URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR

Research Work No. 1

Fundamental Tools of Space Planning, Design and Analysis:
Anthropometrics, Proxemics, and Ergonomics

Submitted by:

Mejia, Marinelle Joy P.

BS - Architecture
20196298

Submitted to:
Ar. King Ganancial
Instructor
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

MEJIA, MARINELLE JOY. P. ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR

20196298 RSW #2

Fundamental Tools of space planning, design and analysis:

Anthropometrics, Proxemics, and Ergonomics
Introduction
Types of Interior Programs
• Interior Space Program
• Site Selection Program
• Furniture Program
• Budget Program

Interior Space Program

1. It is an organizing of interior space before planning and design of an interior project. It is an

essential preplanning tool on projects that range from medium to large scales due to their complexity.
The primary purpose of a space program is to determine the space, furniture, equipment and
special needs for move in and future.
2. The space program is the foundation of the designer's work. It acts as a guide during the study and
the preparation of space layout. It is also a communication tool between the designer and the client.
During the development of the program, the programmer will solicit detail information from the
client about the company's history, organization, operations, policies, personnel and group
requirements. Much of the programming effort focuses on quantitative calculations using basic unit
takeoff that derives from revision of existing space standards from the company or from industry
standards.
3. The final program book includes overall space summary for move in, occupants and space
projections for future, building feasibility analysis, space distribution analysis and planning
recommendations for the new space. Some programmers generate additional company space
statistics by comparing the types and usage of spaces between the company's organizational units
that are meaningful to identify growth patterns and planning directions. The statistic aims to provide
interior planners with additional information that will influence space layout decisions.

Site Selection Program

When sites are not given, one of the other program responsibility for the programmer is to assist the
client to find an appropriate site. This requires the comparative analyses of different sites. It may
include:
• neighborhood analyses
• demolition cost comparisons
• cost for land if the intention is to build
• analyses of building facilities
• analyses of building systems
• analyses of future expansion accommodations
• lease terms and durations
• cost for improvements

Furniture Program
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

This is a standard program for all interior services. It is the analysis of existing inventories as well as to
identify the need for purchase for the new project.
Responsibilities include:
• collect and analyze existing inventories identifying the size, quantities, conditions, cost for
recondition
• collect information on sale to refuge on exisitng inventories
• collect information on discount structures from furniture manufacturers since more purchase will
result in higher discount structure
• identify new furniture programs based on methods of reuse and budget allowance and establish
budget comparisons between different methods:
• buy all new furniture - very rare
• 25% reuse of old inventories
• 50% reuse of old inventories
• specific types of reuse - eg. reuse only existing files, storages, shelvings and purchase the rest all
new

Budget Program

There are two types of budgets for contract work. The general construction
budget and the FF&E budget. The budget estimate will be establish early on at
the beginning of the project. It will be reviewed and updated as the project
progress and more decisions are made. The realistic budget will not be firmly
established until after the generation of the contract document and the
contractors has been selected.

Initialize Program

• Setting up Planning Team

• Establish Program and Management Reviews Schedule

Analyze Information handling Techniques

1. Setting up Planning Team
• At the start of a program, the programmer assists the client or his representative to set up a
planning team to deal with making decisions for the duration of project. The team represents
personnel from both the company and the program consulting firm. A typical client's group may
include president of the company, the office manager and the office manager's assistants. In case of a
large corporation, this group includes the facility manager and the manager's staff. The programmer's
group includes the senior director of the consultant firm, the programmer, and the programmer's
assistants. If the program involves building and demolition evaluations, additional architect,
engineers, design or construction consultants will also be call upon to participate in the team but not
throughout the entire project.

The company group is responsible to collect, filter, verify, approve information and the administration
of the project such as meeting scheduling, program scheduling, program budgeting, and regular
communication with the program consulting firm.

The planning team will meet regularly to make programming decisions. The initial meetings involve
setting up policy, procedures and methods for collection, processing, verification, transmission, and
approval of all data.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

2. Establish Program and Management Reviews Schedule

Based on input from the client, the programmer sets the time schedule for the duration of the
project. The program schedule outlines the program procedure, the time frame for each item on the
list, and the schedules for management reviews and approvals. Depending on the size of the project,
the normal time frame for program completion ranges from a few weeks to a few months.

3. Analyze Information Handling Techniques

The planning team and the programmer need to determine the best method to transmit and process
information between the two parties. The planning team
should review and verify all information before sending to the programmer so as to avoid time loss
from receiving irrelevant data.

