ME 317

Basic
Occupational,
Safety and
Health (BOSH)
LECTURE 2
Occupational Safety
Safety and Health
01
1 Hazards
Unsafe Act and
02
2 Unsafe Condition
ACTIVITY ON GOOD
03
3 HOUSEKEEPING
Safety and Health
Hazards
Hazard
Potential source of harm or an adverse
health effect on the person involved.
 Possible
Sources of
Hazard

Health
Safety Hazard
Hazard
Safety Hazards
- Increase the risk level to which a person is
exposed and can bring immediate effect
Safety Hazards
- Anything that can cause
spills
- Tripping on cords running
across the floor
- Unguarded machines,
moving machine parts
- Electrical hazards
- Confined spaces
Health Hazards
- Hazards that affects the worker’s health
and bring delayed results
Health Hazards
Biological Hazards
Viruses, bacteria, fungi and
parasites
Chemical Hazards
Chemicals that cause illness, skin
irritations or breathing problems

Physical Hazards
Factors from the environment that can harm the
body without touching it
Health Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
Occur when body positions and
working conditions put strain on
worker’s body

Psychological Hazards
Work organization that cause
stress to workers
 Biological Hazards
Biological Hazards includes:
✓ Bacteria
✓ Virus
✓ Fungi
✓ Parasites
✓ Plants
CAN REPRODUCE UNDER FAVOURABLE LIVING
CONDITION

CAN BE PASSED FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER

1
 1

Controls: Provide nutritional supplements to workers with low immune system,

vaccinate against preventable diseases, maintain proper sanitation of air and
workplace, diagnose and treat underlying disease
2
 2

Reservoir is the source/host which allows the pathogen to live,

grow and multiply
3
 3

Refers to the route by which the infectious microorganisms

escape or leave the reservoir
 Mode of Escape Breaking the Link
Respiratory Tract ✓ Wear mask
- Droplets exhaled as spray ✓ Do not talk directly into
when coughing, sneezing, patient’s face
talking, singing ✓ Practice good cough etiquette
- Nose and throat secretion ✓ Perform good hand hygiene
Gastrointestinal Tract ✓ Handle and dispose of body
- By body discharge (Stool or secretions properly
vomit) ✓ Use of PPE
✓ Perform good housekeeping
Hepatitis A virus is shed in the
✓ Perform good hand hygiene
stool of the infected person
 Mode of Escape Breaking the Link
Skin ✓ Dispose of wound dressing
- Microorganism that leave the properly
body of the infected person by ✓ Use of PPE
wound drainage or through skin ✓ Perform good hand hygiene
lesions
Blood ✓ Safe handling of sharps
- Infection may occur when ✓ Use gloves for procedures
someone blood get into another where there is risk
person’s system of exposure to blood
✓ Use care in obtaining,
transporting and processing
specimens
✓ Perform good hand hygiene
4
Since microorganisms cannot travel on their own, they
require a vehicle to carry them to other persons and
places

