Reviewer: Module 1 - Introduction
to Embedded Systems
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Define embedded systems and distinguish them from general-purpose systems.
• Describe key characteristics and applications of embedded systems.
• Classify embedded systems by application domain.
• Explain hardware-software trade-offs.
• Identify emerging trends.
Definition
An embedded system is a computer system that combines hardware and software to
perform a dedicated function, often as part of a larger system. Unlike general-
purpose computers that can run many applications, embedded systems are highly
specialized, resource-efficient, and optimized for reliability and performance in
specific applications.
Components
• Hardware
• Software
• Firmware
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
• Dedicated Functionality: Designed for one primary task (e.g., digital camera).
• Real-Time Operation: Must respond instantly to inputs (e.g., airbag system).
• Resource-Constrained: Limited processing power, memory, and energy (e.g., IoT
sensors).
• Reliability & Stability: Must function continuously for years (e.g., pacemaker).
• Low Power Consumption: Important in battery-powered devices (e.g., smartwatch).
Applications of Embedded Systems
• Internet of Things (IoT): Smart homes, wearables, industrial IoT.
• Automotive Systems: ECUs, ABS, ADAS.
• Medical Devices: Pacemakers, insulin pumps, MRI machines.
• Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, gaming consoles, smart TVs.
General-Purpose vs Embedded Systems
General-purpose systems are multi-functional with high resources and user
interaction, while embedded systems are single-purpose, resource-efficient, low-
power, and with minimal user interaction.
Hardware vs Software Trade-Offs
Hardware considerations: MCUs vs MPUs, peripherals (ADCs, PWM), ASICs vs FPGAs.
Software considerations: RTOS (FreeRTOS, Zephyr), firmware optimization, and
security (secure boot, encryption).
Emerging Trends in Embedded Systems
• AI at the Edge (TinyML, predictive maintenance).
• RISC-V Revolution (open-source CPU architecture).
• Energy-Efficient Designs (ultra-low-power MCUs, energy harvesting).
• Enhanced Security (secure boot, encryption, protection against IoT botnets).
• 5G & Real-Time Connectivity (smart cities, autonomous vehicles, remote surgery).
• Edge Computing (faster processing, reduced cloud dependency).
