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ARP035

The document outlines guidelines for the installation and maintenance of street lighting, emphasizing its importance for traffic safety, crime deterrence, and public amenity. It references various South African standards and legislation relevant to street lighting practices, and highlights the significant reduction in accidents and crime associated with proper street lighting. The recommended practices are intended for the exclusive use of DRA Projects SA (Pty) Ltd and are protected under copyright.

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ARP035

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© SABS.

This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to DRA Projects SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-082, valid until 2018-12-31. Only staff members employed by DRA Projects SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies
of the standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

ISBN 978-0-626-29609-4
ARP 035:2014
Edition 3

SABS STANDARDS DIVISION

Recommended practice

Guidelines for the installation and

maintenance of street lighting

This document does not have the status of a South African National Standard.

WARNING
This document references other
documents normatively.

Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to DRA Projects SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-082, valid until 2018-12-31. Only staff members employed by DRA Projects SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies
of the standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

ARP 035:2014
Edition 3

Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope

Foreword
This recommended practice was approved by National Committee SABS/TC 064/SC 02, Lighting
and optics – Luminaires, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division.

This document was published in 2014.

This document supersedes ARP 035:2007 (edition 2.3).

A reference is made in 7.1.7 to the “relevant compulsory specification”. In South Africa this means
the Compulsory specification for lampholders, published by Government Notice R860 (Government
Gazette 20267) of 9th July 1999.

A reference is made in 8.4.3.10, 11.1.1, 12.2.2.3(c), NOTE to 12.3, 12.4.1, NOTE 2 to clause 13,
13.1, 13.2.1, 13.28, and 13.3 to "relevant safety legislation". In South Africa this means the In South
Africa this means the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993).

A reference is made in 10.10(a) and 10.10(b) to "legal requirements" and in 11.1.2 to "statutory
requirements". In South Africa this means the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act, 1993
(Act No. 85 of 1993) and the Regulations promulgated in terms of the Act.

A reference is made in 10.3.1 to "relevant national legislation". In South Africa this means the
Electricity Act, 1987 (Act No. 41 of 1987).

Introduction
At a joint meeting of the Association of Municipal Electrical Undertakings (AMEU), the South African
National Committee on Illumination (SANCI), and the Institute of Lighting Engineers of Southern
Africa (ILESA) on 28 February 1978, it was decided to form a special committee to draw up
recommendations on various aspects of street lighting that would be of common interest to
suppliers and users. The project produced ten separate guides and these were published
individually by Vector during the period September 1980 to February 1983.

Since that time, a number of new developments in equipment and labour practices have indicated a
need for the original guides to be revised. As the guides proved to be of interest to all electrical and
equipment suppliers, consultants, and all grades of personnel in local authorities, it was decided
early in 1993 to review and update the guides. A new Street Lighting Advisory Committee was
formed, again comprising members from AMEU, SANCI and ILESA. This committee produced the
original ARP 035:1993.

During 2000, it became apparent that ARP 035:1993 was due for revision. Another Street Lighting
Advisory Committee was formed (again consisting of members of the three associations), which
revised the original ARP 035:1993.

With the drive to use more energy efficiency light source, LEDs can also be used as the light source
in construction of street lighting.

NOTE All due care has been taken in the compilation of these recommendations, but neither the associated
organizations nor the Street Lighting Advisory Committee can accept accountability for the consequences of
their use.

ARP 035:2014
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Contents
Page

Foreword

Introduction

1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 3

4 Incentive ................................................................................................................................. 4

5 Design parameters.................................................................................................................. 6

6 Electric light sources and control gear .................................................................................... 16

7 Luminaires............................................................................................................................... 26

8 Lighting columns ..................................................................................................................... 28

9 Reticulation ............................................................................................................................. 40

10 Maintenance............................................................................................................................ 46

11 Vehicles, plant and safety procedures applicable to the maintenance of street lighting ........ 57

12 Training ................................................................................................................................... 61

13 Personnel and safety requirements ........................................................................................ 64

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 66

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Guidelines for the installation and maintenance of street lighting

1 Scope
This recommended practice discusses the need for, and the advantages of, installing public street
lighting. Street lighting promotes better traffic flow, improves the appearance of city centres and
residential areas and is a major deterrent to crime and vandalism.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.

SANS 10098-1:2007, Public lighting – Part 1: The lighting of public thoroughfares.

SANS 10098-2, Public lighting – Part 2: The lighting of certain specific areas of streets and
highways.

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.

3.1
boom platform
basket or cage that is designed to accommodate one or more persons and that can be raised,
lowered or slued by means of a combination of links, knuckle joints or telescopic sections (or any
combination of these), to reach a variety of locations from one base

3.2
high level access
device by which it is possible to reach a working level above the normal reach of a worker standing
at ground or floor level

3.3
private contractor
body other than a person employed by the owner of a street light network, with instructions to do
work on the owner's street light network

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3.4
scaffold tower
structure that consists of modular sections, that may be assembled and dismantled without the use
of tools and that can be built into scaffolding of variable height and width, to form an elevated
platform

3.5
tower platform
collapsible high level access restricted to vertical operations

4 Incentive
4.1 General
Because of the ever-increasing density of traffic on our roads and the resultant rise in traffic
hazards, the lighting of streets plays a vital role in road safety. It promotes better traffic flow, it
improves the appearance of city centres and residential areas and it is a major deterrent to crime
and vandalism.

4.2 Visibility and safety in the street

It is extremely important that the users of streets at night be provided with good visual conditions
over the entire area of a street, so that they can readily see any obstacles in their path and decide
what steps to take. The lighting should be of an adequate standard to permit the users of the street,
be they pedestrians or vehicle drivers, to make decisions reliably and rapidly so that subsequent
actions can be effective.

The driver of a vehicle should be able to see clearly where to drive, and should note any obstacles
in, or that may encroach into, the path of the vehicle so that he can take appropriate evasive action
in time to prevent a collision. The driver should also be able to detect vehicle entrances and
intersections and, particularly if he is a stranger in the area, should be able to locate landmarks,
street names and house numbers.

A pedestrian should be able to detect any obstacles in his path, identify the intentions of any
approaching person or persons in order that he can take evasive action if necessary, be able to
judge the speed of oncoming vehicles, and be able to progress comfortably and confidently.

4.3 Traffic accidents at night

Statistics obtained from extensive research overseas over the period 1970 to 1990 show that road
accidents at night are disproportionately high in number and severity compared with road accidents
during daytime. Estimates of kilometres travelled during the hours of darkness range from 17 %
to 32 %, with an average value of 25 % of total vehicle distance travelled. The proportion of fatal
accidents at night, based on recent investigations in 15 countries, ranges between 25 % and 59 %,
with an average value of 48,5 % of the total number of fatal accidents.

At night, because of the very low levels of light, people's visual capabilities such as acuity, distance
judgment, speed of perception, colour discrimination and glare tolerance are considerably impaired.
There are also adverse interactions between impaired vision and other factors, such as inclement
weather.

Factors such as increased alcohol and drug usage also contribute to the problem. However, the
major factor is darkness. According to the research, if street lighting to national standards (in South
Africa, we have the standard SANS 10098) is installed, the following benefits can be expected for
urban areas:

fatal accidents reduced by : 48 %

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casualty accidents reduced by : 34 %

all accidents reduced by : 43 %

pedestrian accidents reduced by : 42 %

Approximately one-third of all road accidents occur at night. In relation to the reduced amount of
traffic on the roads at that time, the actual accident rate per vehicle is nearly 50 % higher than that
during daytime.

Because of the ever-increasing costs of accidents, the reductions that can be achieved by the
installation of correctly designed lighting are of immense benefit to the country.

The only statistics available regarding accident reduction due to the installation of streetlights in
South Africa, relate to the comparison of accident statistics before and after the introduction of
highway lighting on the N2 national route over the period 1994 to 1996. These statistics reveal a
reduction of 34 % in the number of night time accidents following the introduction of highway
lighting.

4.4 Crime and vandalism

4.4.1 Street lighting is generally accepted as a major deterrent to crime and vandalism. It also
creates a feeling of security among the public, particularly among the young and the elderly, who
may have to attend social or recreational activities after dark.

Unfortunately, once again, there are no accurate statistics available in South Africa to determine the
exact effect that lighting has on crime reduction, but overseas research shows that it has a very
significant effect. A number of investigations into the effect of good standards of street lighting on
the reduction of crime and disorder and improved police arrests have been carried out in numerous
cities in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Australia.

4.4.2 Generally, the following effects were noted:

burglary of dwellings and outside theft decreased by 29 %;

vandalism, bike theft and vehicle crime decreased by 27 %;

street robbery, bag snatching, physical and sexual assault decreased by 61 %; and

threats, insults and sexual harassment of women decreased by 37 %.

4.4.3 These figures and other research data available prove that there is a direct relationship
between lighting and crime. Discussions with local police officials have confirmed this. It has been
stated that properly designed street lighting also assists law enforcement officers in the
identification of criminals and the anticipation of criminal activities, and enables the police to keep
an eye on the safety of their colleagues. Lighting is also known to be of assistance to ambulance
personnel, fire-fighting crews and police, and rescue teams in an emergency situation.

4.5 Lighting as a public amenity

Street lighting is also a major night time contributory factor to community character and vitality. This
is a subjective aspect, but when one is driving through unlit areas or trying to find one's way to a
particular destination in an unlit town, darkness can create a sense of isolation from the community
and the resultant frustration is unlikely to provide any incentive to return. Business areas can also
become deserted through lack of patronage if they are situated in dark unattractive environments.

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Public street lighting is one of our most important and least expensive amenities and should be
provided by all public authorities. They owe it to their ratepayers, business owners and all residents.

5 Design parameters
5.1 Designing the installation
5.1.1 General

The SABS Standards Division has issued a standard on public lighting. The standard (a code of
practice) consists of two parts. SANS 10098-1 deals with the lighting of public thoroughfares and
SANS 10098-2 with the lighting of certain specific areas of streets and highways.

The calculation of lighting values, as given in tables 1 and 2 of SANS 10098-1, is achieved by using
any reputable Windows based commercially available streetlighting computer program. Most
luminaire manufacturers have had their luminaires photometered by an accredited testing facility
and can provide the designer/user with an electronic data file of the luminaire light distribution,
which can be used in these computer programs.
These electronic data files are normally generated from the source data which is the intensity
distribution tables, polar diagrams, etc, which an accredited testing facility will provide in hard copy
format.

The designer or user can verify the integrity of the electronic data file by comparing the intensity
values at various horizontal and vertical angles in the electronic data file to the intensity values of
the corresponding angles in the hard copy source data. This can be easily done with one of the
many photometric analytical tools which are also commercially available today.

– Group A roads include freeways and expressways, major roads, important urban traffic routes,
connecting roads, distributor roads and major residential roads.

– Group B or C streets and walkways include residential streets and wholly pedestrian areas in
city centres and local shopping malls.

Lighting designs can be used for four different purposes, as given in 5.1.2 to 5.1.5.

5.1.2 Designing the lighting of a specific group A road, using a particular luminaire

Before contemplating the design input data, the lighting category of the type of road shall be
determined. The parameters applicable are the speed limit as given in SANS 10098-1, the road
cross-section and the maximum traffic volume during darkness in motor vehicles per hour per lane.
The designer is required to enter the following design criteria:

a) arrangement of luminaires;

b) lanes per carriageway;

c) width of each lane;

d) width of the median (if any);

e) surface reflectance category;

f) mounting height of luminaires;

g) luminaire spacing;

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h) overhang;

i) angle of luminaire tilt;

j) total lamp flux in kilolumen;

k) maintenance factor;

l) photometric data file name;

m) default observer positions;

n) installation name;

o) name of designer; and

p) luminance or illuminance design.

The program will give the design results for average luminance, luminance uniformity, longitudinal
luminance uniformity and threshold increment. If the results do not meet the requirements of
SANS 10098-1, then the mounting height, angle of tilt, overhang or spacing shall be investigated
and appropriate alterations made. A change to any of the required input details will affect the whole
design.

5.1.3 Designing the lighting of a specific group B or C street and walkway, using a
particular luminaire

Before contemplating the design input data, the lighting category of the type of road shall be
determined. In accordance with SANS 10098-1, the only parameter applicable is the traffic volume.
This shall be determined by the end user. The designer is required to enter the following design
criteria:

a) arrangement of luminaires,

b) width of road,

c) mounting height of luminaires,

d) luminaire spacing,

e) overhang,

f) angle of luminaire tilt,

g) total lamp flux in kilolumen,

h) maintenance factor,

j) photometric data file name,

k) installation name, and

l) name of designer.

The program will give the design results for the overall average illuminance and minimum
illuminance. For reference purposes, separate values are also given for the left side footway, the

ARP 035:2014
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road itself and the right side footway. If the results do not meet the requirements of SANS 10098-1,
then the mounting height, angle of tilt, overhang or spacing should be investigated and appropriate
alterations made. A change to any of the required input details will affect the whole design.

5.1.4 Adjudicating tenders based upon the performance of luminaires from various
manufacturers, utilizing the same lamp source

5.1.4.1 A design criteria, design results and price schedule form, per type of luminaire and lamp
type, should be used. Each tenderer should then be requested to complete this form, based upon
the design results achieved with their relevant luminaire. The design results will indicate pole
spacing, which should then be converted into a scheme price per kilometre, where a given price per
installed pole forms part of the scheme price.

5.1.4.2 Tenderers should be requested to submit

a) their electronic data files, including the original source data, in hard copy format, issued by an
accredited test facility, together with

b) the actual designs, in electronic format

The files and designs in (a) and (b) support tenderers' claims on the price schedule form and will be
verified by the end user. See tables 1, 2, 3 and 4.

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Table 1 — Tender form for design criteria, design results and price schedule —
Group A street lighting — New installations

1 2 3 4
Item 1 Item 2
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit
250W HPSE/SE LED
Design criteria
Lighting category A3 A3
Arrangement Single sided left
Lanes per carriageway 2
Width of each lane m 3,7
Mounting height m 10
Overhang of left-hand side m 1
Lamp lumen depreciation factor 0.8
Dirt depreciation factor:
for IP 6: 0,83*0,90 0,75
for IP 5: 0,76*0,90 0,68
vehicles per
Traffic volume for road without median hour per 300
lane
Luminance cd/m² 0,6

Overall uniformity Uo 0,4

Longitudinal uniformity UL 0,5
Threshold increment % 20

Design results
System Wattage, per luminaire W
Lightsource lumen lm 27 000
Angle of tilt degrees
Pole spacing m
Luminance cd/m²

Overall uniformity Uo
Longitudinal uniformity UL
Threshold increment %

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Table 1 (concluded)

1 2 3 4
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit Item 1 Item 2
250W HPSE/SE LED

Price schedule, based on the following given criteria and costs:

Number of years to be considered for evaluation years 10
Electricity cost per kWh, averaged over the projected
R 1,3
period
Cost of installed pole, inclusive internal wiring R 3 000
Unit price of luminaire, inclusive of light source R
Scheme price: (1 000/[2]) * ([5]+[6]) R
Power consumption per km: (1 000/[2])*([1]/1 000) kW
Annual energy cost per km, [4]*4 000*[8] R

Cost of Ownership for the evaluation period: [7]+[3]*[9] R

NOTE 1 This evaluation excludes the maintenance costs, which could substantially influence the Cost of
Ownership.
NOTE 2 The shaded cells should be adapted to the criteria of the customer.

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Table 2 — Tender form for: Design criteria, design results

and price schedule — Group A street lighting — Existing installation

1 2 3 4
Item 1 Item 2
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit
250W HPSE/SE LED

Design criteria
Lighting category A3 A3
Arrangement Single sided left
Lanes per carriageway 2
Width of each lane m 3,7
Mounting height m 10
Overhang of left-hand side m 1
Existing pole spacing m 45
Lamp lumen depreciation Factor 0,8
Dirt depreciation factor:
for IP 6: 0,83*0,90 0,75
for IP 5: 0,76*0,90 0,68
vehicles per hour
Traffic volume for road without median 300
per lane

Luminance cd/m² 0,6

Overall uniformity Uo 0,4

Longitudinal uniformity UL 0,5

Threshold increment % 20
Design results
System Wattage, per luminaire W
Lightsource lumen lm 27 000
Angle of tilt degrees
Luminance cd/m²

Overall uniformity Uo

Longitudinal uniformity UL

Threshold increment %

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Table 2 (concluded)

1 2 3 4
Item 1 Item 2
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit
250W HPSE/SE LED

Price schedule, based on the following given criteria and costs:

Number of years to be considered
years
for evaluation 10
Electricity cost per kWh, averaged
R 1,3
over the projected period
Unit price of luminaire, inclusive of
R
light source
Annual energy cost per luminaire,
as per formula: ([1]/1 R
000)*4 000*[3]
Cost of Ownership for the
R
evaluation period: [4]+[2]*[5]

NOTE 1 This evaluation excludes the maintenance costs, which could substantially influence the Cost of
Ownership.
NOTE 2 The shaded cells should be adapted to the criteria of the customer.

