended. (1 mark) 22, Outline the reasons why the Allied powers won the World War 1, (12 marks) 23, Outline the principles outlined by President Woodrow Wilson of USA on which the peace with Germany would be based after World War I. (12 marks) 24. Identify the treaties that were signed in Paris between 1919 to 1920 after the end of World War I. (8 marks) 25, Name the statesmen who dominated the Paris Peace Conference after World War I. {5 marks) 26. Explain the results of the Treaty of Versailles, (1 mark) 26. Which country bore the brunt of the peace settlement after the World War I? (1 mark) Howto Gass History Form 3&d. Od A 23127. Why was France so bitter with Germany after World War 1? (2 marks) 28. Why did the treaty of Versailles fail to bring about lasting peace among the warring parties after World War 1? (10 marks) 29, Explain the negative impacts of World War I. (12 marks) 30. What were some of the positive impacts of the First World War? (12 marks) 31. When was the League of Nations’ constitution adopted? (1 mark 32, When did the League of Nations constitution came into force? (1 mark) 33. Outline the aims of the League of Nations. (8 marks} ‘34, List the main organs of the League of Nations. (5 marks) 35, Explain the functions of the Assembly of the League of Nations. (10 marks) 36. Explain the functions of the League of Nations’ Council. (8 marks) 37. What were the functions of the secretariat of the League of Nations? {10 marks) 38. (a) What was the main function of the Permanent Court of International Justice of the League of Nations? (6 marks) {b) What was the main function of the International Labour Office of the League of Nations? (3 marks} 39, Identify the various specialized commissions and committees of the League of Nations. (3 marks) 40. Explain the achievements of the League of Nations, (12 marks) 41. Identify three inter-state disputes that were successfully settled by the League of Nations. (3 marks) 232 Mew to Pass History Form 3a4. OKA42. Identify the achievements of the League of Nations in promoting the welfare of the workers. (4 marks) 43. Identify the specific incidences that prove the failure of the League of Nations to maintain peace and security. (20 marks) 44. Explain the reasons why the League of Nations failed to preserve world peace. (12 marks} 4S, What was the immediate cause of World War 11? (1 mark} 46. Explain the causes of World War Il. (12 marks) 47. Name the Buropean dictators who rose to power after World War I. (S marks} 48, Identify the two rival groups involved in the World War IL (2 marks) 49, Analyse the events that took place in North Africa during the World War IL (12 marks) 50, Analyse the events that took place in the Western Front during the World War II. {12 marks) 51. Analyze the events that took place in the Eastern Front during the World War I. (12 marks} 52, What incidence dragged the USA in the World War 11? (mark) 53. Outline the events that led to the defeat of Italy and Germany in the World War Il (12 marks) 54, Analyse the events that led to the defeat of Japan bringing to an end of the World War I. (10 marks) 55. Explain the reasons why the allied forces defeated the axis ‘powers in the World War Il. (10 marks) 56. Explain the negative results of the World War {l. (12 marks) 57. List the positive effects of World War II, (10 marks) 4. eA 233Chapter 18 Answers on World War 1. Why the twe world wars are unequalled with any other wars fought in history ‘© The number of countries involved in the fighting was large. It involved many countries in Europe, Asia and North America, 1 The amount of money involved was also huge. The wars were characterized by « huge expenditure, they almost drained the treasury of the involved countries, ‘© The war also involved huge forces, The countries involved in the ‘wars mobilized huge manpower inthe wars. ‘» The weapons used were also sophisticated. They included bombs, warships and war planes. ‘+ The devastating effects ofthe wars were also of great magnitude, A lot of propetty and fife was lost in the wars “The wars also had great economic and politcal impact. They shifted the political and economic power base from Westem Europe to North America and Russia + The effects of the wars also led to the emergence of communist and capitalist ideologies that divided the world rato 1wo ideological blocks Jending to cold war. + The arms race during the cold wae, coupled withthe threat of nuclear ‘warfare, convinced the world leaders to appreciate the need to spearhead initiatives aimed at preserving peace and security inthe ‘world. This culminated in the formation of the United Nations Organization The wars inspired nationalism in Aftica fading to the liberation of the continent from colonialism. Africans who took part in the wats got experience that helped them to spearhead nationalistic activities in their respective countries. Countries in Europe that had established their dominance as the poiltical, economic and military powers of the world. © Britain, France » Russia © Germany. 