4
5
 5

The path for the microorganism to get into a new host (the
reverse of the portal of exit). The mode of entry refers to the
method by which the pathogens enters the person.
 Mode of Entry Breaking the Link
Respiratory Tract ✓ Wear mask
- Small particles that result from ✓ Do not talk directly into patient’s
evaporation of droplets from the face
respiratory tract of infected ✓ Practice good cough etiquette
persons remain suspended in ✓ Perform good hand hygiene
the air of poorly ventilated
spaces for periods of time.
Gastrointestinal Tract ✓ Handle and dispose of body
- . Pathogenic microorganisms secretions properly
enter the body of a new host ✓ Use of PPE
when food or water ✓ Perform good housekeeping
contaminated by feces is ✓ Perform good hand hygiene
ingested (fecal/oral route)
 Mode of Entry Breaking the Link
Mucous Membranes ✓ Dispose of wound dressing
- Absorption of microorganisms properly
through exposed eyes, nose ✓ Use of PPE
and mouth ✓ Perform good hand hygiene
Skin ✓ Safe handling of sharps
- Microorganisms enter the ✓ Use gloves for procedures
body when a person comes where there is risk
into contact with wound of exposure to blood
drainage or skin secretions. ✓ Use care in obtaining,
transporting and processing
specimens
✓ Perform good hand hygiene
 Chemical Hazards
A chemical hazard is
a type of occupational
hazard caused by
exposure to chemicals
in the workplace
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓ Solid
✓ Liquid
✓ Gas
✓ Vapor
✓ Dust
✓ Fume
✓ Mist
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓Solid
Not hazardous unless present as small
particles such as dust.
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓Liquid
Most hazardous. Some liquids can
damage skin, some pass through the
skin and enter the body without
causing skin damage
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓ Gas
Consists of individual chemical
molecules dispersed in air, like oxygen,
at normal temperature and pressure
(flammable, explosive and toxic)
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓Gas
The presence of gas is difficult to
detect since it has no color or odor
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓ Vapor
Can be inhaled into the lungs, and may
irritate the eyes, skin or respiratory
tract
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓Dust
Small particles in the air.
Pulverized, ground, powdered solids
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓ Fume
Fine solid particles in the air which form
when solid chemicals are heated to
very high temperatures
(Metal fume fever, chills, body ache,
poisoning)
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards includes:
✓ Mist
Liquid particles of various size
produced by agitation or spraying of
liquid
(Pesticides)
 Chemical Hazards
Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity
Adverse effect of a Development of adverse
substance that result either effect as the result of long
from a single exposure or term exposure to toxinant
from multiple exposure in other stressor
short period of time
 Chemical Hazards
Acute
TOXICITYToxicity Chronic Toxicity
Adverse effect of a Development of adverse
- degree to which a chemical
substance that result either effect as the result of long
substance or a particular mixture
from a single exposure or
from multiple exposure in
term exposure to toxinant
other stressor
of substances can damage an
short period of time

organism
 Chemical Hazards
Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity
Adverse effect of a Development of adverse
Harmful in single or
substance that result either
Harmful upon
effect as the result of long
short
from aterm
singleexposure
exposure or repeated
term exposuredosage or
to toxinant
from multiple exposure in other stressor
lifetime exposure
short period of time
 Chemical Hazards

How chemicals
enter the body?
 Chemical Hazards

Chemicals can only be

ingested accidentally
when left on hand,
clothing, beard,
contaminated food
drinks or cigarettes.
 Chemical Hazards

Most common type of

exposure occurs when
you inhale a substance
into the lungs
Chemical Hazards
Chemical bronchitis
is when chemicals
cause nose or throat
irritation this results to
discomfort, coughing
or chest pain
Chemical Hazards

Chemicals penetrate through the skin

and enter the bloodstream
 Controls for Chemical Hazards

Practice proper personal hygiene

Ensure access of workers to washing facilities,

food storage and provide eating areas away from
work places
Biological monitoring helps in early determination
of disease cause by chemical in the work
environment
 Physical Hazards
A physical hazard is an
agent, factor or
circumstance that can
cause harm with
contact.

- Occupational
- Environmental
Physical Hazards
Physical Hazards includes:
✓ Excessive Noise
✓ Inadequate Illumination
✓ Extreme Temperature
✓ Extreme Pressure
✓ Vibration
✓ Inadequate Ventilation
✓ Radiation
 Physical Hazards
Noise may be a problem in a workplace if:
1. You hear ringing or humming in your ears when
you leave
2. You have to shout to be heard by a co-worker an
arm's length away.
3. You experience temporary hearing loss when
leaving work.
 Physical Hazards
Noise may
Exposure be alevel
to high problem in acan
of noise workplace if:
cause permanent
1. Youloss
hearing hear ringing or humming in your ears when
you leave
2. You have to shout to be heard by a co-worker an
Short term exposure to loud noise can cause
arm's length away.
temporary change in hearing (ear feeling stuffed
3. You experience temporary hearing loss when
or
ringing in your
leaving ears)
work.
 Physical Hazards
How does noise affects the ear?