Table 3 — Tender form for — Design criteria, design results

and price schedule — Group B street lighting — New installation

1 2 3 4
Item 1 Item 2
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit
70W HPSE/SE LED

Design criteria
Lighting category B2 B2
Arrangement Single sided left
Width of road m 7
Width of each lane m 7
Mounting height m 7
Overhang of left-hand side m 1
Lamp lumen depreciation factor 0,8
Dirt depreciation factor:
for IP 6: 0,83*0,90 0,75
for IP 5: 0,76*0,90 0,68

Minimum average horizontal illuminance, Eh,av lx 3 3

Minimum horizontal illuminance, Eh,min lx 0,6 0,6

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Table 3 (concluded)

1 2 3 4
Item 1 Item 2
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit
70W HPSE/SE LED

Design results
System Wattage, per luminaire W
Lightsource lumen lm 5 900
Angle of tilt degrees
Pole spacing m

Minimum average horizontal illuminance, Eh,av lx

Minimum horizontal illuminance, Eh,min lx

Price schedule, based on the following given criteria and costs:

Number of years to be considered for evaluation years 10
Electricity cost per kWh, averaged over the projected
1.3
period R
Cost of installed pole, inclusive internal wiring R 2 000
Unit price of luminaire, inclusive of light source R
Scheme price: (1 000/[2]) * ([5]+[6]) R
Power consumption per km: (1 000/[2])*([1]/1 000) kW
Annual energy cost per km, [4]*4000*[8] R
Cost of Ownership for the evaluation period: [7]+[3]*[9] R
NOTE 1 This evaluation excludes the maintenance costs, which could substantially influence the Cost of
Ownership.
NOTE 2 The shaded cells should be adapted to the criteria of the
customer.

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Table 4 — Tender form for — Design criteria, design results

and price schedule — Group B street lighting — Existing installation

1 2 3 4
Item 1 Item 2
Type of luminaire and lamp type Unit
70W HPSE/SE LED

Design criteria
Lighting category B2 B2
Arrangement Single sided left
Width of road m 7
Width of each lane m 7
Mounting height m 7
Overhang of left-hand side m 1
Pole spacing m 40
Lamp lumen depreciation factor 0,8
Dirt depreciation factor:
for IP 6: 0,83*0,90 0,75
for IP 5: 0,76*0,90 0,68

Minimum average horizontal illuminance, Eh,av lx 3 3

Minimum horizontal illuminance, Eh,min lx 0,6 0,6

Design results
System Wattage, per luminaire W
Lightsource lumen lm 5 900
Angle of tilt degrees

Minimum average horizontal illuminance, Eh,av lx

Minimum horizontal illuminance, Eh,min lx

Price schedule, based on the following given criteria and costs:
Number of years to be considered for evaluation years 10
Electricity cost per kWh, averaged over the
R 1.3
projected period
Unit price of luminaire, inclusive of light source R
Annual energy cost per luminaire, as per
R
formula: ([1]/1 000)*4 000*[3]
Cost of Ownership for the evaluation period:
R
[4]+[2]*[5]
NOTE 1 This evaluation excludes the maintenance costs, which could substantially influence the Cost of
Ownership.
NOTE 2 The shaded cells should be adapted to the criteria of the customer.

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5.1.5 Evaluation of an existing installation for continued compliance after changes

such as the widening of the carriageway by the adding of a lane, change of
luminaire or lamp (or both), change to carriageway surface, etc.
These parameters could be changed in the computer input data to determine whether the
installation would still meet the requirements of SANS 10098-1.

5.1.6 Considerations for light distribution and lare restrictions

5.1.6.1 The problem of light pollution, waste light and unacceptable "sky glow" is becoming more
and more important because the appearance of towns and cities at night and observatory
observations are being affected. Unnecessary upward light from street lighting luminaires
aggravates this aspect and reduces the efficiency of the overall installation, thereby costing the
ratepayer money for wasted electricity and probably resulting in a more expensive installation. This
aspect should always be considered in the design of a street lighting installation.

5.1.6.2 For class A roads (main roads), the glare present in the installation should always be
assessed by means of the Threshold Increment (TI) calculation as given in SANS 10098-1 and end-
users should ensure that the calculated result complies with the maximum TI values which are
specified for the different categories of class A roads.

5.1.6.3 For class B roads (residential roads) there are no recommendations given in
SANS 10098-1 for glare restrictions. Thus, and in order to promote visual comfort, end-users should
strive to ensure that street lighting luminaires (excluding post top luminaires) used for class B roads
should comply with the following maximum luminous intensities measured in cd/klm:

a) maximum peak intensity shall not exceed 75º from the downward vertical;

b) 200 cd/klm shall be at a vertical angle of 80º; and

c) 50 cd/klm shall be at a vertical angle of 90º.

In all cases, the specified vertical angles should apply in all horizontal angles around the centre of
the luminaire and the luminous intensities at a vertical angle of 95º and higher should be zero.

NOTE For environmentally sensitive areas, especially in terms of obtrusive lighting, it is recommended that
post top luminaires should not be used in such areas and that consideration should be even given to applying
one of the G4-G6 classes in EN 13201-1.

5.1.7 Measuring lighting values

The correct method of measuring the lighting levels and uniformity of group A roads is by means of
a luminance meter. These instruments are, however, expensive, and it is difficult to obtain accurate
point-by-point readings unless sophisticated instruments and methods are used. All reputable
Windows-based street lighting computer programs commercially available today have the option of
printing out a table of illuminance values of the final luminance design, in order to verify the design
on site.

5.1.8 Maintenance

In all cases where luminaires have to be replaced after being destroyed in vehicle accidents, it is
important that they are replaced with luminaires of equivalent light distribution. This is necessary to
ensure that the road lighting design is not changed. Where a luminaire is replaced with one from a
different manufacturer, it will lead to a distortion of the designed luminance and uniformity ratios, as
the light distribution of luminaires of various manufacturers differs. As such, it is recommended that

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public authorities should strive towards having one manufacturer's luminaires on each stretch of
group A road, at least from one traffic light to the other.

6 Electric light sources and control gear

6.1 Lamps

6.1.1 General

A large number of types of lamp exist on the world market. However, not all of these are suitable for
street lighting purposes. The following is a summary of those that are more generally used, with
some details of their individual characteristics. Table 5 summarizes some of the main
characteristics of these lamps and provides the average values of light output after operating for 24
and 36 months. The lamp suppliers can provide exact figures for their lamps on request. For
specific values of lamp depreciation and lamp survival at other periods that may be required in the
design calculations, see tables 14 and 15.

NOTE For the various lamps below, the economic lifetime values are shown. Economic lifetime is defined as
the multiplication of lifetime and lumen maintenance. It gives a first indication of the quality of a lamp with
respect to lifetime and lumen depreciation. Often ’70 % economic life’ or ’80 % economic life’ is used. This is
the number of operating hours after which, by a combination of lamp failure and lumen reduction, the light level
of an installation has dropped to 70 % or 80 % compared to the initial value. It is also a way to compare quality
(lifetime/lumen maintenance) of different lamp types.

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Table 5 — Main lamp parameters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Line current Light output
Lamp Circuit
Lamp start Run Initial 24 36
power power
months months
Units Watt Watt Ampere Ampere Lumen Lumen Lumen
CFL 18 23 0,11 0,11 1 200
26 31 0,15 0,15 1 800
36 43 0,22 0,22 2 800
42 46 0,22 0,22 3 200
MBF 50 62 0,40 0,32 1 900 1 330
80 92 0,90 0,45 3 600 2 520 .
125 140 1,35 0,68 6 250 4 375 .
250 275 2,60 1,35 13 000 9 100 .
400 430 4,20 2,10 23 000 16 100 .
HPS 50 60 0,44 0,32 3 500 3 080 3 080
70 88 0,72 0,45 5 800 5 104 5 104
100 115 0,72 0,58 10 000 8 800 8 800
150 184 1,30 0,88 14 000 12 320 12 320
250 280 2,10 1,42 27 000 23 760 23 760
400 440 3,80 2,20 47 000 41 360 41 360
1 000 1 075 8,8 5,5 130 000 106 600 104 000
MBI 70 85 0,72 0,5 4 900 3 430
150 167 1,1 0,8 14 000 9 800
250 280 3,00 1,35 19 000 13 300
400 440 3,80 2,20 33 000 23 100
IND -20 % -20 %
NOTE The lamp abbreviations given in the above table relate to the following types of lamp:

MCF/U Tubular fluorescent lamps

CFL Compact fluorescent lamps

MBF Colour-corrected mercury vapour lamps

HPS High-pressure sodium vapour lamps

LPS Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps

MBI Metal halide lamps

IND Induction lamps

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6.1.2 Tungsten lamps

Tungsten incandescent lamps were the lamps most used for all forms of street lighting but are not
recommended due to their short life and low efficacy. They have now been replaced in most
installations by longer life lamps with higher efficacies. The light emitted by tungsten lamps covers
the complete visible spectrum and has a very high colour-rendering index that gives good colour
reproduction. The general operating characteristics of tungsten lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 14 lm/W to 15 lm/W

b) economic life : 900 h or long life lamps at 4 500 h

c) colour-rendering index : 100

d) correlated colour temperature : 2 700 K

6.1.3 Blended lamps

Blended lamps have mercury vapour discharge arc as the principle light source and have a
tungsten filament in series with the arc tube, designed to control the lamp current. They operate
without any additional control gear, but have a much lower overall efficacy than mercury vapour
lamps. These lamps are not recommended due to their short life and poor efficacy. The general
operating characteristics of blended lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 18 lm/W to 25 lm/W

b) economic life : 4 000 h

c) colour-rendering index : 60

d) correlated colour temperature : 3 600 K

6.1.4 Tubular fluorescent lamps

Tubular fluorescent lamps are no longer generally used for street lighting, owing to many factors
such as length of the lamp and temperature sensitivity, but they can be used in other public lighting
situations. The general operating characteristics of the more commonly used types of tubular
fluorescent lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 72 lm/W to 80 lm/W

b) economic life : 8 000 h on standard electronic ballasts

c) colour-rendering index : 70 to 85

d) correlated colour temperature : 4 000 K to 6000 K

6.1.5 Compact fluorescent lamps

6.1.5.1 Compact fluorescent lamps are used for street lighting, in particular post-top lantern
schemes in housing estates and to replace filament lamps in old street lighting installations. These
lamps are smaller than tubular fluorescent lamps. They are temperature sensitive and the lanterns
shall be designed for the lamp. Compact fluorescent lamps may be used in public lighting situations.

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6.1.5.2 The general operating characteristics of the more commonly used types of compact
fluorescent lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 65 lm/W to 80 lm/W

b) economic life : 6 000 h on standard electronic ballasts

c) colour-rendering index : 70 to 85

d) correlated colour temperature : 2 700 K and 5 000 K

6.1.6 Induction lamps

Induction lamps are based on the same light emitting principle than fluorescent lamps and have
been on the market since the 1990s. But unlike fluorescent lamps it is an electrode-less lamps. The
power required to generate light is transferred from outside the lamp envelope to inside via
electromagnetic fields, in contrast with a typical electrical lamp that uses electrical connections
through the lamp envelope to transfer power. Based on this the lamps offer extended lifetime of up
to 100 000 h. Induction lamps are generally not recommended for streetlighting since the shape of
the lamps do not allow a good light control, which results in poor uniformities in retrofit installations
and low spacing-to-mounting height ratios in new installations. Particular care shall be taken with
Induction lighting to ensure EMC compliance. This compliance is mandatory for both a conversion
kit when retrofitting and again as part of a converted light fitting to ensure that EMC regulations are
complied with. The radiated emissions emitted by non-compliant induction lights interfere with the
radio frequencies used by the emergency services – including the Police, the Fire Service, the
Ambulance service. The general operating characteristics of the more commonly used types of
compact induction lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 65 lm/W to 90 lm/W

b) economic life : 100 000 h

c) colour-rendering index : 85

d) correlated colour temperature : 3 000 K and 4 000 K

6.1.7 Mercury vapour lamps

Mercury vapour lamps have a high-pressure mercury vapour discharge as the light source. They
are available with or without the outer bulb coated internally with a fluorescent powder. The powder
improves the colour-rendering index of the light source and the coated lamp produces more visible
light than the clear lamp. Their light output decreases with the age of the lamp and they should be
replaced when their light output has depreciated to the designed minimum value. Group lamp
replacement is recommended for these mercury lamps. The lamp has a negative-resistance
characteristic and therefore requires a suitable ballast to stabilize the current flow through it. The
general operating characteristics of mercury vapour lamps are as follows:

a) coated lamps:

i) efficacy (initial) : 48 lm/W to 60 lm/W

ii) economic life : 8 000 h

iii) colour-rendering index : 48

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iv) correlated colour temperature : 3 800 K

b) clear lamps:

i) efficacy (initial) : 46 lm/W to 58 lm/W

ii) economic life : 8 000 h

iii) colour-rendering index : 16

iv) correlated colour temperature : 6 000 K

6.1.8 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps

High-pressure sodium vapour lamps operate from a discharge in sodium vapour, but at a much
higher vapour pressure than the low-pressure sodium vapour lamp. They have a relatively low
colour-rendering index for the standard lamp, but increasing the sodium vapour pressure can
increase the index, albeit with a loss in efficacy. The lamps are available with either a diffusing
elliptical glass envelope or a tubular clear glass. Generally, clear lamps of 70 W and above are
used in street lighting applications. These lamps require choke coils in order to operate. The lamps
are available with or without internal ignitors in the lower wattage range below 70 W. Lamps above
100 W require an external ignitor. Care should be taken that the lamps with internal ignitors are
used on the correct circuit.

A subgroup of the high pressure sodium lamps that does not require an external ignition and
operate on standard mercury vapour control gear is available.

The general operating characteristics of high-pressure sodium vapour lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 85 lm/W to 150 lm/W

b) economic life : 15 000 h to 23 000 h

c) colour-rendering index : 25

d) correlated colour temperature : 2 100 K

6.1.9 Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps

Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps have an electric discharge in sodium vapour with the
resonance D-line radiation at 589 mm, which fails near to the peak of the eye sensitivity curve.
Because these lamps are virtually monochromatic, colour rendering is non-existent. The lamps are
essentially of linear form, varying in overall length from 310 mm to 1 120 mm. They have the
highest efficacy of all lamps available on the market. They require auto-leak transformers or
electronic control gear in order to operate. The modern control circuits use electronics and operate
the lamp at high frequency, which improves its efficacy. The general operating characteristics of
low-pressure sodium vapour lamps are as follows:

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a) efficacy (initial) : 100 lm/W to 180 lm/W (200 lm/W with electronic control gear)

b) economic life : 15 000 h

c) colour-rendering index : not defined but poor

d) correlated colour temperature : not defined

6.1.10 Metal halide lamps

6.1.10.1 Metal halide lamps are basically high-pressure mercury vapour lamps but have additional
metal halides (e.g. sodium-scandium) to reduce the amount of mercury contained in the arc tube.
These additives increase the colour-rendering properties of the lamps and their luminous efficacy.
The lamps come in many different forms, but the details of only those generally used in street
lighting are given below. Electrically, these lamps require a ballast in order to limit the lamp current
and an ignitor to start the lamp.

6.1.10.2 The general operating characteristics of metal halide lamps are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 70 lm/W to 90 lm/W

b) economic life : 6 000 h to 9 000 h depending on type of lamp

c) colour-rendering index : 78 to 85

d) correlated colour temperature : 3 700 K

6.1.11 Light emitting diodes (LEDs)

6.1.11.1 Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British
experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker
detector. Russian Oleg Vladimirovich Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. The first
commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator
lamps, and in displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test
equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, and even
watches. As LED materials technology grew more advanced, light output rose, while increasing
efficiency and reliability. The invention and development of the high-power white-light LED to use
for general illumination and is internationally seen as the light source of the future due to its ever
increasing efficacy (lm/W) and lifetime. Market analysts predict that within a couple of years from
now, LED technology will dominate the lighting market as prices (Rand/lm) values are also
continuously decreasing.

6.1.11.2 Solid-state devices such as LEDs are subject to very limited wear and tear if operated at
specified currents and temperatures. Typical lifetimes quoted are between 25,000 h to 100,000 h
with continuous improvements. The most common symptom of LED failure is the gradual lowering
of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can occur as well. Too high
LED chip operating temperatures causes stress on the material and may cause early light-output
degradation. To quantitatively classify useful lifetime in a standardized manner it has been
suggested to use the terms L 90, L 70, and L 50, which is the time it will take a given LED to reach
90 %, 70 % and 50 % light output respectively. Like with other light sources, LED performance is
temperature dependent. Most manufacturers' published ratings of LEDs are for an operating LED
junction temperature of 25 °C. LEDs used outdoors, such as traffic signals or street lighting and that
are utilized in climates where the temperature within the luminaire gets very hot, could result in a
low light output or even failure. LEDs furthermore do not radiate heat in the direction of light
emission, but transfer heat by conduction to the surrounding material. This is why special attention

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needs be placed on the thermal design of LED streetlights and why LED lamp bulbs are generally
not recommended especially when retrofitting existing lamps.

