Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LXVI, No.

1, 2023
ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785

RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONSERVATIVE TILLAGE

SYSTEM ON MAIZE CULTURE, AN AGROTECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
ALTERNATIVE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, UNDER THE
CONDITIONS OF A.R.D.S. PITESTI - ALBOTA

Ilie Cătălin DINUȚĂ1, 2, Doru Ioan MARIN1

1
University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest,
59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, Bucharest, Romania
2
Agricultural Research and Development Station Pitesti-Albota, Pitesti-Slatina Road km 5,
117030, Pitesti, Romania

Corresponding author email: catalindinuta@yahoo.com

Abstract

The research was carried out in the experimental field in the ARDS Pitesti area on the typical luvosol soil. The paper
contains results obtained in 2022 regarding the effect of pedo-ameliorative and basic soil works - classic and
unconventional system direct sowing - on agricultural maize crops. The yields were influenced by the factors studied
(scarified, nonscarified; the working depth of the basic soil works), but also by the climatic conditions recorded during
the research period. The average grain maize yield in 2022 was 7707 kg/ha in the conventional system with the
scarified soil variant and 6681 kg/ha in the conventional system with the nonscarified soil variant with a difference of
1026 kg/ha in the advantage of the scarified soil variants. From an economic point of view, the most efficient soil tillage
system, in the ARDS Pitesti-Albota area, for maize culture is the conventional deep plowing scarified system that
ensures superior profitability compared to the conservative system sown directly because of the achieved yield.

Key words: direct sowing, economic efficiency, maize yield, tillage system.

