RPA Record
RPA Record
AIM:
To study an introduction to Robot configuration.
THEORY:
To facilitate the manufacture of products, attempts were made to reduce human and animal
labour, and to employ efficient machines run by exploiting other direct or converted natural energy
sources. Meanwhile, the economic rule of demand and supply became operative. To produce more
goods in a reasonably shorter period of time, the speed of production emerged as a factor of paramount
importance. For the given five-M inputs (Man, machines, materials, money and motivation), more
outputs at faster speed became imperative to raise the level of productivity. Gradually, the degree of
mechanization in real life increased by employing more machines in place of direct labour. Higher
heights of mechanization achieved every century, decade or year rendered the newer machines
indispensable.
An example of the Programmable automation technology is the robot. The robot is an essential
Czechoslovakin word Robota which means a worker or a slave doing heavy work. The protoplasm of
modern industrial robots is formed of hydraulics, pneumatics, electrical drives and silicon chips.
Today’s robots are therefore, to a great extent, as smart and intelligent as the robots conceived in fiction.
Present-day industrial robots can work efficiently in both structured and unstructured environments. So,
robots with their sensory capabilities and artificial intelligence (AI) are more advanced than the
conventional and automated machines in all respects.
(a) Accuracy:
How close does get the robot to the desired point? When the robot’s program instructs the robot
to move a desired point, it does not actually performed as per specified. The accuracy measures such as
variance. That is the distance between the specified position that a robot is trying to achieve
(programming point), and the actual x, y, and z resultant position of the robot end effecter.
(b) Repeatability:
The ability of a robot to return to repeatedly to a given position. It is the ability of the robotic system or
mechanism to repeat the same motion or achieve the same position. Repeatability is a measure of error
or variability when repeatedly reaching for a single position. Repeatability is often smaller than
Accuracy.
(d) Resolution:
The smallest increment of motion or distance that can be detected or controlled by the robotic control
system. It is a function of encoder pulses per revolution and drive (e.g. reduction gear) ratio. And it is
dependent on the distance between the tool center pointand the joint axis.
(e) Reach:
The maximum horizontal distance from the center of the robot base to the end of its wrist.
(g) Payload:
The maximum payload is the amount of weight carried by the robot manipulator at reduced speed while
maintaining rated precision. Nominal payload is measured at maximum speed while maintaining rated
precision. These ratings are highly dependent onthe size and shape of the payload due to variation in
inertia
(h) Payload:
The maximum payload is the amount of weight carried by the robot manipulator at reduced speed while
maintaining rated precision. Nominal payload is measured at maximum speed while maintaining
rated precision. These ratings are highly dependent onthe size and shape of the payload due to variation
in inertia.
(i) Envelope:
A three-dimensional shape that defines the boundaries that the robot manipulator can reach; also known
as reach envelope.
(k)Restricted envelope:
Restricted envelope is that portion of the maximum envelope which a robot is restricted by limiting
Devices.
The following four basic Configurations can be combined in various ways to produce a variety of
robotic combinations.
a) Cartesian Configuration:
Cartesian robot is form by 3 prismatic joints, whose axes are coincident with the X, Y and Z planes. In
the Cartesian coordinate configuration shown in figure, the three orthogonal directions areX,Y and Z.
X- coordinate axis may represent left and right motion; Y- coordinate axis may describe forward and
backward motion; Z-coordinate axis may be used to represent up and down motions. Motions in any
coordinate axis can be imparted independently of the other two. The manipulator can reach any point in
a cubic volume of space. It allows three DOFs (x, y, z) in translation only.
Advantages:
1) 3 linear axes.
2) Easy to visualize, ability to do straight line insertions into furnaces.
3) Most rigid structure for given length.
4) Easy computation and programming.
Disadvantages:
1) Can only reach front of it.
2) Requires large floor space.
3) Axes hard to seal.
Applications:
Pick and Place operations, Assembly and Sub-Assembly (Mostly Straight), automated loadingCNC
Lathe and Milling operations, Nuclear Material handling, Welding etc.
b) Spherical Configuration:
In the Spherical coordinate configuration shown in figure, the robot has one linear and two angular
motions. The linear motion, r corresponds to a radial in or out translation, the first angular motion
corresponds to a base rotation, and second angular motion ,is one that rotates about an axis
perpendicular to the vertical through the base and is sometimes termed as elbowrotation. The two
rotations along with the in or out motion enable the robot to reach an specified point in the space
bounded by an outer and inner hemisphere. Sometimes, the spherical coordinate system is referred to as
polar coordinate system.