6.1.11.3 Substantial energy savings can be achieved with LED streetlights when compared to
conventional streetlights mostly due to the small form factor of the LED. With various optical lenses
the light can be controlled very precisely and projected on the area of application (high utilization of
light). Almost all lighting requirements can be achieved in a much more efficient way than with
conventional light sources. And with continuous future efficacy improvements the LED streetlights
will be the most energy efficient solution. The general operating characteristics of light emitting
diodes are as follows:

a) efficacy (initial) : 90 lm/W to 150 lm/W

b) economic life : Up to 100 000 h

c) colour-rendering index : 65 to 95

d) correlated colour temperature : 2700 K to 10 000 K

Due to the more sophisticated definition of parameters on LED streetlights the following information
given in table 6 should be made available and listed on the product datasheet.

Table 6 — Product datasheet for LED streetlights

1 2
Parameters Product datasheet
a) Total input power (in W) x
b) Total luminous flux (in lm) of LED package at a specified x
junction temperature
c) Rated life (projected and reported in hours) of the LED x
package in the luminaire and the associated rated lumen
maintenance (Lx) based on the IES TM-21 report
d) Correlated colour temperature (CCT in K) x
e) Rated colour rendering index (CRI) x
f) Ambient temperature (tq) for a luminaire to which the lifetime is x
specified
g) Maximum ambient temperature to which the luminaire shows
compliance to series of SANS 60598
h) LED luminaire efficacy (in lm/W) x

i) Luminous intensity distribution x

j) Peak intensity x
k) Lifetime driver x

The SABS Standards Division has published the following standards for lamps related to street
lighting: SANS 1041, SANS 60064, SANS 60188, SANS 60192 and SANS 606612

In 1992, CIE publication No. 96, Electric light sources, state of the art, was published and reflects
the progress made in the period 1987 to 1991 in the field of light sources, radiation sources and
their relevant electronic devices. For earlier work and more background information, see CIE
publication No. 77:1988, Electric light sources: State of the art – 1987.

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6.2 Ballasts
6.2.1 General

High-intensity discharge lamps (HID) and low-pressure sodium vapour lamps are those that have a
gaseous discharge arc tube, and that operate at pressures and current densities sufficient to
generate desired quantities of visible radiation within their arcs. The principal lamp types now in
common use are mercury, metal halide and sodium, both high pressure and low pressure, together
with the range of compact fluorescent lamps that produce visible radiation by the ultraviolet
activation of their fluorescent powder coatings.

The lamps all have a negative-resistance characteristic, which means they shall have an external
device to limit the current when a voltage is applied to them, or they will quickly destroy themselves.
A ballast is the device that is used to limit this current. In addition, the ballast may provide sufficient
voltage to start the lamp and to operate it in a stable manner, or the lamp may have an internal
ignitor, or an external ignitor may be required. Choke coils, which operate on the self-inductance
principle, are the most commonly used current-limiting devices for discharge lamps. The impedance
of such a choke or ballast is set in accordance with the specified lamp arc voltage, to ensure that
the lamp current is at the correct value. Each type of discharge lamp requires a compatible choke or
ballast to provide the correct current limitation. The main advantage of choke-coil gear is that,
generally, the watt losses are low, relative to a resistor or an auto-leak transformer. The main
disadvantage is that the choke circuit exhibits a phase shift with respect to the applied voltage, i.e.
the current lags behind the voltage, creating a low power factor. This increases the line current and
it is recommended that use be made of a capacitor to ensure an acceptable power factor above
0,85.

Discharge lamps such as metal halide and high-pressure sodium, depending on the lamp type and
wattage, require starting pulses of the order of 1 000 V to 5 000 V in order to ensure ignition. The
function of the ignitor is to superimpose high voltage pulses on the lamp no-load voltage. The
pulses cease once the lamp starts.

Electronic ballasts which are solely used to operate LEDs and more often used to operate
conventional lamps are more economic for street lighting installation because of their low losses,
higher efficacy and because they can be dimmed during off-peak traffic conditions, providing further
energy savings. These ballasts extend the life of the lamp and can compensate for a varying supply
voltage to provide a constant light output.

6.2.2 Tubular fluorescent lamp circuits

6.2.2.1 Tubular fluorescent lamps are manufactured in a large range of shapes and sizes, each
requiring different control gear to provide the correct operating conditions. The following types of
circuit are available:

a) the switch start circuit, which uses a glow type starter, choke coil and power factor capacitor;

b) the rapid start circuit, which uses a rapid start transformer instead of the glow type starter;

c) the high power factor semi-resonant start circuit; and

d) the high-frequency electronic circuit also used for induction lights.

6.2.2.2 Constant new developments of compact fluorescent lamps are leading to many new types
of lamp and luminaires using high-frequency electronic control gear. These fluorescent lamps are
not suitable for high traffic areas but are used in residential areas. The tubular fluorescent lamps,
due to their length, increase the cost of the lantern, but the new u-tube and quad-tube lamps are
economically used in lanterns with suitable reflector systems. Direct replacement of tungsten or the
blended lamp can only be done if the optical system is suitably modified for the new lamp.

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6.2.3 Mercury vapour lamp circuits

Generally, the circuit for all mercury vapour lamps is a standard series lag type of choke, but unlike
the tubular fluorescent lamps, the mercury vapour lamps require several minutes to develop full light
output. The lamp should cool down before it restarts after a short loss of supply, resulting in a dark
period of 10 min to 15 min. The circuit is composed of a choke coil and a power factor rectification
capacitor.

6.2.4 High-pressure sodium vapour lamp circuits

A wide range of high-pressure sodium vapour lamps is operated with choke coils and power factor
rectification capacitors. Although certain lamps are available with internal ignitors, separate ignitors
are in common use. The lamp requires a starting pulse of between 1 000 V and 5 000 V that is
provided by the ignitor. The lamp takes several minutes to develop full light output but will restrike
after a short loss of supply within a minute or two.

6.2.5 Low-pressure sodium vapour lamp circuits

Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps require starting voltages of 390 V to 670 V for ignition. Lamps
of up to 90 W can be operated with a choke coil and an ignitor. Lamps of higher power are operated
from auto-leak transformers.

6.2.6 Metal halide lamp circuits

Metal halide lamps are similar to high-pressure sodium lamps and require higher voltage pulses for
starting than the usual supply voltages, so, in addition to the choke coil and power factor
rectification capacitor, an external ignitor is usually used.

NOTE Not all makes of metal halide lamps are compatible with the same ballast. This should be taken into
consideration when lamps are selected for a street lighting installation and when the lamps have to be
replaced. Lamp suppliers and control gear suppliers should be consulted to ensure that they are compatible
and the designed light output and lamp life will be achieved.

6.2.7 LED control gear

The LED's lumen properties are usually described as a function of current, but not a function of
voltage. The constant voltage source driver cannot guarantee the consistency of LED brightness
and affect the reliability of the LED life and lumen maintenance. Therefore a constant current source
driver is mandatory. Additionally the predicted lifetime of such an LED control gear should match
the lifetime of the LED.

6.2.8 Electrical data

For guidance, table 5 gives the average electrical details of lamps that can be used in lighting and
installation design work. These data are based on average values obtained from various
manufacturers. Specific data that are required for a particular make of lamp should be obtained
from that manufacturer. Data given are based on corrected power factor (see 5.5) circuits.

6.2.9 Capacitors

In order to obtain an acceptable power factor (i.e. above 0,85) for a particular discharge lamp, the
correct capacitor should be used. Table 7 lists the most common types of lamp used for street
lighting and the recommended capacitor ratings (subject to a tolerance of ± 10 %) to be used.

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6.2.10 Fuse ratings

6.2.10.1 The recommended fuse ratings for various commonly used lamps are given in tables 9 to
14. It is important to remember that the fuse rating in a discharge lamp circuit is determined not only
by the normal running current but also by:

a) the starting current; and

b) the initial power factor capacitor charging current.

6.2.10.2 For fluorescent tubular and compact source lamp circuitry, guidance should be obtained
from the manufacturer of the lamp or from the manufacturer of the control gear. Electronic ballasts
produce a lower voltage pulse when starting, but this pulse can be of up to 1 ms duration, which is
longer than with traditional wire wound ballasts.

Table 7 — Main lamp power factor correction capacitors

1 2 3 4
Lamp type Lamp watts Voltage Capacitor
Tubular fluorescent lamps 36/40 W 250 V 4,5 µF
58/65 W 250 V 5,5 µF
Mercury vapour lamps 50 W 250 V 7,0 µF
80 W 250 V 8,0 µF
125 W 250 V 10,0 µF
50 W 250 V 18,0 µF
400 W 250 V 25,0 µF
Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps 35 W 250 V 8,0 µF
55 W 250 V 7,0 µF
90 W 230 V 10,0 µF
135 W 440 V 7,0 µF
180 W 440 V 4,4 µF
High-pressure sodium vapour 50 W 230 V 10,0 µF
lamps
70 W 230 V 12,0 µF
100 W 230 V 12,0 µF
150 W 230 V 20,0 µF
250 W 230 V 32,0 µF
400 W 230 V 45,0 µF
Metal halide lamps 70 W 230 V 12,0 µF
150 W 230 V 20,0 µF
250 W 230 V 30,0 µF
400 W 230 V 45,0 µF

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7 Luminaires
7.1 Construction of luminaires
7.1.1 Luminaires that comply with SANS 60598-2-3 should be of the totally enclosed type.
Luminaires should incorporate a positive and substantial means of fixing to the pole or bracket,
designed to allow adjustment and to ensure that once set to the required position, the luminaires
remain locked in that position. Luminaire spigot entries should comply with SANS 1088.

7.1.2 Luminaires should be designed to inhibit the ingress of dirt, moisture and insects. The IP
rating required will depend on the environment where the luminaire is used. Users should decide
what IP rating would apply to their specific situation. The minimum IP rating recommended is IP 65
for the lamp compartment, and IP 54 for the control gear compartment for inland areas, and IP 65
for coastal areas. However, certain environmental conditions, such as high corrosion and high
pollution may require higher ratings, to reduce maintenance costs.

SANS 10098-1 gives dirt depreciation factors for different IP ratings after use for various periods in
clean, average, or dirty environments. These factors should be used in all lighting calculations.

7.1.3 The housing should be robustly constructed, weatherproof, hail proof, corrosion proof and
vandal resistant. It should be manufactured from filled ultraviolet stabilized engineering polymer,
aluminium or dough moulding compound (DMC).

7.1.4 The enclosing bowl for the lamp compartment should not have any external prisms that could
accumulate dirt and thus reduce the light output of the luminaire. The bowl material should be from
injection moulded high impact acrylic or otherwise toughened heat and impact resistant glass.
Polycarbonate should not be used, as it discolours and rapidly loses its impact resistance when
subjected to the UV emitted by the sun or light source.

7.1.5 Luminaires may have a sealed optical compartment, with lamp replacement from above,
which does not require opening the diffuser bowl for lamp replacement.

Where the diffuser has to be opened for lamp replacement, the diffuser should be held to the
housing by stainless steel clips, such that the diffuser remains closed even in the event of the failure
of one clip. The diffuser should also remain attached to the housing when hinged open for
maintenance or lamp replacement. This hinge mechanism should be incorporated into the housing
to ensure that it is protected against damage during transport, installation and maintenance.

7.1.6 Gaskets manufactured from silicon rubber should be used to seal the lamp compartment, as
silicon rubber does not deteriorate like gaskets manufactured from materials such as neoprene or
felt. The gasket should be fitted into a groove in the housing and should be kept in place such that
the integrity of the IP rating is ensured. The gasket should be screened against harmful radiation
from the light source.

An exterior lip should be provided on the housing to ensure that there is no direct rainwater contact
with the gasket between the housing and the diffuser, thus ensuring that no moisture is sucked into
the diffuser when the luminaire is switched off and cools down.

7.1.7 The optical system should consist of reflectors manufactured from 99,98 % pure deep
anodized aluminium and should not be subject to accidental misalignment.

Should a luminaire have an adjustable light distribution, either by setting of the optical system, or
orientation of reflectors or of the lampholder, adjustment markings should be provided on the
luminaire body, and information should be provided by the manufacturer on the light distribution
classification for each setting. The marking should be made in a clear and indelible manner.

The lampholder should comply with the relevant compulsory specification (see foreword), should be
rated for 240 °C and should prevent possible loosening of the lamp caused by vibrations.

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7.1.8 All control gear should be housed within the body of the luminaire in a separate gear
compartment sealed with a hinged, non-corrosive lid. Covers and other parts that provide protection
against electric shock should have adequate mechanical strength and should be reliably secured so
that they will not work loose whilst in service. For ease of maintenance, all control gear components
should be mounted on a removable gear tray. Luminaires that have a sealed optical compartment,
with lamp replacement from above, should also have a control gear compartment accessible from
above.

7.1.9 The control gear should be suitable for operation with the specified rating of the lamp on
a 230 V ± 10 % 50 Hz single-phase system. All control gear components should be removable. All
internal wiring should be selected and installed, such that it is protected against abrasion and heat,
by using appropriate insulation or sleeving. All screws, bolts and metal parts should be of stainless
steel or non-corrosive materials. Ignitors, where applicable, should be of the superimposed pulse
type. Luminaires should be power factor corrected to a minimum of 0,85. Where integrally mounted
MCBs are required, they should be mounted on the control gear tray, with the lever of the circuit-
breaker accessible from the outside of the luminaire.

7.1.10 Luminaires with a separate spigot compartment, with both side entry and bottom entry
versions, are also available. The spigot compartment would also house a screw terminal block and
wire clamp.

7.1.11 A photo-electric control unit (PECU) can be mounted in the spigot compartment where it
can be facing downwards, giving it protection against UV. Alternatively, a PECU suitable for NEMA-
type base sockets should be plugged into such a base mounted above the gear compartment, so as
not to expose the PECU to overheating.

7.1.12 Self-adhesive labels should be stuck to the underside of the luminaire housing and should
be visible when the luminaire is mounted on a pole. These labels should indicate the type and
wattage of the lamp. Luminaires suitable for use with tubular lamps should be indicated as such,
with the letter "T" and luminaires for elliptical lamps with the letter "E", after the wattage. Letters
should be at least 40 mm in height and be black against the following background colours:

high pressure sodium vapour – orange

high pressure mercury vapour – blue

metal halide – green

7.2 Particular construction requirements of LED luminaires

7.2.1 The luminaire should be robustly constructed from marine grade (LM6) die-cast aluminium to
prevent undue deterioration in its safe operation or appearance during normal life when operated in
climatic conditions prevailing in a tropical country.

7.2.2 The luminaire should be designed to enable ease of maintenance and replacement on site of
the LED photometric engine without having to remove the whole luminaire, to allow integration of
future technological development of LEDs and power supply.

7.2.3 The LED optical unit should be completely sealed with a smooth, clear tempered glass
protector, or impact resistant, non-degrading, material, to IP 66 tightness to maintain its photometric
performance over its rated life.

7.2.4 Attachment of the luminaire base casting to its bracket arm should be by means of at least
two stainless steel M8 grub screws into stainless steel sockets or any other methods to prevent
cathodic corrosion between stainless steel and aluminum. The attachment of the luminaire should
be designed to withstand wind speeds of up to 150 km/h on the projected surface of the luminaire,
without due deflection.

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7.2.5 The luminaire should incorporate a surge protection device mounted inside the gear
compartment to withstand surges of up to 10 kV/10 kA and should be easily replaceable.
Furthermore it should fail in an open circuit mode to protect the luminaire from further surges.

7.3 Thermal management

7.3.1 The cooling fins should be designed in such a manner to prevent the accumulation of dirt,
thus ensuring the continuous effective cooling.

7.3.2 Heat from the LED source should take the shortest path to the exterior by direct conduction
or any other reliable form of cooling that will not compromise the useful life of the LEDs.

7.3.3 The printed circuit board (PCBs) should be fitted with temperature sensor that reduces the
current to prevent any accidental overheating of the LEDs at higher than rated ambient
temperatures.

7.3.4 The power supply (driver) should incorporate a thermal switch to prevent exceeding the case
temperature for maximum life time of equipment.

7.4 Photometric requirements

Luminaires should be photometered according to the C-Gamma system as detailed in CIE
Publication No. 27. For LED luminaires with non-replaceable LED modules, the intensity values
shall be given in candela. The results should be published in an intensity distribution table,
indicating the intensity in cd/klm at each horizontal and vertical angle. This intensity distribution
table should be converted by an accredited test facility or luminaire supplier (or both) into a suitable
electronic format for use with any of the commercially available street lighting computer programs.

