Apparaty Proe un Newton's rings lor monochromatic light and adjust central spot dark which may uber 2ery, S. on the outer side of ring number 14, Note this readin in Hie mber, Note such readings from ring nuniber 13 te 4 on le 2 Stat the wavelt Stult the traveling microscope on RAILS. on the other side of ringg number 4. Note ths readings In Ow with the ring numbers. Note such readings from ring number 4 t0 13 servation table alc © should be taken that the Instrunnient bs ‘ay not affect the observat ons, ring gets neglected Car acess the thic inoved th only one direction so that any play in the instrument 5. Calculate diameter of all rings. Compute 22" AB Slope = 5G 1 Islopel gy Result : DatObservations : (h of bight trom the monochromatic Source 2 = o SEIO NOE — A Vesage cf fn, wWaveles 9. 10, Calculation:ag: te: aa: wRemi : tly seit aed Guar sal ASO sed eA ANAL AvseL nse Geyey, aeaeueats, ead, suEdl aso’ w a 3 a ) 6 Seid SLE MUR oertE aH ena, aL HG He { AA accueil 54 2s ied, Set SH 1G UR Lal yA UO eUEYSA yerERTSeTHIAL ate Bua a1 a4 Aej racist Hadise HeMMi aod Ss OT TO ALA Yl cere LD Adige Tt, setagenedisot Bae aUURA MULL VEE aNSiL MHRE OUPAL LAL AA GAR, yee BEALS i, Sat STAM aad nse aicrauel UU, (et SUS oy awed MAH AL sien eH As vated cata al. val D? oI 524.) Mens SHB Dy2—D,? Aad 4 Ae Quo. $4 ae SM sell adored aa, an aus 7 ade a sabe aa = Be aR acLe xe yes ata = 90 ede ead nds sea ad ae Ee conten wn 7 2 stall bale audi aac Qeedl aud asaiberrat = R al Sa on actu aayneden waded ” ou aa ou oi bast aan ane ia aauett DBL D=(a-b] (aay stat aot Dm? - Dn? (2 ii 10. ‘neers: [ bwzpe x= 4R (m-n) aut Dm? - Dn? = __ al? (A UINESEOWavelength of LASER by Diffraction grating ‘Aim: To determine the wavelength of the laser light using diffraction grating. Apparatus: Diffraction grating, laser source, Scale, Optical bench, etc. Procedure: 4 C4 3. 4. ‘The laser is mounted on its saddle on the optical bench. ‘The grating is mounted on an upright next to laser. The screen or scale arrangement is placed next to the grating as shown in Fig .1 The laser is switched on. The relative orientation of laser with respect to grating is adjusted such that spectral spots are observed on the scale. The scale is moved towards and away from the grating till at least three (for 7500 lines/inch) spots are clearly seen on the scale on the either side of the central spot. ‘The central maximum and other maxima corresponding to different orders of the spectrum on either side of the central maximum are identified. ‘The scale is again adjusted in such a way thal the central spot coincides with the zero in the scale. Now the distances (xs) of the spots corresponding to first order, second order etc on either side of central maximum are noted. The distance between the grating and the scale (J) is measured. The readings are tabulated, caaring J “| | LASER (4) (@)Primary Observations: 1. Grating element Observation tae: & Psa! Sms 2 Sr. | Order com =m Nc om Cs a + + & Zz & 3 pes Zz Calcutation: Wavelengtt of! wnere ester Cis grating clement xe ig the distance cf the scot Tem the central tacmum mom [vs the cerpencicuiar distances tenvesm gaming amt tne Sc mo cig the orcer cf the srectrum Resuit Wavelength of laser light. =Definition: Procedur ao Da 10. Compare the: To obte Apparatus: Sond Pi: he telescope for Now adjusi the width of ie disao, . Meazure tne Keer the slit closed. Go on o; appearing Messure the width of the sit. Take mean of the two widins. Caiculets the resolving vower of t given formu.ac. ‘Primary observation: (1) LC of traveling microscope {2 LC of auxiliary sli <9) Wavelenath of the monechn —-— om Observation Table: . > = (A) Readings using the mcruscope for the gauze element: or No. of — | Microscope | Distance ne. the wire reading | between fv | | en noe] i on ( 19 7 i 2. @€> | 7. Bios! 4. 