INTRODUCTION place it occupies in the structure of agricultural

crops. Soil work has bееn a fundamental part of
Currently, the conservative (unconventional) agriculturе sincе thе bеginning and sеrvеd
works of the soil define extremely varied sеvеral important purposеs: prеparing thе
processes, from direct sowing (no-tillage, direct gеrmination bеd, rеducing soil compaction in
drill) in unprocessed soil to deep loosening ordеr to incrеasе aеration and bеtter
without turning the furrow. Between these two development of the plant root system, reducing
extremes there are variants such as: reduced the degree of weeding, incorporating fertilizers
works (classically rationalized), minimum and amendments, managing plant debris (Niţă,
works (with coverage below 30%, minimum 2007; Niţă et al., 2018, Niţă et al., 2019).
tillage), minimum works with vegetal mulch Thеsе consеrvativе tеchnologiеs havе
(with coverage over 30%, tillage mulch), significantly contributеd to strеngthеning and
sowing on balls (ridge tillage), partial works or improvеmеnt of soil fеrtility and productivity
in strips (strip till, till areas), works with and consеquеntly othеr еnvironmеntal
protective layer (cover crops, catch crops) etc. rеsourcеs (Guș, 1997).
This terminology highlights the specific For rеducing fuеl consumption and to avoid
character that defines that process applied at a incrеasеd soil subsidеncе through rеpеatеd
certain time, in a certain area, in accordance machinеs passing on thе ground that lеad to thе
with the local specificity (Griffith et al., 1992; worsеning of thе physical propеrtiеs of soil, it
Horn and Arvidsson, 2000; Moroizumi and acts in thе dirеction of thе numbеr of soil works
Horino, 2002; Guş et al., 2003). Maize is an or to pеrform, in a singlе pass, a multiplе
important agricultural crop, both in Romania opеrations through minimum systеm works
and globally, which is evident from the (Șimon еt al., 2013).
extensive areas on which it is cultivated and the
54
Changing yield technologies, through the use of The experience had a stationary character and
performance machines, as we all know, require was located in the experimental field of ARDS
extensive research to understand their long- Pitesti, located at an altitude of 287 m, latitude
term effects on the physical, chemical and of 44ᵒ51'30'', 24ᵒ52'30″ in the year 2022, in a
biological properties of soils (Mihalache, 2012; three-year crop rotation: 1. weeding plants
2015; Marin, 2015). (maize); 2. annual leguminous plants (peas); 3.
In the concept of sustainable agriculture grains (wheat).
development, it is unanimously accepted that The soil on which the research was carried out
there is no valid universal tillage system due to is a typical luvosol, with a clay texture (clay
local differences, especially climate and soil, content 46%), poorly supplied with nitrogen
but also due to the technical level of equipment. and phosphorus (Nt = 0.130 %mg, PAL
Soil conservation systems in different areas 33 mg/kg), moderately supplied with potassium
must have specific characteristics in relation to (KAL = 89 mg./kg) with a humus content in the
the ecological particularities of the place and arable horizon of 2.26% and pH = 5.3.
the technological characteristics of the culti- The experimental scheme used (Table 1) was
vated plants, so that differentiation becomes that of subdivided plots laid out according to
mandatory (Canarache, 1999; Guş et al., 2004). the method of completely randomized blocks in
The maize, being a species with a high diver- four repetitions.
sity of varieties, with many genetic,
morphological and physiological differences, is Table 1.The experimental scheme
considered a plant with high ecological plas- SPECIFICATION Soil tillage variant (B)
ticity, respectively easily adaptable to
A1 b1- deep plowing 28-30 cm
environmental conditions (Carena, 2010; b2- normal plowing 23-25 cm
Tritean, 2015). SCARIFIED SOIL b3-disc
According to the research carried out, it shows b4- direct sowing
that maize is picky about tillage, soil type, A2 b1-deep plowing 28-30 cm;
climatic conditions, yield results confirming b2- normal plowing 23-25 cm
NONSARIFIED b3-disc
this (Chetan et al., 2014). SOIL b4- direct sowing
The research carried out confirms that the work
which include plowing have a major impact on
soil structure and fertility (El Titi, 2003), bare The main plots were assigned both in scarified
soil is exposed to the precipitation and the wind soil and in nonscarified land, and the subplots,
that accentuates erosion processes, productivity for tillage systems, contain four plots each with
reduction and quality (Lal et al., 2007). the gradations: (deep plowing, normal plowing,
The main characteristic of minimum tillage disc and direct sowing).
systems is soil conservation, maintaining a The surface of an individual plot was 560 m2
proper soil organic matter ratio and amelio- (5.6 x 100 m).
ration the activity of microorganisms (Ulich et The influence of tillage systems was
al., 2006; Sarauskis et al., 2009). determined under loosening and no-tilling
conditions, work carried out only at the
MATERIALS AND METHODS establishment of the experiment, in the fall of
2021 with the scarifier MAS 5 at a depth of 40-
The paper analyzes and presents the results of 45 cm, the maize crop benefiting from the
the research carried out in the year 2022, on effects of loosening in the first year of culture.
some systems and variants of soil works for the The vegetable remains of the preceding crop
maize yield, under the conditions of the ARDS (straw) were chopped and spread evenly on the
Pitesti-Albota and their correlation with the land, simultaneously with its harvesting. In the
obtained yields. spring, two weeks before sowing, a total
The final purpose of these experiences is the weeding with glyphosate active substance
establishment of the best tillage system, in the (1 kg/ha) was applied to the uncultivated plots
pedoclimatic conditions of ARDS Pitesti- to control weeds.
Albota, following the yield results obtained.