234 ow to Pass History Form 344, OA3. Long term causes of World War I. Economie rivalries ‘+ After the industrial revolution in Europe, the European countries embarked on competition for market for the produced ‘goods and source of raw materials for the industries. The competition strained relations between the European countries, for example Britain and Germany resulting to intemational tension Colonial rivatries: ‘As the European countries rushed to acquire colonies in Aftien and other parts ofthe world, they conflicted creating & lot of tension ‘among the European powers. For example, France conflicted with Britain in Egypt, Britain and Germany in East Affica, not forgetting the Moroccan crisis. First Morocean erists, 1905 — 1906: «The crisis was triggered by the agreement berween Britain and France, where France was to recognize the British occupation in Egypt while Britain was to accept the France occupation in Moracco. The agreement did not please Germany who also had interests in Morocco, + The crises culminated in the Alveria’s conference held in 1906 in Spain, whose outcome left Germany more biter than before. This crises increased tension in Europe. ‘Second Moroccan crisis, 1911: + After the Algeria's conference, France entrenched itstf in Morocco and replaced the pro-German sultan with her favourite, The pro-France sultan however becarne unpopular among the Moroccans and thus in 1911 there was an uprising ageinst the new sultan. + Germany intervened to assist the uprising against the pro- French sultan, France sent forces to Fez, the capital of Morocco to counter the German invasion. Germany sent a gunboat named Panther to the port of Agadir andthe two countries almost went for & ful seale war. + Though the crisis was solved amicably, the conflict caused tension between the two powers. Malian-Turkish dispute in Libya: . +The dispute involved Italy and Turkey over Tripoli. aly attacked Turkey and annexed Tripoli and the entire modern-day Libya. Germany who were supporters of Turkey and who also had interest in Libya was not pleased by the Italian actions. This, increased tension between Germany and Italy Hos to Page History Form Seed, eA 235The Arms race: + Due to the persisting colonial disputes, European countries started building stronger arms and navies in preparation for war. Czar ‘Nicholas of Russia was concerned about her arms building and called ‘ conference in Hague in 1899. She proposed a five year halt in arms build-up but other counties in Europe ignored her. For example Britain and Germany competed for Naval supremacy. The ‘competition io armament caused suspicion and tension on the international scene. = Confliting European countries started forging alliances. Otto von Bismarck, the German chancellor forged the Dual alliance with ‘Austria - Hungary in 1879. Later italy joined the alliance to form the “Triple alliance in 1882. ‘© Later France and Russia signed the Franco-Russiaa Alliance in 1892, in 1901, Britain and France signed the Dual Entente. Later Russia joined the Dual Entente to become the Triple Entente.« +The Triple alliance and Triple Entente became the main opposing alliances that fuelled international tension. [Need for revenge: © Old scores between the European countries alto 1ed to {international tension leading to world war I. for example, France always looked for an opportunity to setle her old scores with Germany for her defeat n the Franco-Prussian war of 1870~ 1871 Nationalism in Europe: «There emerged a raging tide of nationalism in Europe inthe second half of the 19 century, where many nations that had been ‘denied politcal independence wanted to secure theit freedom from their rulers. For example Greeks end Bulgaria wanted liberation from ‘Turkey, Romania from Austria ~ Hungary and Stavic people from Austria-Hungary, ‘> Those who had attained their independence, for example Belgium which broke away from Holland and Norway from Sweden, ‘were busy pursuing ther political policies and in the process cashed ‘with one another. This increased tension in Europe leading to World War The Balkan Wars (1912-1913): . By the end of the 19° century, Turkey had become very weak and her subject states. Example Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro took advantage 1 attack Tuckey their master. This 236 How to @ass History Form 344, _ O&Abecame the first Balkan war which was concluded by the London ‘Treaty in 1913, Turkey incurred many losses. = Tw 1913 the second Balkan war broke between Bulgaria and Serbia who conflicted over the contro! of Macedonia which had been ‘curved out of Turkey. The second Balkan war was concluded by the “Treaty of Bucharest in 1913. The Balkan crisis caused tension in Europe leading to World War I How the Balkan wars increased international tension in Europe setting