The reflector system should be designed in such a way that the area of maximum intensity is
within 45° – 65° from the downward vertical and 5° – 25° horizontal towards the street side from the
axis parallel to the road axis. This will allow maximum spacing to mounting height ratios without the
need for outreach arms, whilst at the same time controlling the glare of an installation. Ideally,
luminaires should have zero intensities above the horizontal.

7.5 Particular photometric requirements for LED luminaires

7.5.1 The luminaire should incorporate high power LEDs with a colour temperature of between
3 000 K and 5 000 K, at a colour rendering index Ra 70. The total system efficiency should be at
least 70 lm/W at the specified performance temperature (tq).

7.5.2 The luminaire should maintain at least 70 % of its initial luminous flux (L70) after 60,000 h of
operation in an ambient performance temperature (tq) of 35 C.

8 Lighting columns
8.1 General
The term "column" is interchanged with "pole" and "mast", depending on the context.

8.2 Requirements for a lighting column

8.2.1 It should hold a street light luminaire reliably in position.

8.2.2 It should be easy to transport and install, saving on vehicle requirements, handling and
installation.

8.2.3 It should be properly insulated, offering protection against electrocution by faulty wiring.

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8.2.4 It should be maintenance free and corrosion proof both above and below ground.

8.2.5 It should have a life expectancy of at least 50 years in a harsh and corrosive environment.

8.2.6 It should be highly visible, thus preventing serious damage to vehicles and loss of life.

8.2.7 It should be aesthetically pleasing and not be an eyesore in its environment.

8.2.8 It should be cost-effective.

8.3 Lighting column materials

8.3.1 General
There are a number of materials suitable for the manufacture of lighting columns, and the material
chosen is usually based upon criteria relating to cost, handling, corrosion resistance and strength.
The four types of materials that are currently used for the manufacture of lighting columns are glass
fibre reinforced polyester (GRP), steel, concrete and wood.

8.3.2 Glass fibre reinforced polyester (GRP)

GRP lighting columns have become extremely popular due to their ability to fulfill all the
requirements detailed in 8.2. These poles should be manufactured in accordance with SANS 1749.
Due to both the low initial purchase cost and the fact that it is maintenance free, GRP is now the
preferred choice of material of most municipalities for lighting columns of up to 11,5 m in height. As
this material is extremely lightweight (approximately 20 % of steel and 5 % of concrete), it is also
suitable for labour based construction programmes and allows for cheap and easy replacement in
the case of damage by vehicle accidents. Furthermore, the use of GRP poles is likely to cause the
least damage to vehicles or injury to occupants of vehicles. Once a GRP pole is hit by a vehicle, it
will tear off at ground level, with the top half 100 % intact. These damaged poles could then be
reclaimed as a shorter pole by providing a new access door and cable entry, resulting in major
savings to municipalities.

8.3.3 Steel
For lighting columns above 11,5 m in length, steel is still the preferred material. This is due to the
fact that poles of these lengths manufactured from other materials are usually more expensive or it
is either impractical to manufacture or difficult to find. All steel lighting columns should be hot-dipped
galvanized in accordance with SANS 32 and SANS 121 to give them some form of protection
against corrosion. They are often fitted with an additional corrosion sleeve. For added protection, a
steel pole should be dipped in tar up to 500 mm above the normal buried depth. Especially in
coastal environments, steel lighting columns require re-painting at regular intervals of approximately
every five years at a substantial additional cost, but this does not prevent the interior of the pole
from corroding until failure. Steel poles have also been responsible for countless deaths on South
Africa's roads, and are also usually deformed beyond re-use once hit by an out of control vehicle.
The practice of using a buried stub with a bolted shear flange, in order to re-use the buried portion,
adopted by some users, has also failed due to the buried stub either deforming or disintegrating
upon impact.

8.3.4 Concrete
Spun reinforced concrete poles have been popular due to their low initial purchase cost and the fact
that they do not require painting at regular intervals like steel. They should be manufactured in
accordance with SANS 470. However, due to extremely difficult transportation and handling, as well
as premature fracturing during transportation and installation, they have lost a great deal of their
popularity. Their transportation and installation are mechanically complicated and time consuming.
Concrete poles installed in coastal environments have also failed prematurely due to corrosion of
the interior steel reinforcing.

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8.3.5 Wood
Although wooden poles are used mainly for overhead power distribution and telephone networks,
some municipalities also use them in conjunction with a conventional underground reticulated street
lighting system. Hot dipped galvanized outreach brackets are clamped to these poles to allow for
the mounting of side entry street light luminaires. Wooden poles may have a useful lifespan of 40
years, but this is subject to them receiving remedial treatment within 10 years of installation, and at
increasingly frequent intervals thereafter, in order to control decay. SANS 754 covers wooden poles
manufactured from eucalyptus trees and SANS 753 covers those of pine, but these specifications
refer mainly to grading and physical defects, rather than the moisture content. Research by Eskom
has found that fungal attack begins when the moisture content of a wooden pole is above 20 %,
which could even happen in very dry areas which had been without rain for several months. The
preservative treatment of wooden poles is important and is determined by the location of the
installation site. In coastal regions, the wood should be treated with copper chrome arsenate (CCA)
(green), and in the interior regions of the country, the wood should be treated with creosote (black).
The creosote poles should be left to weather and the CCA poles, although acceptable without
further treatment, could be primed and painted, but this will require future maintenance. Certain
timber suppliers have developed poles with concealed internal wiring conduits, which improve
aesthetics and reduce vandalism. Only reputable timber merchants with a proven track record
should undertake this process because the machining and treatment of the pole are vital to its life.

The mounting heights, outreach and orientation of lighting columns will normally be determined by
the lighting design criteria described in clause 5. The lighting columns should be designed to suit
these dimensions, to support the required luminaires and to perform under the specified weather
and climatic conditions.

8.4 Types of lighting columns

8.4.1 General
There are different types of columns, each meeting specific requirements for mounting height,
outreach, aesthetics and accessibility. The more common types of columns and their fabrication
materials are discussed below.

8.4.2 Poles
8.4.2.1 Types

8.4.2.1.1 Fixed lighting columns are usually referred to as poles and could be either straight or
curved, if so required by the lighting design. Straight poles could be fabricated from all the normal
materials used for street lighting columns, but certain materials have limitations on the mounting
heights. Generally, there are two basic types of fixed columns:

a) poles directly planted in the ground; and

b) base-mounted poles.

8.4.2.1.2 The pole stems are usually continuously tapered or stepped. Steel poles could also be
made up of sections of piping so swaged together as to make neat tapered joints.

8.4.3 Base

8.4.3.1 General

The base of the poles for the two types will differ as given in 8.4.3.2 and 8.4.3.3.

8.4.3.2 Direct planting in the ground

8.4.3.2.1 Steel poles should be fitted with an anti-corrosion sleeve fabricated from sheet steel of
dimensions 6,4 mm × 600 mm, so welded to the mast that the centre of the sleeve is at the ground

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level position. The portion of the pole to be planted in the ground is dependent on the load-bearing
characteristics of the soil.

8.4.3.2.2 The following minimum planting depths for standard poles are given as guidelines:

Pole length above ground Pole length below ground

4m 0,6 m

6m 1,0 m

8m 1,2 m

10 m 1,5 m

12 m 1,5 m (with anti-rotation

fins)
12 m
1,8 m

8.4.3.2.3 In soft soil conditions, in the case of poles other than wood, the pole should be fitted with
a removable/fixed base plate secured to the open end of the base of the pole by means of two
hookbolts and nuts.

Wooden poles should be planted in the ground direct. If the poles are concreted into place,
provision should be made to drain the base portion.

8.4.3.2.4 A cable entry should be provided in the base of all poles (except for most wooden poles),
at a position coinciding with a depth of approximately 0,5 m below ground level, or at a specified
depth. The cable entry in steel poles should be cut on three sides of a rectangle and bent to form an
upwards and inwards pointing tongue at 30° to the vertical, in order to assist in insertion of the
cable. Poles formed from other materials should have a round cable entry hole of diameter 50 mm
to 80 mm.

8.4.3.3 Foundation-mounted poles

Certain poles have to be erected on foundation bolts or on flanged stub sections cast into concrete.
These include parapet-mounted poles, special sidewalk poles, bridge poles and poles that have
mounting heights of 15 m or more. The base flange of these poles should be bolted onto bolt cages
or stubbies, the details of which should be given on the drawings to be issued to the pole supplier.
Provision should be made for cable entry ducts in the concrete foundation. These ducts should
be 50 mm diameter PVC pipes with bends of suitable radius. There should be at least one entry
duct and one exit duct.

8.4.3.4 Access opening

A pole should be provided with an access opening of minimum dimensions 240 mm × 80 mm. Its
lowest point should be at a height of 500 mm above ground level, in the case of poles with a
mounting height of less than 5 m, and at a height of 1 000 mm above ground level, in the case of
poles with a mounting height of more than 5 m. The opening should be reinforced and fitted with a
coverplate and gasket, which should be secured to the pole by means of a vandal-resistant
fastening device such as a seven-sided nut or stainless steel allan cap bolt. The gasket should be
of durable material and fitted to the top and two sides of the cover. The bottom should remain open
to allow air movement within the pole, to reduce condensation. Provision should be made to prevent
the gasket from being over-compressed.

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Where vandalism and theft are a problem, the access opening could be moved up to a height
of 3 000 mm above ground level, necessitating the use of a ladder to gain access. Alternatively, the
access door could be omitted entirely, with a thermal miniature circuit-breaker located inside the
luminaire, but with the toggle being accessible from the outside.

8.4.3.5 Earthing

In order to provide adequate earthing of steel poles, and ms x 25 mm long earth stud should be
welded to the inside of the pole, near to the access opening. The incoming cable and luminaire
earth wire should be bolted to the stud for earth terminal.

8.4.3.6 Bottom entry luminaires on straight poles

The development of sophisticated reflector systems has led to the modern concept of mounting
bottom entry luminaires on straight poles. This could be attributed to a better understanding on the
part of engineers and designers of the luminous intensity distribution of modern street light
luminaires equipped with sophisticated reflector systems. The luminous intensity distribution of
these sophisticated reflector systems projects the main beam, also called the area of peak intensity,
into the road at an angle relative to a line parallel to the road. This angle, popularly referred to as
the "toe-in" angle, makes the use of outreach arms on street light poles, especially when used in a
residential lighting application, obsolete. In many cases, the use of an outreach arm or curved pole
renders a street lighting installation non-compliant with SANS 10098-1 and SANS 10098-2.

8.4.3.7 Pole outreaches

In some street lighting designs, the geometry of the installation, which is mainly influenced by the
setback or width of median, may require the use of a pole with an outreach. This would be
necessary to obtain the prescribed overall luminance uniformity ratios. The length of the outreach is
usually determined by the lighting design. Generally, only steel poles are fabricated with an
integrated curved outreach. Poles of all other materials could be fitted with a cantilever bracket. The
outreach should, however, be in proportion to the pole mounting height. The spigot sizes of the pole
should comply with SANS 1088. The following are typical heights and corresponding maximum
outreaches:

Mounting height Outreach

8m 2m

10 m 3m

12 m 4m

8.4.4 Hinged masts

8.4.4.1 General

There are two main types of hinged masts, namely, the mid-hinged mast and the base-hinged mast.
These masts are useful where access to the luminaires for maintenance purposes is beyond the
reach of the street lighting maintenance tower wagon. They are more expensive than the fixed
columns, however, and, owing to the operational forces, require the design expertise of competent
persons. The masts are generally fabricated from steel.

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8.4.4.2 Mid-hinged masts

8.4.4.2.1 Mid-hinged masts are suitable for motorway lighting that requires mounting heights of
10 m or more, and particularly on central medians. In windy areas, like coastal environments, care
shall be taken during the design of these masts to ensure that they are of sufficient stability when
lowered. The masts consist of two basic components, namely

a) the fixed part and which is usually half the height of the mast which usually comprises the pivot
point at the top, the base flange, the access opening to electrical equipment and the base section of
the mast stem, and

b) the moving part and which is usually the full length of the mast which usually comprises the
centre pivot, the luminaire headgear, the electrical components and the luminaire counterbalance
weights.

8.4.4.2.2 An access opening, adequately protected against the influences of the weather, should
be provided in the base of the fixed part of the mast, and should be reinforced by a frame. Two
mounting strips should be welded inside the mast, opposite the access opening, for mounting cable
gland plates and circuit-breakers or fuse carriages. A 10 mm threaded stud should be welded to the
inside of the mast, just below the lower strap for the earth terminal.

8.4.4.2.3 The cable that connects the switchgear in the base of the mast to the luminaires at the
top of the mast should be of the heavy-duty trailing-cable type, adequately flexible for operation at
the hinged point, and should be suitably protected against damage caused by the moving parts.
The top end of the cable should be mechanically clamped in such a way that the conductors or the
insulation is not damaged and the full weight of the cable is supported.

8.4.4.2.4 In cases where the internal cable is installed in the lower half of the moving part of the
mast, the cable should be fitted with a suitable plug and socket. It should not be possible to connect
the plug and socket incorrectly or to disconnect them inadvertently.

8.4.4.2.5 The moving part of the mast should be fitted with adjustable counterweights that enable
the mast to accommodate varying luminaire masses of between 5 kg and 100 kg, while ensuring
that the top section remains top-heavy for any configuration of luminaires.

8.4.4.3 Base-hinged masts

Base-hinged masts also comprise two parts, but the lower part is usually shorter than 1 000 mm.
The top part is the nominal height of the mast and is the part that is hinged and lowered. It therefore
requires the space of a full mast length for lowering purposes. This type of mast is not often used in
street lighting applications.

8.4.4.4 Mast stem

The stem for hinged steel masts is normally constructed from plate, cut and foldedrolled to form a
closed section. It should have a continuous taper, free of unsightly protrusions or steps. Where the
mast consists of separate sections, these sections should be telescopically jointed by friction fit
only.

8.4.4.5 Base plate

In addition to the design requirements for the mast, the base flange should be provided with suitably
sized electrical supply cable entry holes, positioned in the centre of the fixed portion of the mast.

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8.4.4.6 Locking device

The mast should be fitted with a device ensuring that, when the mast is in the erected and vertical
position, it cannot be lowered unless a special tool activates the device. A detachable steel chain
should be installed between the fix and the lower half of the moving section of the mid-hinged mast,
preventing the lowering action until the detachment of the chain.

8.4.4.7 Raising and lowering equipment

Masts that require special equipment for personnel access to the luminaires should be provided
with suitable equipment designed for the purpose. The supplier should be required to issue
comprehensive operating instructions.

8.4.4.8 Installation and focus of luminaires

Unlike fixed columns, the luminaires mounted on the luminaire support structures of hinged poles
are never in their normal operating positions when being installed. For mid-hinged poles, the
luminaires are upside down and for base-hinged poles, the luminaires are rotated through 90°. Care
should therefore be taken when the luminaires are being installed and focused.

8.4.5 High masts

8.4.5.1 General

High masts are always fabricated from steel. The mounting height of the masts is usually between
20 m and 40 m, measured from the lower extremity of the luminaire housing to the top of the
concrete foundation of the mast. A professional engineer, who should take full responsibility for the
design and correct fabrication of the masts, should always carry out the design of the mast and
reinforced concrete foundation.

The masts generally consist of a shaft with a base plate, erected on holding-down bolts set in a
concrete foundation. The luminaires are mounted on a luminaire carriage, which could be raised
and lowered by means of steel wire ropes fixed at one end to the luminaire carriage and at the other
end to a winch mechanism. The steel and electric cables, which are fixed to the luminaire carriage,
pass over pulleys in the pulley assembly at the top of the mast. Access to the luminaires is
facilitated by means of fixed or removable winch mechanisms, which are electrically operated or
hand-operated drive tools. Access to the top of the masts can be achieved by means of personnel
maintenance cages, which could be fixed to the steel wire ropes if necessary.

8.4.5.2 Mast foundations and holding-down bolts

The design engineer should take into account the local soil conditions in respect of bearing
pressure. It is usual for the project civil contractor to cast the foundations and for the mast
manufacturer to design and supply the mast foundation bolt cage. These bolt cages consist of mild
steel holding-down bolts made in the form of rigid bolt cages that are set in concrete by the civil
contractor. The bolt cages should be adequately braced to prevent distortion during handling,
storage and transportation. Each holding-down bolt should be supplied with three galvanized nuts
and two washers to level and secure the mast to the base. Provision should be made for casting at
least two suitable sized PVC cable entry ducts into the concrete foundation.

8.4.5.3 Mast shaft

The masts are constructed from mild steel plate, cut and folded to form round/polygonal sections of
length between 3 m and 12 m each, depending on the mounting height.

The shaft is constructed from tapered sections telescopically jointed by friction fit only, with an
overlap, at the joint, of at least 1,5 times the diameter of the shaft. A suitable sealer should be used
between the different mast sections to prevent the ingress of moisture due to capillary action.

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An electrical supply cable entry hole, of minimum diameter 150 mm and positioned on the centre-
line of the mast, should be provided in the base flange.