55
Sowing in the conventional system was carried The climate data of the 7 months characterizes
out on the date 15.04.2022, with the SPC8 the year 2022 as hot and dry, an atypical year,
sowing machine, at a sowing depth of 4-5 cm, with low temperatures in March and April
using the Olt maize hybrid with good (with negative deviation from the multiannual
adaptability to the climatic conditions in the average of: -1.19°C in March and April and
area, with a norm of seed of 20 kg/ha, with positive deviation in the months May
corresponding to a sowing density of 58.000 (0.8°C), June (2.1°C), July (2.07°C) and
germinating seeds/ha, and in the non- August (2.43°C), with large day-night
conventional no-till system sown directly in the temperature alternations, but also from day to
stubble, the sowing was also carried out on the day and with quantitatively lower precipitation
date 15.04.2022, with the Mzuri Pro-Til 3T than multiannual average (Figure 1).
Select sowing machine of at ETU-Farm, In the 2022 agricultural year, the average
observing the same strict technological annual temperature was 16.75°C, exceeding the
conditions as in the conventional system. multiannual average temperature of 15.91°C by
Before sowing, N16P16K16 complex fertilizers 0.84°C (Figure 1).
were applied, 60 kg s.a./ha.
Immediately after sowing, the entire surface
was herbicided with Dual Gold, 1.3 l/ha and
Gardoprim, 4l/ha. The crop harvesting was
carried out on the date 16.09.2022.
The experimental data were processed through
variance analysis and the establishment of limit
differences (Anova test).
From the climate point of view, ARDS Pitesti
is located in an area with a temperate
continental climate, with a multiannual average
temperature of the last 50 years of 10.7°C.
Figure 2. The monthly sum rainfall registered in the
Temperatures and rainfall registered during the
period March-September 2022
agricultural year (March-September) were
monitored for maize, in order to follow the
influence of environmental factors on the The multiannual sum rainfalls are 683.1 mm. It
evolution of plants from the first phases of should be emphasized that their distribution is
vegetation to harvesting. totally uneven, both from one year to another
Climatic data were registered at the and within a year.
meteorological station of ARDS Pitesti Albota, The rainfalls sum registered in the period
located about 750 m from the experimental March - September 2022 was 407.7, with a
field. The climatic conditions of the research deficit of -54 mm, than the multiannual sum of
years 2022 are presented in Figure 1. 461.7 mm (Figure 2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The increase in the average annual temperature,

as well as the uneven distribution of
precipitation, inevitably leads to the approach
of unconventional tillage options that facilitate
the accumulation and preservation of water in
the soil (Popa et al., 2019; Chețan, 2020;
Chețan et al., 2021).
The basic soil works carried out in the two
systems: classic system with plowing and
conservative direct seeding system experienced
Figure 1. The monthly average temperature registered in in the Agrotechnics-Soil Works laboratory at
the period March-September 2022 the ARDS Pitesti-Albota, influenced the yields.
56
The yields were influenced by the factors a lower temperature, a higher relative humidity,
studied (scarified, not scarified; the working a lower development of the root system is
depth of the basic soil works), but also by the recorded in the soil, which causes the
climatic conditions recorded during the phenomenon of slow plant growth, in the first
research period. part of the vegetation period. As the plants
advance in vegetation, the gap in their growth
The influence of the tillage system on the and development gradually diminishes, so that
average height of the maize crop until the flowering and maturity of the plants,
In the version sown directly in the stubble due the differences between the tillage variants are
to the presence of plant residues on the surface, reduced (Figure 3).

250 215 226 223

209 212 208
194
200
162
150
100 97 105 104 99 97
90
100 75

50
11 8
0 0
deep normal -6 disc direct deep normal disc -3 direct -7
-50 plowing plowing -21 sowing plowing plowing sowing
-53
-100 nonscarified soil scarified soil
plants height (cm) % Difference
LSD 5%=7.5 LSD 1%=11.1 LSD 0.1%=19.2

Figure 3. The influence of the tillage system on the average height of the maize crop

The influence of the pedoameliorative and In Figure 4 shows results regarding the effect
basic soil work system on the maize crop of applying the pedoameliorative and basic soil
work system to the maize crop.

10000 8,748
8,134
7,620 7,331 7,634
8000
6,510 6,315
6000 5,264

4000

2000 1,128
100 96 85 69
115 107 514 100 14 83
0 0
deep normal-288 disc direct deep normal disc direct
-2000 plowing plowing -1,110 sowing plowing plowing sowing
-2,356 -1,306
-4000 nonscarified soil scarified soil

Yield kg/ha % Difference

LSD 5%=318.03 LSD 1%=503.58 LSD 0.1%=1016.90

Figure 4. Grain maize yield (kg/ha)

The pedoameliorative work (scarification) of yield in both tillage systems in the experimental
the soil carried out in 2021 brought increases in field.