EXPOSURE TO LOUD NOISE CAN

DESTROY HAIR CELLS AND CAUSE
HEARING LOSS
 Physical Hazards
How does noise affects the ear?
RULE 1055 EVALUATION OF DISSABILITY
HEARING LOSS IS PERMANENT PARTIAL
DISABILITY

EXPOSURE TO LOUD NOISE CAN

DESTROY HAIR CELLS AND CAUSE
HEARING LOSS
Physical Hazards
Noise level
 Physical Hazards
Noise level

Rule 1074 and Table 8B of OSH Standard discusses the

threshold limit value for noise and permissible noise exposure
 Physical Hazards

Source: OSH Standard

 Physical Hazards
Reducing Noise Hazards

1. Engineering Controls
2. Distance
3. Hearing Conservation Program
4. PPE
 Physical Hazards Modifying or replacing
equipment, making related
Reducing Noise Hazards changes and improvement on
the noise source to reduce the
1. Engineering Controlsnoise level at the worker’s ear
2. Distance
3. Hearing Conservation Program
4. PPE
Controlling noise
exposure by distance is
effective, simple and
inexpensive
administrative control

ALWAYS REMEMBER
THE ARM’S LENGTH
RULE
 Physical Hazards
Reducing Noise Hazards

1. Engineering Controls
2. Distance
3. Hearing Conservation Program
4. PPE / HPD
CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
OSHS TABLE 8B PERMISSIBLE NOISE
EXPOSURE
 Physical Hazards
Reducing Noise Hazards

1. Engineering Controls
2. Distance
3. Hearing Conservation Program
4. PPE / HPD
HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES (HPD)
- EARMUFFS AND PLUGS
Physical Hazards
Illumination

OSH Standard Rule 1075

“All places where persons work or pass or may have
to work or pass in emergencies, shall be provided
during time of use with adequate natural lighting or
artificial lighting or both, suitable for the operation
and the special type of work performed.”
Physical Hazards
Illumination

OSH Standard Rule 1075

✓ NATURAL LIGHTING (skylight/windows)

✓ ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING QUALITY

✓ INTENSITY

✓ EMERGENCY LIGHT
Physical Hazards
Illumination

✓ INTENSITY
- 20 lux yards & roadway
- 50 lux passageway, corridor, warehouse
- 100 lux boiler room
(complete list OSHS Table 8C pg203-204)
Physical Hazards
Illumination

✓ EMERGENCY LIGHT
- at least 1 hr with minimum intensity of 5
lux and should have energy source
independent to general lighting
Physical Hazards
Illumination Potential Hazards

✓ Slip, trip and fall

✓ Electric shock and burns
✓ Inability to exit the area
Physical Hazards
Requirement and Example Solution

✓ Lights must be equipped with heavy

electric cords
✓ Light should not be suspended in an
electric cord
✓ Lighting must be equipped with
overcurrent protections like fuses and
breakers
Physical Hazards
Requirement and Example Solution

✓ Provide portable emergency light to

workers
✓ Worker’s must not enter dark spaces
without any portable light
✓ Torches should not be used to illuminate
work areas
Physical Hazards
Heat
Office/Workplace temperature and
humidity are matters of human
comfort. (23-26 deg C, humidity 20%-
60%)
Physical Hazards
Heat
Outdoor operations requires worker to wear
semipermeable or impermeable protective
clothing
Physical Hazards
Engineering Controls for Heat
✓ General ventilation
✓ Air treatment/ air cooling
✓ Fans
✓ Shields
✓ Insulation
Physical Hazards
Engineering Controls for Heat
✓ General ventilation
Ventilation is used to dilute hot air with
cooler air
Physical Hazards
General Ventilation
Physical Hazards
Engineering Controls for Heat
✓ Air treatment / air cooling
Reduce the temperature of the air by
removing heat from the air
Physical Hazards
Air treatment/air cooling
Physical Hazards
Engineering Controls for Heat
✓ Fans
Increasing both the convective heat
exchange between the skin surface and the
surrounding air and the rate of evaporation
Physical Hazards
Fans
Physical Hazards
Engineering Controls for Heat
✓ Shield and Insulation
Reduce radiant heat
Interrupt the path between the source
and the worker
Physical Hazards
Shield and Insulation
Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomics
The science that studies
and evaluates a full
range of task including
lifting, holding, pushing,
walking and reaching.
Ergonomic Hazards

