PRAHAAR

SUMMARY
MAINS WALLAH
Final Hit To CSE Mains 2025

INDIAN SOCIETY
 CONTENTS
1. Salient Features of Indian Society and Diversity in India........................................... 3

2. Role of Women and Women’s Organisation................................................................ 8

3. Population and Associated Issues............................................................................ 12

4. Urbanization: Their Problems and their remedies..................................................... 14

5. Effect of Globalization on Indian Society.................................................................. 17

6. Communalism......................................................................................................... 20

7. Regionalism............................................................................................................. 21

8. Secularism.............................................................................................................. 23

9. Education: Social Perspective.................................................................................. 26

10. Health: Social Perspective........................................................................................ 27

11. Emerging Technology and Indian Society................................................................. 29

 INDIAN SOCIETY

Monogamy: One spouse at a time.

1. SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY Ê
‰ Serial Monogamy: Remarriage after divorce/death.
AND DIVERSITY IN INDIA
‰ Straight Monogamy: No remarriage allowed.
Indian society reflects multiculturalism and is shaped by the Ê Polygamy: More than one spouse.
ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. R M MacIver described
‰ Polygyny: One man with multiple wives (e.g. Baigas,
society as a changing “web of social relations,” centered
Gonds).
around individuals.
‰ Polyandry: One woman with multiple husbands (e.g.
Social Institutions: Guide individual behavior and sustain
Toda, Kota, Khasa).
societal order. Include kinship, marriage, family, and
education. Enforce norms through rewards and penalties. Based on Spouse Selection: Endogamy: Within same caste/
sub-caste (e.g. caste-based arranged marriages). Exogamy:
Outside kin group (e.g. gotra exogamy).
Contemporary Types of Marriage: Companionship Marriage:
Based on emotional support. Open Marriage: Mutually agreed
extramarital relations.
Structural and Functional Changes in the Marriage
System
Ê Rising Age of Marriage: Due to prioritizing education
and careers.
Ê Change in Form: Legal prohibition of polygamy under
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
Changing forms of Marriage in Contemporary Society
Ê Shift in Type of Marriage: Love and semi-arranged
marriages are increasingly common, unlike earlier
dominance of arranged setups.
Ê Changing Criteria for Spouse Selection: Focus has
shifted to compatibility and careers over caste or religion.
Ê Evolving Role of the Family: Families now play a
consultative, less controlling role, especially in cities.
Ê Growing Acceptance of Live-in Relationships: Once
taboo, now protected under Domestic Violence Act.
Ê Legal and Social Shift in Same-Sex Relationships:
Decriminalized in 2018; still no legal sanction for
marriage.
Ê Increasing Singlehood: Urban individuals increasingly
opt for single life, challenging traditional norms.
Ê Women’s Increasing Agency in Marriage: Women now
exercise more choice in partners, careers, and divorce.
Ê Change in Woman’s Role: Traditional gender roles are
being challenged by women’s active participation.
Kinship: Social web defining relations by blood, marriage, Ê Companionship Rather Than Duty: Marriages now
or adoption. Universal institution that fosters socialisation prioritize companionship over obligation.
and group unity. Ê Recognition to Live-in: Legalized by the Supreme Court;
couples bypass traditional rituals.
Marriage
Ê Acceptability to Love Marriage: Love marriages rise,
Social institution meeting physical, cultural, and economic reflecting values of romance and personal choice.
needs. Legally and socially approved; universal in Indian
Ê Fluid Marriages: Divorce is less stigmatized; legal and
society.
social changes have made marriage more flexible.
Types of Marriage Ê Traditional Values Still Persist: Despite change,
Based on the Number of Partners Involved: arranged marriages remain common, even abroad.
Restitution of Conjugal Rights
Legal Hurdles The Special Marriage Act raises privacy
Ê Definition: Legal restoration of marital companionship and safety concerns.
and duties if a spouse withdraws without reason.
Ê Legal Basis: Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act allows Conversion Fear of losing religious identity (e.g.,
a spouse to petition for restitution of conjugal rights. Fears ‘Love Jihad’ debates).
Legalising Same-Sex Marriage
Arguments Against Legalisation
Ê Religious Definitions: Seen as union only between man
and woman.
Ê State Regulation: Marriage laws are not absolute and
subject to legislative control.
Ê Privacy Limits: Right to privacy doesn’t guarantee
marriage rights.
Ê Adoption Concerns: Fear of discrimination and
Fig.: Marriage Transformation in India psychological effects on children.
Ê Terminology Issues: Terms like “husband-wife” are
Ê Colonial Roots: Though now codified in Hindu law, the
gendered and incompatible.
concept originates from British ecclesiastical law.
Ê Other Personal Laws: Similar provisions exist in Muslim Arguments in Favour of Same-Sex Marriage
and Christian personal laws. Ê Fundamental Right: Cohabitation upheld as a
Ê Court’s Role: The court verifies claims and legal validity fundamental right by CJI, requiring legal recognition.
before issuing a decree. Ê Post Sec 377 Decriminalisation: Legal basis now exists
for recognizing same-sex partnerships.
Inter-Caste and Inter-Religious Marriages in India
Ê Gender Fluidity: Supreme Court affirms gender is not
Ê Inter-Caste Marriages: Marriages between people of
binary.
different castes within the same religion.
Ê Human Dignity: Denial of marriage undermines identity
Ê Inter-Religious Marriages: Marriages between partners and love.
of different religions.
Ê Legal Security: Rights like inheritance, pensions,
Factors Driving Growth in Inter-Caste Marriages adoption are denied without legal marriage.
Key Driver Explanation Ê Evolving Morality: Youth-driven shift in public opinion
supports same-sex rights.
Urbanization Cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru show up
to 20% inter-caste marriages (NFHS-3). Way Forward
Ê Awareness: Promote LGBTQ+ acceptance via education.
Education 51% of graduate parents support inter-
Ê Gender-Neutral Laws: Replace terms like “husband/
caste unions (Kapadia’s study).
wife” with “spouse”.
Economic Financial autonomy, esp. among Ê Legal Reform: Enact inclusive laws to protect LGBTQ+
Independence women, enables caste-free choices. rights.
Social States like Punjab saw a rise (22.36%) Ê Inclusive Policy-Making: Engage LGBTQ+ community
Mobility post-Green Revolution. in law formulation.

Changing Families now value compatibility over Mandatory Registration of Live-in Relationships
Priorities caste. (Uttarakhand UCC)
Ê Registration Rule: All live-in relationships must be
Barriers to Inter-Religious Marriages Despite Socio- registered at start and end.
Economic Equality Ê Police Records: Maintained at local police stations.
Challenge Impact Ê Support for Women: Ensures financial aid if abandoned.
Ê Penalty: Non-registration may result in 6 months jail.
Religious Customs vary widely, making interfaith
Ê Criticism: Raises concerns about privacy and liberty.
Identities integration harder than inter-caste.
Legal Context of Live-in Relationships in India
Social Higher honor violence cases (NCRB) in
Pressure interfaith unions. Case Key Ruling
Badri Prasad (1978) Long-term cohabitation implies
Cultural Gap Deep-rooted religious norms hinder
marriage.
family/social acceptance.
Lalita Toppo (2018) Domestic Violence Act covers
Weak Support Interfaith couples lack mainstream live-in partners.
progressive backing.
Bharatha Matha (2010) Children from live-in are
Communal Historical mistrust fuels present-day legitimate.
Tensions resistance. Indra Sarma (2013) Consensual live-ins are lawful.

4 Prahaar Summary 2025

Impact of Live-in Relationships on Institution of Marriage Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Ê Autonomy: Allows freedom from traditional norms.
Improves parental role in Reduced privacy and rising
Ê Commitment Redefined: Focus on emotional intimacy home/education tensions
over ritual.
Enhances work-life balance Poor management
Ê Trial Phase: Tests compatibility before marriage.
if managed well increases conflicts
Ê Social Friction: Still faces societal disapproval
Ê Generational Gaps: Resistance in conservative families. Structural and Functional Changes in the Indian Family
Ê Financial Practicality: Viewed as a cost-effective Ê Nuclear family: Urbanization and industrialization have
alternative to marriage. replaced joint families with small nuclear units.
Ê Neo-local residence: Young couples prefer staying
Family independently near workplaces, driven by urban needs.
Defined by Nimkoff as a stable unit of husband-wife (with/
Ê Legislative measures: Laws like Hindu Marriage Act
without children) or a single parent with children. First and
and Succession Act reshaped family roles and structure.
most immediate social environment; appears universal and
consistent across societies.
Characteristics of a Family
Ê Universality: Exists in every society, performing vital
functions.
Ê Socially sanctioned relationship: Based on accepted
marital/parental bonds.
Ê Social norms: Interactions guided by cultural and legal
rules.
Ê Common habitation: Members usually reside together
for childrearing.
Ê Emotional support: Family ensures emotional security,
care, and sacrifice.
Ê Kinship nomenclature: Families identify lineage through
naming systems
Functions of Family
Ê Procreation: Primary unit for bearing and raising
children.
Ê Shelter: Offers comfort, safety, and emotional refuge.
Ê Socialization: First agent teaching societal norms and
behavior.
Ê Economic: Focuses on consumption; members earn for
well-being.
Ê Educational: Instills core habits and social attitudes.
Ê Religious: Passes spiritual beliefs and traditions to the
next generation.
Ê Financial independence of women: Women now
Merits and Demerits of Joint Family System
contribute equally, transforming traditional gender roles.
Merits Demerits Ê Influence of Western values: Ideas like equality,
Economic support to all Hinders youth’s rationalism, and individualism altered family dynamics.
members independence Ê Fluid nature of family: Career demands have led to
Tasks divided among family Promotes idleness due families meeting mostly on weekends.
members to assured support Races in India
Provides care to elderly and sick Women have low Ê Negrito: First arrivals; found in south India and groups
status in patriarchy like Angami Nagas, Bagadi of Rajmahal Hills.
Teaches discipline through Ê Proto-Australoid: Predominant in central/southern
control India; includes Bhils, Mundas, Santhals, Ho tribes.
Ensures emotional and social Ê Mongoloid: Inhabits northern and eastern borders;
bonding tribes like Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Chakmas.
Impact of ‘Work from Home’ on Family Relationships Ê Mediterranean: Linked with Dravidian culture;
(UPSC 2022) concentrated in South India.
Ê Nordic: Last to migrate; Aryan speakers in north-western
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts regions.
Increases bonding through Blurred work-life Ê Western Brachycephals: Includes Alpinoid, Dinaric,
shared time boundaries cause stress Armenoid; seen in Coorgis and Parsis.