57
The average grain yield in 2022 was conservative system nonscarified soil directly
7,707 kg/ha in the scarified soil variant and sown with only 5,264 kg/ha.
6,681 kg/ha in the nonscarified soil variant with From the results obtained, it is found that the
a difference of 1,026 kg/ha in favor of the value of grain maize yield, in the conventional
scarified soil variants. tillage system, is higher than in the
The average grain maize yield in 2022 with the conservative direct sowing system. Comparing
highest value was recorded in the conventional the two tillage systems, a difference of
system, the scarified soil variant, deep plowed 2,356 kg/ha is observed, in the variants with
with a value of 8,748 kg/ha, followed by the nonscarified soil and a difference of
normal plowed scarified soil variant with 1,306 kg/ha in the variants with scarified soil.
8,134 kg/ha, discussed with 7,634 kg/ha and
directly sown with 6,315 kg/ha and as yield The influence of the pedoameliorative and
with the lowest value was registered in the basic soil work system on total biomass yield

25000 23,200
21,576 21,293
20,144
20000 18,680
17,006 16,209
15000 13,817

10000

5000
1,624
100 93 108 99
0 79 64 87 75
0 -283
deep normal disc direct deep normal disc direct
-1,432
-5000 plowing plowing sowing plowing plowing -2,896 sowing
-4,571
-7,759 -5,367
nonscarified soil scarified soil
-10000
Yield kg/ha % Difference
LSD 5%=303.36 LSD 1%=427.78 LSD 0.1%=637.27

Figure 5. Maize Biomass yield (kg/ha)

Following the influence of the In the scarified soil variant, the highest biomass
pedoameliorative and basic soil works system yield value of the Olt hybrid maize was also
on the total biomass yield in the nonscarified recorded in the deep plowed variant, 23,200
soil variant, it can be observed, from the data kg/ha, followed by the normal plowed variant,
presented in Figure 5, that in the period of 21,293 kg/ha, disk 18,680 kg/ha and direct
2022, the highest yield in the experimental area sowing 16,209 kg/ha.
was recorded in the deep plowed variant (28- The conservative system registers very
30 cm), with a value of 21,576 kg/ha, followed significantly negative differences compared to
by the normal plow variant with a yield of the conventional system with values of 7,759
20,144 kg/ha, disc with a yield of 17,006 kg/ha, kg/ha, in the nonscarified soil variant and of
respectively direct sowing 13,817 kg/ha. 5,367 kg/ha in the scarified soil variant.

58
 350 318
311 305
294 287
300 279
262
245
250

200

150
100 95 90 102 98
100 79 92 84

50 13,011
7 6,505 9,059
0 0
deep normal disc direct deep normal -6 disc direct
-50 plowing plowing -17 -32 sowing plowing plowing -24 sowing
-49
-100 nonscarified soil -66 scarified soil DL5% DL1% DL0,1%
TGW (g) % Difference

LSD 5%=6.50 LSD 1%=9.05 LSD 0.1%=13.01

Figure 6. The influence of the system of pedoameliorative and basic soil works on the absolute mass of TGW

Influenced by the tillage system, the average the necessary costs to apply an optimal
thousand grain weight of the maize Olt hybrid technology to agricultural crops can be
varies with statistically assured differences in reduced. In the conservative system, on
the conventional system versus the nonscarified soil, the fuel consumption was
conservative system. Thus, compared to the 38.6 l/ha, while in the classic system the fuel
conventional system, in the direct sown consumption was 66.4 l/ha. Comparing the two
conservative system, the thousand grain weight tillage systems shows a higher fuel
(TGW) was -66 g lower in the direct sown consumption in the classic system by 27.8 l/ha.
nonscarified soil variant and -49 g lower in the
scarified soil variant, both differences being
very significantly negative from a statistical
point of view (Figure 6).