6 19 5. BI sai Ca Td ={B) Readings using telescope for the gauze cloment : ao ee the Si] Bistanse Reading for the width of the sit ="] ~Braeteatly. no. | between the | Resolving Sand the. | Meteasing | Decreasing | Moar ir objective | theslt | the sit i > lens ofthe | Width with | L telescope, | 36m arem | Oem | | | | 2. = oo eae 3, i 4. = a | Tt | cml oh al Calculation: (1) Theoretically, (2) Experimentally,Refractive index of liquid using hollow prism Aim: To determine refractive index of liquid using hollow prism. Apparatus: A spectrometer, a spirit level, a source of monochromatic light (sodium vapour lamp), a glass prism, a magni fying lens and a reading lamp. Procedure: 1. Determine the least count of the spectrometer. >The slitis illuminated by a sodium vapour lamp and the slit and the collimator are suitably adjusted to receive a narrow, vertical image of the slit. 4. The telescope is tumed to receive the direct ray, o that the vertical slit coincides with the vertical crosswire. 4, Fill the prism with the given liquid 1 5. Place the prism on the prism so that its centre coincides with the centre of the prism table. 6. Perform Schuster’s method. 7 Now note down the readings (8) for the angle of minimum deviation for the yellow doublet. & Carefully remove the prism from the prism table. Turn the telescope parallel to collimator and note the direct ray reading (6). 9, Find the angle of minimum deviation using 5, = 8~8 . . sin(4*820) 10, Calculate the refractive index of the liquid using # = 7 11. Repeat the experiment for liquid 2.Primary Observations: 1. L. C. of the spectrometer = 2. Angle of prism A = Observation Table: Sr. | Colour of |” Reading for Direct [Angle of | Refractive No.| the angle of reading | minimum | index of spectral minimum (@.) | deviation | the liquid line deviation (6m (6) = 0~6y) For liquid 1 LT Yellow _] I I 2. | Yellow2 | I L I | For liquid 2 1. | Yellow 1 | I i I 2. [ Yellow? | | Result:T.Y. B. Se. (Semester - V) Fabry Perot etalon ‘ . Aim: To determine the thickness of the air film of Fabry Perot etalon. Apparatus: Spectrometer, Fabry Perot etalon, prism, monochromatic source of light.ete. Procedure: 1) Adjust the spectrometer for parallel rays of light. 2) Put the Fabry Perot etalon on the prism table and allow the monochromatic light to fall on it normally. ~. 3) Observe the circular rings produced by the Fabry Perot etalon through the telescope of a the spectrometer. 4) Measure angular diameter for ten circular rings. 5) Plot a graph of cos@— n arid obtain slope of the graph 6) Calculate the thickness of the air film using the following formula a las 2xslope . Observations: q us 41) Least count of the spectrometer = ‘ 2) Angle of prism A = 60°, 3) Wavelength of the monochromatic source A Observation table: Sr | Order | Spectrometer | 20=A~B @ cos8 ‘ no. | ofthe reading : ring” | ‘ i.e (ay : 1 RHS. | LHS. to aA |B Se i 1. 4 2 eS ree (83 ane Ta : : Sufe ty ‘ f 6. : “(8 | = Vac. For obtaining output characteristics of the transistor, keep Is constant and by varying Vce, note down corresponding value of Ic. Repeat the experiment for two more values of In. Plot the graph of Ic > Vce. Graph: (1) lo > Vee (2) Ic > Voce Tp Conclusion:ah - ew Fabby,T.Y.B. Sc. MN Charactoristics of Common Base transistor Aim: To obtain the characteristics of common Base transistor circuit. Apparatus: BJT, batteries, rheostats, voltmeters, ammeter etc. Circuit diagram: Procedure: a 2) 3) (4) ©) (6) @” Connect the circuit components as shown in the figure-and get it checked. For obtaining input characteristics of the transistor, keep Vce constant and by varying Vee, note down corresponding values of Is: Repeat the experiment for one more value of Vcr. Plot the graph of Is > Vee. For obtaining output characteristics of the transistor, keep Ie constant and by varying Vce, note down corresponding value of Ic. Repeat the experiment for two more values of Is. Plot the graph of Ic > Vor.