Define Problem, Scope and Goals

Define Problems and Scope

The first objective of the program is to determine the project requirements and the scope of the
problem. To achieve this, the programmer must meet with the planning team and define the
problem.
• Define company type, business and operations
• Define problem whether to renovate existing space, relocate to a new leasing space or build a new
building
• Define location of project whether to relocate to specific area, specific building or explore new sites
• Define major operational requirements: size of company, total number of employees and
approximate overall space requirements
• Define existing problems such as communications, reorganizations, productivity, flexibility, and
security, storages, environmental or technical
• Define physical constraints such as space size and location, proximity requirements, furniture,
materials and equipment’s limitations if any
• Define environmental constraints such as lighting, acoustics and humidity if required in any areas

Define Design Goals

The programmer need to define the client expects to achieve in the new project.
• Define company image to public if any
• Define operational goals such as ease of communication, maintenance, and adaptability to changes
• Define aesthetic needs such as client's preference for style, mood, character and quality
• Define company's future planning directions and space projections such as personnel projections,
implementation of new equipment, automations, new operations and management
• Define budget goals at initial move in and future replacements
• Define time for project completion

Define Program Goals

The programmer must also document the purposes of the space program and the expected results of
the program. The major goal of the program is to generate the overall space requirement for the
company for both move in and future. Other goals may include:
• Update company organizational charts
• Revise or develop work station standards
• Generate space summary of each organizational units and subunits• Generate overall company
space summary
• Generate company space statistics
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

• Generate adjacency information and diagrams

• Generate distribution summary, blocking and layering diagrams
• Generate planning guidelines and recommendations for the new space

Develop Data Base and Collect Data

Before any data collection, the programmer first identifies the data base and develops the
methodologies for data collection. Through interviews and discussions with the client, the
programmer reviews, verifies and filters all data received and resolves any discrepancies that might
arise during the process.

Information to be collected:
The types and the amount of information to be collected vary according to the need, complexity and
history of the company. Information list:
• Collect company background:
• Existing company image
• nature of business
• company historical data from 5 to 20 years if available
• company administrative policies
• company organization structure
• personnel hierarchy
• dramatic changes in the past and their influence
• Collect information on all organizational units and sub units existing organizational units and sub
unit names existing organizational units and sub unit codes existing company organization chart
showing company structure and relationships of major units or sub units existing personnel
organization charts of each organizational unit showing the names of individual users, job categories,
hierarchy, and how they relate to each other within each unit.
• Collect existing personnel information names of hierarchy levels : executives, managements, mid-
managements, lowmanagements, supervisory, non-supervisory, professionals, non-professionals,
non-managements listing of types of spaces: private, semiprivate, open
listing of all personnel job categories and how they relate to each hierarchy level listing of existing
space standards showing space sizes, furniture sizes, types and area arrangements with assignment to
corresponding job categoriespolicies regulating selection options of finishes and accessories with
corresponding job categories
• Collect existing operational requirements by unit:
Listing of personnel requirements by organizational unit showing corresponding
job categories and existing space standards assignments
listing of support space requirements for work groups within each organizational
unit: space size, furniture, equipment, area arrangements and any special
conditions listing of special use area requirements within each organizational unit: space size,
furniture, equipment area arrangement and any special conditions

Listing of common use area requirements that are shared by all organizational units on the company
level: space size, furniture, equipment area arrangement and special conditions
• Collect communication requirements
Adjacency information between organizational units or subunits
adjacency information between common use spaces and the organizational units
adjacency information between individuals within each organizational units or
subunits
adjacency information between support and special use spaces with individuals
within each organizational unit or subunits
Listing of organizational units and subunits with frequent public contact
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Listing of organizational units with heavy paper flow

Listing of organizational units with frequent telephone, fax or computer contacts
• Collect information on existing inventories Document existing furniture and equipments by types,
styles, sizes, manufacturers
Identify items that are reusable and in good condition
Identify items that are reusable but requires refinishing or reupholstering
Identify items that are salvageable for resale
Identify items that are to be thrown away
• Collect personnel history and forecast
Collect personnel historical data of each organizational unit and subunit and that of the total company
if available
Identify significant data that is used for past personnel projection if available
Collect personnel forecast from Personnel unit or from Administrative unit
Collect personnel forecast from each organizational unit showing specific job categories if available
Collect group space forecast if available
Identify any issues or use of technology that might affect future personnel and space forecast
• Identify constrains, existing and/or anticipated problemsListing of design priorities
Listing of budget priorities
Identify time schedule
Identify quality expectation: expensive, average or economical
Identify building constrains: size, shape, location, building modules, mechanical, structural, electrical,
communication systems and physicial limitations
Identify administrative structure: stable or dynamic
Identify company flexibility requirements in the past and future
Identify employee productivity
Identify new or change of image
Listing of existing problems within the organizational units or within the group spaces

Data Collection Techniques

Most consulting firms use similar methodologies to collect the client's data. The common techniques
are interviews, questionnaires and observations. Since the data collection process can be quite
tedious and timely, the programmer's responsibility is to select the best method or methods suited to
the project that allows for speedy completion and interpretation.