Indian Society 5
Tribes in India Ê Post-colonial times: 1901 Census documented caste
Ê A tribe is a group connected by family, culture, economy, hierarchy; revenue laws favoured upper castes.
and dialect Features of Caste System
Ê Recognized as Scheduled Tribes under Schedule 5 of Ê Segmental Division: Caste by birth, rigid; expulsion is
the Constitution. possible.
Region
Ê Himalayan region: Gaddi, Jaunsari, Naga
Ê Middle India: Munda, Santal
Ê Western India: Bhil, Grasia
Ê South Indian region: Toda, Chenchu
Ê Andaman & Nicobar: Jarawas, Onges, Sentinelese,
Shompens
Fact-Wise
Ê Tribals = 8.6% of India’s population (Census 2011)
Ê 700+ tribal groups, 75 PVTGs
Ê Bhil is the largest tribal group
Ê Odisha has the most tribal communities (62)
Ê 9 Aug: World Tribal Day; 15 Nov: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas
(Birsa Munda’s birth)
Ê 45% of tribal households are below poverty (SECC 2011)
Ê Budget 2023–24: ₹12,461.88 crore for Tribal Affairs
(70.69% increase) Fig.: Caste Hierarchy in Indian Society
Constitutional Provisions Ê Endogamy: Marriage only within caste/sub-caste.
Ê Articles: 342(1), 15, 16, 46, 335, 338-A Ê Hereditary Occupation: Linked to caste, passed down.
Ê 5th and 6th Schedules Ê Untouchability: Social exclusion of certain castes.
Ê Hierarchy: Castes arranged in a social ladder (e.g.,
Commissions Related to Tribals in India Brahmins above Dalits).
Ê Debhar Committee (1960) Ê Civil & Religious Disabilities: Restrictions on dress,
Ê Lokur Committee (1965) food, rituals to maintain purity.
Ê Bhuria Commission (2002- 2004) Transformation of Caste System
Ê Xaxa Committee (2013) Ê Inter-caste marriage: Rising due to modern values.
Legal Provisions Ê Decline in Brahmin supremacy: Due to secularization
and westernization.
Ê Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
Ê Change in commensality: Migration weakens food rules.
Ê SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Ê Occupational change: Industrialisation reduced job-
Ê PESA Act, 1996
caste link.
Ê Forest Rights Act, 2006
Ê Attitudinal shift: Declining faith in caste rigidity.
Changes in Tribal Society Ê Caste politics: Caste resurging via vote bank politics.
Ê Industrialisation: Led to displacement and wage jobs
Factors Affecting the Changes in the Caste System (UPSC
Ê Market economy: Shift to production for markets 2020)
Ê Commercialisation of tribal knowledge: e.g., Giloy Ê Sanskritization: Lower castes imitate upper-caste
tablets during COVID-19 customs (e.g., vegetarianism) to improve status.
Ê Loss of forests: Forced displacement Ê Westernization: Exposure to Western food, dress, and
Ê Land loss: Loss of livelihood to industry and agriculturists values influenced caste practices.
Caste System Ê Industrialisation & Urbanization: Migration to cities
diluted rigid caste norms.
Ê Caste is a hereditary, endogamous, rigid group defined
by name, occupation, and status. Ê Caste and Politics: Electoral empowerment and lobbying
strengthened lower castes’ voices.
Ê Varna: Four-fold Hindu division — Brahmana, Kshatriya,
Vaishya, Shudra Ê Legislative Measures: Laws eradicated untouchability
and promoted social upliftment.
Ê Jati: Refers to localized, specific caste groups or species.
Ê Modernisation: Rational thinking, urban living, and
History of the Caste System education made caste more flexible.
Ê Ancient age: Rig Veda describes four varnas. Ê Dominant Caste Emergence: Castes like Jats, Yadavs,
Ê Colonial times: Viewed as social evil; Gandhi worked Marathas gained regional power.
for upliftment of Harijans.

6 Prahaar Summary 2025

A Paradox in the Present Caste System Pluralism in Indian Perspectives
Ê Weakening caste system: Ê Pluralism integrates various inputs without enforcing
‰ Caste hierarchy weakened due to secularism. uniformity.
‰ Jajmani barter system collapsed. Ê Example: Celebrating all religious festivals together.
‰ Globalization disrupted hereditary occupations. Multiculturalism in Indian Perspectives
Ê Strengthening caste system: Ê Multiculturalism promotes respect and tolerance for all
‰ Caste politics reinforced identity. cultures and identities.
‰ Panchayat reservations increased caste Ê Example: National holidays on diverse religious festivals.
representation. India as a Multi-lingual Society
‰ Affirmative action in jobs/education promoted caste Ê States were reorganized post-independence based on
consciousness. languages.
Caste and Untouchability - Relationship and Practice Ê The Constitution recognizes 22 official languages under
Ê Caste hierarchy: Dalits lie outside the varna system, the 8th Schedule.
labeled “Avarnas.” Ê Classical languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu,
Ê Untouchability origin: Based on impurity due to Malayalam, Odia, Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese,
occupations like cremation. Bengali.
Ê Religious sanction: Texts like Manusmriti Fact Wise
institutionalized purity-based exclusion. Ê 1961 Census: 1,652 languages; 2011: 123 languages (30
Ê Occupational heredity: Rigid job assignment by birth spoken by over a million).
reinforced immobility. Ê PLSI: 780 languages; 50 extinct in 50 years
Ê Persistence: Despite Article 17 and legal protections, Issues and Challenges
bias remains, especially in villages.
Ê Regionalism and Parochialism: Regional loyalties can
Religious Diversity in India overpower national interest (e.g., Marathi supremacy).
Ê Pluralistic Landscape: India hosts major global Ê Erosion of National Feeling: Linguistic divisions threaten
religions—Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, unity.
Buddhism, and Jainism. Ê Cultural and Linguistic Identity Conflicts: E.g., Konkani
Ê Indigenous & Foreign Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, vs. Marathi in Goa.
Jainism, Sikhism originated in India; Islam and Ê Rise of Regional Parties: E.g., DMK in Tamil Nadu.
Christianity have deep-rooted presence. Ê Demand for New States: Driven by linguistic motives.
Ê Constitutional Secularism: Articles 25–28 ensure
Issue of Hindi language
freedom of religion and equal treatment of all faiths by
the state. Ê Standardisation is difficult due to dialects.
Ê Regional Patterns: Ê Non-Hindi states resist Hindi, causing conflict.
‰ Hinduism: Majority in most states Ê English usage is replacing Hindi.
‰ Islam: UP, West Bengal, Kerala, J&K Ê Digital tools needed to promote Hindi.
‰ Christianity: Kerala, Goa, Northeast
Ê Language becomes a political issue, used to divide.
‰ Sikhism: Punjab Diversity in India
Ê Coexistence: Syncretic traditions like Bhakti-Sufi show Ê India is multi-religious, racial, linguistic, and cultural.
interfaith harmony, though tensions sometimes arise. Ê Despite invasions and differences, it has preserved unity.
Ê Festivals: Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and others reflect Ê “Unity in diversity” defines India’s national character.
religious diversity in public celebrations.
Various forms of Diversity in India
Multiculturalism and Pluralism Ê Geographical diversity: From deserts to forests,
Ê Multiculturalism supports the coexistence of diverse Himalayas to plains—India’s vast topography shapes
religions, languages, and traditions in one society. local cultures.
Ê It emphasizes mutual respect, inclusivity, and protection Ê Religious diversity: India is home to Hindus (79.9%),
of minority rights. Muslims (14.2%), Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains.
Ê Diversity is viewed as a strength that enriches national Ê Language: 780 languages identified (50 extinct in 5
life socially, culturally, and economically. decades); India is described as a “Museum of tongues.”
Ê India embraces diverse beliefs and faiths, enriching its Ê Cultural Diversity: India is among the most plural and
culture. multicultural societies globally.
Ê Communities like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Ê Caste diversity: Caste as a rigid, birth-based social
Jains, etc., co-exist and contribute to progress. hierarchy unique to India.
Ê Managing unity in diversity is a challenge; pluralism and Ê Racial diversity: Historical migrations made India a
multiculturalism are ways to address it. ‘melting pot’ of races and tribes.

Indian Society 7
 Evolution of the Role of Women in Indian Society
Rig Vedic Period (1500–1000 BC)
Ê Status: Women held dignified positions and enjoyed
freedom.
Ê Example: Female poets like Apala, Ghosa, Lopamudra.