Economic efficiency of maize crop,

comparison between soil tillage (lei/ha)
The main characteristic of conservative systems
refers to the reduction of fuel consumption by
reducing or eliminating the number of
technological works to reduce costs in order to
achieve agricultural yield. In addition to the
fuel economy achieved following the
application of conservative tillage systems, the
degree of soil degradation and environmental
pollution with CO2 is reduced. In order to
introduce some tillage variants in a technology Figure 7. Total diesel consumption (l/ha)
of cultivated plants, it is necessary to know the
level of suitability of the soil for different On the scarified soil, in the conservative tillage
processing methods. system, the fuel consumption was 62.6 l/ha,
The main agrotechnical factors (soil work, while in the classic system the fuel
fertilization, plant protection and harvesting) consumption was 90.4 l/ha (Figure 7).
are the biggest energy consumers, soil work The fuel consumption was influenced by the
and crop fertilization being technological stages tillage method. Scarification, soil improvement
at which, by introducing conservative systems,

59
work and ploughing, as a basic work, consume maize yield in 2022 was 6315 kg/ha in the
the largest amount of fuel in the total of a scarified soil variant and 5264 kg/ha in the
culture system (24 l/ha and 22 l/ha nonscarified soil variant, with a difference of
respectively). 1051 kg/ha in favor of the scarified soil
The average grain maize yield in 2022 was variants.
8748 kg/ha in the conventional system with the From the analysis of the presented data, it
scarified soil variant and 7260 kg/ha in the follows that the scarification work brings a
conventional system with the nonscarified soil significant increase in yield to both soil work
variant with a difference of 1488 kg/ha in favor systems, achieving a profit of 1858 lei/ha in the
of the scarified soil variants (Figures 7, 8). In conventional system and 1159 lei/ha in the
the conservative system, the average grain conservative system.

13997
14000
11616
12000 10104
10000 8422 8748 9147
7368
8000 7260 6315
5264 5595
60004248 4514 4850 4509
3908
4000
2000 585 742 554 714
173 135 188 124
0
-2000
-4000 -2854 -3552

Yield cost ( lei/ha) Physical Yield (kg/ha)

Total income ( lei) Net income ( lei/ha)
Cost price (lei/to) Difference
Advantage

Figure 8. Economic efficiency of maize crop, comparison between soil tillage systems -
nonscarified soil and scarified soil

Although the scarification work has a high cost (9147 lei) with a higher yield compared to the
price (523 lei/ha), I recommend that it be value recorded in the conservative system.
executed, because it has a high economic In the results presented in Table 2, the
efficiency and a number of advantages by conventional system with nonscarified soil
changing the physico-chemical and biological generates a yield of 1.73 lei per 1 leu of
conditions in the soil, as well as a regime operating expenses, while the direct seeded
favorable aerohydric, which positively system generates 1.15 lei of profit per 1 leu of
influences plant development and current operating expenses.
yields. Referring to the total expenses for the In the conventional system, in the scarified soil
achievement of a work system, we observe variant, the yield is 1.88 lei per 1 leu of
from table 2 that in the classic system the cost operating expenses compared to the
is 4248 lei/ha, and when is applied the conservative, direct-sown system where the
conservative system (direct sowing) the cost is yield was 1.24 lei profit per 1 leu of operating
reduced by 8.1%, 3908 lei/ha, in the expenses.
nonscarified soil. From an economic point of view, the most
The cost of the necessary materials (seed, profitable type of tillage was in the classic deep
pesticides, etc.) is the same in the two tillage plowed scarified system (28-30 cm), because of
systems and represents the largest part of the average operating costs of 4850 lei/ha, and
total technology, reaching up to 2085 lei/ha. through a good yield of 8748 kg/ha, this
The highest profit value was recorded in the generating an average profit of 9147 lei/ha and
conventional system, the scarified soil variant a yield of 1,88 lei profit per 1 leu spent on