1. Observations
The programmer always starts the project with a tour of the client's facility. The tour allows the
programmer to note down essential information regarding the client's existing environments,
function, operational requirements, special situations and problems. In most cases, it clarifies
projectrequirements and expectations and enable the programmer to get a feel for the project scope
and budget.

2. Interviews
Interviews provide programmers a way of collecting qualitative information on users'
requirements,clarifies directions, exchange views and resolve discrepancies. Programmer first
develops an interview list identifying the individuals or groups for the interviews, the time frame for
each and the required information list. The interviews may be repeated many times until the
programmer gets all the necessary information. In the case of a small project, the interviews and
observations are sufficient for data collection.

Major personnel to interview and available information:

 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Chairperson of the board and Executives

The Chairperson and executives establish company goals, project overview,
company image and mission, company direction, and overall budgets. They are
very knowledgeable on general company history, direction, and overall
administrative policies.

Personnel director
The personnel director keeps up-to-date records of total company personnel
forecasts, personnel policies and administration.

Office or facility director

The facility director and staff manage the needs of the company. They are familiar with the needs of
the organizational units, their functions and the personnel requirements. They manage on a daily
basis all furniture inventories, yearly replacement budgets, and the building's maintenance
requirements.

Organizational units' directors

The director of each organizational unit is knowledgeable on details. They provide more specific
personnel forecasts, personnel space requirements, group space requirements, personnel proximity,
the unit's proximity with other organizational units and with common shared facilities, and any special
environmental, structural, electrical or security situations within each unit.

Individuals with special needs

These are individuals with special furniture, equipment or space needs. Examples are equipment
operators, laboratory technicians, security officers, mail carriers, food providers, health care providers
and those with physical handicap. Their furniture, equipment or area arrangement might have
impacts on furniture selections or the planning of their units.

3. Questionnaires
Programmers develop questionnaire forms to collect quantitative and detail information about the
organizational units, the individual users and group spaces. The technique is most common for large
scale projects when interviews with individual users are time-consuming or not feasible. Many
programmers develop specific questionnaires to collect specific information relating to a company.
Others use standard forms developed for past projects that proved to be effective or use those
developed by leading furniture manufacturers for general purpose programming.

Office Space Standards Overview

Space Standard Features

Overview

In office design, flexibility in planning is essential in order to accommodate changes of occupancy over
time in a cost effective manner. For this reason, and due to the potential construction cost savings
from the application of a repetitive geometry, it is always desirable to use a modular planning
approach.

Most buildings these days work on a building module of 5' or 4'. The size of the building module in an
office building is always defined by the architect. The factors that affect such module are based on
varying factors such as site conditions, structural systems, spacing of window mullions,
columns,ceiling layout, etc. Interior planner and designer for the project will need to response to the
same modularity in the design of the interior space. If the project consists mostly of enclosed spaces,
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

the exterior wall and window design will become an important determinant of the room modules
since the location of the interior partitions are governed by the mullion modularity along the
perimeter walls. If the space is relatively open, then the ceiling module, lighting, telephone and
electrical locations will be more of a determinant factor. Space standards are repetitive spaces that
must be created using the similiar building modularity in order to gain accessibility to building
systems.

To achieve modularity, it is important to simplify the number of different spaces or standards used
within an office. In addition to the personnel standards, the common group areas such as supporting
area, special use areas or the common use areas can also be easily standardized.

Space Standard Features

A space standard is a study of the space size, furniture requirements and area
arrangement for an area of activity that is responsive to the need of the company. The activity area
may be a personnel space or a shared facility such as files, storages, conference room, reception area
or etc. A typical space study should include:
An illustration of all furniture requirements
An approximate arrangement of all furniture used in the space
An approximate space size as defined by an area boundary
Furniture clearances and secondary internal circulation for use of the space.

Each open and semi-private space includes part of a secondary isle which accounts for clearances and
entry into the space. This partial isle will form into a full isle when the spaces are grouped into a work
station cluster. This is not true with private spaces which is only accessible through primary isles.