8.4.5.4 Access door

An access door, adequately protected against the influences of the weather, should be provided in
the base of the mast. The door should be hinged and the opening in the mast reinforced to maintain
the section modulus of the mast shaft. The opening should have a curved top and bottom to prevent
stress concentrations. Two mounting strips should be welded inside the mast, opposite the door
opening, for mounting the lighting distribution board. An M10 threaded stud should also be welded
to the inside of the mast, just below the lower strap, for the earth terminal.

8.4.5.5 Luminaire carriage

8.4.5.5.1 The luminaire carriage to be fitted to the mast should be fabricated from hot-dipped
galvanized mild steel sections. It should consist of two flanged halves to facilitate its removal from
the erected mast. The luminaires and their control gear should be symmetrically spaced around the
luminaire carriage, to balance the carriage in respect of the number of luminaires installed. Where
this is not possible, counterbalance weights should be provided and should form part of the
luminaire carriage.

8.4.5.5.2 Suitable locating devices should be provided at the top of the mast, to ensure that the
luminaire carriage is firmly held and remains correctly orientated when in the fully raised position.

8.4.5.6 Steel wire ropes

8.4.5.6.1 The mast should be fitted internally with at least two flexible stranded steel wire ropes for
raising and lowering the luminaire carriage and the personnel maintenance cage. Suitable
detachable fasteners, so designed as to prevent accidental disconnection, should be provided for
connecting either the luminaire carriage or the personnel maintenance cage to the steel wire ropes.

8.4.5.6.2 The steel wire ropes should be handled with care so as to not cause any damage or
disturbance to the manufactured lay lengths by adding to, or reducing, the turn of the ropes.

The steel wire ropes supporting the luminaire carriage should be in tension at all times.

8.4.5.7 Top pulley assembly

8.4.5.7.1 The top pulley assembly is located at the top of the mast and houses the pulleys for the
steel wire ropes and the electric trailing cable pulley.

8.4.5.7.2 The pulleys should be of a diameter appropriate to the size of the steel wire ropes and the
multicore flexible electric trailing cable that are used. Pulleys should be fabricated from non-
corrodible material and should run on self-lubricating bearings with stainless steel axles.

8.4.5.8 Winches and power tools

Where a personnel maintenance cage is required, the winch should be of the single/double drum
type and should be completely self-sustaining without the need for brakes or clutches that require
adjustment or that could be affected by moisture and lubrication. The winch should be self-
lubricating and of the worm gear type that has adequate gear ratios to ensure the self-sustaining
condition under all loads. It should be capable of being operated locally or remotely by an electric
power tool, which should be a multispeed reversible tool capable of hoisting the luminaire carriage,
and if required, the personnel maintenance cage loaded to 150 % of its full load. The power tool
should incorporate a torque-limiting device that could be readily adjusted and locked. Arrangements
should be provided to support the power tool adequately and securely during operation. The power
tool supporting device should allow the use of the tool without the operator's intervention in
supporting, stabilizing or guiding the tool. The power tool should also be provided with a remote
control cable and push button to activate the tool from a distance of at least 4 m. The supplier

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should provide full operating instructions regarding the operation of the winch by hand or by use of
the power tool, as well as the procedure to be adopted when the winches are installed or removed.

8.4.5.9 Personnel maintenance cage

A personnel maintenance cage is required for conveying maintenance personnel to the top of the
erected mast. The cage should comprise two separate compartments, one on either side of the
mast's main shaft, each being capable of accommodating one man plus his maintenance tools.

The cage compartments should be constructed of steel bars so positioned as to prevent

maintenance personnel from falling out. The floor of each compartment should be of non-skid solid
plate steel and should have a 150 mm high toe-board all around the base. Provision should be
made in each compartment for a toolbox so designed as to prevent hand-held tools from falling out.

8.4.5.10 Safety requirements

The winch, the steel wire ropes, the pulley arrangements and the maintenance cage should be so
designed as to comply with the relevant safety legislation (see foreword) regarding hoisting/lifting
gear. Where a certificate of approval for the design is required, it should be available for inspection.

8.4.5.11 Earthing and lightning protection

Each mast should be fitted with a lightning spike, consisting of a steel rod with a minimum diameter
of 10 mm, extending at least 1,5 m to 2 m above the top of the mast. It should be bolted to the top
pulley assembly on site when assembling the mast.

All separate metal components of the mast should be connected to the earth stud on the distribution
board. The earth stud on the mast should be connected to the earth stud on the distribution board.

Earthing electrodes, consisting of 1,2 m copper-coated steel rods, should be driven into the ground
2
adjacent to the mast foundations and be connected to the mast earth stud via a 70 mm bare
stranded copper earth wire. The mast is fastened to the foundation studs and should have an earth
continuity.

8.5 Catenary suspension masts

Catenary lighting is mainly used for dual carriageway motorways. The design of the catenary
suspension columns and the catenary support ropes is of a specialized nature and should only be
undertaken by a reputable design engineer. Owing to its limited application, catenary lighting is not
addressed in this recommended practice.

8.6 Suitability of certain types and mounting heights of lighting columns

8.6.1 General

The process for the selection of the lighting columns (see 8.7) is an integral part of the lighting
installation design process and is normally dictated by the geometry of the road or street. Generally,
a good rule of thumb to use for determining the luminaire mounting height is to make it equal to the
carriageway width. Certain road layouts are better suited to specific types of lighting columns in
specific formations, and guidelines are given in 8.6.2 to 8.6.9.

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8.6.2 Multilevel freeway interchanges

Multilevel freeway interchange installations usually result when one freeway intersects another.
There are a number of combinations of on-ramps and off-ramps and the finished ground levels are
therefore different for each installation. Generally, high masts with mounting heights ranging from
30 m to 40 m illuminate these interchanges. Conventional street lighting is not normally used in view
of the "forest" of columns that would be required and the consequent confusing visual effect that the
luminaires would present to the approaching driver.

It is normal practice to maintain a constant nominal height of luminaire above a datum level, e.g.
30 m. Where masts are required to be installed at foundation levels below the given datum, higher
mounting heights are used.

8.6.3 Freeways and expressways with speed limi

Freeways and expressways are usually dual carriageways. Each carriageway usually has two to
four traffic lanes with each lane having a width of 3,7 m. The mounting height is usually between
12 m and 20 m. For economic reasons, the lighting columns are usually straight poles, installed on
the median. In the case of wider medians, poles equipped with double outreach arms could be used
to meet the overall luminance uniformity, should that prove to be a problem when using straight
poles. Where the mounting heights are beyond the reach of normal maintenance vehicles, hinged
masts or intermediate high masts with raising and lowering gear are used.

8.6.4 Major roads for speed

Major roads are usually arterial routes through towns or suburbs and carry moderate to heavy
through-traffic. They are usually dual carriageways with or without medians, with two to three lanes
each, also 3,7 m wide. The mounting height is usually between 10 m and 12 m. For economic
reasons, the lighting columns are usually straight poles, installed on the median. Should there be no
median, straight poles may be installed in either an opposite or staggered arrangement. Where the
width of the carriageway, or median, if any, results in a problem with the achievement of the
specified minimum overall luminance uniformity ratio, poles equipped with an outreach could be
used.

8.6.5 Important urban traffic routes for speed

Group A3

Important urban traffic routes are usually main routes between suburbs and carry moderate to
heavy traffic at a lower speed limit than major roads. They may be either dual carriageways with or
without medians, with two lanes each, or single carriageways. The lanes are usually also 3,7 m
wide. The mounting height is usually between 9 m and 10 m. For economic reasons, the lighting
columns are usually straight poles, installed on the median. Should there be no median, straight
poles should be installed in either a single sided, opposite or staggered arrangement. In the case of
wider medians, poles equipped with double outreach arms could be used to meet the overall
luminance uniformity, should that prove to be a problem when using straight poles.

8.6.6
Group A4

Connecting roads, local distributor roads and residential major roads carry moderate traffic at a
speed limit of 60 km/h. They very seldom have a median and are usually single carriageways. The
lanes are usually also 3,7 m wide. The mounting height is usually between 8 m and 9 m. For
economic reasons, the lighting columns are usually straight poles, installed in a single sided
arrangement.

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8.6.7 Residential streets

Residential streets which carry high volume traffic usually have a width of approximately 8 m. For
economic reasons, the lighting columns are usually straight poles with a mounting height of 8 m,
installed in a single sided arrangement.

8.6.8

Residential streets which carry medium volume traffic usually have a width of approximately 7 m.
For economic reasons, the lighting columns are usually straight poles with a mounting height of
7 m, installed in a single sided arrangement.

8.6.9

Residential streets which carry low volume traffic usually have a width of approximately 6 m. For
economic reasons, the lighting columns are usually straight poles with a mounting height of 6 m,
installed in a single sided arrangement. Where vandalism is not a problem, 4 m mounting height
poles with post-top lanterns are also used.

8.7 Guidelines for the selection of lighting columns

8.7.1 General

Use should be made of the following guidelines in the selection of columns for the support of
luminaires.

8.7.2 Classification

The road or street needs to be classified firstly in terms of SANS 10098-1, being either a main road
(group A) or residential (group B). Secondly, main roads need to be allocated a category, based
upon the speed limit, and a set of lighting parameters, based upon the traffic volume, which is
measured in terms of the maximum number of vehicles per hour per lane during the hours of
darkness.

8.7.3 Lighting design

Once the road has been classified and a category determined, a lighting design should be done.
Before a lighting design could be attempted, the geometry of the installation needs to be entered
into the computer program. The road needs to be analysed in terms of SANS 10098-1 the number
of lanes, their width, the width of median (if any) and the overhang determined.

From this information, and together with the luminaire characteristics, a first attempt is made to
select the most appropriate mounting height, spacing and type of lighting column for the installation.
After the lighting column and luminaires have been selected, the design is carried out as described
in clause 5. Adjustments could be made to the mounting height, rake angle, spacing and overhang,
to optimize the lighting design.

8.7.4 Lighting column materials

After the design has been completed (see SANS 10098-1 and SANS 10098-2), the material of the
lighting column should be determined. The cost, transport, handling, maintenance and vandalism
are some aspects to take into account. As described in 8.3, certain materials are suitable for
specific lighting columns and not for others.

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8.7.5 Maintenance of lighting columns

The selection of the materials of the lighting columns as in 8.7.4 will also depend on local environ-
mental conditions. Wet, harsh and corrosive environmental conditions will necessitate an expensive
regular maintenance and re-paint program, which will increase the life cycle cost of the lighting
columns substantially.

8.8 Lighting column design requirements

8.8.1 General
The lighting column is a luminaire support structure and should be designed to withstand the forces
encountered in a road lighting installation. The considerations given in 8.8.2 to 8.8.3 should be
addressed when a column is being designed.

8.8.2 High mast design

The design of all high masts should be carried out in accordance with SANS 10225.

8.8.3 Hinged mast design

Although no formal design specification or code of practice exists for hinged masts, the design of
this type of lighting column should only be undertaken by mast suppliers or structural engineers with
proven track records in design.

8.8.4 Fixed column design

In view of the competitive nature of street lighting pole manufacture and the associated high capital
outlay, the well-known suppliers of poles are usually also the most competent in designing cost-
effective poles.

8.9 Lighting column safety

8.9.1 General
Although street lighting is installed to minimize traffic accidents, once a vehicle is out of control, the
lighting columns could be a factor. Provision should be made to protect a vehicle from colliding with
a lighting column. There are generally three ways of achieving this, namely by installing protection
barriers, hard shoulder kerbs and by locating masts out of the range of an approaching vehicle.

8.9.2 Protection barriers

Where the traffic speeds are high and the masts are installed on the median of dual carriages,
protection barriers are the normal means of protection. They are, however, expensive to install, and
should be added to the lighting installation costs. On freeways, however, protection barriers are
usually installed to prevent out-of-control vehicles from crossing the median.

8.9.3 Hard shoulder kerbs

Hard shoulder kerbs could be used to reduce collisions with the masts.

8.9.4 Mast location

Where protection barriers or hard shoulder kerbing is not provided, the masts could be installed
further back from the edge of the road. Certain provincial authorities have their own requirements
for roads that fall under their jurisdiction, but this applies for non-frangible lighting columns only.

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9 Reticulation
9.1 Distribution systems
9.1.1 Most local authorities utilize underground supply systems for new extensions, although some
local authorities utilize overhead distribution systems.

9.1.2 The recommended system is to loop cables from pole to pole and to terminate them inside
the base of the pole on suitable terminal blocks, from where wiring is taken inside the pole up to the
luminaires. Most local authorities have adopted this system.

9.1.3 Where the distribution system is carried out by means of power cables that loop between
2 m or 4 m distribution pillars situated on the junction of stand boundaries and street boundary, it is
recommended that individual street lighting poles be supplied from these distribution pillars, which
are likely to be adjacent to one another, and that street light switching and control be carried out on
one or more poles and luminaires.

9.1.4 It is recommended that earthing be carried out in accordance with the AMEU code of
practice.

9.2 Methods of control and switching

9.2.1 The following methods of control and switching are being used:

a) photo-electric cell control;

b) audio-frequency injection;

c) time clocks;

d) cyclocontrol; and

e) series-connected (cascaded system).

9.2.2 All the above-mentioned systems are acceptable; however, the cascaded system is not
recommended. On overhead line systems, the cascaded system may be dangerous where pilot
wires are used, besides the fact that the circuitry becomes more complex. The increase in
complexity of control also applies to underground cable systems.

9.3 Voltage drop calculations and effects on lamp operation

9.3.1 Present voltage drop calculation principles are varied.

9.3.2 Generally, luminaires are designed to operate at voltages not lower than 10 % below the
rated voltage. The permissible voltage drop should therefore not exceed 10 %.
If suitable tappings on the control gear are available, the voltage drop may be more, provided that
the line voltage, measured at the terminals of the control gear, is not below 200 V.

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The following formula can be used to determine the maximum number of luminaires on a single-
phase circuit with the known maximum voltage drop:

n ( n + 1)
V = ir ×
2

where

V is the maximum permissible voltage drop, in volts;

i is the current per luminaire/starting current of luminaire (depending on the type of lamp), in
amperes;

r is the go and return a.c. resistance of copper cable between two poles of luminaires
(assuming unity power factor), in ohms; and

n is the maximum number of luminaires (to be determined).

NOTE The length of cable between the point of supply and the first luminaire is taken as one luminaire;
hence, cable lengths equal the number of luminaires.

The following calculation illustrates how this is carried out using the values given:

Assume a spacing of 30 m.

Assume a cable length of 35 m.

v = 23 V (10 % of 230 V)

I = 0,65217 A (for 150 W incandescent lamp at 230 V)

2
(at 1,2301 /1 000 m of 16 mm × 2 core
d.c. r = 2 × 0,04308 for 35 m
cable at 45 °C)

= 0,08616 for 35 m

a.c. r = 0,08616 × 1,027 (a.c. resistance = 2,70 %)

= 0,08848

n
V = ir × ( n + 1)
2

n
23 = 0,65217 × 0,08848 × × (n + 1)
2

n
= 0,0577 × × (n + 1)
2

= 0,02885 n (n + 1)
2
= 0,02885 n + 0,02885 n

2
Therefore 0,02885 n + 0,02885 n – 23 = 0

NOTE Though five decimal places were used in the example, three decimal places are more than adequate.

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2
The following formula is used to solve the quadratic equation: an + bn + c = 0

n = b b2 4 ac
2a

0,02885 (0,02885 )2 - 4 + 0,02885 23

=
2 0,02885

0,02885 1,629
=
0,0577
= 27,72
or, 27 luminaires

Therefore, for the cable and lamp chosen, a maximum of 27 luminaires can be used on the circuit.

Voltage drop calculations for single-phase and for three-phase circuits can also be determined by
the use of a personal computer.

For guidance, table 8 provides average electrical details of luminaires.

9.4 Type of cable

9.4.1 The cable most commonly used by local authorities is the multicore, copper conductor, PVC-
insulated, single wire armouring and PVC-sheathed type.

9.4.2 The following are the most commonly used sizes of cable:
2
16 mm × 4 core;
2
16 mm × 2 core;
2
10 mm × 3 core;
2
10 mm × 2 core; and
2
6 mm × 2 core.

9.4.3 For underground cable systems, the type of cable recommended for use is covered by
SANS 1507-1, SANS 1507-2, SANS 1507-3, SANS 1507-4, SANS 1507-5 and SANS 1507-6.

The use of standard types of cable covered by South African national standards will assist
manufacturers and will keep cable prices to a minimum.

9.4.4 The size of cable to be used depends on voltage drop calculations.

9.4.5 Where it is necessary to have an overhead cable distribution system, it is recommended that
a self-supporting multicore aerial bundled conductor (ABC) be used. This is a combination of
distribution and street lighting cable. The cable is covered by SANS 1418-2.

9.5 Electrical protection

Most local authorities use miniature circuit-breaker protection for the main circuits, with fuses in the
base of poles for the protection of individual luminaires.

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This system is considered the most logical and is recommended; however, it has been noted that
some local authorities use the new range circuit-breakers instead of fuses.