Factors Leading to Unity Amidst Diversity in India

Ê Geographical factor: India’s physical boundaries and
varied landscapes contribute to unity.
Ê Constitutional identity: Fundamental rights apply to
all, promoting equality and unity.
Ê Inter-State mobility: Article 19(1)(d) ensures nationwide
mobility, fostering fraternity.
Ê Religious co-existence: Articles 25–28 ensure religious
freedom and harmony.
Ê Cultural Unity: Common threads in literature, traditions,
and celebrations like Republic Day.
Ê Fairs and festivals: Shared celebrations like Kumbh
Mela promote integration.
Ê Emotional Unity: Films and sports transcend regional
divides (e.g., pan-India movie appeal).
Fig: Evolution of Women in Indian Society
Factors that Threaten India’s Unity Later Vedic Period (1000–600 BC)
Ê Rising regional aspiration: Regionalism can overpower Ê Status: Women were seen as Shudras; denied property
national interest (e.g., Vidarbha demand). and Vedic education.
Ê Development deficit: Uneven development fuels unrest Ê Exceptions: Some elite women like Gargi and Maitreyi
(e.g., Naxalism). gained recognition.
Ê Divisive politics: Caste/religion-based vote banks Jainism and Buddhism Period (600–200 BC)
polarize communities. Ê Status: Buddhism allowed women greater freedom.
Ê Ethnic diversity and nativism: Resource competition Ê Example: Formation of Bhikshuni Sangha; women led
causes inter-group conflicts (e.g., Manipur 2023) monastic lives.
Medieval Period (6th–13th Century AD)
2. ROLE OF WOMEN AND WOMEN’S OR- Ê Status: Women faced severe decline with practices like
GANISATION female infanticide, child marriage, Jauhar, and denial
of education.
The history of Indian women shows a gradual decline in Ê Efforts: The Bhakti and Sufi movements opposed
status. Social reformers, with the help of modern education, gender injustice. Reformers like Shankaracharya,
pushed for legislative reforms. Still, women continue to face Ramanuja, and Guru Nanak advocated for women’s
numerous challenges. dignity.
Constitutional Provisions and Legislative Safeguards During the Colonial Period
for Women Ê Status: Reformers like Ram Mohan Roy, Radhakanta Deb,
and Bhawani Charan Banerji helped ban sati in 1829.
Provision About
Ê Efforts: Laws like Bengal Sati Regulation (1829), Hindu
Fundamental Articles 14, 15(1), 15(3), 16, 21A, 23, 24 Widows’ Remarriage Act (1856), Female Infanticide
Rights Prevention Act (1870), and Age of Consent Act (1891)
improved women’s condition.
DPSP Articles 39(a), 39(d), 39A, 42, 45, 46, 47
Post Independence Period
Legislative Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), Immoral Ê Status: Cultural and structural changes reduced
Acts Traffic Act (1956), Sati Prevention Act exploitation and improved women’s access to
(1986), Indecent Representation Act opportunities.
(1986), Domestic Violence Act (2005), Ê Constitutional Safeguards: Fundamental Rights and
Sexual Harassment Act (2013) gender-equal laws were enacted.

8 Prahaar Summary 2025

 Women’s Organisations
Organisation Genesis Objective & Efforts
Women’s Formed on Ê First Women’s
India 8th May 1917 Association uniting
Association at Adyar, Indian women for
(WIA) (1917) Chennai by mutual assistance.
Annie Besant, Ê Aim: Women’s
Margaret franchise for
Cousins, representation in
Jeena Raja legislatures.
Dasa.
Ê Achieved in 1930.
All India Founded Ê Aim: Improve
Women’s in 1927 by women’s and
Conference Margaret children’s
(AIWC) Cousins. education.
(1926) Ê Later included
broader women’s
rights issues.
Fig: Empowerment of Women in Ê Initiated Lady
Post Independence Period Harding College for
Government Efforts: Women (1932).
Ê Positive discrimination in favour of women. National Formed in Ê Efforts by women
Ê Five Year Plans focused on women’s development. Council for 1925 as from Bombay,
Ê 33% reservation in local bodies via 73rd and 74th Women in a national Calcutta, Madras
Amendments (1993). India (NCWI) branch of the during WWI.
International Ê Platform for voicing
Ê 2001 declared the Year of Women’s Empowerment.
Council of Indian opinion
Ê Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 (106th Amendment): Women. at international
1/3rd seats in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and Delhi
forums.
Assembly reserved for women, including SC/ST seats.

Post-Independence Women’s Movements

Type Movement Genesis Objective / Participation / Importance

Political Telangana Initiated in 1946, lasted until Ê Communist party formed a women’s association and
Movement 1951. One of India’s major post- published Andhra Vanitha to raise political awareness.
war insurrectionary peasant Ê Women from all social backgrounds participated
conflicts. enthusiastically.
Ê Key participants: Ch. Kamalamma, Regulla Achamma,
Chityala Ailamma, Dubala Salamma.

Social Anti-Dowry Started in Delhi in the 1980s by Ê Pressure from the movement led to the 1984 Dowry
Movements a coalition called Dahej Virodhi Prohibition (Amendment) Act.
Chetna Manch. Ê The Act restricted dowry amounts, though did not fully
ban the practice.

Politico- Chipko Started by uneducated Adivasi Ê In February 1978, protestors were fired upon and
Environmental Movement women in December 1972 in arrested.
Advani, Tehri Garhwal, Uttar Ê Led by Sri Sunderlal Bahuguna.
Pradesh.
Ê Highlighted the link between women’s burden as
gatherers and their protection of natural resources
against destruction.

Socio- Narmada Initiated as a protest against Ê Movement saw active involvement of women,
Environmental Bachao poor rehabilitation of those along with Adivasis, activists, farmers, and
Movement displaced by Sardar Sarovar environmentalists.
Dam. Led by Medha Patkar. Ê The strong role of women played a key part in the
success and momentum of the movement.

Indian Society 9
Post Independence Women’s Organisation
Type Organization Background & Focus Achievements & Limitations
Social IAWS (1981) Academic-activist group Achievements: Pioneered feminist academia; publishes
promoting feminist research Indian Journal of Gender Studies.
and discourse. Limitations: Limited grassroots outreach.
Swadhina Focus on child and women’s Achievements: Promoted women-led rural growth in East
(1986) development via eco-livelihoods. India. Limitations: Regional presence; low visibility.
BGMS (1955) Works for rural women’s Achievements: Promoted SHGs, sanitation, and rural
upliftment via self-help and participation.
engagement. Limitations: Weak documentation and digital footprint.
Political AIDWA (1981) Left-oriented national group Achievements: Fought against dowry, violence; mobilized
for women’s rights and political grassroots women.
voice. Limitations: Regional and ideological limitations.
Economic SEWA (1972) India’s first women’s trade Achievements: 2M+ members; strong support services;
union for informal sector global recognition.
empowerment. Limitations: Integration with formal policy is still weak.
AMM (1975) Urban poor women’s Achievements: Empowered urban women; model for
microcredit and self- grassroots development.
employment support. Limitations: Largely limited to Maharashtra.

Women and Education AISHE 2021–22: 73 female teachers per 100 male.
“The education and empowerment of women throughout the Ê Low labour participation: Educated women still face
world cannot fail to result in a more caring, tolerant, just and declining workforce engagement.
peaceful life for all.” — Aung San Suu Kyi Government Schemes and Initiative
Importance of Women Education in India Ê Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Promotes girls’
Ê Health benefits: Educated women ensure better hygiene education and gender equality.
and health. Ê Vigyan Jyoti Scheme: Supports meritorious girls in
Example: Awareness of menstrual hygiene reduces health STEM fields.
risks. Ê GATI Scheme: Develops a gender equality charter in
Ê Poverty reduction: Education enables employment and STEM institutions.
economic upliftment. Ê SERB POWER: Reduces gender disparity in S&T research
Example: Educated women, despite low 37% LFPR (2022- funding.
23), have better job access. Ê WEST Initiative (2022): Promotes women’s access to
Ê Reduction in infant mortality: Educated mothers make S&T facilities.
informed childcare decisions. Ê BioCARe: Encourages women scientists in biotechnology.
Example: Leads to better nutrition and reduced infant
mortality. Women and Political System
Ê Inclusive growth: Education ensures development for Ê 73rd Amendment Act: Reserves 33% seats for women
all groups. in local bodies.
Example: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao fosters girls’ education. Ê 106th Amendment Act (2023): Reserves one-third seats
for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
Ê Gender equality: Co-education changes attitudes early
on. Fact-Wise
Example: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao shifts social mindsets. Ê Women form 49% of voters.
Ê Social development: Education enables national Ê 18th Lok Sabha has 74 women MPs, a dip from 78 in
integration. 17th LS.
Example: Kothari Commission (1968) stressed education’s Importance of Women’s Participation in Politics
social role.
Ê Policy Formulation: Enhances gender-sensitive laws
Challenges and Issues and safety, health, education policies.
Ê Parental attitudes: Girls often kept at home for Ê Scholars: Duflo & Chattopadhyay found higher
caregiving or labour. investment in water by female sarpanches.
Ê Inadequate facilities: Lack of toilets and water in Ê Behavioural change: Role models like ASHA workers,
schools hinders attendance. Arati Devi, and Chhavi Rajawat inspire change.
Ê Shortage of female teachers: Girls attend more where Ê Rural Development: Female-led Panchayats invest more
female teachers are present. in public infrastructure.

10 Prahaar Summary 2025

Reasons for Poor Women Representatives Theme Focus Areas
Ê Illiteracy: Major barrier to political participation.
Health incl. Food Recognize reproductive rights,
Ê Lack of confidence: Seen in practice of Sarpanchpati. & Nutrition include men in family planning,
Ê Vote bank politics: Women used for populist promises. expand insurance, tackle adolescent
Ê Violence: NCRB shows 87% rise in crimes against nutrition.
women (2011–2021). Education Improve pre-primary access,
Ê Work-family imbalance: Unequal domestic burden enrolment/retention of girls, use
innovative transport for schooling.
restricts women’s public role.
Economy Gender-based land data, skill
Government Initiatives training, entrepreneurship, equal job
Ê Capacity Building: Via RGSY, PMEYSA, RGPSA, and access, labour policy review.
RGSA to empower Elected Women Representatives Governance & Increase women’s participation in
(EWRs). Decision-Making politics, civil services, administration,
Ê State Initiatives: and boardrooms.
‰ Jharkhand: Women’s Resource Centre by SIRD. Violence Against Life-cycle approach to violence,
‰ Kerala: KILA trained women standing committee Women improve Child Sex Ratio, combat
heads. trafficking at all levels.

‰ Maharashtra: Kranti Jyoti project provided doorstep Enabling Gender focus in housing, sanitation,
Environment media/sports parity, strengthen
training.
social security/support.
Way Forward Environment & Tackle gendered distress migration,
Ê Leadership Training: For prospective women leaders Climate Change promote renewable energy in rural
in parties. women’s lives.
Ê Zipper Method: Adopt Rwanda’s model of alternating Women-in-command in Indian Army
male-female representation.
Ê In 2019, Army rules changed to allow Short Service
Ê Equal Participation: Encourage women’s equal political Commission (SSC) women officers to opt for Permanent
involvement. Commission.
Ê Inner Party Democracy: Elections for internal party Ê The Supreme Court ruling in 2020 granted women
roles. officers Permanent Commissions with retrospective
Ê Awareness: Educate women on constitutional rights. effect.