In order to provide for primary internal circulation to work stations and for access into various group
areas, there is an extra 25% space allocations to all the space standards. This additional space will be
accounted during the department square footage calculation. The circulation allocation varies with
different projects based on the client's image, budget constrain, geometry of the space plan and etc.
but the 25% average has been proven to be quite effective. In actual planning application, the
distribution of primary circulation varies according to types of spaces with 30% for private spaces,25%
for semi-private spaces and 15% for open spaces.Personnel Space Standards
• personnel private spaces
• personnel semi-private spaces
• personnel open spaces

Group Space Standards

• support spaces: files, storage cabinets and shelves

• support spaces: equipment and miscellenous areas
• special use spaces: waiting and conferences
• special use spaces: break and mail distribution
• special use spaces: file, and storage rooms

Detail Listings of Organizational Units or Sub-Units

After the questionnaires are completed, the designer will process, filter, extract and summarize all
data and put them into a useable form for use in planning and design.Such effort compiles a detail
breakdown of each organizational unit's or subunit'spersonnel and group requirements.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

The programmer tabulates the space requirements of all personnel job categories and group
requirements by using the newly developed or revised space standards. A circulation factor is
assigned to each type of spaces and then sum together to arrive at the unit's summary.

Many programmer likes to use an average circulation factor of 25% to the entire organizational unit
but others like to use different circulation factors for different types of spaces. A common practice is
to use 30% circulation factor for personnel private spaces, 25% for personnel semi-private spaces and
15% for personnel open spaces.

For group requirements, the support spaces usually do not need any circulation factor because the
isles that take people to the workstations are the same for support areas. If needed, add a 25%
circulation factor. Special use areas receive 30 to 35% circulation factor due to traffic density. For
large corporations, using the different circulation factors can be a meaningful space saving technique
because the numbers of personnel with open stations are substantial.

Personnel Information List

Group Requirements List

Total Space Summary
Comparative Summaries and Total Company Summary

The table below illustrates the space summaries of all the organizational units showing the statistics
within the units. In addition to the total personnel and space requirements within each unit, it also
illustrates the space comparisons between types of space: Private, Semi-private and Open, total
Personnel and group space requirements. From the table, one can see which organization unit
grows the fastest, the type of growth required and whether the unit is relatively open or closed and
how much flexibility is within the unit.

The table also include a section on common Use Spaces which represents the group facilities shared
by all the units within the company. The grand total of the space requirement is shown on the last
row in addition to the sum of all the statistics.

Building Feasibility Analysis

Purpose
In order to determine whether the building under consideration will be appropriate to meet the
client's operational requirements, the programmer will need to analyze the building. The factors to
consider will include:
• the given building facilities
• the physical layout of the space
• the building systems:hvac, telephone and electrical, communication
• the structural and technical constrains
• its location
• its neighbourhood
• the parking facilities
• the lease terms
• the demolition and improvement costs necessary to update building
• the current building and ADA codes compliances
• the client's budget constrain if more than one building is considered, then the comparative analysis
between the different sites become necessary
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Building Analysis Table

Shown below is a table with two columns to aid in the analysis. On the left column is a listing of site
situations, building services, existing building constrains, the building and ada codes requirements,
lease terms if applicable.

On the right column is the listing of the recommendations to the client on what needs to beupdated
or constructed in order to bring the building up-to-date and meet its intended use.

Shown below are standards used for Business occupancy type. For other occupancy types, check the
code books.Consider adding additional columns if more than one building is under consideration and
turn it into a comparative table for multiple sites.

Site Analysis, Exisiting Building Conditions and International Code Compliance Requirements

Recommended Revisions and Improvements to Building

Site Analysis
Site Location building orientation adjacency to major highway
neighbourhood analysis major and secodnary streets ease of turning into property

Parking Facilities
outdoor or covered facility
ability to accommodate future growth
cost per month per employee
secondary parking facilities around the neighbourhood and costs
Surrounding Facilities
restaurants within walking distance
banking facilities
convenient facilities
Existing Building Conditions
Building Systems
building construction type
occupancy type
mechanical systems
telephone and electrical

Spatial Analysis

gross building square footage on typical floor

leasable building square footage on typical floor
net building square footage on typical floor
building and window modules
number of floors
building efficiency factor - net usable sq ft for total building over total building
expressed in a %
ability to accomodate future growth

Existing Building Facilities

cabling and wiring entries
data and communication capability and future growth potential
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

stairs - total sets of stairs

elevators - locations and numbers and types
freight elevators - location, size and numbers
restroom facilities
rescue assistance
other common building facilities
building janitorial and storage
common building facilities
Building Codes Compliance
Occupancy Load - OLgross build sq ft divided by occupancy factor 100