stage for the World War 1. Bulgaria, who lost much of what she had gained in the first Balkan ‘war, kept looking for any opportunity to regain her possessions, She ‘was the maip loser in the second Balkan war. « Serbians’ success in the Balkan crisis renewed her confidence and ambition of uniting all the Serbs in the Patkans under one nile. This brought conflict and tension in the region, += Serbia also was bitter with Austria-Hungary because she was denied ‘occupation of Aibania by Austria-Hungery during the first Balkan ‘war. This would have afforded Serbia direct access to the sea. Austria also was apprehensive of emergence of Serbia as a powerful state. I {s this tension between Austria and Serbia that set stage for the First World War, Brief analysis ofthe events that became the immediate cause of World War I. Assassination in Sarajevo: ‘+ Inwas on 20" June 1914, when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the hiir to the Austrian throne, and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajovo, the capital of Bosnia province which had been fanpexed by Austia from Turkey. + The assassination was executed by a Bosnian student named Gavrilo ‘Princip, assisted by a Serbian secret organization called the “Union ‘of Death or the “Black Hand” «The assassination activate the alliances that were aiady in place. Germany assured Austria-Hungary of fill support, whatever course of action she took. + 0n.23" July 1914, Austria presented Serbia with a stiff ultimatum, ‘containing very harsh demands. Serbia accepted all the terms with an exception that Austrian officials participate, within Serbia tervtory in the investigation of the crime. Mow to Gass History Form 344. O&A 237+ Austria-Hungary declared war on Sesbis on 28° Joly 1914, Russia came in support of Serbia while Germany, going by te terms of the Triple alliance attacked Russia on 1* Angust 1914, and France on 3" August 1914, She (Germany) also invaded Belgium which ‘was neutral + Consequently, on 4 August 1914, Britsin dectared war on Germany and the world war one was on. 6. The terms contained in the ultimatum presented to Serbia by ‘Austria after the assassination in Sarajevo, + An explanation from Serbia for the assassination of the Archduke and his wite, + Sorbin to apologize to Austria-Hungary forthe crime. © Serbia to suppress all the amti-Austrian publieations and onganizations + Pacticipation of Austrian officials in the inquiry and instittion of Judicial proceedings against those who committed the erime. + The dismissal of al the Serbian officials rejected or objected to by Austria. ‘+ Austrian police be allowed to enter Serbia to ensure that these dlemends were fulfilled 7. What made the two sides of the warring parties overconfident to win the wa + European leaders and especially the generals inthe armies, ‘miscalculated by putting too much faith in the military alliances they had formed, This made them reckless as they banked on allied help, 8. Why Germany was overconfident of speedy and overwhelming victory over her enemies in the World War L ‘+ Gorman had devised the Schlieffen plan, which was designed to give ‘them speedy and overwhelining victory over her enemies especially France and Russia. 9. The main war fronts during the world war one. + The wester front which was mainly fought in France and Belgium. Britain led the allies against the central powets led by Germany. + The caster front, mainly in Russia and the Balkans. Russi led the allied forces against the central powers led by Germany, 238 Mow to Pass Hilstory Form 384. Odd‘+ War in the seas where Germany and Britain tried to outdo one ‘another in the various seas mainly Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean ‘and the North Sea 10. Mala events in the course of World War Lat the Western Front. * The Germans, bustling with confidence, based on their secret Schlieffen Plan, ignited the war on the Western front. They invaded and overean Belgium and Luxemburg om their way to attack France. + France tied to launch an attack ogninst Germany but filed miserably. The British forees came to assist France but were pushed back by German forces + The Germans were only 50 miles from Paris, the French capital by Seplember 1914, This forced the French government to flee the capital nd relocated to Bordeaux. + The overconfident Germany decided to attack France from the East and West, creating @ vacuum atthe centre, + Britain and France used the opportunity to tack Germany from the gente and on sensing danger; German ordered their forces to draw back across the Marne River. «After pulling back, the Germans steed digging trenches, reinforced with barbed wire. The French and British di likewise. The trenches stretched from Belgian coast a the Alps. This came 0 bbe known asthe rench warface, + The trench warfare led tothe introduction of new weapons which included: Use af poison ges by the Germans in 1915. + Use