Women in Agriculture (UPSC 2014) Advantages:

Ê Increasing diversity: Women add unique perspectives,
Ê Stats (Agri Census 2015–16):
improving military effectiveness.
‰ 30.33% cultivators, 40.67% agri-labour are women.
Ê Better retention and recruitment: Attracts a broader
‰ Only 13.95% land holdings are female-operated. talent pool by enabling women’s career growth.
Ê Issues: Ê Breaking stereotypes: Challenges traditional views
‰ Contract Farming: Exclusion due to lack of land about women’s roles in defence.
ownership. Ê Better assistance for women: More women-only
‰ Innovation: Low skills threaten job security. barracks and childcare support in the Army.
‰ Training Gaps: Poor outreach of government skilling Ê Greater operational effectiveness: Women can perform
programs. in combat roles, boosting efficiency.
‰ Credit Access: Landless women can’t secure bank Ê Better societal representation: A gender-balanced force
loans. better reflects and serves society.
Ê Cost-effective: A larger, diverse applicant pool can
‰ Property Rights: Less negotiating power.
reduce recruitment and training costs.
Ê Schemes:
Role of Women in Armed Forces – Operation Sindoor
‰ MKSP: Promotes sustainable livelihoods for women
farmers. Ê Colonel Sofiya Qureshi (Army) and Wing Commander
Vyomika Singh (Air Force) led the Operation Sindoor
‰ ICAR-CIWA: Gender-focused agricultural research. press briefing in May 2025.
‰ Other Missions: NFSM, NMSA, SMAM, MIDH target Ê Marked a historic moment for women’s leadership in
women’s welfare in farming. the armed forces.
Draft National Policy for Women, 2016 Ê Enhanced public trust through transparent and
Aims to create a comprehensive action framework to confident communication.
achieve gender equality, addressing all key areas of women’s Ê Triggered debates on gender representation, reflecting
empowerment. women’s evolving role in national security.

Indian Society 11
 Ê India: Now the world’s most populous country (1.425
3. POPULATION AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES billion), surpassing China.
History of Population in India Factors Affecting Population Growth
Ê Ancient Texts: Rig-Veda (800–600 BC) and Arthashastra Ê Low economic development & female participation
(300 BC) documented early population data and census → high growth.
practices. Ê Declining death rates & high immigration boost
Ê Medieval Period: Ain-e-Akbari gave detailed records of population.
population, wealth, and industry. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
Ê Modern Era: First census conducted in 1872.
Population 15-64 65+ TFR Life
years expectancy
India 1,428.6 mn 68% 7% 2.0 72.5 yrs
China 1,425.7 mn 69% 14% 1.2 79 yrs
World 8,045 mn 65% 10% 2.3 73.5 yrs
UNFPA’s State of World Population Report 2023
Ê Cultural norms (e.g., large families in China) & low
Fact-Wise contraceptive use raise growth.
Ê India is the most populous country with over 1.46 billion Ê Education & state pensions lower fertility.
people. Demographic Trends in India
Ê 2011 Census: Ê India’s peak: ~1.6 billion by 2048; decline to 1.09 billion
‰ Population: 1.21 billion by 2100 (Lancet).
‰ Density: 382/sq km Ê Impact: Shrinking workforce may hamper India’s
‰ Central, Northern, Eastern India grew faster than economic growth
other regions. Important Points of Global Burden of Disease Study
Ê 17.85% of the world population lives in India. Report 2017
Ê Projected Population (2036): 1.52 billion (25% growth Ê Global Burden of Disease Study 2017: Assessed global
from 2011). mortality and disability from diseases, accidents, and
Ê 2011–2021 Decade: Lowest decadal growth since risk factors.
independence (12.5%). Ê Hampered Economic Growth: Projected a sharp decline
in working-age populations in countries like India and
Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population China, likely impacting global power balance.
Demographic Factors
Ê Migration: Affected by push factors (poverty, war) and Feature India- Specific Data
pull factors (jobs, education). India’s 1.22B (2011); 65% rural, 35% urban;
Ê Natural Increase: Higher in Bihar, UP, Assam due to Population 17.7% of world population
high fertility and low mortality. Working Declines from 762M (2017) to 578M
Geographical Factors Population (2100)
Ê Water & Soil: Rivers and fertile soils (e.g., Ganga plains) GDP Rank Projected to be 3rd globally
support dense populations.
TFR Falls from 2.1 (2019) to 1.29 (2100)
Ê Landforms & Climate: Flat, moderate areas attract
people; rugged and harsh regions deter them. Immigration 2nd-largest net immigration by 2100
Ê Location & Disasters: Proximity to hubs (e.g., NCR) World Peaks at 9.7B (2064), drops to 8.8B by
increases density; disaster-prone zones have lower Population 2100
populations
Global TFR Declines from 2.37 (2017) to 1.66 (2100)
Political Factors- Conflict & Policy: Wars, unrest, and
migration laws shape population shifts (e.g., Ukraine, Ageing People over 65 grow from 703M (2019) to
Myanmar, H1B visa) Population 2.37B (2100) globally
Socio-Economic Factors- Resources & Urbanization:
India’s Demographic Dividend
Minerals, jobs, transport, and industries (e.g., Bengaluru,
Mumbai) drive people to cities. Ê Definition: Economic boost from a larger working-age
population.
Socio-Cultural Factors- Cultural Centers like Katra attract
people for religious and community reasons. Ê Current Status: 62.5% aged 15–59; peak expected at
65% by 2036.
Fact-Wise
Ê Timeline: Began in 2005–06, to last till 2055–56.
Ê World Population (2024): 8.2 billion (up from 2.5 billion
Ê Median Age: India (28) vs China (37), Europe (45), Japan (49).
in 1950).
Ê UNFPA: Working-age population has surpassed
Ê Peak: ~10.3 billion in 2080s, declining to 10.2 billion by
dependents since 2018.
2100 due to lower fertility.

12 Prahaar Summary 2025

Advantages with Demographic Dividend Migration
Ê Fuels industrialisation, urbanisation, and economic Ê Definition: Spatial/geographical movement of people.
growth. Ê Domestic Migration: Dropped from 45.58 crore (2011)
Ê Increases labour force, savings, and women’s to 40.20 crore (2023).
participation. Ê International Migrants: India topped with 5 million
Ê Contributed ~15% to growth in economies like Japan (6.4% of global total) in UN 2019 report.
(1964–2004). Ê Sustainable Development Goal 10.7: Promote safe,
Challenges with Demographic Dividend orderly, and well-managed migration.
Ê Jobless Growth: De-industrialization and the fourth Ê Constitutional Reference: Article 19 supports freedom
industrial revolution threaten employment creation. of movement.
Ê Asymmetric Demography: Uneven working-age Migration: Causes vs Impacts
population across states and lack of job opportunities.
Causes of Migration Impact of Migration
Ê Low HDI: India ranks 130 out of 193 in UNDP’s 2025
Employment: Seasonal rural– Political Exclusion &
index.
rural, rural–urban work Rights Violations
Ê Informal Economy: A major barrier to harnessing
demographic potential. Education: 1.77% migrated for Pressure on Resources
academics (2011) & Brain Drain
Ê Lack of Skills: Only 55% of Indian graduates expected
to be globally employable by 2025 (Wheebox Report) Security: Displacement from Demographic Balance &
Naxal-hit zones Labor Efficiency
Way Forward
Urbanization: Wage gaps, Improved Living & Food
Ê Skill Development: Focus on skilling, upskilling, and urban pull factors Security
reskilling.
Marriage: 46% migrated; 97% Cultural Exchange &
Ê Education & Health: Improve education quality and were women Climate Adaptation
healthcare access.
Disasters: Bihar floods, Migration acts as a
Ê Human Capital & Urbanization: Invest in people and Odisha cyclones coping mechanism.
manage rising urban migration.
Steps Taken
National Population Policy, 2000
Ê Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act (1979): Regulates
Ê Objective: Voluntary access to reproductive healthcare; working conditions and curbs contractor exploitation.
improve maternal/child health.
Ê Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana: Encourages job
Ê Targets: TFR to 2.1 by 2010; stable population by 2045. creation with social security.
Ê AYUSH Integration: Use traditional medicine in disease Ê Livelihood Schemes: Includes DAY-NRLM, MGNREGA,
control. ARYA for rural employment.
Ê Youth Focus: Free education till 14, delay in marriage Ê Rural Infrastructure:
age for girls. ‰ SMART Villages for holistic rural development.
Fertility ‰ Rurban Mission and PURA to reduce rural-urban
Ê General Fertility Rate: Live births per 1000 women of migration by improving services in rural clusters.
reproductive age. Consequences of Population Growth
Ê Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Total births a woman would Ê Rising Costs: Higher demand raises commodity and
have over reproductive years (15–64). housing prices.
Ê High Fertility Causes: Lack of reproductive rights, Ê Health Risks: Overcrowding causes poor hygiene and
early marriage, son preference, cultural/religious beliefs, disease spread.
adoption barriers.
Ê Conflict: Scarce resources cause regional tensions (e.g.,
Ê TFR Decline: Education, delayed marriage, working Nile water).
women, increased mobility.
Ê Ecological Damage: Overuse of chemicals, pollution,
‰ Example: Bihar (TFR 3.2, 26.8% illiterate women) vs habitat loss, and shrinking mangroves and wetlands.
Kerala (99.3% literacy, low TFR)
Way Forward
Mortality Ê Incentives for Small Families & Sex Education
Ê Crude Death Rate: Dropped from 9.8 (1994) to 7.3 Ê Universal Basic Income & Women Empowerment
(2020).
Ê Conservation & Agricultural Reform
Ê Life Expectancy at Birth: 71 years (males), 74 years
(females). Ageing
Ê Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Reduced from 57 (2006) Ê 60+ population will double from 10.5% (2022) to 20.8%
to 28 (2020) per 1000 live births. (2050).
Ê Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): Dropped from 167 Ê 80+ population to grow by 279% by 2050.
(2014) to 97 (2020) per lakh live births. Ê 41% rise in elderly population from 2011–2021.