Ergonomic Injuries

Cumulative Trauma Strains/Sprains

Disorders (CTD) (instantaneous/event
(exposure driven) driven)
Ergonomic Hazards
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD)
✓ Tendon disorder
- repeated rubbing against ligaments and bone

✓ Nerve disorder
- repeated or sustained exposure to sharp edges,
bones, ligament and tendon

✓ Neurovascular disorder
- repeated exposure to vibration and low temperature
Ergonomic Hazards
Strains and Sprains
✓ Injury to connective tissue caused by
single forceful event (lifting heavy objects
in awkward position)
✓ Common to large body parts (back, legs,
shoulders)
✓ Risk of injury increases with the presence
of multiple risk factors and repetition
Ergonomic Hazards
Strains and Sprains
Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomic Risk Factors
✓ Exerting excessive force
✓ Performing the same task repetitively
✓ Working in awkward position or being in that
position for a long period of time
✓ Localized pressure into the body part
✓ Cold temperature
✓ Vibration
✓ Combined exposure to several risk factors
Ergonomic Hazards

Address the occupational health

Safety and Health and safety issues and concerns
related to the wearing of high-
Measures for heeled female shoes and/or
DO 178 s. Workers who by standing at work for long
2017 Nature of their periods, such as strain on the
lower limbs, aching muscles,
Work have to hazardous pressure on hip, knee
Stand at Work and ankle joints and sore feet.
Ergonomic Hazards
 Ergonomic Hazards

Source: DOLE report for Issuance of DO 178 and DO 184

Ergonomic Hazards

Address the occupational health

Safety and Health and safety issues and concerns
Measures for related to the sedentary work or
sitting while working for long
DO 184 s. Workers who by
periods, such as musculoskeletal
2017 Nature of their disorders, high blood pressure,
Work have to Sit heart disease, anxiety, diabetes,
obesity etc.
at Work
Ergonomic Hazards
Address the occupational health
and safety issues and concerns
Safety and Health related to the sedentary work
Measures for Workers or sitting while working for
DO 184 s.
who by Nature of their long periods, such as
2017
Work have to Sit at musculoskeletal disorders, high
Work blood pressure, heart disease,
anxiety, diabetes, obesity etc.
 Ergonomic Hazards
Address the occupational health
and safety issues and concerns
Safety and Health related to the sedentary work
Measures for Workers or sitting while working for
DO 184 s.
who by Nature of their long periods, such as
2017
Work have to Sit at musculoskeletal disorders, high
Work blood pressure, heart disease,
anxiety, diabetes, obesity etc.