(1) Ic Conclusion:ee vy Cooney —— Determination of It/e using a transistor In a transistorsthe collectorcurrent (Jc) depends on base- emitter voltage (Vz) by the following equation «+, . ; Ic = Icoexp(eVag/kT) wheré/Izo'4iceverse saturation current . e =tharge ofthe electron, ' Vee =ibase-emitter voltage ke = Boltéfnafin’s constant T = absolute temperature slntle = Ineo +75 na " Soa graphiof Im fe. Vag Is agtraight line, the a of which gives the value of + slope = 7 Obsérvation table:. Nate: Vgq.is increased in the steps of 0.2 V and it should not exceed 1V. - : GrapbsinIe'> Voir, Vorea ae a | f atlponer Lees pine cul the veikio a help 4% Lhe power Lrensistoy ge Ay paras » A betlery C ov), Rheodale, Vole aniliarnmetes Co-i00 hy, power Lraneie Vos? key, Wires. . ‘ a . WG LCuh ty od r Frocéeluvre ; proce Xe ect the civeuit as shown in the yane- ub cenn td ‘Fer Aiferent values 4 Veo note own the ; Vaes at te at yoom temp ae 4) ; Gi) Plot the qsaph of Int, Neo fog WY Caleulats 2 from the’ qacph, Roomt empermtu eNew Cvett) "\ Calgulation fem quaph + = ‘= (Slepe) FT ~— lope = ABS ee:operating point cgp Gven Vee= ey Re = cenecrcy toad 2 igeaL RE = Signer toed = 10 tae RBs Bore wood = yee Forme tov casuaring creowng point Vee = Ves Vee ave Mec + teRe + Vee + FEPE Ves tere +ycE > StRE ee Wee Fe &erRZ7 VEE ——O Cltulesed eer pursing He pre fish gperevinng peci4 Vawe sf ze 29 me rom 23” G> Vec = vee vy] e | @ siev Fre second operanng ype cen be cecyseied altey DUA me vane oF NoE=2 fre e"_~@ mE Yee = se cherPe? tes YS -3/— yee Reee 4 Fee eth Co-geurcTRAN. Bim: APP SY Sunovy eK: See we 4gV Rea IRA ofp Y=A a BCSHF S OBSERVATION yABLE ofp pracntany voit: Z/p Joip Thewrialy A yiF ° | ) oO Resur: vo Design jrensister or oO swijeh IR Deswns ret ACT Gore why TIONSISIA APN Tumestax BC-S47, DIAM, Grew! board, HeRUP whe@) F.Y.B.S Characteristics of photocell Aim: To study the characteristics of photocell Apparatus: Photocell, D.C. micro ammeter (0-2501A), Monochromatic source Procedure: (1) Connect the two terminals of photocell apparatus to D.C. pA. (2) Switch on the photocell apparatus. (9) Measure the distance of photocell from the source lamp and note down the corresponding photo current reading from D.C. uA. (4) Change the distance between the photocell & the source lamp, write down the corresponding photocurrent reading from.D.C. yA. (5) Repeat the process (4) for other 10 different distances. (6) Draw the graph of photo current C versus distance d. 1 PI aay (7) Plot the graph of C—> z Observation Table : No. Distance between the photo cell & | Photo current C( pA) source lamp d (cm) ConCharacteristics ot Solar cell Aim: To study the characteristics of a solar cell and determine its fill-factor. Apparatus: Solar cell panel, an ammeter, 2 voltmeter, a resistance box, connecting wires etc. Circuit diagram: Procedure: Connect the circuit components as per the given circuit and get them checked. Set the solar cell for fix intensity of incident light. Measure Vee for R = o 9 and measure Isc for R= 09 Vary the load resistance R and measure corresponding voltage and current. Plot the graph of I V. Calculate fill-factor. 4: 2. 3. 4.Primary observations: (1) Vac __. volt (2) be = mA Calculation: Grap! Result: Fill-factor of solar cell = _ft and get them che a the lamp. lamp Tor various values of tance (R) | Power (P) jog P | jogh {ow | fps L } 1 | | | | | I 1 on fur} afi ifoo