Indian Society 13
 Ê Service-sector led growth, not manufacturing.
Ê Slums and urban decay from migration.
Ê Southern India is more urbanized.
Ê Globalization led to industry, FDI growth in South.
Driving Forces for Urbanization in India
Ê Better education, healthcare, housing (e.g., IITs/IIMs).
Ê Social diversity and culture (e.g., Mumbai).
Ê Economic hubs (e.g., Bengaluru).
Ê Disasters prompt rural-urban migration (e.g., Kerala
floods).
Ê Job growth in urban fringes (e.g., Gurugram).
Implications of Ageing
Ê Lifestyle amenities draw people to cities.
Ê Economic: Shrinking workforce slows growth and
stresses pensions and welfare systems. Problems of Urban Areas in India
Ê Healthcare: Rise in chronic illnesses demands better Infrastructure and Environmental Issues
geriatric care and skilled workforce.
Ê Traffic: Congestion worsens air/sound pollution (e.g.,
Ê Social: Nuclear families leave many elderly, especially
Mumbai).
women, facing neglect and mental health issues.
Ê Water Supply: Intermittent flow, storage issues (e.g.,
Ê Policy: Need for pension reform, elderly welfare, and
Chennai).
reskilling policies.
Ê Drainage/Sanitation: High density, poor funding (e.g.,
Government Initiatives Mumbai).
Ê National Policy (1999): Focus on elder rights, health,
Ê Poor Roads: Unsafe, congested (e.g., Kolkata’s pedestrian
and shelter.
issues).
Ê MWPSC Act (2007): Legal obligation on children to
support elders.
Ê IPOP, RVY, IGNOAPS, SCWF: Offer assistive devices,
pensions, and elderly welfare services.
Way Forward: Update policies, expand health infrastructure,
promote active ageing through employment and learning.

4. URBANIZATION: THEIR PROBLEMS AND

THEIR REMEDIES Problems of
Urban Areas
The World Bank defines urbanization as the shift from rural
to urban living. SDG 11 aims for inclusive, safe, resilient,
and sustainable cities.
Facts
Ê Urbanization Rate: Rose from 17.4% (1950) to 40% (by
2036).
Ê Urban Population: ~460 million (2021), second to China.
Ê Urbanization Level: 31.1% (2011 Census). Social and Community Impact
Ê Growth Rate: 2.76% annually (2001–2011). Ê Weakened Bonds: Isolation in slums causes social
Ê Urban Migration: 40% of total migration. issues (e.g., Delhi).
Ê Urban Financing: $17 per capita (need: $100). Ê Rural-Urban Gap: City-centric policies neglect rural India
Ê Most Urbanized: Goa, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu; Delhi (e.g., Bihar).
(97.5%) among UTs. Waste Management and Environmental Hazards
Ê Least Urbanized: Himachal Pradesh (10%), Bihar, Assam, Ê Poor Waste Handling: Landfills pose health risks (e.g.,
Odisha.
Ghazipur).
Perspectives in Process of Urbanization
Housing and Land Challenges
Ê Socio-cultural: Diversity in ethnicity, language, religion
Ê High Prices: Overpopulation raises housing costs (e.g.,
(e.g., Kolkata).
Mumbai).
Ê Economic: Based on internal productivity (e.g., Mumbai).
Ê Slum Growth: Shortages lead to dense living (e.g.,
Ê Geographical: Involves migration and relocation. Dharavi).
Salient Features of Indian Urbanization Ê Overcrowding: Triggers health/social concerns (e.g.,
Ê Growth in large cities (5,161 urban towns). Kolkata).

14 Prahaar Summary 2025

Crime and Safety Concerns Ê Legal Awareness: Access to women’s rights networks
Ê Rising Crime: Unplanned growth causes insecurity (e.g., and institutions.
Gurugram). Ê Health Services: Improved maternal and child healthcare
Social Effects of Urbanization on Indian Society in cities.
Way Forward
Social Effects of Urbanization Details / Examples
on Indian Society Ê Gender-Sensitive Urban Planning: Safer, inclusive
urban spaces.
Family
Ê Support Informal Workers: Legal and infrastructure aid.
Changing Family Structure Shift to nuclear/small
Ê Digital and Skill Development: Tailored literacy and
joint families
skill programs.
Egalitarian Family Women’s role in
decisions increasing Impact of Urbanization on Caste Dynamics
Attachment to Family Emotional bonds still Diminishing Caste Identity
strong (I.P. Desai) Ê Weakening of caste ties and more social mobility.
Society Ê Urban anonymity enables caste-neutral interactions.
Diminishing Kinship Relations Kinship ties weakening
in urban areas
Decline of Caste Panchayats Losing authority across
India
Caste Identity Reduced due to
education and urban
life
Social Integration Inter-caste marriages
and inclusion rising
(e.g., Bangalore)
Marriage
Delayed Marriage Due to career,
education (e.g., Fig: Impact of Urbanisation on Caste Dynamics
Mumbai) Persistence of Caste Vitality: Caste-based groups and
informal caste practices still influence city life
Nuclear Family after Marriage Couples live separately
from extended family Exclusionary Urbanisation
Higher Divorce Rates Urban stress increases Ê Resource Disparities: Urban growth benefits upper
divorce (e.g., Delhi) castes, marginalising others in housing and jobs.
Ê Ongoing Discrimination: Lower castes face exclusion,
Urbanization and Women limiting upward mobility.
India’s urban population was 31% (2011) and is projected Electoral Mobilisation: Digital Caste Politics: Social media
to reach 40% by 2036. By 2050, India will add 416 million enables caste-based urban political outreach.
urban dwellers, creating both opportunities and challenges
for women. Impact of Urbanization on the Rural Areas
Issues Faced by Women in Urban Areas Ê Rural-urban migration: Alters village socio-economic
life.
Ê Safety and Mobility: Poor transport and street lighting
hinder access. Ê Immigrant worker challenges: Strains housing and
order in peri-urban villages.
Ê Housing and Amenities: Informal settlements lack
water, sanitation. Ê Rural pockets in cities: Villages embedded within
metros gain urban access.
Ê Labour Market Disparity: Low participation (~20%),
gender wage gaps. Ê Urban employment as prestige: Seen as status symbol
in rural areas.
Ê Healthcare Access: Neglect of women’s reproductive
and mental health. Ê Cultural diffusion: Cities spread innovations to villages.
Ê Social Exclusion: Discrimination against migrant, Dalit, Ê Spillover effects: Urban ideas modernize rural
and minority women. agriculture.
Ê Digital and Skill Divide: Gendered gaps in digital access Ê Continuity increase: Education and media blur rural-
and skills. urban divide.

Opportunities for Empowerment Urbanization, New Middle Class and Tier 2 Cities
Ê Education and Work: Better access to jobs and schools. (UPSC 2022)
Ê Entrepreneurship and SHGs: Urban areas support Ê Tier 2 cities expand the middle class via jobs.
women-led ventures. Ê Consumerism rising in Pune, Surat.

Indian Society 15
Ê Social norms shift—more working women, nuclear Government Initiatives on Urbanisation
families.
Scheme/Initiative Objective
Ê Civic participation grows in Smart Cities.
Ê Infrastructure boosts health, education access. Smart Cities Mission Develop 100 smart cities with
(2015) improved infrastructure and
Ê Real estate rises in Lucknow, Nagpur.
technology.
Cities as IT hubs and Issue Related to Urbanization (UPSC
HRIDAY Mission Integrate heritage with urban
2017)
(2015) infrastructure and promote
Urban IT hubs like Bengaluru, Pune boost jobs and cultural assets.
investment, but cause urban strain.
RURBAN Mission Bridge rural-urban divide, boost
Problems caused by growth of IT hubs (2016) local development and attract
Ê Infrastructure strain: Traffic, transport issues—e.g., investment.
Bengaluru jams.
PM Awas Yojana Provide affordable housing to
Ê Housing shortages: High demand forces poor into (2015) EWS, LIG, MIG; promote eco-
slums—e.g., Pune. friendly materials.
Ê Inequality: IT workers prosper; informal sector suffers.
AMRUT Mission Improve urban life via water,
Ê Environmental issues: Pollution, water scarcity—e.g., (2015) sewerage, and transport
Hyderabad. services.
Way Forward: Urban planning must address housing,
transport, inequality, and environmental sustainability. National Urban Promote sustainable, accessible
Transport Policy urban transport.
Slums in Urban Centers (2016)
India’s urban growth has led to infrastructure gaps, high National Urban Rs 60,000-crore fund to support
slum concentration (17% urban households; Kolkata 32%, Housing Fund (2018) Housing for All by 2022.
Mumbai 25%, Chennai 24%), and declining life quality.
Key Issues in Urban Slum Areas Remedies to Urban Problems
Ê Disease Burden: Congested slums worsen sanitation
and health.
Ê Housing Shortage: Major cities lack adequate housing.
Ê Traffic Issues: Poor transport leads to congestion,
pollution.
Ê Earmarking for Poor: ARC recommends 15% land for
EWS.
Ê Over-Urbanization: Unplanned growth strains services.
Ê Suburbanization: Growth without basic amenities.
Way Forward
Ê Slum Redevelopment: In-situ model with tenure rights.
Ê Affordable Housing: Strengthen PMAY-Urban with EWS
focus.
Ê Inclusive Planning: Integrate slum upgrade in master
plans.
Ê Strengthen ULBs: Improve autonomy and delivery
capacity.
6th Report on Urbanization – Administrative Reforms
Commission (ARC) Recommendations
Ê Infrastructure & Services: Empower ULBs for water,
power, hygiene. Case Study- Mohalla Clinics (Delhi): Provide free essential
Ê Waste Management: Use PPPs for garbage in 1 lakh+ healthcare services; model for replication.
cities. World Bank Report On Urban Financing
Ê Urban Transport: Set up UMTAs in 1 million+ cities. India needs $840 billion over 15 years. With 40% urban
NITI Aayog Recommendations population by 2036, private sector must contribute more—
currently only 5% funding comes from private sources.
Ê Policy Framework: Create National Metro Policy; set
up WECI. Way Forward
Ê Financial Reforms: Audit ULBs with time-bound Ê Citizen Charters: Municipalities to define service levels
balance sheets. and timelines.
Ê Mobility & Traffic: Enforce fines, incentivize vehicle Ê State Planning Boards: Strengthen SPBs for strategic
sharing. spatial plans.