Source: DOLE report for Issuance of DO 178 and DO 184

 Psychological Hazards
Factors that causing
stress to a worker. This
kind of hazards troubles
an individual very much
to an extent that his/her
general well-being is
affected
Psychological Hazards
Impact or Health indices
✓ Increased absenteeism
✓ Poor work performance
✓ Health problems
✓ Staff turnover
✓ Depression, anxiety
✓ Reduced job satisfaction and motivation
Psychological Hazards
Managing Psychological Risk
✓ Manage self talk
- Alter irrational beliefs
- Take it less seriously
- Take the threat into opportunity
Psychological Hazards
Managing Psychological Risk
✓ Utilize available coping resources
- Social support
- Belief and Faith
- Work-life balance
Psychological Hazards
Managing Psychological Risk
✓ Control physical stress
responses
- Breathing method
- Muscle relaxation
Psychological Hazards
Managing Psychological Risk
✓ Manage actions
✓ Maintain heath buffers
✓ Avoid maladaptive reaction to stress
Safety Hazards
Safety Hazards
- Increase the risk level to which a person is
exposed and can bring immediate effect
Safety Hazards
• Hazards due to poor housekeeping
• Fire hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Machine hazards
• Hazards from improper material
handling and storage
Housekeeping
• Keeping your workplace orderly,
organized, clean and safe
• It lessens accidents, injuries and
illnesses
Sign of Poor Housekeeping
Sign of Poor
Housekeeping
• Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
• Untidy piling of materials
• Presence of items no longer needed or in
excess
• Blocked aisles and exits
• Dusty floors and work surfaces
Sign of Poor
Housekeeping
• Tools and equipment left in work area
• Overflowing waste bins and containers
• Overcrowded/disorderly shelves and
storage areas
• Presence of spills and leaks
Some hazards due to
poor housekeeping
• Hit by falling objects
• Tripping
• Slipping
The 5s of Good
Housekeeping
• This are practices used to
establish and maintain safe and
quality environment in an
organization
The 5s of Good
Housekeeping
• Sort
• Set in order
• Shine
• Standardize
• Sustain
The 5s of Good
Housekeeping
• Sort • Safety
• Systematize • Spirit
• Sweep
• Standardize
• Self-displine
Good Housekeeping/5S
Habits
• Make time for housekeeping
• Evaluate workplace
• Remove hazards before starting your
work
• Turn equipment off after using it
• Clean as you go
• Never ignore safety hazards
Benefits of 5S
• Increase productivity and efficiency
• Improve product quality
• Reduce manufacturing cost
• Ensure on-time delivery
• Provide a safe working environment
• Improve company image.
How to implement 5s
• Management commitment and
employee support
• 5s program and procedures
• Training
• Program evaluation
• 5s award system
How to implement 5s
• Management commitment and
employee support
• 5s program and procedures
• Training
• Program evaluation
• 5s award system
Safety Hazards
• Hazards due to poor housekeeping
• Fire hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Machine hazards
• Hazards from improper material
handling and storage
Fire Hazards
• Fire is a rapid chemical process in
which oxygen combines with another
substance in the presence of the
source of heat energy.
Fire Hazards
What is combustion?
Reactions where a fuel is ignited in
the presence of oxygen to produce heat,
light and an oxide compound
Fire Hazards
The Fire Triangle
Fire Hazards
The Fire Triangle
Smothering
Cooling

Starvation
Causes of Fire
1. Arson
2. Discarded cigarettes and matches
3. Faulty equipment
4. Flammable liquids
5. Hot processes
6. Heating appliances
7. Combustible waste
Classification of Fire
Classification of Fire
The main type of
portable fire fighting
equipment.

These are designed to

be carried to the point of
the fire and operated by
hand.
 1 6

2 7

4 9

5
CHECK THE GAUGE
CHECK THE PIN
PRACTICE P.A.S.S.
Safety Hazards
• Hazards due to poor housekeeping
• Fire hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Machine hazards
• Hazards from improper material
handling and storage
Electrical Hazards
● 20-30% of all the accidental fires in
residential, commercial establishment
and restaurants are cause by faulty
wiring and equipment
Electrical Injuries
4 Main types
1. Electrical Shock
2. Electrocution
3. Burns
4. Falls
Electrical Injuries
4 Main types
1. Electrical Shock
2. Electrocution Direct
3. Burns
4. Falls Electrocution – results in internal and
external injury to body parts or the entire
body - resulting to death
Electrical Injuries
4 Main types
1. Electrical Shock
2. Electrocution
3. Burns
4. Falls Indirect
 Electrical Shock
- Received when
electrical current passes
through the body
 Electrical Shock
✓ Touching live wire and
an electrical ground

✓ Touching live wire and

another wire at
different voltage
 Electrical Shock
- Current above 10 mA
can paralyze or freeze
muscles