The following references in tables 9 to 14 are some recommended fuse ratings for single-lamp
circuits.

Table 8 — High-pressure mercury vapour lamps

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Power (W) 80 125 250 400 700 1 000 1 000
Voltage (V) 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250 380/410
HRC fuse rating (A) 4 4 10 16 16 20 16

Table 9 — Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Power (W) 18 35 55 90 135 800
Voltage (V) 230/250 230/250 230/250 230/250 230/250 230/250
HRC fuse rating (A) 4 4 4 4 4 4

Table 10 — High-pressure sodium vapour lamps

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Power (W) 70 120 150 220 250 400
Voltage (V) 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250
HRC fuse rating (A) 4 4 10 10 10 16

Table 11 — Metal halide lamps

1 2 3
Power (W) 250 400
Voltage (V) 220/250 200/250
HRC fuse rating (A) 10 16

Table 12 — Mercury tungsten lamps

1 2 3 4 5
Power (W) 100 160 250 500
Voltage (V) 220/250 220/250 220/250 220/250
HRC fuse rating (A) 4 4 4 6

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Table 13 — Fluorescent lamps

1 2
Power (W) 4 - 125
Voltage (V) 220/250
HRC fuse rating (A) 2

9.6 Cable identification

The use of different colours for cable sheaths is not satisfactory, and is therefore not recommended
for cable identification purposes in trenches. Numbers are instead recommended.

9.7 Cable laying

Most local authorities lay street lighting cables at the same time as the power cables because
installation costs are lower and the digging-up of sidewalks and repairs to driveways and paving is
kept to a minimum, with the least disruption and annoyance to the public.

9.8 Street lighting for overhead bundle reticulation

9.8.1 General

There are two recommended methods for street lighting where reticulation is by means of ABC.

9.8.2 Midblock reticulation

This option is applicable if the poles for the low voltage network are planted midblock. Additional
wooden poles will be planted on the street front, equipped with street light brackets. The luminaires
will usually have a photo-electric switch and a 5 A circuit-breaker. The supply to the luminaires
2
could be a 4 mm Airdac cable, strung from the midblock poles to the street front street light poles.
The Airdac will be connected to the midblock ABC using insulating piercing connectors. The
spacing can again be on every alternative pole (70 m spacing) or every pole (35 m spacing).

9.8.3 Street front reticulation

This alternative will be used if the low voltage reticulation poles are planted on the street front. A
luminaire bracket can simply be mounted on the poles. The luminaires will each be equipped with a
photo-electric switch and a 5 A circuit-breaker. For the luminaires, use two single core UV-stabilized
conductors and insulating piercing connectors to connect the conductors to the ABC. The
luminaires can either be spaced on every second pole (70 m spacing) or every pole (35 m spacing).

9.9 Street lighting in areas of high vandalism

In certain areas with a high degree of non-payment for services, illegal connections to street lights
are often made. To overcome this:

a) weld the inspection plate shut;

b) mount the termination opening in the street light pole at a minimum of 3 m above ground level;
and

c) mount the termination opening in the street light pole below ground level. This will require each
street light fitting to be fitted with its own circuit-breaker for maintenance purposes.

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9.10 Summary of recommendations

9.10.1 Distribution systems

An underground cable system is recommended for street lighting distribution.

The recommended system is to loop cables from pole to pole and to terminate them inside the base
of the pole on suitable terminal blocks, from where wiring is taken inside the pole up to the
luminaires.

Where the power supply distribution system is carried out by means of power cables that loop
between 2 m or 4 m distribution pillars situated on the junction of stand boundaries and street
boundary, it is recommended that individual street Iighting poles be supplied from these distribution
pillars, which are likely to be adjacent to one another, and that street light switching and control be
carried out on one or more poles and luminaires.

It is recommended that earthing be carried out in accordance with SANS 10292.

9.10.2 Methods of control and switching

The following equipment is recommended for the control and switching of street lighting:

a) photo-electric cells, either direct where the load is within the current-carrying capacity of the
photo-electric cell or with contactors;

b) audio-frequency injection, either direct where the load is within the current-carrying capacity of
the relay, or with contactors;

c) cyclocontrol, either direct where the load is within the current-carrying capacity of the relay or
with contactors; and

d) time clocks with a 24 h spring reserve and solar dial operating contactors.

9.10.3 Volt drop calculations and effects on lamp operation

It is recommended that the permissible voltage drop not exceed 10 %, provided that the line voltage
is not allowed to fall below the lowest choke tapping (e.g. 200 V). Cognisance shall be taken of the
fact that the voltage drop is higher with the higher starting current.

In order to reduce manufacturing costs, it is recommended that where tapped control gear is used,
users should specify control gear with tappings for 210 V, 230 V and 250 V.

9.10.4 Type of cable

9.10.4.1 For underground distribution the following sizes of cable are recommended:
2
16 mm × 4 core;
2
16 mm × 2 core;
2
10 mm × 3 core;
2
10 mm × 2 core; and
2
6 mm × 2 core.

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9.10.4.2 For overhead distribution, self-supporting, multicore aerial bundled conductors are
recommended.

9.10.5 Electrical protection

It is recommended that street lighting circuits be protected by miniature circuit-breakers either with
suitable rupturing capacities or be backed up by HRC main fuses that supply a street lighting
distribution panel, and that individual street lights be protected by circuit-breakers or non-rewirable
fuses.

9.10.6 Cable identification

The use of coloured outer sheaths for the identification of street lighting cables is not
recommended. The use of numbers, instead, is recommended.

9.10.7 Cable laying

It is recommended that wherever possible, street lighting cables be laid at the same time and in the
same trench as power cables.

10 Maintenance
10.1 General
SANS 10098-1 states that lighting design standards should be based on minimum average values.
In order to achieve these values, which are necessary for road and public safety (see clause 4), it is
important that a maintenance programme be drawn up at the design stage and that it be adhered to
in practice. As aspects such as material and lamp-lumen depreciation, lamp failure and dirt
accumulation in the luminaire affect the light output and hence the lighting values, it is important that
the correct depreciation values be included in the lighting calculations.

10.2 Public needs and perceptions

10.2.1 A street lighting service is in the first instance a public service. To achieve client satisfaction
it is necessary to maintain some form of communication between the public (client base) and the
service function. It is proposed that maintenance strategy be formulated based on a survey carried
out in the served communities ideally once in two years. The following topics of importance could be
included in such a survey:

a) the willingness of communities to take part in maintenance to reduce costs by reporting failures;
and

NOTE In residential areas, communities normally consider street lighting to provide security which is of
particular importance to residents of that street. Residents are therefore inclined to report failures of these
lights to protect their own interests. In predominantly commercial and industrial environments, where people
benefiting from public lighting do not have the same perception of ownership, lower levels of public
participation can be expected.

b) public expectations of maintenance levels to be sustained.

10.2.2 The involvement of communities, councillors and planning zone groups has the following
benefits:

a) greater involvement drives down cost, as failures are reported and vandalism is minimized;

b) service expectations are more realistic; and

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c) a client-oriented culture develops during service delivery.

10.2.3 The likely results of a community survey on perceived service levels will disclose:

a) particular needs based on prevailing particular conditions often caused by historic events or
issues not directly related to street lighting;

b) existing service deficiencies; and

c) existing installation deficiencies.

With this objective information available, a maintenance strategy can be refined to best suit
requirements within cost constraints.

10.3 Maintenance engineering

10.3.1 System voltage

It is well known that over-voltage reduces lamp life and that under-voltage produces lower than
specified lighting levels during periods of under-voltage. Of particular importance is the fact that
both the relevant national legislation (see foreword) and SANS 1019 determine that low voltage
supply should be within 10 % of 230 V.

Street lights are mostly switched on during periods of low residential energy consumption. Light will
therefore be particularly exposed to over-voltage, which in turn will lead to excessive maintenance
because of reduced lamp life. A way to deal with this is to install 240 V chokes in luminaires. (A
220 V or 230 V choke with a 240 V tapping is not recommended.)

Care should be taken to ensure that voltages at the end of street light radials do not drop below the
minimum voltage needed to strike lamps during periods of a high load (and therefore low voltage)
and that light levels during these periods comply with design specifications.

10.3.2 Luminaire efficiency

Luminaire design affects the life of lamps and is in turn influenced by luminaire attributes such as IP
rating, reflector system design, volume of the lamp compartment and ageing characteristics of lens
material. Suitable luminaires of reputable origin are a fundamental requirement for a sustainable
street lighting service.

10.3.3 Lamp quality

Lamps of variable quality and cost are available in South Africa. Lamp quality has a major influence
on maintenance.

10.3.4 Failure modes of lamps

10.3.4.1 Lumen depreciation

Because of gradual degradation of lamps during use, the luminous flux emitted depreciates. The
expected depreciation of any lamp can be determined from published lumen depreciation curves. It
is important to note that different manufacturers have different ways to express these figures.
Realistic figures normally allow for switching cycles of 10 h on and about 1 h off.

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10.3.4.2 Infant mortality

The number of lamps "blowing" during the period that sufficient luminous flux is emitted, is called
the number of infant mortalities or premature failures. Reputable lamp manufacturers also publish
the expected number of these failures.

10.3.4.3 Cycling of lamps

Before their mortality (blowing), discharge lamps often start to cycle (go on when cold and off after
burning for a while). Recommended bulk replacement cycles are normally based on this failure
mode. In other words, lamps could have been used for a longer period if it was not for cycling. The
nature of this failure makes it difficult for maintenance staff to locate and replace failed lamps.
Ignitors that switch off if the lamp goes out without interruption of luminaire power supply are
available. Through the use of these components, cycling lamps can be treated like permanently
failed lamps.

10.3.5 Vandalism
This failure mode refers to instances where lamps are broken. Installing diffuser bowls can prevent
a large number of these failures.

10.3.6 Lamp life

10.3.6.1 The period for which lamps can continuously produce sufficient luminous flux to light
streets to designed lighting levels is typically two years for mercury vapour, and three years for
sodium vapour lamps.

10.3.6.2 Most popular definitions of lamp life are based on some maintenance strategy that is not
applicable to street lighting. The most well-known of these is the concept of useful life, which is
based on the period after which overall light output has dropped to 50 % of the initial output. This
reduction in light output is calculated by adding lumen depreciation to mortality over the relevant
period. In most street light environments this does not apply, as failures related to mortality are
continuously repaired.

10.4 Maintenance management

The majority of street light maintenance tasks to be managed are lamp replacement tasks. Figure 1
shows the variability of corrective maintenance workloads. A curve like this is likely to differ from
one city to the next and is a function of the maintenance strategy employed. It is only possible to
construct such a graph with maintenance information gathered over a number of years. A graph like
this enables a manager to anticipate and plan for variations in workload.

Figure 1 — Seasonal variation of a corrective maintenance workload

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10.5 Maintenance planning

10.5.1 General
To optimize the cost of maintenance operations, preventive maintenance can be scheduled for
periods of low demand for corrective maintenance. Lamp replacement is the largest single task of
street light maintenance and can be undertaken either by replacing a lamp when it fails or by
planned group lamp replacement. The former makes no allowance for lumen depreciation of the
lamp; therefore, at normal failure time, the light output of the lamp will have considerably decreased
and the designed lighting values will not be applicable, resulting in a probable increase in road
accidents and crime at night. The only effective and most cost-effective strategy is to use planned
group lamp replacement and spot replacement of premature failures.

10.5.2 Corrective maintenance

10.5.2.1 General

This category of maintenance refers to tasks where non-compliance of the system is addressed,
including all reported failures, through spot lamp replacement and scouting. Scouting should only be
done at night when the lamps are burning. Three methods of scouting are given below. The most
efficient or most practical for the local authority should be selected.

10.5.2.2 Method 1

The scout records all faulty lamps, which are then replaced the next day. A second night patrol is
then carried out, and if any of the same lamps are still not burning, the pole number is passed on to
an electrician or serviceman who will attend to the fault during the day. This method avoids noise in
the streets at night and precludes the lamp replacers having to work on live equipment. This system
is effective in small areas and when unskilled labour is being used, but travel costs are high.

10.5.2.3 Method 2

The scout patrols the streets at night and replaces any faulty lamps immediately. Should the new
lamp fail to burn, the old lamp is reinserted and the pole number is recorded. This information is
then passed on to an electrician or serviceman who will attend to the fault.

This method is more effective and efficient than method 1, but requires trained semi-skilled labour
for the lamp replacements.

10.5.2.4 Method 3

Only non-residential and major roads are patrolled and method 2 is employed. In residential areas,
the authority relies on the residents to report lamp failures, which are then attended to on an area
basis as detailed in method 2. This method is the most economical, provided that the public is
notified of the system and it reports the failures. It is especially economical when a group lamp
replacement scheme is in operation.

10.5.2.5 Other useful considerations to improve maintenance efficiency

Some useful considerations are as follows:

a) removable control gear in luminaires;

b) clearly marked luminaire types;

c) formal scouting by members of the public (community involvement), which also leads to an
increased sense of ownership and less vandalism; and

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d) where spot replacements are done during daytime, lights are switched on to be able to control
the quality of repair work (to ensure that lights do work after repair). In installations controlled per
area by photoelectric control units, all defects in an area can be repaired, and not only those
reported.

10.5.3 Preventative maintenance through group lamp replacement

10.5.3.1 Group lamp replacement is an efficient system of maintenance whereby every lamp in a
predetermined area is changed in one operation at a fixed interval. The interval chosen is based on
the period for which lamps can meet minimum lighting levels reliably. Lamps that fail between group
replacements are replaced individually on a spot replacement basis (see 10.5.2). This form of lamp
replacement is the most cost effective, since group lamp replacement can be carried out during
normal daytime working hours, which considerably reduces the number of night staff employed (and
the vehicles used) to replace individual lamps. Furthermore, the additional cost of a possible
increase in accidents and crime at night should also be considered.

10.5.3.2 An additional advantage of group lamp replacement is that the public authority can
effectively put this work out to contract, which often means better utilization of personnel and
vehicles.

10.5.4 Determination of group lamp replacement intervals

As stated previously, light output continually deteriorates during the burning period of every type of
lamp. This deterioration varies according to the type of lamp used. Table 15 gives typical average
figures for the depreciation factors for four different types of lamp generally used for street lighting.
Individual lamp manufacturers may claim different values. The values given are the lamp-lumen
depreciation factors at the burning hours stated, based on overseas published data, and 4 000
burning hours per year and can be used in design calculations.

Table 14 — Lamp-lumen depreciation factors

1 2 3 4 5 6
Burning period
Months
Lamp type
12 18 24 30 36
Depreciation factors
HPS 0,98 0,97 0,94 0,91 0,90
LPS 0,98 0,96 0,93 0,90 0,87
MBF 0,87 0,83 0,80 0,78 0,76
MBI 0,82 0,78 0,76 0,74 0,73
NOTE The lamp abbreviations relate to the following types of
lamp:

HPS High-pressure sodium vapour lamps

LPS Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps

MBF Colour-corrected mercury vapour lamps

MBI Metal halide lamps

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10.5.5 Lamp failure rate

All lamps in service have varying failure rates. Individual lamps fail between group lamp
replacements, and the spot replacement of these premature failures should be taken into account
when the group replacement periods are being planned. Typical lamp survival data are given in
table 15.

Table 15 — Lamp survival factors

1 2 3 4 5 6
Burning period
Months
Lamp type
12 18 24 30 36
Survival factors
HPS 0,98 0,96 0,94 0,92 0,89
LPS 0,92 0,86 0,80 0,74 0,62
MBF 0,98 0,97 0,94 0,92 0,88
MBI 0,93 0,91 0,87 0,82 0,76
NOTE The lamp abbreviations relate to the following types of
lamp:

HPS High-pressure sodium vapour lamps

LPS Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps

MBF Colour-corrected mercury vapour lamps

MBI Metal halide lamps

10.5.6 Application of group lamp replacement

10.5.6.1 Divide the town/city into areas in which the group replacement of lamps can take place
within 18 working days (to allow for delays). If it is decided to group-replace lamps on major arterial
routes at a different frequency from lamps on suburban roads in the area, it will be necessary to
divide the area into two sections that will have to be attended to separately. Such a policy will have
to be investigated to ensure that it is economical.

10.5.6.2 An additional advantage of group lamp replacement is that it is relatively easy to keep a
record of the lamp performance in a specific area and claims can then be made against the supplier
if lamps fail during the guarantee period. If a record is to be kept, all lamps shall be coded when
they are installed and when they are removed. The coding should be linked to the area in which the
lamps are installed. The lamp coding system shall be legible when the lamp is removed. Any
adhesive label that may be used should be affixed to the neck of the lamp since this is the coolest
part of the lamp. It is important to ensure that the label will not cause local hot spots on the glass
bulb. Metal foil labels in particular should be pre-tested before use.