16 Prahaar Summary 2025

Ê Urban Investment: Increase funding to improve urban Ê WTO-led Integration: Trade liberalization deepened
quality of life. economic ties.
Ê Social/Rental Housing: Promote inclusive urban Ê Global Media: TV, music, and films support cultural
development. exchange.
Ê Water Metering: Implement for cost recovery and Ê Capital Mobility: Cross-border finance is now easier
conservation. and deeper.
Ê 24x7 Water Supply: Ensure continuous supply to Effects of Globalization on Family and Marriage
prevent health risks.
System
5. EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN Positive Aspects of Negative Aspects of
Globalization on Family Globalization on Family
SOCIETY and Marriages and Marriages
Globalization: It is the worldwide integration of economies Ê New events like Ê Weakening of
and societies via democracy and capitalism, enabling the free Valentine’s Day, pubs, traditional family
flow of ideas, capital, and people. Bill Clinton described it as and parties. values.
a chance to build an inclusive global economy.
Ê Rise of dual-income Ê Family dining
Waves of Globalization families alters traditional replaced by screen
Wave Key Features (Condensed) roles. time.

Globalization 1.0 Pre-WWI era; trade grew due to lower Ê More inter-caste, inter- Ê Decline of joint
costs; minimal government role; no religious, and love families; rise of
global institutions. marriages. nuclear units.
Globalization 2.0 Post-WWII; trade + domestic policies; Ê Internet used for global Ê Divorce rates
markets for efficiency, governments matrimonial matches. increasing.
for justice; rise of UN, IMF, WTO.
Ê Education abroad is Ê Cultural gaps between
Globalization 3.0 High-tech + low-wage production; seen as an investment. generations.
global supply chains emerged; also
called Hyper Globalization. Ê Online networks Ê Consumerism strains
substitute family bonds. family finances.
Globalization 4.0 Service sector disruption; tele-
migration; Industry 4.0 with AI, IoT, Ê Children lose touch
big data, automation. with native culture.

Factors Contributing to Globalization Effects of Globalization on Culture and Tradition

Cultural Homogenization
Ê Language Shift: English dominance marginalizes
regional tongues.
Ê Westernization of Lifestyle: Global media and fast food
overtake traditional norms.
Ê Erosion of Traditional Norms: Family, gender, and
marital roles redefined by liberal values.
Cultural Hybridization
Ê Historical Dynamics: Trade routes enabled movement Ê Blending of global and local cultural elements, preserving
of goods between regions. tradition while embracing modernity.
Ê Political Influences: Trade agreements like EU, SAARC Ê Arts and Media: Indian cinema, music integrate Western
shaped global integration. styles. Ex: Bollywood with hip-hop, salsa.
Ê Economic Considerations: Cost and industry economics Ê Global Recognition: Indian food, yoga, festivals gain
influenced cross-border trade. global appeal. Ex: Butter chicken, yoga globalized.
Ê Technological Factors: Exports like India’s IT services Ê Revival of Crafts: Global markets promote traditional
depend on the tech stage. products. Ex: Madhubani, Banarasi silk, Pashmina.
Ê Resource and Market Factors: Resources and proximity Ê Cultural Tourism: Interest in India’s heritage boosts
to consumers fuel global linkages. tourism. Ex: Tourists in Varanasi, Rishikesh.
Ê Production-related Factors: Firms expand globally via
overseas manufacturing. Effects of Globalization on Youth:
Ê LPG Reforms 1991: Liberalization opened India’s Positive Impact Negative Impact
economy to global markets.
Ê Hybrid Values: Youth Ê Cultural Shift:
Ê Technology Integration: Internet and digital tools
blend Indian-Western Decline of traditional
enabled global outreach.
culture.Ex: Western attire clothing.
Ê Global Mobility: Travel advances boosted labor and in Holi.
goods mobility.

Indian Society 17
Ê Skill & Connectivity: Ê Generation Gap: Effects of Globalization on Differently-Abled
Rise in digital skills, Weakened elder- Community
global activism.Ex: Social youth interaction. Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
media networks.
Ê Access to Info & Ê Digital Divide: Unequal
Ê Education & Startups: Ê Health Issues: Resources: More tech access excludes
Youth pursue global Sedentary habits education and jobs. many.
markets.Ex: Tech causing obesity.
Ê Assistive Tech: Better Ê Cultural Barriers:
entrepreneurs.
accessibility, more Mainstream norms may
Ê Modernizing Religion: Ê Marginalization: independence. ignore disabled needs.
Push for reform and Rural youth
Ê Cultural Awareness: Ê Economic Disparities:
gender justice. lack access to
Global shift promotes Inequities in low-
globalization.
inclusion. income regions.
Ê Empowerment: Youth Ê Urban Migration: Ê International
activism in policy.Ex: Jobless growth hits Collaboration: Rights-
Climate movements. young migrants. based global policies.
Effects of Globalization on Women: Ê Employment
Opportunities: Jobs
Positive Impact Negative Impact
in select sectors.
Ê Economic Upliftment: Ê Work-Life Stress: Ê Advocacy Platforms:
Better jobs and wages. Long hours + home Voice for rights and
Ex: Higher pay in export duties. visibility.
sectors.
Effects of Globalization on LGBTQ+ Communities
Ê Empowerment: Greater Ê Gender Gaps:
independence, choice. Unequal access to Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
resources. Ê Social Acceptance: Ê Harassment: Bullying
Ê Health & Education: Ê Patriarchy: Legal reforms & global persists; school
Female literacy up, early Harassment, awareness. avoidance.
marriage down. objectification Ê Safety Tools: Tech- Ê Queer Homelessness:
persist. based safety apps Visibility leads to
Ê Political Role: Rise in Ê Consumer support LGBTQ+. vulnerability.
leadership.Ex: 49% in Exploitation: Ê Inclusivity: Promotes Ê Weak Legal
Panchayats. Women exploited in equal access and Protection: No specific
ads, factories. rights. safeguards in laws.
Ê Social Abuse: Ê Community Support: Ê Healthcare Gaps:
Trafficking, dowry Global networks, Discrimination affects
deaths rise. advocacy groups. service access.

Effects of Globalization on Elderly Ê Dating Platforms: Ê Legal Inequality:

Apps connect LGBTQ+ Denial of marriage,
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts globally. adoption, jobs.
Ê Improved Ê Economic Ê Job Access:
Healthcare: Marginalization: Job Employment and
Telemedicine losses and few options economic inclusion.
improves access in for older workers. Ê Economic Value:
rural areas. Inclusion reduces
financial losses.
Ê Enhanced Social Ê Social Disconnection:
Connections: Social Migration breaks family Effects of Globalization on Indian Economy
media reduces support systems.
isolation. Positive Effects Negative Effects
Ê Job creation in Ê Agriculture shrinks; WTO
Ê Economic Ê Cultural Erosion:
services & IT. limits aid.
Opportunities: Westernization weakens
Elderly can work/ traditional customs. Ê Global sourcing Ê Automation displaces
freelance online. lowers costs. traditional jobs.
Ê Access to Ê Healthcare Challenges: Ê Urban incomes Ê Wider income inequality.
Information: Lifelong High costs limit care in drive demand.
learning via online developing nations. Ê FDIs boost infra & Ê Cultural dilution.
courses. industry.

18 Prahaar Summary 2025

Ê Startups go global. Ê Pollution & climate Features of Globalization 4.0
impact. Ê Services hit harder than manufacturing (e.g.,
architecture, accounting).
Ê Access to global Ê Increased financial
products. volatility. Ê Global job competition via tech and data.
Ê Tele-migration: Work remotely for foreign firms.
Effects of Globalization on Agriculture
Ê Industry 4.0: AI, IoT, 3D printing, big data integration.
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Challenges of Globalization 4.0
Ê Export growth (e.g., Ê Small farms, disguised Ê Rising global conflicts, despite tech-linked connectivity.
mangoes). joblessness.
Ê India’s HR crisis: Low-skilled youth may face jobless
Ê Food processing Ê Global price volatility. growth.
uplifts income. Ê Job exclusion risk: Future jobs need new skills; gaps
Ê Processing jobs for Ê Input cost > crop price may widen.
rural youth. (e.g., Bt cotton). Ê Worsening inequality: Poor hit hardest by tech-led
Ê Output rise aids GDP Ê IPR limits seed access. changes.
(e.g., basmati). Ê Unknown consequences: Legal, ethical, and
environmental risks unprepared for.
Ê WTO boosts trade Ê Cash crops harm food
share. security. Ê Tech infra gap: India must improve infrastructure for
gains.
Effects of Globalization on Tribals
Way Forward
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Ê Local economic resilience: Strengthen regional systems
with education, jobs, and infrastructure.
Ê Global market income. Ê Resource loss due
Ex: Handicrafts sold to mining. Ex: No Ê Sustainable and inclusive models: Rebuild globalization
abroad. compensation in tribal with sustainability at the core.
belts. Ê Climate action priority: Address climate change globally
to protect local development resources.
Ê Better education & Ê Displacement, urban
health. Ex: Schools in slum shift. Ex: Projects De-Globalization
tribal areas. uprooting tribals. Reduced global integration in trade, capital, and movement;
Ê Tech access & Ê Few local jobs in shift to self-reliance.
awareness. Ex: Mobile industries. Ex: Indicators of Deglobalization
use for learning. Chhattisgarh units hire Ê Trade drop: Global demand falls; import barriers rise
outsiders.
Ê Capital retreat: Stricter regulations slow bank loans
Ê Cultural showcase Ê Autonomy movements and investments.
abroad. Ex: Tribal rise. Ex: Jharkhand, Ê Migration dip: Net migration (2011–15) fell by 4 million
dances at global Bodoland. from previous 5 years.
events. Ê COVID-19 effect: Supply chain shocks led to calls for
Ê NGO-global advocacy. Ê Tribal wealth exploited. self-sufficiency in essentials like healthcare.
Ex: Land rights Ex: Corporates profit, Reasons for this New Trend
support. not locals. Ê Global slowdown: Triggers global protectionism.
Culture Revival Ê Inequality & job loss: Disparity in globalization’s
Ê Yoga revival globally; e.g., Art of Living, Intl. Yoga Day. benefits fuels discontent.
Ê Ayurveda popularity increasing in India & abroad. Ê Stricter visa norms: Job fears prompt tighter
immigration laws.
Ê Religious revivalism grows amid global uncertainty;
used for mobilization. Ê Terrorism rise: Groups like ISIS drive anti-immigrant
sentiments.
Ê Rising global demand for Indian handicrafts like
Chikankari, Bandhani. Probable Impacts of De-globalisation on India
Ê Agriculture hit: Farmers lose export markets. Ex:
Glocalization of Culture = Globalization +
Reduced crop demand abroad.
Localization
Ê Tech lag: Less knowledge transfer slows innovation. Ex:
Ê Localized media: Indian versions of Amazon, Yahoo. Hindered access to research tools.
Ê Books & Movies: Translations and dubbing in regional Ê Political unrest: Price hikes may cause protests. Ex:
languages. Civil unrest due to inflation.
Ê Global food, Indian twist: Masala noodles, spicy pasta. Ê Economic slump: Slower growth, weak exports. Ex:
Ê Glocal Saree styles: Diverse, modern draping techniques. Indian firms hit by trade decline.
Indian culture remains resilient—evolving while preserving Ê Social tension: Poor worst affected. Ex: Inequality and
core values. conflict rise.