It is still in the research laboratory, the Spherical robot is actually a spherical shape robot, which has an
internal driving source.
Advantages:
1) 1 linear + 2 rotating axes.
2) Large working envelops.
Disadvantages:
1) Can’t reach around obstacles.
2) Low accuracy.
3) Complex coordinates more difficult to visualize, control, and program.
Applications:
Die Casting, Dip Coating, Forging, Glass Handling, Heat Treating, Injection Moulding, Machine Tool
Handling, Material Transfer, Parts cleaning, Press Loading etc.
c) Cylindrical Configuration:
Cylindrical robot is able to rotate along his main axes forming a cylindrical shape. In the cylindrical
coordinate configuration shown in figure, Consists of a vertical column, relative to which an arm
assembly is moved up or down. The arm can be moved in or out relativeto the column. A cylindrical
robot has a two orthogonal prismatic axes of movement (horizontal and vertical) and one revolute axis,
forming a cylindrical coordinate system. It is capable of higher horizontal plane speeds vs. cartesian
systems due the revolute base. However horizontal, straight line motion is more complex to calculate
and tends to be slower. The resolution of the positioning of the end effector is not constant, but depends
on the degree of extension along the horizontal axis. If a monomast construction is used for the
horizontal element, clearance behind the robot must be accounted for when retracted
Advantages:
1) 2 linear axes +1 rotating.
2) Can reach all around itself.
3) Reach and height axes rigid.
4) Rotational axis easy to seal.
5) Relatively easy programming.
Disadvantages:
1) Can’t reach above itself.
2) Base rotation axis as less rigid.
3) Linear axes are hard to seal.
4) Won’t reach around obstacles.
Applications:
Assembly, Coating Applications, Conveyor Pallet Transfer, Die Casting, Forging Applications,
Inspection Moulding, Investment Casting, Machine Loading and Unloading etc.
Jointed arm Configuration robots are mechanic manipulator that looks like an arm with atleast three
rotary joints. The workspace of an articulated arm is complex, often a three- dimensional crescent. With
all joints revolute, this type of robot requires the most complex kinematic calculations. An articulated
configuration can most closely approximate an anthropomorphic, or human-arm motion, and thus offers
a high degree of flexibility foraccessing objects, devices or workstations within it's work envelope.
Articulated robots may have two or more joints, with highly complex examples having as many as ten
joints. A higher degree of flexibility comes at the cost of higher overall complexity, slower speed and
higher cost. The resolution of the positioning of the end effector is not constant throughout the
workspace.Positional repeatability can be more effected by gravity and load weight than other types
because of the joints are oriented orithoginal to gravity.
Advantages:
1) All rotary joints allows for maximum capacity.
2) Any point in total volume can be reached.
3) All joints can be sealed from the environment.
Disadvantages:
1) Extremely difficult to visualize, control, and program.
2) Low accuracy.
Applications:
Assembly operations, Welding, Spray painting, Weld sealing etc.
e) SCARA:
Similar to jointed-arm robot except that vertical axes are used for shoulder and elbow joints to be
compliant in horizontal direction for vertical insertion tasks. It consists of two or more revolute joints
and one prismatic, all of which operate parallel to gravity, easing the mechanical burden. As the name
indicates, this configuration has been designed to offer variable compliance in horizontal directions,
which can be an advantage in assembly tasks. The kinematics of this configuration are quite complex
and the vertical component of movement is generally rather limited. Thus, it can reach around objects in
the workspace, but not over them. The resolution of the positioning of the end effector is not constant
throughout the workspace, but these robots do have a high degree of positional repeatability. They are
generally faster and more expensive than Cartesian systems.
Advantages:
1) 1 linear + 2 rotating axes.
2) Height axis is rigid.
3) High Speed.
4) Large work area for floor space.
5) Moderately easy to program.
Disadvantages:
1) Difficult to program off-line.
2) Highly complex arm.
3) 2 ways to reach point.
4) Limited Applications.
Applications:
Assembly operations, Pick and Place work etc.
RESULT:
Hence, we have studied the Robot Configuration.
EXP NO 2 FORWARD KINEMATICS STUDY –
DATE
AIM:
To simulate and understand the application of an industrial robot in an automated welding task.