10.5.6.3 Records should be kept, noting the number of lamps installed in each particular area, their
type and wattage, when they were replaced, the number and percentage of failures per month and
the accumulated failure rate. Lamps failing due to control gear faults or vandalism should not be
recorded as lamp failures but data should be kept for statistical purposes, under a separate
heading. Such data are useful in order to diagnose areas of high vandalism, over-voltage or
obsolete equipment. Regular diagnosis of faults from these data sheets can improve maintenance

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procedures. All poles should be numbered so that accurate records can be kept and specific faults
identified.

10.5.6.4 Only new lamps should be used for group lamp replacement and for spot replacement
during the first 70 % of the time interval between group lamp replacements. Good lamps that have
only burnt for less than 30 % of their rated life could be used for spot lamp replacement in the
remaining period. These lamps should be discarded at the next group replacement. After an area
has been group lamp replaced, it should be patrolled at night after the lamps have burnt for at least
100 h. This patrol will detect any faulty lamps that are the result of poor manufacture, transportation
or handling.

10.5.6.5 When the period between group lamp replacements is being determined, the lamp-lumen
properties, depreciation and premature failure rates of the type of lamp installed shall be taken into
account.

10.5.6.6 The depreciation of the light output of lamps shall be taken into account in the design
stage of the lighting, since lighting levels should not be allowed to fall below design values.

10.6 Cleaning of luminaires

10.6.1 General

10.6.1.1 A factor that shall be taken into account in both the design and maintenance stages is the
problem of cleaning luminaires. Accumulation of dirt can seriously affect the light output of the
luminaire and thereby the lighting level in the street. The amount of dirt accumulation depends on
both the IP rating (i.e. the protection classification) of the luminaire and the environment in which
the luminaires are installed. Table 16 gives details of the relative dirt depreciation factors for stated
ratings and environmental aspects. The table is based on the following environmental conditions:

a) clean environment: There are no activities generating smoke or dust (or both) nearby. There is
3
moderate traffic. The ambient particulate level is no more than 300 g/m (rural areas);

b) average environment: There are moderate activities generating smoke or dust (or both) nearby.
3
There is heavier traffic. The ambient particulate level is not more than 600 g/m (residential and
light industry areas); and

c) dirty environment: Smoke or dust plumes generated by activities nearby may occasionally
envelop the luminaire (heavy industrial areas).

10.6.1.2 It can be seen from table 16 that the form of luminaire sealing has little effect in clean
environments, whereas it is very significant in dirty ones. It is therefore very important that these
aspects be thoroughly investigated in the design stage. The given values can be used in design
calculations as maintenance factors relative to the planned maintenance period. The additional cost
of luminaires with the higher ratings should also be taken into account. In average or dirty
environments, it may be necessary to carry out cleaning operations at fairly frequent intervals, the
actual period being dependent on the environment and the IP rating of the luminaires installed.
Luminaires should always be cleaned during group lamp replacement. In clean areas, this may be
the only time that cleaning will be required.

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Table 16 — Dirt depreciation factors

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Light output ratio
IP rating of Cleaning cycle
Environment
luminaire Months
12 18 24 30 36
IP2 Clean 0,90 0,90 0,79 0,78 0,75
Average 0,62 0,58 0,56 0,53 0,52
Dirty 0,53 0,48 0,45 0,42 0,41
IP5 Clean 0,92 0,91 0,90 0,89 0,88
Average 0,90 0,88 0,86 0,84 0,82
Dirty 0,89 0,87 0,84 0,80 0,76
IP6 Clean 0,93 0,92 0,91 0,90 0,89
Average 0,92 0,91 0,89 0,88 0,87
Dirty 0,91 0,90 0,88 0,86 0,83
NOTE The total effect of all the various design factors mentioned above has
to be estimated in advance whenever a new road lighting installation is being
designed. Only then, with an appropriately designed maintenance
programme, will there be any guarantee that the lighting will remain within
specification throughout the life of the installation. This is important if the
accident and crime rate in towns and cities is to be controlled as detailed in
clause 4.

10.6.2 Cleaning material

Soft, damp, fluff-free rags or cloths should be used to wipe the bowls and reflectors. Dry cloths
should never be used because they will create static charges on plastics surfaces, which will attract
dust.

A stiff plastics bristle brush should be used to clean the prisms on refractor bowls, but care should
be taken that the brush does not scratch the bowl.

Soap or mild detergents and water should be used. These can be obtained in aerosol dispensers,
which, although more expensive, are cleaner to work with and there is no spilling of liquids onto
vehicles or onto the roadway.

Ultrasonic cleaning devices can be used but these are expensive; details of this equipment should
be obtained from the manufacturers.

10.6.3 Cleaning methods

10.6.3.1 The reflectors should be wiped with a soft, damp cloth, and care should be taken to
ensure that the supply is switched off because water may come into contact with live parts.

Where reflectors are corroded, this should be recorded and arrangements made for their
replacement. Where the luminaire has only a painted interior reflector, the paint should be checked
and the inside repainted, using only heat-resistant and highly reflective paint.

A soft, damp cloth can be used to wipe refractor bowls in position or, preferably, they should be
removed and replaced with clean bowls. The dirty refractor bowl should be washed in a bucket of
soapy water on the vehicle while the vehicle is travelling between poles. A brush may also be
required to remove any dirt embedded between the prisms of refractor bowls.

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10.6.3.2 Discoloured refractor bowls should be replaced. Polycarbonate bowls are more vandal
resistant than are other types of plastics bowls, but they are more subject to discolouration, even if
specially treated for ultraviolet protection. This is particularly a problem when the bowl is subjected
to higher temperatures than it is designed for (usually owing to too compact a design of luminaire),
or to ultraviolet irradiation from the lamp (mercury lamps have the highest ultraviolet emission), or
where the bowl is used at higher altitudes where the natural ultraviolet radiation is higher than at the
coast. It is therefore important at the design stage to investigate the vandalism problem and to
determine if vandal-resistant bowls are really justified. This may be a factor only in some areas of a
city. In any event, bowls that tend to discolour should be monitored and replaced when the light
transmission decreases. In the design stage, it is important that the photometric data state what
bowl material was used when the luminaire was photometered. Maintenance factors used in
designing an installation should also include this factor. The following data on this subject were
obtained from experiments carried out using mercury vapour lamps. The yellow index (i.e. the
degree of discolouration) per 1 000 h exposure for different plastics materials was recorded as
follows:

Material 1 000 h 2 000 h 3 000 h 5 000 h

Degree of discolouration
Standard acrylic 0,2 % 0,2 % 0,3 % 0,5 %
High impact acrylic 1,0 % 1,4 % 1,5 % 5,3 %
Polycarbonate 1,5 % 6,4 % 18,0 % 19,0 %

These tests were carried out at a bowl temperature of 74 °C. Higher temperatures increased the
yellow index considerably, e.g. an 8,5 % temperature rise increased the yellow index by 27 %. Clear
mercury lamps emit 2,4 times the quantity of ultraviolet radiation at 350 nm, compared with lamps
coated with fluorescent powder. Broken envelopes of mercury vapour lamps will lead to accelerated
degradation of the diffuser material.

The gasket between the bowl and the luminaire body should be checked to ensure that it still
prevents the ingress of dirt. If the luminaire is fitted with a filter, this should be cleaned or replaced
when necessary.

The catches and hinges of the bowl or shade should be lubricated with a dry lubricant.

10.7 Replacement of luminaires

Luminaires will need to be replaced at various times because of either damage or reduced
performance. Replacement should also be considered when the control gear fails. This is usually a
viable action because the average life of control gear is 12 to 15 years. By that time, the
performance of the luminaire will have been considerably reduced owing to deterioration of the
reflectors and interior painted surfaces. It becomes more cost effective to remove the luminaire and
replace it with a new or refurbished one than to replace the control gear on site. The old luminaire
can then be taken back to the workshops and be completely overhauled. Deteriorated or faulty
components can be replaced and painted surfaces cleaned or painted. The luminaire can then be
re-used as a replacement.

It is extremely important that when a luminaire is replaced, it be replaced with a luminaire of

identical light distribution to meet designed lighting quality.

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10.8 Mechanical maintenance

10.8.1 Whenever work is carried out on the lighting column, the following aspects should be
checked visually:

a) the foundation and perpendicularity of the column;

b) the state of the access door, cable connections and, where applicable, overhead line
connections;

c) the attachment, where applicable, of the outreach bracket to the column and of the luminaire to
the bracket;

d) the orientation of the outreach bracket, to determine whether it is at right angles to the road;

e) all mechanical parts of the luminaire, including bolts, screws, bowl catches, etc.; and

f) corrosion protection and paintwork.

10.8.2 Whenever the external surface finish of normal steel columns requires repainting, the
following should be included:

a) brisk scratching of any oxidized surface. If the surface is galvanized, a non-ferrous brush should
be used;

b) application of a coat of rust protection; and

c) application of aluminium or other alkyd-based paint.

10.8.3 Concrete columns require no regular maintenance, but after they have been in position for
8 to 10 years, ensure that no corrosion has started around the door, at the base of the column, at
the joint between the vertical portion of the column and the bracket and at the spigot.

10.8.4 Aluminium and GRP columns require little regular maintenance, but after they have been in
position for 8 to 10 years, do visual inspections for possible mechanical damage to ensure that no
corrosion has started around the door, at the base of the column, at the joint between the vertical
portion of the column and the bracket and at the spigot.

10.8.5 All moving parts should be lubricated with a graphite-based lubricant.

10.8.6 The raising and lowering gear and the ropes and fastenings in high masts shall be checked
and certified regularly by a competent person. Signed copies of each report shall be kept and
problem areas attended to immediately.

10.9 Electrical maintenance

Environmental conditions will determine the frequency of the following inspections, the timing and
results of which should be recorded:

a) correct earthing of columns, signal or traffic-light poles and traffic signs provided with lighting;

b) insulation of all metal elements of the installation, including luminaires;

c) general condition of the street lighting distribution system;

d) state of conductors inside the column and outreach bracket;

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e) substation street light control boards, clocks, relays, photo cells, telecommand systems, fuses
and their correct ratings; and

f) measurement of the lighting of the roadway at selected points on main road installations, in order
to check for effective maintenance. This can be done more practically by means of an
illuminance meter at marked positions on the road surface, initially at 100 h operation and
thereafter at annual intervals. If this method is used, an effective maintenance factor can also be
obtained for lighting designs.

10.10 Maintenance of equipment

Mechanical maintenance and operation of maintenance equipment should be carried out regularly
in accordance with the following:

a) vehicles, hydraulic platforms and extension ladders shall be maintained and operated in
accordance with manufacturers, and mechanical workshop instructions, and legal requirements
(see foreword);

b) ladders should be inspected regularly and shall comply with legal requirements (see foreword);

c) tower extension ladders and hydraulic platforms mounted on vehicles shall be automatically
controlled in such a way that no traffic hazard to maintenance personnel can arise. This involves
preventing the elbow of the hydraulic equipment from protruding over the roadway where it could
be hit by a passing vehicle or high truck. This is particularly important on motorways;

d) cones, signs and warning lights shall be appropriately placed on the roadway, to warn
approaching traffic; and

e) people working on night shift shall wear reflective jackets over their normal clothes.

Full details of plant and equipment for maintenance are given in clause 11.

10.11 Quality of service

10.11.1 General

To be able to render a service that complies with broad national and international standards (world
class) and that consistently meets expectations of the local communities, service levels should be
measurable and be monitored. It is important to note that measuring the rate of consumption of
resources to maintain service levels is not what is referred to here. It often happens that while costs
are consistently incurred, the desired outputs are not achieved. The following are useful measures
of maintenance performance:

a) percentage of lights burning at any given time;

b) response times; i.e. the period from the reporting of street light deficiencies by the public to the
date of successful repair;

c) light levels; i.e. the actual levels of luminance measured in streets lit by street lighting;

d) reporting facility; i.e. the extent to which the community can report deficiencies without delay and
provocation (the client is always right); and

e) cost; i.e. the cost at which targets in terms of the above measures can be consistently met.

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10.11.2 Monitoring of service levels

Periodic monitoring of service quality by an objective party (monitor) is a useful way to ensure
continued compliance to service targets. This monitoring function should involve the person
responsible for the maintenance of a specific service area. To reduce the cost of monitoring, a
representative sample of the streets in a service area can be monitored quarterly.

10.11.3 Performance management of operations

The street light maintenance field worker works under conditions that call for specific degrees of
flexibility and self-control to ensure sustained performance. Servicemen have to perform their duties
exposed to the elements of nature, tasks are monotonous and workers are often confronted by
members of the public frustrated by other local government functions not performing to their
satisfaction. To keep these workers motivated to perform in terms of the performance measures
suggested above it is advised to allow them maximum freedom to work out best practices without
compromising on safety. The following guidelines can be used to create an environment that will
enhance performance:

a) There should be flexible working hours to allow the performance of duties at night, where during
daytime traffic or any other hindrance slows down work.

b) Workers should only be renumerated for what has been achieved in terms of output measures
for a specific service area, rather than on what has been attempted in terms of resources applied
or number of reported failures dealt with. This approach encourages the keeping of accurate
statistics and enhances learning. By being paid for compliance of a given number of street lights
to the performance standard, any saving by the worker to prevent failure or repetitive failure is
against his account.

11 Vehicles, plant and safety procedures applicable to the

maintenance of street lighting
NOTE Where necessary the applicable methods described in chapter 13 of the South African Road Traffic
Signs Manual, Vol 2, should be adhered to, in order to ensure the safety of equipment and maintenance
personnel.

11.1 Safety

11.1.1 Statutory requirements

The material, construction, equipment, inspection and use of ladders, scaffolds and lifting machines
are prescribed in the General Safety Regulations and the Driven Machinery Regulations
promulgated in terms of the relevant safety legislation (see foreword).

11.1.2 Additional safety measures

In addition to the statutory requirements (see foreword), the following supplementary safety features
should be considered for boom platforms:

a) interlocks or switches to prevent the overhand of a boom or knuckle below a pre-determined

height above ground level;

b) warning devices (visual or audible, or both) to indicate that the boom or the jacks (or both) are
not stowed;

c) boom/jack interlocks to prevent booms from being used until jacks are down, and vice versa;

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d) boom/jack/engine interlocks to prevent incorrect use of the platform, i.e. engine will stop if
sequence is not followed correctly;

e) valves on boom rams;

f) emergency hand-pumps;

g) anti-roll or stabilizers to obviate the need for jacks;

h) insulated personnel cage;

i) "dead man's button" in cage (in the event of an operator being stricken when aloft, the machine
will not function until overridden by a second person at ground level);

j) safety belts for operators;

k) dual controls such that the boom platform can be operated from ground level or from the cage of
the boom platform;

l) flashing amber hazard lights fitted to cab roof, boom knuckle, below cage or rear decking;

m) spotlights/floodlights that are hand operated from the cage; and

n) power take-off (PTO) for jacks, and for auxiliary engine compressed air lines.

11.2 Selection considerations

11.2.1 Boom platforms can be rotated horizontally through 360° and can operate to the maximum
height limitation of the unit, but suffer from limited access because of their large mounting chassis.
They require a high capital outlay.

11.2.2 Tower platforms are generally simple to operate and are particularly suitable for painting
operations. They require less capital outlay than boom platforms and can be used in more restricted
areas, owing to the absence of knuckle and boom obstructions.

11.2.3 Scaffold towers are useful in areas unsuitable for vehicle access. They can be erected and
dismantled quickly and can be transported in a small vehicle. Castor wheels add manoeuverability
over short distances on flat surfaces, but scaffold towers are generally more suited for prolonged
work at one location.

11.3 Platform mounting base

11.3.1 When a motor vehicle chassis is being selected, the following criteria should be considered:

a) standardization in accordance with fleet requirements;

b) gross mass of the vehicle in relation to the mass of the platform and structure to be supported;

c) wheel base;

d) engine output;

e) ability to stop and start frequently;

f) robustness of transmission components;

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g) fuel economy, in view of relatively long idling spells; and

h) the need for an additional primary power source to drive hydraulic equipment and lighting when
the vehicle is stationary.

11.3.2 Additionally:

a) safe access to the platform decking should be given attention to prevent operators from stepping
off the vehicle into the path of passing traffic;

b) slip-resistant decking on the chassis is essential, whereas a safety rail surrounding the platform
may be desirable; and

c) loading space should be provided for the carrying of hazard signs and equipment such as cones
and danger triangles.

11.4 Trailers
Towing high level access equipment, mounted on trailers, to site has the following advantages:

a) maintenance and capital costs are low;

b) self-propelled vehicles are released to perform other duties; and

c) equipment is hand manoeuvrable in restrictive situations such as courtyards and footpaths.

11.5 Stability
It is vital that high level access units be stable when in use. This can be accomplished by means of
hydraulic or manually operated stabilizer jacks with associated interlock to prevent operation until
they are in place. Where stabilizer jacks extend beyond the vehicle's confines, suitable hazard
warning signs should be fitted.

Wheel blocks for use on gradients should be available at all times.

11.6 Colour
In order to increase visibility to traffic, the vehicle should be painted in a conspicuous colour, e.g.
yellow.