- Current more than 75

mA can cause a rapid,
ineffective heartbeat
Shock Severity
Shock severity depends on:
1. Path of current through the body
2. Amount of current flowing through the
body
3. Duration of the shocking current
through the body
Non-Fatal Electrical Shock Injury
● Electrical Burn
Occurs when you
touch electrical wiring or
equipment that is
improperly used or
maintained
Non-Fatal Electrical Shock Injury
● Fall
Factors that Cause Electrical
Accident
1. Unsafe equipment and/or installation

2. Workplaces made unsafe by the

environment

3. Unsafe work practices

Factors that Cause Electrical
Accident
Factors that Cause Electrical
Accident
Control Measures
● Check before use
● Insulate live wire
● Remove cord by
pulling on the plugs
● Modified cords must
be taken out of
service immediately
Overload Circuit
● Too many devices
plugged into a
circuit/power outlet
Preventing Electrical Hazard
▪ Plan your work and plan for safety
▪ Avoid wet working condition and other dangers
▪ Use extension cord properly

▪ Make temporary wiring safe

▪ Avoid wearing loose conductive cloths
▪ Wear PPE
Preventing Electrical Hazard

LOCK OUT / TAG OUT

(LOTO)
Preventing Electrical Hazard

Obey All Signs and Barriers

Use signs, symbols, tags and
barricades to warn personnel of
potential electrical hazard in the
workplace
Preventing Electrical Hazard

PPE for Electrical Hazards

1. Proper foot protection
2. Rubber insulating gloves, hoods, sleeves,
matting and blanket
3. Hard hat (insulated – nonconductive)
Preventing Electrical Hazard
Safety Hazards
• Hazards due to poor housekeeping
• Fire hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Machine hazards
• Hazards from improper material
handling and storage
Sources of Machine Hazard
● Rotating Parts / Motion
● Nip point / Pinch point
● Reciprocating Motion
● Traversing Motion
● Between Rotating Part and
Tangentially Moving Part
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
● Rotating Parts /
Motion
Fan, shaft, wheel,
pulley, sprockets
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
● Nip point / Pinch point
Created by two or more rotating parts
in opposite direction
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded

●Reciprocating Motion
The back-and-forth or up-and-
down motion of machine
Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
 Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
● Traversing Motion
Continuous straight
line action and in-
running nip point
 Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
● Between Rotating Part and
Tangentially Moving Part

Chain and Sprocket

 Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
● Between Rotating Part and
Tangentially Moving Part

Rack and Pinion

 Types of Machine Motion and Parts
to be Guarded
● Between Rotating Part and
Tangentially Moving Part

Belt and Pulley

Effects of Machine Related
Accidents
● Severe accident to death
● Loss of trained and skilled
employee
● Damaged equipment
● Loss in productivity
Machine Safety
● Safeguarding Method
To protect operator and employees
from the hazards inherent in operating
machines and equipment
MACHINE GUARDING
To protect the machine operator and
other employees in the work area
from hazards created by machine
Classification of Machine Guard
1. Guard
- Fixed
- Interlocked
- Adjustable
- Self-adjusting
 Interlocked Guarding
● When this type of
guard is opened or
removed the
machine
automatically
shuts-off and
disengages.
Adjustable Guarding

● Adjustable guards are useful because they

allow flexibility in accommodating various
sizes of stock
Self - Adjustable Guarding

● This guard protects the operator by placing a

barrier between the danger area and
operator

● Made of plastic or metal

Self - Adjustable Guarding
Classification of Machine Guard
2. Devices
stops the machine if
hand or any parts of
the body is
inadvertently placed
in the danger area
Classification of Machine Guard
2. Devices
restrain or withdraw
the operator’s hand
from the danger
during operation
Classification of Machine Guard
Two-Hand Control Device
Basic of Machine Guarding
First Choice Engineering Control -Work station design
(EC) -Process modification
-Tool selection and
design
-Mechanical assist
Second Choice Administrative control -Training Programs
(AC) -Job
rotation/enlargement
-Policy and procedures
Third choice / Last Personal Protective -Gloves
choice Equipment (PPE) -Shields
-Non-slip shoes
-Eye protection
-Aprons
Safety Hazards
• Hazards due to poor housekeeping
• Fire hazards
• Electrical hazards
• Machine hazards
• Hazards from improper material
handling and storage
Material Handling
● A technique which includes the art of lifting,
placing, storing or moving of material through
the use of appropriate handling equipment
and men
Material Handling
● Manual Material Handling
- lifting, transporting and packaging of
product using own physical strength