of sero planes to bomb enemy camps, for example the ‘Gorman Seppelin airstrips ¥ Britain introduced the use of tanks in the war in 1916. + In 1915, the allies wooed the Italians to thir side, They were ‘promised the two Austrian districts of Trieste and Tzerti after the + The most intense bates in the Wester Front were fought at Verdun and Somine in 1916. ‘+ The French held the Germans advance at Verdun while a combined force of French and Britain kept German at bay in Somme River. ‘+ The two warring sides lost many men and equipments in the two bates. For extinple in the battle at Somme Rive, both Britain ‘and German lost more than 500,000 soldiers each. ym 34, 4 23911. Why the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente changed their names to Central Pawers and Allied Powers respectively © By the end of 1915, many countries had joined either the ‘Triple alliance or the Triple Entente, For example: Japan, Italy, Belgium, Serbia and Montenegro joined the Triple Envente, ‘Turkey and Bulgaria joined the Triple alfiance. © This tum ofevents made the original names meaningless, hence the change. 12 ‘he course of World War [in the Eastern Frot ‘+ The war in the Bastern Front was dominaied by Russia and Germany. + Russia was quick to mobilize her forces then Germany expected, but made a fatal mistake when she invaded Austria and Germany atthe same time, + Russia initially succeed to defeat Austria and occupied the Austrian province of Gatiia, ‘+ However. Germany recalled General Hindenburg, a retired general ‘who helped to defeat Russia in the bettles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes in 1914. The defeat had devastating effect on the side of Russia « In 1915, turkey joined the war on the side of the central powers ‘making the position of Russian soldiers more vulnerable. » However. Russia got a boost when Serbia joined the war on the side of allies and attacked Austria, «The allied forces came to the aid of Russia by launching the Gallipoli ‘campaign in 1915, however, the campaign failed for two reasons (The allied naval ships were destroyed by mines when they’ launched an atack through Dardanelles with an aim of capturing Constantinople (ii) The central powers had already taken position in readiness, for the invasion by Australian, New-Zealand and British troops brought in by the allies. '* In October 1915, Bulgaria joined the war in support of the central, powers and easily defeated Serbia. © In 1916, Russian troops, under General Brusilov attacked Austro- ‘Hungarian forces taking more than 250,000 captives. 240 ow totus History Form 384 O&A‘This prompted Romania to join the war on the side of the allies. She was however easily defeated by the centrat powers. ‘= The withdrawal of Russa from the war in 197 beeame the final tragedy on the side of the alies in the Eastern Front. ‘= The allies therefore lost the battle in the castern From. 13. Why Russia withdrew from World War Tin 1917 « Inadequate supplies in the army in form of arms, food supplies. clothing, wansport snd communication infrastructure, + Incompetent lesdership within the army, and at home. + The November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution communist revotation) in Russia made it impossible for Russa to continue with the wa. < 14, _ Course of World War I in the Sea Front. «The fiercest battle herween the allies and the central powers took place in the sea ‘© The German navy upset the British naval supremacy in the pacific in 1914, However the Germans were defeated 2t the baitle of | Falkland Islands. ‘= In May 1916, the Germans stationed their naval fleet in the Nort Sea to attack Britain’s fleet. ‘= Unfortunately, for the Germans, the British intelligence was able to decode the German wireless Code, prepated the Royal Navy to fully counter Germany's challenge. © By the end of May 1916, the sea battle between Germany and Britain ‘was already afoot al Judand. + Both sides suffered heavy casualties in form of navy officers and ships. Germans lost eleven ships while Britain tost fourteen ships. ‘+ However, Britain was able to retain her naval supremacy in the sea to create what was called the sea blockade against Germany, = The sea blockade was beneficial ro the alles since: (i) The Germans could not access food ancl raw materials from other parts of the world through the sea, (@) The naval supzemacy of the British enabled them to capture ‘colonies of the central powers. (tii) The sea blockade enabled the allies to maintain uninterrupted ‘communication among their forces. (iv) Britain was able to safeguard her food and raw materials supplies from other parts of the world. Howto Pass History Form 344. O&A 241‘+ The desperation of the Germans following the sea blockade made her embark on unrestricted submarine warfate especially in the Atlantic Ocean, © Britain and her allies won the battle in the sea. 15, The two major events that led to the