11.7 Training
Thorough training of operatives by experienced staff should be carried out to familiarize operatives
with the safety aspects, maintenance procedures and modes of operation.

11.8 Safe work procedure

11.8.1 Forward moving maintenance
Forward moving maintenance requires vehicles to move from one work site to another over a short
period of time. Where it is not practical to put out normal traffic warning signs, the following
minimum standards should be implemented:

a) park the maintenance vehicle as close and safe to the work site as possible;

b) place a minimum of five cones at the rear of the vehicle, or at the side of the vehicle facing the
on-coming traffic, in the same lane at a maximum of 6 m apart, starting from the most outer edge
of the maintenance vehicle tapering back to the curb of the road;

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c) at least one helper, standing a minimum of 15 m behind the furthest cone from the maintenance
vehicle, should be assigned to warn traffic with a red flag.

11.8.2 Special requirements for work at night

Where maintenance takes place at night without any helpers, the following conditions should be
adhered to:

a) the cones should have reflector strips;

b) the maintenance vehicle's hazard lights and rotating amber lights should be turned on;

c) if facing oncoming traffic in the same lane of the road, the headlights of the maintenance vehicle
should be switched off;

d) where the traffic flow is heavy (day or night), the traffic department should be notified to assist
during the entire duration of repairs; and

e) the procedures above should be followed each time the vehicle is moved from one location to the
next.

11.8.3 Setting out procedures on "two-way roads"

11.8.3.1 Start with warning signs on the side of the road opposite the work site.

11.8.3.2 Pace out the correct distances facing the oncoming traffic at all times, using a flagman
when crossing the road. Set out the signs in the following manner:

a) set up "Road workmen" sign first; and

b) pace out the correct distance for the next sign towards the work place, which is "Road narrows
from one side only".

11.8.3.3 Repeat the above procedures for traffic approaching on the work site side of the road.

11.8.3.4 Place the first "keep right" sign where the taper of cones will begin.

11.8.3.5 If Stop/Go signs or traffic lights are to be used, put them into operation at this stage, then
cone off the area.

11.8.3.6 Start placing cones from the beginning of the taper and work towards the work site.

11.8.3.7 Place the second "keep right" sign at the end of the taper.

11.8.3.8 Finally allow for pedestrians. Place any barricades, cones, lamps and other signs that may
be needed.

11.8.3.9 When the job has been completed the signs, cones and barricades should be removed in
the reverse order.

11.8.3.10 Always ensure that when work is carried out above ground level all workers below are
clear of the work site and are wearing safety hats.

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12 Training
12.1 General

12.1.1 In order that street lighting maintenance be carried out efficiently and safely, it is important
that the public authority ensure that the people appointed for the task are properly qualified. Larger
authorities may employ people in each separate category; others may combine categories.

12.1.2 Three categories are suggested:

a) artisan;

b) serviceman; and

c) lamp replacer.

12.1.3 Each maintenance person will be assisted by at least one operator with the handling of
equipment and tools.

12.1.4 Details of the qualifications for each of the categories are given in 12.2. These are, in all
cases, minimum requirements which should be enforced by the appointed engineer or responsible
person.

12.2 Qualifications and responsibilities

12.2.1 Artisans

Artisans may generally be appointed by the responsible person for an allocated section of the
town/city's street lighting. It is preferable that the area of responsibility be accurately defined, by
means of either suburbs or major road boundaries, so that the quality of maintenance can be
routinely checked and that, in the event of an accident, responsibility can be determined. The
artisan will also be responsible for any serviceman or lamp replacer allocated to his section.

The artisan should preferably be a qualified person with special training in lighting circuitry and
components and with full knowledge of the distribution system.

12.2.2 Servicemen

12.2.2.1 Servicemen will generally be lamp replacers who have shown special capabilities and are
suitable for further training.

12.2.2.2 The servicemen will be responsible for all work from the luminaire fuse onwards. He will
be required to:

a) replace faulty lamps and damaged or discoloured bowls;

b) replace fuses or reset tripped circuit-breakers in or on the pole;

c) test live street light lamp circuits;

d) replace faulty street light control gear and components;

e) replace faulty wiring from the fuse/circuit-breaker to the luminaire; and

f) only enter a substation or transformer and switch house to switch on street lights for inspection
purposes. Standard rules regulating entry to these premises should apply. Where applicable, the

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serviceman will be entitled to switch on a single street light or a group of street lights by covering
a photo-electric cell. He will not be entitled to work or carry out repairs on overhead mains or
feeder cables or on the control equipment.

12.2.2.3 A serviceman should:

a) have had a minimum experience of two years as a lamp replacer in the employment of an
electrical supply authority;

b) receive minimum preliminary instruction for a period of one month under a supervisor or
electrician on:

1) danger hazards and safe working procedures,

2) standing safety instructions,

3) the various types of equipment involved in the tasks of a serviceman, and

4) the layout of substations or transformer and switch houses,

c) receive in-service training in accordance with the relevant safety legislation (see foreword) for at
least three months under the supervision of an electrician or appointed instructor on:

1) lighting components and circuitry,

2) diagnosing faults, testing of live circuits, repair of faulty fuses and loose connections and
replacement of faulty components,

3) removal of faulty components for further testing, repair and complete overhaul in the
workshop, and

4) methods of erecting, connecting and putting into service new or replacement brackets,
luminaires, poles and the connecting cables from the fuse to the luminaire,

d) be required to pass a written test at the end of the training period, and

e) be provided with:

1) the necessary tools for his work,

2) a safety harness and belt,

3) a safety helmet and protective footwear,

4) rubber gloves and protective overalls;

5) a suitable type of voltage tester, and

6) safe means of reaching, and working from, the access equipment.

12.2.3 Lamp replacers

12.2.3.1 A lamp replacer will be entitled only to replace lamps, either at night when the circuit is live
or during the day. He will not be permitted to replace lamps where the outer glass is broken when
the circuit is live. This should be referred to a serviceman or the broken lamp should be replaced
the next day when the circuit has been switched off. He will only be permitted to switch on the light
for testing purposes during the day, when the photo-electric cell is covered. If the new lamp does

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not work, he should refit the old lamp and report it as a fault. He should be capable of filling in repair
forms to give details of the pole on which the lamp was replaced or where the fault was found.

12.2.3.2 The lamp replacer should:

a) receive training in the work he will be expected to carry out and in the method of completing fault
forms,

b) receive instruction on checking and reporting street lighting faults noted during his work shift,

c) receive instruction on the operation of the repair vehicle allocated to him, and

d) be provided with:

1) a safety harness and belt,

2) a safety helmet and protective footwear,

3) rubber gloves and protective overalls, and

4) a reflective jacket when he is working at night.

12.3 Certification of competency

The engineer or other responsible person in charge of the street lighting maintenance work should
issue a letter of appointment to all persons concerned, clearly setting out:

a) that the appointee has received the minimum necessary training, was examined and found
competent to do the work, and

b) the exact limits of the appointee's duties and responsibilities.

The receiver of the certificate should acknowledge receiving such letter of appointment.

NOTE These guidelines do not negate the responsibilities of any persons or parties defined in the relevant
safety legislation (see foreword) or in any other relevant legislation.

12.4 Private contractors

12.4.1 Indemnity

All contractors should take responsibility for the work they carry out. To cover the owner of the
street light installation, the owner should ensure that the contractor signs the appropriate indemnity
form.

The indemnity form should indicate that the contractor takes full responsibility for the work done,
and the work to be done should be stated clearly.

The contractor should have the qualifications stipulated in the relevant safety legislation (see
foreword) to be able to sign the indemnity form.

12.4.2 Contractor's requirements

The contractor and his employees should adhere to the minimum requirements stipulated in 12.2 to
12.3.

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13 Personnel and safety requirements

NOTE 1 Extreme care should be taken when approaching a lamp with a broken outer envelope, which should
be switched off, as the ultraviolet radiation below 300 nm emitted is very harmful to living tissue and to most
materials. For example, contact lenses can become welded to the cornea of the eye.

NOTE 2 The following guidelines in respect of safety do not replace the requirements defined in the relevant
safety legislation (see foreword) or in any other relevant legislation.

13.1 Conventional street lighting equipment

Examination and repairs on street lighting equipment should comply with the requirements of the
General Machinery Regulations promulgated in terms of the relevant safety legislation (see
foreword).

13.2 High mast lighting equipment

13.2.1 Examination and repairs on high mast lighting equipment should comply with the
requirements of the Driven Machinery Regulations promulgated in terms of the relevant safety
legislation (see foreword).

13.2.2 The method of attachment between service cage and cradle and the winch rope should be
of such design that accidental disconnection cannot take place.

13.2.3 The safety-braking device of the service cage acting on the shaft of the mast should be
progressively engaged when being raised and progressively released when being lowered.

13.2.4 The service cage should be well maintained and be hot dip galvanized or coated with
suitable corrosion-resistant paint.

13.2.5 The factor of safety of the hoisting rope should be at least 10.

13.2.6 Care should be taken with counterbalanced hinged masts to ensure that the top of the mast
is properly secured to the base of the mast before the weight of the luminaires is removed from the
top section. This is to ensure that the counterbalance weights in the bottom section do not slam the
mast shut with possibly disastrous consequences.

13.2.7 For the same reason, extreme care should be taken when working in or near the area
below the hinge (the nip) of the counterbalanced mast.

13.2.8 The detachable service cage should be securely stowed and protected from damage when
not in use and a separate inspection register should be kept for it. This register should be signed by
the person responsible at prescribed inspection intervals to ensure that there is no corrosion or
physical damage to the cage.

13.2.9 The register required in terms of the Driven Machinery Regulations of the relevant safety
legislation (see foreword) should contain the details given in 13.2.10 and 13.2.11.

13.2.10 The following should be marked off on the register:

a) check anchor bolts;

b) check winch oil bath level;

c) examine condition of oil;

d) whether "blocstop" in raise direction locks when lever is not engaged;

e) whether there are any visible defects in "maniflex" ropes;

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f) inspection done by (signature of person responsible);

g) wire rope:

1) any signs of corrosion;

2) any signs of rope lay distortion or kinks;

3) any broken wires visible;

4) whether anchorage eyes are in order; and

5) (with lantern carriage lowered, clean rope at lantern end for a distance of 2 m) examine for
any strand distortion or flattening of outer strand wires owing to rope being in constant stress
over top pulley; and

h) remarks: ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................

13.2.11 The following should be marked off on the register:

a) whether there are any visual defects on cradle;

b) whether securing shackles are free from defects;

c) whether "maniflex" ropes pass freely through

1) tubing of cradle, and

2) through "blocstop" in raise direction and whether "blocstop" locks when lever is not engaged;

d) whether there are any visible defects in "maniflex" ropes; and

e) inspection done by (signature of person responsible).

13.3 Street lighting distribution system

All examinations and repairs to the street lighting distribution system should be carried out in
accordance with the Electrical Machinery Regulations and the General Machinery Regulations
promulgated in terms of the relevant safety legislation (see foreword), with particular reference to
clause 12 of this recommended practice.

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SANS 50025-1/ EN 10025-1, Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 1: General technical.
delivery conditions

SANS 50025-2/ EN 10025-2 Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 2: Technical delivery
conditions for non-alloy structural steels,

SANS 50025-3/ EN 10025-3, Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 3: Technical delivery
conditions for normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels.

SANS 50025-4/ EN 10025-4, Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 4: Technical delivery
conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels

SANS 50025-5/ EN 10025-5 Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 5: Technical delivery
conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance,

SANS 50025-6/ EN 10025-6, Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 6: Technical delivery
conditions for flat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered
condition.

SANS 60064/IEC 60064, Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting
purposes – Performance requirements.

SANS 60155/IEC 60155, Glow-starters for fluorescent lamps.

SANS 60188/IEC 60188, High-pressure mercury vapour lamps – Performance specifications.

SANS 60192/IEC 60192, Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps – Performance specifications.

SANS 60529/IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code).

SANS 60598-1/IEC 60598-1, Luminaires – Part 1: General requirements and tests.

SANS 60598-2-3/IEC 60598-2-3, Luminaires – Part 2-3: Particular requirements – Luminaires for
road and street lighting.

SANS 60662/IEC 60662, High-pressure sodium vapour lamps.

SANS 60921/IEC 60921, Ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps – Performance requirements.

ARP 035:2014
Edition 3

SANS 60923/IEC 60923, Auxiliaries for lamps – Ballasts for discharge lamps (excluding tubular
fluorescent lamps) – Performance requirements.

SANS 60927/IEC 60927, Auxiliaries for lamps – Starting devices (other than glow starters) –
Performance requirements.

SANS 60929/IEC 60929, AC and/or DC-supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps –
Performance requirements.

SANS 61000-4-5/IEC 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5: Testing and
measurement techniques – Surge immunity test.

SANS 61048/IEC 61048, Auxiliaries for lamps – Capacitors for use in tubular fluorescent and other
discharge lamp circuits – General and safety requirements.

SANS 61049/IEC 61049, Capacitors for use in tubular fluorescent and other discharge lamp
circuits – Performance requirements.

SANS 61347-1/IEC 61347-1, Lamp controlgear – Part 1: General and safety requirements.

SANS 61347-2-1/IEC 61347-2-1, Lamp controlgear – Part 2-1: Particular requirements for starting
devices (other than glow starters).

SANS 61347-2-2/IEC 61347-2-2, Lamp controlgear – Part 2-2: Particular requirements for d.c. or
a.c. supplied electronic step-down convertors for filament lamps.

SANS 61347-2-3/IEC 61347-2-3, Lamp controlgear – Part 2-3: Particular requirements for a.c.
supplied electronic controlgear for fluorescent lamps.

SANS 61347-2-4/IEC 61347-2-4, Lamp controlgear – Part 2-4: Particular requirements for d.c.
supplied electronic ballasts for general lighting.

SANS 61347-2-8/IEC 61347-2-8, Lamp controlgear – Part 2-8: Particular requirements for ballasts
for fluorescent lamps.

SANS 61347-2-9/IEC 61347-2-9, Lamp controlgear – Part 2-9: Particular requirements for
electromagnetic control gear for discharge lamps (excluding fluorescent lamps).

SANS 61347-2-13/IEC 61347-2-13, Lamp controlgear – Part 13: Particular requirements for d.c. or
a.c. supplied electronic controlgear for LED modules.

SANS 61547/IEC 61547, Equipment for general lighting purposes – EMC immunity requirements.

SANS 62384/IEC 62384, DC or AC supplied electronic control gear for LED modules –
Performance requirements.

Other publications
APLE Policy Statement, The need for good and effective public lighting, 1979.

CEN 13201-1, Road lighting - Part 1: Selection of lighting classes.

CIE Publication 27, Photometry of luminaires for street lighting.

CIE Publication 121, The Photometry and Goniophotometry of luminaires.

CIE Technical Report No. 93, Road lighting as an accident countermeasure.

ARP 035:2014
Edition 3

Gray, D J, Prototype cost effective highway lighting, SANCI – CIE International Conference:
Lighting in Developing Countries, 1997.

Institution of Lighting Engineers (UK): Lighting and crime.

Kwartin R M, Pollution prevention through energy efficiency, Energy Engineering, vol. 89, No. 2,
1992.

South African Road Traffic Signs Manual, Vol 2

Warrants for the lighting of highways, interim report IR 89/093/1 by the South African Roads Board.

Yates, R S, Street lighting standards: New proposals for South Africa, ATC Conference 1989.

Yates R S, Waste light – A growing environmental problem, Eskom National Conference, 1991.

______________

This page has been left blank intentionally

SABS Standards Division

The objective of the SABS Standards Division is to develop, promote and maintain South African
National Standards. This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008).

Amendments and Revisions

South African National Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of South African
National Standards should ensure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.

The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would
therefore be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this standard would
inform the secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found in
the foreword.

The SABS offers an individual notification service, which ensures that subscribers automatically
receive notification regarding amendments and revisions to South African National Standards.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: sales@sabs.co.za

Buying Standards

Contact the Sales Office for South African and international standards, which are available in both
electronic and hard copy format.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: sales@sabs.co.za
South African National Standards are also available online from the SABS website
http://www.sabs.co.za

Information on Standards

The Standards Information Centre provides a wide range of standards-related information on both
national and international standards. The Centre also offers an individual updating service called
INFOPLUS, which ensures that subscribers automatically receive notification regarding
amendments to, and revisions of, international standards.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 7911 / 0861 27 7227 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: info@sabs.co.za

The copyright in a South African National Standard or any other publication published by the SABS
Standards Division vests in the SABS or, in the case of a South African National Standard based on
an international standard, in the organization from which the SABS adopted the standard under
licence or membership agreement. In the latter case, the SABS has the obligation to protect such
copyright. Unless exemption has been granted, no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the SABS
Standards Division. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any purpose other than implementation, prior written permission must be
obtained.

Details and advice can be obtained from the Manager Standards Sales and Information Services.
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 Fax: +27 (0) 12 428 6928 E-mail: sales@sabs.co.za

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