PROCEDURE:
1. Choose a robot (e.g., a 6-DOF robotic arm).
2. Define a welding path (simple straight line or curve).
3. Simulate the robot's end-effector moving along the weld path.
4. Visualize the welding process.
PYTHON PROGRAM:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Define the welding path (straight line)
weld_path_x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
weld_path_y = np.zeros_like(weld_path_x)
weld_path_z = np.linspace(0, 2, 100)
# Plot the welding path
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
ax.plot(weld_path_x, weld_path_y, weld_path_z, label='Welding Path', color='red')
# Simulate robot end-effector at points
for i in range(0, 100, 10):
ax.scatter(weld_path_x[i], weld_path_y[i], weld_path_z[i], color='blue')
ax.set_xlabel('X Axis')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Axis')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Axis')
ax.set_title('Robot Welding Simulation')
ax.legend()
plt.show()
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
● The robot successfully follows the predefined welding path.
● The simulation visualizes how a welding robot maintains its trajectory, ensuring consistent weld
quality along the joint.
3. Case study II: Robot application for Spray painting
AIM:
To simulate and understand the use of an industrial robot for spray painting a surface.
PROCEDURE:
1. Select a robot arm with suitable reach and flexibility.
2. Define a spray area (e.g., a rectangular wall).
3. Simulate the painting path using a raster scan (zig-zag motion).
4. Visualize the robot spraying the surface.
PYTHON CODE:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Define the spray painting surface (a wall of 10x5 units)
wall_length = 10
wall_height = 5
spray_resolution = 1
# distance between lines
# Generate spray painting path (zig-zag pattern)
x_points = []
y_points = []
for i in range(0, int(wall_height / spray_resolution) + 1):
if i % 2 == 0:
x = np.linspace(0, wall_length, 100)
else:
x = np.linspace(wall_length, 0, 100)
y = np.full_like(x, i * spray_resolution)
x_points.extend(x)
y_points.extend(y)
# Plot the spray painting path
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.plot(x_points, y_points, label='Spray Painting Path', color='green')
plt.scatter(x_points, y_points, s=5, color='blue')
plt.title('Robot Spray Painting Simulation')
plt.xlabel('Wall Length (m)')
plt.ylabel('Wall Height (m)')
plt.grid(True)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
● The robot follows a zig-zag raster pattern to cover the entire wall surface.
● The simulation shows efficient and systematic paint coverage, reducing overspray and gaps.
EXP NO 4 WEB SCRAPING
DATE
AIM:
To automate the process of extracting product information from an e-commerce website and save the
extracted data into an Excel file using UiPath.
PROCEDURE:
○ Use the Type Into activity to enter the product name into the search bar.
○ Use the Extract Table Data activity to capture relevant details (such as product name,
price, ratings, etc.) displayed in the search results.
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
The automation successfully retrieves product details from the website and stores the data in an Excel file for
future reference.
EXP NO 5 DATA MIGRATION & ENTRY
DATE
AIM:
To automate the process of opening a web form, filling in user details, and submitting the form using UiPath
Studio.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open UiPath Studio and create a new project (type: Process).
○ Enter the URL of the web form you want to fill (e.g., Google Form / any other form).
○ Drag "Type Into" activities to input text into each required field (e.g., Name, ID, College).
○ Add [k(Enter)] after each input if needed to move to the next field.
○ Test the bot to verify that it opens the website, enters all required data, and clicks submit.
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
The UiPath bot successfully opened the web page, entered the user’s details into the form fields, and
submitted the form automatically without any manual intervention
EXP NO 6 EMAIL QUERY PROCESSING
DATE
AIM :
To write aEmail Query processing steps using UiPath
PROCEDURE :
1. Drag and drop Get IMAP Mail Messages from Activities panel to your flowchart.
MailFolder - "INBOX"
Email - "your_email@gmail.com"
Password - Enter as SecureString variable
Server - "imap.gmail.com"
Port - 993
SecureConnection - True
Limit emails to first - 2
Unread only - False
Mark as read - False
Delete messages - False
Order by date - Newest first
Output (Email List) - mails (variable of type List<MailMessage>)
OUTPUT :
RESULT :
Thus the email query processing is executed and the output is obtained successfully.
EXP NO 7 CUSTOMER SUPPORT EMAILS
DATE
AIM:
PROCEDURE:
● Subject → "testing"
● Server → "smtp.gmail.com"
● Port → 587
● Email → "sec22d030@sairamtap.edu.in"
RESULT:
DATE
EXP NO 9 MOVING FILES FROM ONE SOURCE
AIM :
To write a Moving file from one source folder to destination folder program using UiPath
PROCEDURE :
2.Click on "New Process" and provide a suitable name for the project.