end of World War Fin 1917. ‘+ The Russia's withdrawal from the war after the Novernber 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, ‘+ The declaration of war by the United States of America against the central Powers, 16, ‘The reasons why USA had refrained from joining the World ‘War I until 1917. + USA bad adopted an isolationist policy in international affairs in line with the terms of the Monroe doctrine af 1823, which discouraged her from interfering, in European affairs, » The USA was sensitive tothe fact that some of her citizens were of Germans origin and she did not want to offend them. + The war had not interfered with the USA’s interests direetly up to 1916. This prompted the USA president Woodrow Wilson to sieclare that his country would sake a neutral stand with regard to the war. 17, Why USA eventually joined in the war * People in USA who had relatives and friends either in France or Britain pressurized the goverment to join te wat on the sie of the alles + A secret telegram by the German foreign sninister, Arthur Zienmermann, to the German embassy in Mexico leaked to the British intelligence. Zimmermann urged Mexico to forge an alliance ‘with German and attck the USA from the south in case the latter Joined the ates. + USA was fully aware thatthe defeat of the alles would cost her industrial and financial institution since Britain and France were transoeting a lot of business with USA. * British and USA intelligence were able t link German’s sympathizers with industrial sabotage in factories and trade unions in USA. For exampte the blasts in the USA ammunition factories were linked to such sabotage. 242 Howto Pass History Form 384. O&A18, 19, 20. + The unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany from February 1915 calminated in the sinking of a British passenger Liner named “Lusitiania” on 7 May 1915, and another named "Sussex" in April 1917. The two ships had American citizens on board, This motivated USA to join the war. Events that led to the end of World War T. ‘The final phase of the war was fought in France, Itamounted to a race between Germany ferrying troops from Russian front to France and transportation of US soldiers to France. The baile ended with decisive defeat of Germany and her allies. ‘Austria-Hungary was the first to collapse, ‘This was followed by a soldier's mutiny in Germany, where the Generals deserted the German Kaiser (leader), He was forced to fice to Holland. + The administration of Germany was taken over by democratic and sevilist politicians. who met the supreme commander ofthe ellie forces, calle Ferdinand Foch on 7® Novernber 1918 to negotiate fora ceasefire. + Ferdinand Foch gave the Germans very stiff conditions and they were to ether accept or reject the conditions with in 72 hours. +The German representatives had no choice, znd though protesting bitterly, they signed an armistice on Sth November 1918, + Ateleven o'clock, on 11 November 1918, the guns fll silent, hhence the end of World War L ‘The supreme commander of the allied forces who led the atlied forces to win the First World Wat ‘© General Ferdinand Foch, Conditions given to the Germans by the commander of the allied forces towards the end of World War I. © Germany to withdraw from all occupied terior, including the oversees colonies. All the German troops, west of river Rhine to be withdrawn, All the German war-ships fo surrender tothe allie. ‘Occupation of some parts of Germany by the Allis All allied prisoners of war held by Germany and her alles to be released. How to Bass History Form 344, O&A 243,au 22, Reasons why the Allied powers won the Workd Wai co00 244 ‘The time and date when the First World War ended. “The war ended at eleven o’clock on the morning of 11" November 1918. ‘The allies had more man power than the central powers. The allied supporters were twenty-five states, among them very Tesourceful ‘counties such as Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Portugal and the United States. ‘The British sel governing dominions of South Africa, Canada, New Zealand and Austtalia, und British overseas colonies fought hatd for the victory ofthe erown. ‘The elies had financial and industrial resources, not only in Europe but also inthe colonies overseas. ‘Getman invasion of neutral Belgium turned the world opinion against the cenrral powers. They were seen as unreasonable and. arrogant. This thade even the neutral countries to support the allies by providing food, fuel and landing space for aircraft ‘The allied Sea Supremacy enabled them to enforee a rural blockace which caused severe food shortage among the central, powers. ‘The allies had good! potitiel leadership such leaders included Loped George of Britain and George Clemenceau of France, ho were confident and focused, The allies had a great sense of unity of command under General Foch to the disadvantage of the central powers. Germany was let down by