Egress Requirements
2 exits between 1-500 occupancy load, 3 for 501-1000, 4 for more than 1000
occupancy load on typical floor
number of exits on each typical floor
arrangement of exits: 50% diagonal rule measure in a straight line
if more than 2 exits, 2 of the exits must meet the 50% diagonal rule
if entire building is sprinkler, the distance between the exits can be 33.3%
travel distance: 200 ft maximum from any interior location or 300 ft maximum if
equipped with a sprinkler system
minimum corridor or aisle width 44"
dead end corridor 20 feet maximum, longer dead may be allowed but must check
with code officials
level exit width requirement:0.2 x OL and for stairs 0.3 x OL or 44 inches for level
exit, 48 inches for stairs which ever is greater
Stairs and Ramps Requirements
stairs exit width requirement relative to OL, 0.2 width variable x occupancy load
or 44" if OL less than 50
stairs landing requirements: intermediate landing required if rise is more than 12
feet
door when fully open will not to reduce landing by more than 7"
landing depth 4 feet minimum or as wide as stairs or ramps
stairs handrails at both sides of stairs must extends 12" beyond the bottom and
last riser
ramps rise relative to run ratio is 1:12 and landing required at the bottom and top
of ramp
ramp intermediate landing required for rise every 30" or horizontal run 30 feet
doors cannot reduce any required landings by more than 7 inches
treads 11" deep and risers not to exceed 7"
minimum ceiling height is 7 feet 6 inches
Plumbing fixtures Requirements
number of waterclosets for each sex on each typical floor - 1 for every 25 for the
first 50 and 1 additional for every 50 to be divided between both sexes
number of lavatories for each sex on each typical floor - 1 per 40 for the first 80
and 1 additional for every 80 and divide equally between 2 sexes
clearances between stalls is 36" from center of center
drinking fountains on each floor 1 for every 100 and not protrude into clear
corridor space
sink on each floor 1 per floorscreening at entrances of all restrooms
Fire and Smoke Protection
smoke isolation required for elevators and shafts
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

sprinkler system recommended in most commercial buildings

tenant separation walls: 1 hour
stair enclosures: 2 hours
corridor enclosures: 0 hour with sprinkler system
hazardous rooms: 1 to 2 hours
stand pipe and hose requirement at each landing of the exit stairs
ADA Codes Compliance
Access Route
at least one access route connect all exits and accessible spaces
minimum corridor width:3'
5' clearance requirement at T and L connections
minimum clearance at any point 32"
if access route is less than 5' wide then requires minimum 5' turn around every
200 feet
protruding objects not to extend more than 4" inches corridors or aisles
Rescue Assistance
provide area 1 for every 200 occupants
provide 30" x 48" wheel chair parking on each floor at stairway landing, or 1 hour
rate corridor, or1 hour rate room near to the stairs
display signs identifying "Area of Rescue Assistance"
Building facilities
rest room standard stalls size: 48" x 66" forward approach, 48" x 56" left hand
approach, 60" x 56" right hand approach including clear floor space infront of
stalls, door swing do not overlap into clear floor space
multiple stalls with at least one accessible stall. For 6 or more stalls, at least add
an additional 36" x 66" minimum wall mount with outward swinging door
urinals require 18" between centerline of bowl and adjacent partition, 36" clear
from side to side, 30" x 48" clear floor space
lavatories require clear floor space 30 x 48" in front of lavatory
grab bars require at the back and side of stalls: side grab bar requires 42"
minimum and not to exceed 12" from rear corner, rear grab bar requires 36" long,
centered, and not to exceed 6" from adjacent corner
restroom turn around clearance: 5'accesible water fountain on each floor, hi-low type with water
spouts is required if
there is only one on the floor. If more than one available, 50% accessible
elevators minimum size: 80" x 54" center opening, 68" x 51" side opening
Doors Maneuvering Clearances
front approach and swing in direction of travel 12" minimum on latch side, for
forward swing 18" minimum
pull side approach and swing in direction of travel 18", for forward swing 36"
minimum if clearance is 60 and 42" minimum if clearance is 54"
latch side approach 24" minimum
Lease Agreements
cost per square foot
space efficiency, net verses leasable sq ft
tenant work letter and building standard items to finish space and cost for
improvements
length of lease and options to extend
costs on demolition and special work
Program Data Analyses
In order to illustrate the space program data, it is helpful to
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

use the charting tools from Excel to illustrate the program

summary and the space statistics. It would be easier to
visualize the results in a graphic form and identify any
discrepancies that might occurs on the data generated. The
space statistics will help the programmer to later on make
meaningful recommendations on planning directions.
Based on the complexity of the company, the types and
number of charts may vary. Shown below are some of the
commonly used charts.

Total company personnel projections

Comparative departmental personnel projections
Total company square footage projection
Comparative departmental square footage projection
Comparative analysis between types of spaces -
Private, Semi-private and Open
Comparative analysis between usage of spaces -
Personnel and group square footage
Expansion space analysis

Building distribution analysis

Total Company Personnel ProjectionThis chart illustrates the number of employees required in the
company at move-in and future. Usually, the historical data will be used to forecast future growth.