60
establishing, maintaining and harvesting the were statistically ensured, with values between:
crop (Table 2). -615 kg/ha (normal plowed variant);
At the opposite pole, the lowest average profit -1114 kg/ha (discussed version); and
was recorded for the work in the direct sown -2434 kg/ha (direct sowing variant).
conservative system, with a value of 4514 The lowest yields, with very significantly
lei/ha and a yield of 1.15 lei, recording negative differences compared to the deep
exploitation costs lower than 3908 lei/ha, but plowed variant, were recorded for the direct
also a yield lower than 5425 kg/ha. seeding operation, both in scarified and
nonscarified soil conditions.
Table 2. Economic efficiency of maize crop, The influence of the tillage system on the
comparison between soil tillage systems thousand grain weight (TGW) obtained in 2022
Yield
Earned
income
Advantage/
Randament*
is manifested by its significant reduction under
Soil tillage systems Cost profit
lei/ha
lei/ha
lei/ha
lei
the conditions of the application of the direct
Conventional
nonscarified 4248 11616 7368 1.73 sown conservative system both in the scarified
system scarified 4850 13997 9147 1.88 soil and in the nonscarified soil variant.
Conservativ
system
nonscarified 3908 8422 4514 1.15
The average TGW of maize for which specific
direct
sowing
scarified 4509 10099 5590 1.24 works were applied to the direct sown conser-
*The yield per surface unit (hectare), representing the amount of net vative system was 245 g in the nonscarified soil
profit obtained per 1 leu of allocated operating expenses
variant, -66 g lower than the value recorded in
the conventional system, in the nonscarified
CONCLUSIONS soil variant. In the scarified soil variant, the
thousand grain weight in the direct sown
The yields were influenced by the factors conservative system was 262 g, -56 g less than
studied (scarified, nonscarified; the working in the conventional system.
depth of the basic soil works), but also by the The influence of the type of tillage on the
climatic conditions recorded during the thousand grain weight is distinguished by
research time. recording the highest values of the indicator for
The average grain yield of the Olt maize hybrid deep plowing, both in the nonscarified soil and
obtained in 2022, under the influence of the soil in the one with scarified soil. For this type of
tillage system in the ARDS Pitesti-Albota area, work, the TGW values were between 311 g, the
was very significantly reduced under the variant with nonscarified soil and 318 g, the
conditions of applying the minimum soil tillage variant with scarified soil.
system directly sown both in the variant The classic system with the deep plowing
scarified soil, as well as in the variant with variant recorded the highest TGW values
nonscarified soil. between 311g of nonscarified soil and 318 g of
The average grain maize yield in the direct scarified soil.
sown conservative system was 5264 kg/ha in The lowest values of TGW were obtained in
the nonscarified version, -3484 kg/ha lower the direct sown conservative system of 245 g in
than the yield value recorded in the the nonscarified soil variant and 262 g in the
conventional system, in the nonscarified soil scarified soil variant.
version. In the conservative system directly The scarification work brings a significant
sown scarified soil variant, the average yield of increase in yield to both soil work systems,
the Olt hybrid was 6314 kg/ha, -2434 kg/ha making a profit of 1858 lei/ha in the
lower than in the conventional deeply plowed conventional system and 1159 lei/ha in the
scarified system where the value is 8748 kg/ha. conservative system.
Through the influence of the type of tillage on The most profitable tillage system, in the area
the yield of grains obtained in 2022, the highest of ARDS Pitesti-Albota, is the conventional
yields are recorded for deep plowing (28- deep plowing scarified type with an average
30 cm), for all the researched variants, with profit of 9147 lei/ha and a yield of 1.88 lei
values between 7620 kg/ha (nonscarified profit per 1 leu spent on establishing,
version) and 8748 kg/ha (scarified version). maintaining and harvesting the crop. At the
The increases in yield obtained with the deep opposite pole, the lowest average profit was
plowed variant compared to the other variants
61
recorded in the conservative direct sown Horn, R., J.J.H. van den Akker, Arvidsson, J. (2000).
system with a value of 4514 lei/ha and a yield Subsoil compaction. Disstribution, Processes and
Consequences. Advances in GeoEcology, 32,
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The highest profit was obtained by the Lal R., Reicosky, D.C., Hanson, J.D. (2007). Evolution
conventional system in the deeply plowed of the plough over 10000 years and the rationale for
scarified soil work variant, with a value of 9147 no-till farming. Soil & Tillage Research, 93. 1–12.
lei/ha and a yield of 1.88 lei. Marin, D.I., Rusu, T., Mihalache, M., Ilie, L., Nistor, E.,
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From an economic point of view, the most concerning evolution on physico-chemical properties
efficient soil tillage system, in the ARDS of reddish preluvosoil from Moara Domnească
Pitesti Albota area, for maize culture is the experimental field. Analele Universității din Craiova,
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that ensures superior profitability, the Soil Resources-Healthy Soil for a Healthy Life.
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