her colleagues. Italy decamped to join the Allics. Bulgaria and Austria ~ Hungary had to be assisted al the time, while Turkey easily accepted defeat. Germany was lef to face the allies single handedly. ‘The entry of USA in the war, who had industrial might and concn wealth, helped to force the central powers to their knees. Principles outlined by President Woodrow Wilson of USA on which the pence with Germany would be based after World wa Abolition of all secret diplomacy between states, Free navigation at sea for all nations, in war znd in peace. Removal of economic barriers between states. Reduction of armaments. Mir to Pass History Fi© Adjustment of colonial claims 1 the interest ofthe peoples concemed. © Vacating of Russian teritory by German forces ‘© Restoration of Independence to Belgium. © Restoration of freedom to France and retum of Alsace and Lorraine to her. ‘© Adjustment of Italian frontiers on the basis of nationality © Self-determination for Austria — Hungary © Evacuation of Serbia, Montenegro and Romanis, and provision of access fo sea for Serbia. Creation of an association of World Nations to preserve world peace, © Independence of Poland and provision of access to the sea. © Self-government for non-Turkish people in the Turkish Empire and opening of Dardanelles. 24, The treaties that were signed in Paris between 1919 and 1920 after the end of World War L The following treaties were signed between the Allies and the central Powers States, ‘Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28" June 1919. Trealy of St. Germaine with Australia on 10° September 1919, The treaty of Neville with Bulgaria on 27” November 1919. ‘Treaty of Trianon with Hungary on 4" June 1920. ‘Treaty of Sevres with Turkey in August 1920, This was later to be renamed the treaty of Lausanne in 1923 Allthe above peace treaties were generally referred to os the Treaty of Versailles. 25. Name the statesmen who dominated the Paris Peace Conference alter Workd War 1. ‘© Woodrow Wilson, president of USA. #9 Lloyd George, British premier. © Georges Clemenceau, French Premier. 6 Vittorio Grlando, Italian premier. © All of them from the allied Powers. 26. The results of the Treaty of Versailles. © Germany lost all her colonies. Aftican colonies of Rwando-Urui, Tanganyika, Togoland, Namibia and Cameroon were put under supervision ofthe League of Nations. Howto Pass History Form 3d. O&A 24s© Germany was forved t0 pay over 6.5 billion sterling pounds as war reparations to the Allics Germany was totally disarmed, She was allowed to retain a force ‘of 100,000 men, her ait force was banned, armoured cars were banned. and she was only to retain six battle ships. She was also barred from owning submarines ‘© Australia was to remain independent in spite of her large German population, while Italy acquired Siria, the Italian - speaking region of Austria, © Poland received a third of the territory that had been taken over by Germany during the war. © Danzig Port, which was claimed by both Germany and Poland, was declared a free city, ‘© The Saar region, formally part of Germany was to remain under the League of Nations for 15 years afler which the population ‘would vote on whether fo belong to France or Germany, © The Alsace and Lorraine provinces were to be surrendered to France. (© Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized, and German ‘oops were not allowed in the region, © New states emerged in Europe, for example Yugoslavia, Cacchoslovakia, Esteria,Latvia and Lithuania. (© Finland acquired complete independence from Russia. 26, The country that bore the brunt of the peace settlement after the World War 1 © Germany, 27. Why France was so bitter with Germany after World Wai ‘> Most ofthe richest farming land and industries in France had been devastated as the war was mainly fought on French soil © The two countries algo were great enemies after the Francno-Prassian, War. 28. Why the treaty of Versailles failed to bring about lasting peace to ‘the warring parties after World War L (© The Germans were bitter and dissatisfied with the outcome of the ‘Treaty. They were convinced that the treaty was used to punish and ‘humiliate them. This inspired the Nazi aggression in two decades Iter, 246 owe to Goss History Form 344, O&A‘©The interests of the coloniat people were ignored during the peace conference. The colonial possessions of Germany and Turkey were handed to Britain and France as mandates of the League of Nations. ‘© interests ofthe minorities in Europe were also not catered for adequately. For example Austria was forbidden from merging with Germany agains the wish of the Austrians. ‘© Italy left the peace conference bitter because she felt that she did not get a fair share inthe spoils of victory. She only got Stra, the Italian — speaking region of Austria, Britain and France got the lion’s share. ‘© The United States of America failed to ratify the League