Departmental Personnel Projections

This chart combines the personnel projections of all the organizational units and compare which units
will grow faster than the others and which ones will remain stable. Total Company Square Footage
Projection This chart illustrates the total square footage requirements
for move in and future. Departmental Square Footage Projections This chart combines the square
footage projections of all the organizational units and illustrate which unit consume larger space than
the other units, which unit will grow the fastest and which ones will remain stable.

Comparative Analysis Between Types of Spaces - Private, Semi-private and Open

This chart illustrates the ratios between private, semiprivate and open spaces through out the
company. It enable the programmer to later on make planning recommendations on whether is
feasible to use traditional office planning or open office planning.

Comparative Analysis Between Usage of Spaces - Personnel or Group

This chart illustrates the ratios between personnel and group spaces. It is useful to identify whether
the company has a large quantity of technical or spaces that requires special constructions. This allow
the programmer to predict how flexible the space will be.

Building Efficiency Analysis

This is a pie chart that illustrate how space are utitlized in the building, the percentiles used for the
core and technical facilities, external circulations, common use areas, and how much space are net
usable that can be assigned to the company. If we are to compare different sites for the new
company, this will be useful in identifying cost savings by selecting buildings that are more efficient.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Building Utilization Analysis

This chart illustrates how the building is utilized and the amount of space is left for expansion and
whether the building is adequate to meet 10 year's expansion need. It is obvious from the example
below that the building provides adequate space for 5 years but will be deficient by 10
years.Proximity Analysis Prior to the space distribution of the company using an Excel spread
sheet, the designer will need to analyze the proximity information of the departments or units. This
will be in the form of bubble diagram with each bubble represent the size of each unit.
If the company is a corporation. There company structure will include different levels and divisions. In
that case, the proximity diagrams should be broken up into separate proximity diagrams with each
diagram representing each level within the hierarchy structure. There should be also be separate
proximity diagrams to illustrate the interactions between work groups if the units consists of multiple
work groups.

The purposes of proximity diagrams:

• to illustrate the degree of interactions between the organizational

units or subunits or workgroups essential interactions desirable interactions least interactions
• to illustrate the main entrances relative to the organizational units or subunits
• to illustrate the common shared facilties relative to the
organizational units or subunits
• to illustrate which units have the most frequent interactions and which ones have the least or none
• to illustrate which units have the most frequent public interactions
• to illustrate which group or shared facilites need to be untilize by which organizational units

How to set up proximity diagrams

• use different types of lines to illustrate different types of

interactions
o bold lines to represent essential interaction
o outlines to represent desirable interaction
o dash lines to represent least or minimal interaction
• illustrate the relative sizes of the organizational units using
different sizes of bubbles - larger units will be in larger bubbles
• distance between the units should indicate how far each unit
should be away from another unit in question
• centralized facilities or units should be grouped centrally
• interaction links between units should not overlap or cross one another to avoid confusion
• subunits within a larger unit should be grouped using a separate bubble to illustrate their
organizational structure and to minimize crossing of links

The importance of the distribution table:

• to illustrate the locations of the organizational units within the building and
their sizes
• to illustrate the adjacencies between different organizational units
• to illustrate the both the horizontal and vertical distribution of space
• to illustrate location of expansion spaces and how they will be consumed
over time
• to illustrate the mobility of the organizational units over timeFactors to consider
• to maximize the use of space on each floor and to reduce waste square
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

footage
• identify the organizational units that have special needs and avoid
unnecessary mobility
• areas with special constructions such as millwork
• technical areas such as cabling and wiring
• areas with environmental control or lighting
• areas with plumbing requirements
• to reduce overhead by grouping expansion spaces together for sublease
or block off until consumption

The strategies used:

• to meet the adjacency requirements of the units
• to hold the division and its subunits together as much as possible
• to maximize the use of each floor before using another floor
• to group expansion space together and reduce overhead by enclosing these areas until they can be
utilize
• to reduce unnecessary mobility and keep all units with special constructions in the same
locationsPlanning: Office Planning Guides: Planning Approach

The general approach to planning

The flow of planning starts from very general building concept development to very specific
requirements that defines the needs and details of each area. It involves the following phases of
development:

• Blocking and Layering

• Schematic
• Preliminary
• Final

Blocking and Layering

Blocking is a horizontal distribution of space on a given floor plan. Designers will explore multiple
options to study the allocation of organizational units on the selected building and their adjacencies
to each other.