● Mechanical Material Handling

- more rigid, powered or non-powered
mechanics mainly for handling bulky and heavy
items
Types of Manual Material Handling
Accident
● Physical strain
● Falling
● Falling of loads
● Collision
● Hits
● Cuts
● Trapped between object
Types of Manual Material Handling
Injuries
● Bending back
● Twisting with load
● Attempting too much weight
● Reaching too far
● Lifting to one side
● Off-balance shifting
● Failure to use PPE
Precautions in Manual Material
Handling
● Familiarize with the hazard associated
with the material or load

● Examine the surrounding area

● Get a firm grip of the object

Precautions in Manual Material
Handling
● Use necessary PPE

● Lift gradually

● Follow proper lifting method

Proper Lifting Posture
Proper Lifting Posture
Mechanical Material Handling
• Hand truck
• Wheelbarrow
• Cart
• Drum tilter
• Trolley
• Hand pallet
• Pulley
Mechanical Material Handling
Power driven
• Forklift
• Cranes
• Tow trucks
• Conveyors
• Power driven hoist
• Motorized power
jack
• elevators
Mechanical Material Handling
Safety Practices
● Operators must be authorized
● Operators must undergo skills training
● Handlers and operators must be
trained in safety and health
● Equipment must be regularly inspected
and maintained
Material Storage General
Requirements
● Storage areas should have at least 2
exits
● Should be properly illuminated and
ventilated
● Materials are properly identified and
labelled
● Restrict access
Material Handling and Storage
Safety Program
An effective Material Handling and
Storage Program must have the
following:
1. Inspection, maintenance and testing
2. Authorization of Mechanical Handling
Equipment Operators
Material Handling and Storage
Safety Program
An effective Material Handling and
Storage Program must have the
following:

3. Safety Training for personnel

4. Labeling and compilation of chemicals
Material Handling and Storage
Safety Program
An effective Material Handling and
Storage Program must have the
following:

5. Compliance to OSH Rule 1150

6. Emergency response and
preparedness plan
Unsafe Act and
Unsafe Condition
Accident
✓ Unplanned event results in mishap
(personal or property damage)

✓ Result of the failure of human,

equipment, materials or environment
Accident
Unexpected Damage to
Unforeseen property
Unplanned Personal Injury
Unwanted Loss or death
 88% 10% 2%
Unsafe Unsafe Acts of ACCIDENT
Act Cond God
 Unsafe Act
A human action that departs from a
standard or written job procedure
or common practice, safety rules,
regulations or instructions.
VIOLATION OF COMMONLY ACCEPTED SAFE PROCEDURES
OR PROCESSES
Unsafe Act
✓ Operating equipment without
authority
✓ Disregard SOP
✓ Removing safety devices
✓ Using defective equipment
Unsafe Act
✓ Improper/ non-use of PPE
✓ Horseplay
✓ Wilful intent to injure
✓ Working while under the influence
of alcohol or drugs
Unsafe Condition
The physical or chemical property of a
material, machine or the environment
that may result in injury to a person,
damage or destruction to property and
other losses
Unsafe Condition
✓ Inadequate machine guard /
protection
✓ Overloaded electric outlet / extension
✓ Inadequate warning systems
✓ Fire and explosion hazards
Unsafe Condition
✓ Slippery floors
✓ Damaged and electrical wirings
✓ Excessive noise
✓ Radiation exposure
✓ Inadequate illumination/ventilation
Next Topic:
Industrial Hygiene
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)