Indian Society 19
Cryptocurrency, Global Society and Indian Society Ê Separatist: Demands autonomy within India.
(UPSC 2021) Ex: Bodoland, Greater Nagaland
Ê Crypto = decentralized digital currency, enabling Ê Secessionist: Calls for full separation.
quick, borderless transfers. Ex: Khalistan, Azad Kashmir
Ê Challenges banks, aids financial inclusion globally.
Development of Communalism in Modern Indian
Ê In India, youth adopt it fast, but scams and unclear laws
History
prompt caution.
India’s communalism is a modern issue threatening Unity
Ê Raises issues of fraud, laundering, and need for strict
in Diversity.
regulation.
Stage 1: Rise of Nationalist Identities (Late 19th Century)
6. COMMUNALISM Ê Emergence of Hindu, Muslim, Sikh nationalisms.
Ê Movements: Arya Samaj’s Shuddhi, Faraizi reforms.
As per Bipin Chandra, communalism is the belief that a
religious group shares similar social, political, and economic
interests.
Ê It shows strong in-group attachment while ignoring other
communities’ views.
Fig: Evolution of Communalism in India
Stage 2: Liberal Communalism (Up to 1937)
Ê Communities saw distinct interests, yet valued
democracy.
Ê Hindu Mahasabha, Muslim League emerged; British
Communal Award worsened divide.
Stage 3: Extreme Communalism (Post-1937)
Ê Interests viewed as opposing.
Ê Rise of fascist ideologies; Muslim League and Hindu
Mahasabha promoted it.
Post-Independence Period
Ê Though rooted in religious diversity, it often causes social Ê Colonial Legacy: Divide-and-rule policy left a lasting
divisions and threatens national unity. communal divide.
Fact-Wise Ê Post-Independence Challenges: Casteism, exclusion,
and economic inequality fuelled tensions.
Ê As per NCRB 2022, India recorded 272 communal riot
cases, down from 378 in 2021. Ê Recurring Violence: Partition (1947), Anti-Sikh Riots
(1984), Pandit displacement (1989), Muzaffarnagar
Ê Maharashtra had the highest number (28 communal
(2013), Delhi Riots (2020) reflect continued communalism.
cases, 8,218 total riots).
Causes of Communalism in India
Historical Background
Historical Roots
Ê Ancient Harmony: Ashoka promoted religious
coexistence. Ê Separate Electorates: Fueled ‘us vs them’ divide.
Ê Medieval Coexistence: Akbar’s Din-i-ilahi promoted Ê British Rule: Exploited religious differences.
tolerance. Ê Partition’s Legacy: Deep community mistrust.
Ê Colonial Divide: British rule exploited religious divisions. Political Exploitation
Ê Post-Independence: Economic inequality led to tensions. Ê Communal Leaders: Like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Malviya.
Ê Partition’s Legacy: 1947 partition caused mass Ê Religious Parties: Strengthened divides.
communal violence. Ê Vote Bank Politics: Religion used to win votes.
Contemporary forms of Communalism/Types of Economic Factors
Communalism Ê Scarcity & Disparity: Fuels conflict over limited
Ê Assimilationist: Minorities are expected to adopt resources.
majority customs. Ê Job Competition: Economic tensions turn communal.
Ex: Buddha seen as Vishnu’s avatar Social Triggers
Ê Welfarist: Focus on social upliftment of a community. Ê Misused History: Distorted past spreads hate.
Ex: Jiyo Parsi scheme Ê Land Disputes, Offences: Spark religious violence.
Ê Retreatist: Community isolates to protect identity. Ê Provocations: Cow slaughter/processions used
Ex: Baha’is avoid politics maliciously.
Ê Retaliatory: Clashes due to conflicting interests. The Role of Media
Ex: Hindu-Muslim riots Ê Sensationalism & False Narratives: Escalate tensions.

20 Prahaar Summary 2025

Ê Constructive Portrayals: Films like Bombay, Black Way Forward
Friday highlight communal costs. Ê Uphold Secularism: Promote interfaith harmony and
Impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and shared national identity.
communalism (UPSC 2023) Ê Delink Religion & Politics: Enforce SC directive against
Ê Post-1990s liberalization boosted growth but deepened communal campaigning.
inequalities. Ê Security Measures: Police outreach, drones in sensitive
Ê Uneven benefits led to ethnic/religious group insecurity. areas.
Ê Economic divide intensified identity-based mobilization. Ê Tackle Economic Gaps: Focus on minority education
and employment.
Ê Media & consumerism stirred cultural anxiety; used by
politicians. Ê Foster Social Unity: Involve religious leaders, teach
tolerance in schools.
Ê Economic grievances mixed with identity politics
increased tensions. Ê Combat Misinformation: Regulate hate content,
promote counter-narratives.
Ê Result: Communalism rose due to inequality and identity
politicization. Ê Enforce Laws: Punish hate speech and incitement
strictly.
Consequences of Communalism
Ê Community Role: Engage NGOs, media, civil society to
Ê Breakdown of Law and Order: Violence weakens state resist communalism.
authority.
Ê Economic Disruption: Hurts business and GDP (6% 7. REGIONALISM
loss per GPI 2022).
Ê Democratic Setback: Erodes equality and inclusive Concept of Regionalism
governance. Ê Strong regional loyalty based on language, ethnicity, or
Ê Social Division: Increases distrust (e.g., Muslims blamed culture.
during COVID-19). Ê Can promote self-governance but may challenge national
Ê Threat to National Unity: Identity over nation unity.
undermines cohesion.
Ê Wasted Human Capital: Youth energy diverted to
violence.
Ê Global Reputation Hit: Affects investment and tourism.
Difference between Religiousness/Religiosity and
Communalism (UPSC 2017)
Aspect Religiousness/ Communalism
Religiosity
Definition Personal faith, Politicization of
devotion, and religion to create
practice of religion social divisions
Nature Individual and Collective and
spiritual political
Purpose Spiritual growth Mobilizing group
and moral guidance identity for political
gains
Impact on Promotes harmony Leads to conflict,
Society and tolerance division, and violence
Expression Prayer, rituals, Propaganda, rallies,
worship, ethical communal violence
living Fig: Forms of Regionalism in India
Example in Peaceful religious 1992 Babri Masjid Ê Ex: Gorkhaland movement shows cultural-driven
India festivals demolition triggering autonomy demand.
communal riots Regionalism in a Positive Sense
Various Committees and Commissions on Communalism Ê Unity Within Diversity: Promotes community, local
in India pride.
Ê National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): Protects Ê Development Focus: Highlights neglected regional
rights and dignity of communal violence victims. issues (e.g., Ladakh UT demand).
Ê Nanavati-Mehta Commission: Investigated 2002 Regionalism in the Negative Sense
Gujarat riots.
Ê Excessive Regionalism: Leads to separatist tendencies
Ê Sachar Committee (2005): Proposed Equal Opportunity (e.g., Khalistan, Bodoland).
Commission for redressing religion/caste/gender bias