Blocking plans illustrate:

• the total square feet requirement of each unit in the form of rectangular block
• the external circulation from the elevator lobby or entrances of the building in relationship to the
units
• the adjacency requirements of each unit with other units in questions showing• immediate
adjacency
• desirable adjacency
• least or no adjacency
• the relationship of the unit with other building facilities that include
• public contact - adjacency of the unit with the elevator lobby or entrances
• deliveries of services and goods - storages, equipment, mail and distribution in relationship of the
units
• locations of hygience facilities - restrooms
• building constrains and limitations
• the building code compliances in terms of egress and life safety
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

• the American Disability compliances around the building

• how to maximize the use of space and minimize waste on each floor
• locations of the expansion space and how best to use it until they are consumed over time if
applicable

Layering

Layering or commonly known as stacking is a vertical distribution of space. This is usually shown as a
building section showing all the floors within a building and the vertical communications in the forms
of elevators and stairs.

Layering illustrates:
vertical relationship of the units to each other whether they are vertically above or below; a few
floors away from any other unit in questions or next building types of physical communications
between floors using standard elevators or if it is a tall building whether high speed elevators will be
used, or whether transfer is necessary between floors, or the use of stairs is feasible

Schematics

Schematics is the breakdown of blockings to illustrate the program requirementsof company within
the selected floor plans. These include both personnel group requirements. At this stage, the designer
will explore the space utilizations of the space using multiple schemes.

Using very loose bubbles that represent the size of the work stations, offices, or different areas of
activities, the schematics drawings illustrate the following:
• the most compatible and efficient circulation around the building from the
• elevator or entry to various parts of the building using the external circulations
• the most efficient internal circulations within each department or unit that
• include both primary and secondary circulations
• the architectural concept of the building using geometries - rectangular,
• circular, angular or others
• building modularity and how that relates to organization of private spaces
• the organizations of personnel within each unit showing the work groups
• and their personnel
• the personnel and work group adjacencies
• the group requirements that include support and special use areas and their adjacencies with
personnel
• the organizations of work stations within the space
• the light penetration into the interior spaces using types of space dividers and their orientations to
the perimeters of the building

Preliminaries

This is the selection of the best schematic option and develop it into a scaled preliminary plans. It
illustrate the specific furniture requirements of the users and the group spaces. The operational
requirements and the adjacencies internally will be firmly established at this phase of design. Prior to
the start of this planning, the work station standards should have been established.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

The preliminary plan illustrates:

• the furniture and equipment layout of the users and the group spaces
• the implementations of all personnel and group space standards showing
• the details of the space dividers, furniture and panel modules, hardware, components and
accessories and whether they are private, semiprivate or
• open spaces
• the modularity of the private spaces relationship with the window modularity
• and building system
• the organization and orientations of work stations and their internal circulations
• the building electrical and communication entries and they interface with
the furniture requirements by testing their placement and verify their availability

Final Planning

It is the final furniture layout with careful attention to details and executions that include the
development of the furniture, furnishing and equipment. This includes:
• furniture and system selections through analyses of planning and operational needs and budget
• all new furniture
• partial new and reused furniture
• 3-dimensional space development using any of the following:
• elevations and sections
• perspectives
• obliques
• models
• digital walk-through
• selections of furnishing, equipment, art and accessories
• custom design and casework details

Final Program, Recommendations and Planning Guidelines

Purposes
This is the final phase of the program that will summarize the program space data and make
recommendations to the client on how best to utilize the building
 To compare the waste factors between different options, compare and update the final space
requirements between the options
 To identify the final leasing space requirements between the options and compare which option
consumed the most sq ft
 To compare differences between the blockings and identify how well each blocking meet the
proximity requirements of the organizational units and study their mobilities over time
 To identify a planning direction based on the statistics being generated from the ratio between
private, semi-private or open spaces
 To identify the degree of flexibility possible within the company based on ratio of private in
comparison to both semi-private or open spaces
 To develop a program on how to handle expansion spaces or contraction in future until they are
consumed
 To make final recommendations on the blockings and provide reasons for selectionTo establish
planning guidelines as aid to the space planner who will be utilize the program for planning
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Final Space Summary

The final program sq ft is the program summary plus the waste sq ft generated on each floor. The
waste must added into the total program sq ft to arrive at the
adjusted program sq ft.

The programmer will compare the differences between the options and identify which option is most
efficient in usage of space which reduce initial cost and long term operation cost.

Final Leasing Space

The program summary is based on net sq ft will which is the total company space requirement in
order to accommodate all the organizational units and group shared facilities.

If the company is leasing a space, then the programmer will need to calculate how many sq ft the
company will need to lease in order to arrive the required net sq ft for operation.
The leasing sq ft will not include spaces used for mechanical, stairs, utility shaft cavities and elevators.
All the other facilities such as building lobbies, elevator lobbies, corridors, rest rooms, telephone and
electrical closets, janitorials spaces or other shared building facilities will be utilized by the tenants
and therefore they are part of the leasing space. The leasing space is what the company will need to
pay but part of the space are not usable and assignable to the company.