of Nations charter since her constitution prohibited commitment to such an ‘organization, ‘Negative impacts of World War I. 0 Massive oss of lives, Itis believed that more than 18 milion people perished leaving many women widowed and hundreds of thousands of children orphaned. © Many soldiers contracted many diseases, mainly sexually transmitted diseases and pneumonia, Thousands of people also died du to influenza outbreak. © Mass starvation wes experienced as the productive people were sent to ar, while land and crops were devastated during the war «9 The tail of destruction during the war left property of immense value destroyed, These included cities, villages, schools, factories, railways, oads and bridges which were fet in runs. © A lot of money was spent on recruitment, transportation of soldiers, and acquisition of war equipment and haste construction of transport infrastructure, This weakened the economic domination of Europe over the rest ofthe world. «9 The war also led to drastic revision of political boundaties in Europe. ‘New countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, emerged while others like Turkey were reduced. © A lot of misery and suffering was experienced by millions of people all over the world. Many people were displaced and they became refugees. «© Furopean domination of the overseas colonies was eroded, Indians ‘and Africans involved in the war went home with revolutionary How, A 247{ideas on self ~ determination and they svere.ne longer subservient to the Europeans as before. 430. Positive impacts of the First World War. sere war enabled USA to emerge as leading word POwe® As the "Sconamy of Europe was collapsing, that of USA Rot ‘boasted and the US became the creditor of Europe oo'The world leaders started seeing the sens of esiablihing 2 y vrational orgenization to ensure wor peace and secarhy, This intern ivrmation ofthe Leogue of Nations and fate he UNO ‘9 Theant of surgery advanced significantly during the w2r, and so was. vat Jvancement in the manunoture of pharmaccutcas so Theaseofmotor vehicles and airrats Became widespread Cun the Marea after This ease transportation in raany parts 6f he world. ‘o Anon wore involved inte military duties, women begnn © work in sang pass ofthe world This promoted gender equality in Europe and USA. The wea led to politcal conseiousness and awareness among S017° Mil nian states, The Africans and Ioians involve the ‘Aira med home with revolutionary eas andthe need for self determination. 43], whan the League of Nations’ consfinition was adopted yr ve League of Nations" constitution was adapted by the Pans Conference in Aprit 1919. 432, When the League of Nations’ constitution came int force came mio force during the fist mesting of the League of Nations, held in London, Britain on 10% January 1920, 33, Aims of the League of Nations. eee prevent war in future and reduce armaments «Te Eeine international disputes peacefully and to have a joint re againe any member who diseegarded this ether in fom of ‘eonomie sanctions or military action, «eTeecare and wrantain fir and buraane conitions of labour a5 = ‘way of maintaining peace in the world. «Tevsupervise the teritores taken over from the central powers uring the Paris Peace Conference. 248 ‘Mow to Bass History Form 344. _O.8A34. Main organs of the League of Nations. «The Assembly # The Council + Secretariat + Permanent Court of International Justice, «+ International Labour organization. Specialize commissions and comamiees 35. Functions ofthe Assembly of the League of Nations. 69 The assembly was the op organ ofthe League of Nations and ‘members met annually at the League headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, The president ofthe assembly was selected at every session onthe basis of simple majority. ‘The assembly had the fellowing functions:- (i) Control the budget ofthe League of Nations, that is contsibutions and expenditure (i) Admission of new members, if approved by 8 two-thirds majority. Gi) Appointment of non-permanent rnembers to the League of Nations’ council (iv) Consideration of teates and revision ofthe same. (©) Sepervision ofthe work ofthe League of Nations’ Couns (i) Appointing the 13 judges ofthe Permanent Court of Inemationa Justice (uti) Giving approval te the appointment ofthe Secretary General (vii) Amendment of the League's covenant (ix) The Assembly decides on the general policy of the onganization 36, Funetions of the League of Nations* Council. ‘© The League of Nations” Council comprised of four permanent ‘members namely Britain, Frence, Italy and Japan. ‘© Malso had nine non-permanent members elected by the Assembly to serve a term of three years. © The council was scheduled to meet three times annually, but could ‘meet more times in case of an emergency. © The council had the following fimetions: i) Implement the recommendations of the Assembly. Hoy to Pass History Form 3&4, O&A 249