1.In the Design tab, select New Sequence and name it Main Sequence.
2. This sequence will contain all the steps to move a file from a source folder to a destination folder.
○ Source: This variable stores the source file path (e.g., "C:\UiPath_Source\A1.txt").
○ Destination: This variable stores the destination folder path (e.g., "C:\UiPath_Destination\").
1.Drag and drop the Multiple Assign activity into the Main Sequence.
○ Destination = "C:\UiPath_Destination\"
1.Drag and drop the Move File activity below the Multiple Assign activity.
4.Enable the Overwrite checkbox if you want to replace an existing file in the destination folder.
2.Confirm that the file A1.txt has been successfully moved from the source folder.
RESULT :
Thus the Moving files from one source folder to destination folder is executed and the output is
obtained successfully.
EXP NO 10 EXCEL AUTOMATION
DATE
AIM :
To write a automation read a specific cell and a range from an Excel sheet in UiPath, and display
their values using message boxes.
PROCEDURE:
2. Click on "New Process" and provide a suitable name for the project.
1. In the Design tab, select New Sequence and name it Read Excel Data Sequence.
2. This sequence will contain all the steps to read data from an Excel file.
1. Drag and drop the Excel Application Scope activity into the sequence.
2. In the File Name field, provide the full path of the Excel file:
○ Example: "C:\Users\PC1\Downloads\sample_excel.xlsx"
3. All operations inside the Excel file will be performed within this scope.
3. Set the Cell field to "A4" to read data from cell A4.
1. Drag and drop the Message Box activity below the Read Cell activity.
2. This will display the value read from cell A4.
1. Drag and drop the Read Range activity below the Message Box.
3. Set the Range field to "A1:C" to read data from columns A, B, and C.
1. Drag and drop the Output Data Table to Text activity below the Read Range activity.
1. Drag and drop another Message Box activity below the Output Data Table to Text activity.
3. This will display the data read from the specified Excel range.
○ Read the A1:C range from Sheet1 and display it in a message box.
RESULT :
Thus the excel automation is executed and the output is obtained successfully.
EXP NO 11 PDF AUTOMATION
DATE
AIM :
a) To Write a automation to Extracting Text from a PDF and Saving It to a File Using UiPath
b) To Write a automation to Extracting Text from a Scanned PDF using OCR and Saving it as a
Text File in UiPath
PROCEDURE :
Extracting Text from a PDF and Saving It to a File Using UiPath
2.Click on "New Process" and provide a suitable name for the project.
1.In the Design tab, select New Sequence and name it Extract PDF Text Sequence.
2. This sequence will contain all the steps to extract text from a PDF and save it as a text file.
1.Drag and drop the Read PDF Text activity into the sequence.
2.In the File Name field, enter the full path of the PDF file.
○ Example: "C:\Users\PC1\Downloads\sample-1.pdf"
2.In the Text field, enter ReadPDF to display the extracted text.
1.Drag and drop the Write Text File activity below the Message Box activity.
2.In the Text field, enter ReadPDF (the extracted text variable).
3.In the Write to filename field, provide the path where you want to save the text file.
○ Example: "C:\Users\PC1\Documents\Sangeetha.txt"
4.After closing the Message Box, check the Documents folder to verify that the extracted text is saved
as a file.
PROCEDURE :
Extracting Text from a Scanned PDF using OCR and Saving it as a Text File in UiPath
2.Click on "New Process" and provide a suitable name for the project.
1.In the Design tab, select New Sequence and name it Extract Scanned PDF Text Sequence.
2. This sequence will contain all the steps to extract text from a scanned PDF using OCR and save it as
a text file.
2.In the File Name field, enter the full path of the scanned PDF file.
○ Example: "C:\Users\PC1\Downloads\sample-1.pdf"
1.Drag and drop the Message Box activity below the Read PDF with OCR activity.
2.In the Text field, enter aml to display the extracted text.
1.Drag and drop the Write Text File activity below the Message Box activity.
2.In the Text field, enter aml (the extracted text variable).
3.In the Write to filename field, provide the path where you want to save the text file.
○ Example: "C:\Users\PC1\Documents\Sangeetha.txt"
4.After closing the Message Box, check the Documents folder to verify that the extracted text is saved
as a file.
RESULT :
Thus the PDF automation is executed and the output is obtained successfully.