Proximity Requirements

The programmer will compare the differences between the blocking options and identify how each
blocking meet the proximity requirements of the organizational units. The proximity also studies how
the organizational units relate to the building facilities and communication with the public.

The blockings also illustrate how the organizational units will be relocated in the building over time
when there is contractions or expansions. The options that resulted in a lot of mobilities will incur
higher operation and maintenance costs and may not be the choice.

Planning Direction and flexibility One of the statistics generated from the data analysis illustrated the
ratio between private, semi-private and open types of spaces. Since the semi-private and open spaces
are installed using system furniture or free standing furniture, they can be easily relocated within a
short period of time. if the amount of private spaces is high, it indicates conventional planning and
less flexibility if the ratio of private spaces in high and flexibility is important, the programmer should
recommend reducing the amount of private spaces, or recommend demountable partitions, or full
height panels to increase flexibility if the amount of semi-private and open spaces are high, it
indicates open office planning where the majority of work stations will be in furniture systems

The statistics will also aid the space planner that utilizes the program to initialize planning to
formulating the planning concept.

Expansion or Contraction

In any space program, the programmer usually forecasts the future space needs of the company that
can be based on revenue projections, personnel projections, business projections or economy
projections. If a company lease a space, the forecast will be at least five years for a medium size
company.
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

In the case of expansion, programmer will identify where to locate the expansion spaces within the
building and how best to use the expansions before they are consumed. Programmer usually lists at
least a few options and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each option.

Methods of distributing expansion space:

group all expansion spaces together and sublease it until they will be utilized (this
will reduce overhead)
if the expansion spaces are small, they can be located where they are needed
within the organizational units to reduce mobility of units
the expansion spaces can be grouped between organizational units so they can
be consumed by adjacent departments (this runs the risk that if expansion is not
materialized in those units, it cannot be used by other units)
Methods of contractions:
in place of individualized work stations, use shared stations between employees
within the units or shared by all the employees on the same floor
in place of conventional or open office, consider alternative officing off site
strategies for employees that usually work outside the office and only meet with
his or her team once a week or need to do special tasks or use office equipments

Final Recommendations and Summary

Identify the best selection on blocking and identify the final program summaryidentify why
theselected blocking is the best option and provide reasons for selection make final recommendations
to the client on how best to locate the units within the building and how the selection option meets
the proximity requirements make recommendation on the best approach to handling expansion
spaces or contraction in future

Interior Space Planning: The Design Process

Flow of Interior Project

Program Development
Analyze data gathering technique
Develop criteria on information gathering
Submit to management for approval
Review final program input and revisions
Develop workstation standards
Generate unit and subunits space assignments
Generate unit and subunits summaries and total company summary
Analyze building sites and establish Codes compliances
Develop blocking & Layering
Submit planning guidelines and revised company space summary
Review and finalize recommendations
Space Development
Develop building conceptual concepts using alternative schemes
Review with management
Develop preliminary plans and test concept using typical unit
Present preliminaries
Develop final plans
Present final plan develop 3d using 3d drawings, sketches and models
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

Make minor revisions

Design Development
Develop design criteria
Review concepts with management
Revise fianl design
Construction Documents
Construction plans
Telephone & electrical plans
REflected ceiling
Finishes plans
Furniture plans
Casework & MillworkDetails
Specifications
Furniture Specifications
Review furniture inventoory
Develop method of reuse
Present new & reuse concepts
Develop furniture specifications & supportive documents
Submit specifications for approval
Order furniture
Construction & Installation
Bid process and contractor selection
Shop drawing approval
Deliveries and Installation
Punch lists
Submit Budget Estimates
Establish work station standards budget
Exclude general constructed items
Develop final cost of all work performed
Consult with Consultants
Accoustical consultant
Lighting consultant
Technology consultant
Special consultants based on project needs
Develop time-in scheduel based on input by consultants
Review Architectural Documents
Management Approval
Planning directions
Preliminary plans
Final plans
Design development
Furntiure specifications
Final consturction documents
Walk through, punch list & Movein

Project Schedule
Inorder to deliver a project within the given time frame and within budget, it is
necessary to plan in a logical sequence the major phases of the design activites
and the time allowance for each completion. Scheduling can be affected by many
factors:
• Condition of the existing building: lease expiring or owned
 URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

• Size of the new space• Complexity of the project: highly technical, specialized equipment or
customized space need
• New construction or renovation
• Construction method: normal, fast track or phased construction
The following chart shows a normal time frame for a commercial project which
includes interior space programming through design, development and
production.
web.