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subtopics:

* **Pumps: Analysis and Selection**

* **I. General Classification** [1]
* **A. Positive Displacement Pumps** [1]
* 1. Principle: Traps a fixed amount of fluid and **forces
(displaces) it into the discharge pipe** [1].
* 2. Examples: Reciprocating Pumps, Rotary Pumps (Gear, Vane) [1].
* 1. Principle: **Adds kinetic energy to the fluid by a rotating
element (impeller)**, which is then converted into pressure energy [1].
* **II. Reciprocating Pumps** [1]
* **A. Working Principle** [1]
* 2. Suction Stroke: Piston moves back, creating a vacuum; suction
valve opens, and liquid is drawn in [1].
* 3. Delivery Stroke: Piston moves forward, pressurizing the liquid;
delivery valve opens, and liquid is forced out [2].
* **B. Components** [2]
* 1. Piston/Plunger & Cylinder [2]
* 2. Suction & Delivery Pipes [2]
* 3. Suction & Delivery Valves (Non-return type) [2]
* 4. Crank & Connecting Rod [2]
* 5. Air Vessels (to dampen pulsation and reduce friction loss) [2]
* **C. Discharge & Slip** [2]
* 1. Theoretical Discharge (Q_th): Q_th = A*L*N/60 (Single-acting) or
2*A*L*N/60 (Double-acting) [2].
* a. A=Area, L=Stroke Length, N=RPM [2].
* 2. Coefficient of Discharge (C_d): C_d = Actual Discharge (Q_act) /
Q_th [2].
* 3. Slip: Slip = Q_th - Q_act [3].
* 4. Percentage Slip: %Slip = (Slip / Q_th) * 100 [3].
* 5. Negative Slip: Occurs when **Q_act > Q_th**, due to high
delivery head and long suction pipe [3].
* **D. Power & Efficiency** [3]
* 1. Work Done: W = ρgQ_th(h_s + h_d) where h_s, h_d are suction and
delivery heads [3].
* 2. Power Input (Shaft Power): The power required to drive the pump
[3].
* 3. Efficiency (η): η = (Water Power / Shaft Power) * 100 [3].
* **E. Characteristics** [3]
* 1. Delivers **high pressure / high head** [3].
* 2. Handles **low to medium discharge rates** [3].
* 3. Provides a **pulsating flow** (unless air vessels are used) [4].
* 4. Requires **more maintenance** due to many moving parts [4].
* **III. Centrifugal Pumps** [4]
* **A. Working Principle** [4]
* 1. Operates on the principle of **forced vortex flow** [4].
* 2. An impeller rotates at high speed, imparting kinetic energy to
the liquid. The casing then converts this kinetic energy into pressure energy [4].
* **B. Components** [4]
* 1. Impeller (Open, Semi-open, Closed) [4]
* 2. Casing (Volute, Vortex, Diffuser) [4]
* 3. Suction Pipe with Foot Valve & Strainer [4]
* 4. Delivery Pipe [4]
* 5. Shaft [5]
* **C. Heads & Efficiencies** [5]
* 1. Static Head (H_stat): Vertical distance between sump and
overhead tank levels (h_s + h_d) [5].
 * 2. Manometric Head (H_m): The **actual head the pump has to work
against** [5].
* 3. Efficiencies: [5]
* a. Manometric Efficiency (η_mano) [5]
* b. Mechanical Efficiency (η_mech) [5]
* c. Overall Efficiency (η_o = η_mano * η_mech) [5]
* **D. Discharge & Power** [5]
* 1. Discharge (Q): Depends on impeller size and speed [5].
* 2. Water Power: P_w = ρgQH_m [5].
* 3. Shaft Power: P_s = Power supplied by the motor [5].
* 4. Overall Efficiency: η_o = P_w / P_s [5].
* **E. Characteristics** [6]
* 1. Delivers **high discharge rates** [6].
* 2. Suitable for **lower to medium heads** [6].
* 3. Provides a **smooth, continuous flow** [6].
* 4. Requires **priming** (initial filling of casing with liquid)
[6].
* 5. Specific Speed (N_s): N_s = N√Q / H_m^(3/4). Used to classify
pumps [6].
* 6. Cavitation: **Formation of vapor bubbles at low pressure**,
which can damage the pump [6].
* 7. NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head): Head required at the suction
inlet to prevent cavitation [6].
* **IV. Selection and Choice of Pump** [6]
* **A. Comparison** [6]
* 1. Head: **Reciprocating for High Head**; **Centrifugal for
Low/Medium Head** [6, 7].
* 2. Discharge: **Reciprocating for Low Discharge**; **Centrifugal
for High Discharge** [7].
* 3. Flow: **Reciprocating is Pulsating**; **Centrifugal is Smooth**
[7].
* 4. Viscosity: **Reciprocating is better for high viscosity fluids**
[7].
* 5. Cost & Maintenance: **Centrifugal pumps generally have lower
initial cost and maintenance** [7].
* **B. Factors for Selection** [7]
* 1. Required Flow Rate (Discharge) [7].
* 2. Required Head (Suction, Delivery, Friction losses) [7].
* 3. Fluid Properties (Viscosity, Temperature, Corrosiveness, Solids
content) [7].
* 4. Efficiency & Power Consumption (Operating Cost) [8].
* 5. NPSH available at the site [8].
* 6. Initial Cost and Maintenance requirements [8].