Indian Society 21
Characteristics of Regionalism Scarcity and Identity: Resource disputes (e.g., Mahadayi
Ê Us vs. Them: Promotes self-interest over national good. water issue) trigger regional conflicts.
Ê Limited Perspective: Discourages regional cooperation. Why Regionalism Still Persists in India
Ê Inequality: Disparities fuel regional discontent. Ê Historical Imbalances: Older developed states offer
Ê Belonging & Psychology: Emotional identity drives better governance and services.
division. Ê Income Disparity: Rich states earn far more per capita
than poor ones.
Forms of Regionalism
Ê Uneven Development: Growth is concentrated in regions
Ê Separatist Movements: Ethnic/language-based like TN & Maharashtra, neglecting Bihar, NE.
statehood (e.g., Bodoland, Gorkhaland).
Ê “Son of the Soil” Sentiment: Locals feel exclusive
Ê Full Statehood: UTs seeking full power (e.g., Delhi). ownership of regional opportunities.
Ê Regional Autonomy: Existing states seek more control Ê Socio-economic Gaps: Failed land reforms and feudal
(e.g., DMK, Akali Dal). mindsets block progress.
Ê Secessionism: Militancy for complete separation (e.g., Ê Infrastructure Deficits: Basic facilities like power and
Khalistan, Kashmir). irrigation are lacking in some states.
Ê Supra-State: States unite temporarily for shared Ê Unequal Social Spending: Varies across states, affecting
interests (e.g., NE states). health, education, sanitation.
Ê Inter-State: State disputes (e.g., Cauvery water issue). Ê Political Failures: Ignored regional demands spark calls
Ê Intra-State: Regions within states demand identity (e.g., for new states (e.g., Vidarbha, Darjeeling).
Telangana vs. Coastal Andhra). ‘Sons of the Soil’ Doctrine
Constitutional Safeguards for National Unity Grants locals job/education priority based on birthplace,
Ê Art. 19 ensures freedom of expression to voice regional common in urban job hubs.
concerns democratically. Reasons for Its Rise
Ê Fifth & Sixth Schedules protect tribal rights and Ê Job Competition: Locals vs. migrants due to limited
autonomy. jobs.
Ê Art. 38 (DPSP) promotes equitable development to curb Ê Rising Aspirations: Educated youth demand better
regional inequality. opportunities.
Ê Seventh & Eighth Schedules balance central-state Ê Economic Lags: Job shortages increase local resentment.
powers and preserve linguistic diversity.
Examples
Ê Art. 79 & 80 uphold federal unity via Parliament
Ê Job Reservations: In AP, Goa, Haryana for locals.
structure.
Ê Mulki Rule: Article 371(D) gives AP locals educational
Ê Art. 368 ensures rigid constitutional amendments,
& employment protections.
preserving national unity.
Though it protects locals, this doctrine can restrict national
Factors Responsible for Regionalism in India mobility and growth. A balanced policy approach is needed.
Historical Influences Regionalism vs Nationalism
Ê Ancient Kingdoms like Cholas and Satavahanas left Regionalism: Prioritizes regional over national interests.
strong regional legacies May divide citizens by regional identity (e.g., language-based
Ê Mughal Subas had local rulers preserving cultural demands).
distinctness. Nationalism: Unites people under a shared national identity.
Ê British Divide-and-Rule worsened regional divisions Encourages collective goals through common symbols (e.g.,
and inequalities. Constitution, holidays).
Economic Disparity: Imbalanced development—e.g., New Finding Balance
Raipur vs. Abujhmar—fuels discontent. Ê Regionalism ensures local voice and culture.
Cultural Diversity Ê Nationalism promotes unity.
Ê Distinct regions (South, North-East, East) have unique Ê A strong nation must harmonize both
languages and traditions.
Federalism and Regionalism
Ê Local Heroes like Shivaji or Borphukan deepen regional
Federalism Supporting Regional Diversity
pride.
Ê Autonomy: 5th & 6th Schedules let regions preserve
Ê Caste-linked regionalism (e.g., Vanniyars in Tamil culture and self-govern.
Nadu).
Ê Minority Protections: Affirmative action and legal rights
Ê Festivals and rituals highlight local cultural uniqueness. uphold diversity.
Political Exploitation: Parties use regional issues for vote Ê Shared-Self Rule Balance: Combines national oversight
banks, intensifying regionalism. with state autonomy.
Geographical Roots: Linguistic-territorial ties strengthen Ê Power Devolution: 73rd & 74th Amendments empower
regional identity. local bodies.

22 Prahaar Summary 2025

Challenges Ê BRGF, PMKKKY: Funds targeted at backward and tribal
Ê Regional Inequality: Development remains uneven. regions.
Ê Resource Dependence: States rely on Centre. Ê Federal Institutions:
Ê Weak Local Governance: Grassroots institutions lack ‰ NITI Aayog: Cooperative federalism.
capacity. ‰ Interstate Council: Centre–state coordination.
Ê Power Imbalance: Disputes over fair distribution (11th, ‰ GST Council: Fiscal federalism.
12th, 7th Schedules).
Vocal for Local & Regionalism
Way Forward Ê Boosts Local Economy: Prioritizes local talent, culture,
Ê Fiscal Federalism: Fair fund distribution among states. and products.
Ê Cooperative Federalism: Centre must support, not Ê Examples: Darjeeling tea, Kanchipuram silk; ties into
dominate. Atmanirbhar Bharat and Swadeshi values.
Ê National Education: Promote unity through inclusive Challenges of Local-First Policy
learning.
Ê Legal Issues: Violates equal opportunity rights.
How is Regionalism a Threat to National Unity and Ê Economic Risks: May reduce efficiency and global
Integrity? competitiveness.
Political Manifestations Ê Unity Threat: Excludes non-locals, harming integration.
Ê Regional Parties: Push for identity-based politics (e.g., Ê Reciprocity Problem: Could affect Indians abroad.
DMK, Shiv Sena). Ê Short-Term Fix: May hurt long-term national cohesion.
Ê Coalition Deadlocks: Delay national policies due to
regional demands. 8. SECULARISM
Ê Diplomatic Strain: Localized issues (e.g., Tamil Nadu–
Secularism means separating religion from the state, ensuring
Sri Lanka) affect foreign policy.
freedom of faith without government bias. Religion is seen
Security Concerns as a personal choice.
Ê Violent Agitations: Unrest during state reorganization Secularism in Indian Context
(e.g., Andhra bifurcation)
Ê Inter-State Conflicts: Resource disputes (e.g., Mahanadi)
threaten internal peace.
National Unity and Development
Ê Weakened Nationalism: Regional identity overtakes
national loyalty.
Ê Uneven Growth: Development gaps fuel separatist
demands.
Ê Identity Politics: Leaders exploit regionalism for votes.
Way Forward
Ê Inclusive Growth: Invest in backward regions (e.g.,
Bihar, Assam) to ease resentment.
Ê Balanced Development: Equitable schemes to reduce
disparities.
Ê Infrastructure Push: Focus on NE states to curb
alienation.
Ê Unity in Diversity: Celebrate regional cultures under a
national umbrella.
Ê National Education: Promote patriotism through
Fig: Secularism in Indian Context
curricula.
India’s secularism promotes equal respect for all religions.
Ê Strengthen Local Governance: Empower panchayats
for participatory development. Ê Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
Ê Media Role: Promote integration via positive storytelling. Ê State ensures peaceful coexistence and treats religion
as private
Government Initiatives to Promote National
Integrity Historical Background
Ê State Reorganisation Act (1956): Created Zonal Secularism in Ancient India
Councils for regional coordination. Ê Hinduism’s diversity (Vedas, Upanishads) shows religious
Ê North-Eastern Council: Boosted planning in NE states. tolerance.
Ê Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat: Cultural exchange for Ê Ellora Caves reflect coexistence of faiths.
national unity. Ê Ashoka’s edicts promoted respect for all religions.

Indian Society 23
Secularism in Medieval India Framework ensuring Driven by modernization,
Ê Sufi and Bhakti saints (e.g., Kabir, Mirabai) preached religious freedom and science, and social change
harmony. neutrality
Ê Akbar abolished Jizya, included Hindus, encouraged Guides religion–government Shift in society affecting
interfaith dialogue. interaction beliefs and institutions
Secularism in Modern India
Features of Indian Secularism
Ê British policies (e.g., separate electorates) created
division. Ê Secularism is part of the Constitution’s basic
structure, preventing religious favoritism.
Ê INC and Nehru opposed communalism, upheld secular
ideals. Ê No state religion; equality for all faiths.
Ê Upholds liberal and modern values through reform
Manifestations of Secularism and tolerance.
Ê Differentiation: Religion becomes a cultural element. Ê State may intervene for religious harmony (unlike
Ê Privatization: Practice confined to personal life. France).
Ê Reduced Social Significance: Decline in religion’s Ê Religious freedom is a fundamental right.
public role. Ê Minority rights are protected by the state
Forms of Secularism The Indian Model of Secularism
Type Description Ê No official religion, but personal laws vary by faith.
Soft Secularism Legal separation, allows limited Ê Based on “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” (equal respect
public religious presence (e.g., USA) for all religions).
Hard Secularism Strict exclusion of religion from Ê Citizens are free to follow any religion.
public life (e.g., France) Ê State remains neutral, not interfering in religious affairs.
Positive Secularism Equal respect for all religions Ê Aims at peaceful coexistence, not just separation.
Negative Secularism No recognition of religion by the The Western Model of Secularism
state Ê Emphasizes freedom of religion, equal citizenship, and
church–state separation.
Indian Constitution and Secularism
Ê No religious basis for public policy.
Ê Constitution declares India a secular state, with no
Ê State does not fund religious institutions.
official religion.
Ê Religion and state have independent spheres.
Ê The Preamble calls India a “secular” republic.
Ê No state-supported religious reform allowed.
Ê Positive secularism: State respects and permits all
religions. Indian Secularism vs Western Secularism (UPSC 2018)
Ê Related Articles: 14, 15(1), 16(2), 25, 26, 27, 28, 44, 51A Aspect Indian Secularism Western Secularism
Judicial Pronouncements Regarding Secularism in India State No official religion; No official religion;
Religion respects all religion separated
Case Description
religions equally from state
The Shirur Mutt Coined ‘essentiality doctrine’;
case, 1954 only essential religious practices Philosophy Based on Sarva Based on strict
protected. Dharma Sambhava separation and
(equal respect to all neutrality
Ratilal vs State of State must not interfere in essential faiths)
Bombay (1954) religious practices.
Religious Constitutionally Protected, but often
Kesavananda Declared secularism part of Freedom guaranteed and within private sphere
Bharati Case Constitution’s Basic Structure. protected as a
(1973) fundamental right
Stanislaus vs Propagation under Art. 25 doesn’t State Role State can intervene State does not
State of MP include forcible conversion. to ensure interfere in religion
(1977) religious harmony or support religious
St. Stephen’s vs Minority institution autonomy must and reform reform
DU (1992) be upheld. discriminatory
S. R Bommai vs Secularism was already implicit, practices
Union (1994) 42nd CAA made it explicit. Minority Actively protected Focus on individual
Rights by the state rights, not explicit
Secularism and Secularization
minority protections
Secularism Secularization Legal Personal laws vary Uniform legal
Separation of religion and Decline of religion’s role in Framework by religion treatment irrespective
state society of religion

24 Prahaar Summary 2025

Public May consider No public policy can Policy - 42nd CAA (1976) Support to
Policy religious be based on religious Initiatives added “secular” minorities
sensitivities for rationale to Constitution - through welfare
social harmony Ministry of Minority schemes like Nai
State Allowed in No funding to Affairs (2006) Roshni, Seekho
Funding specific cases religious institutions aur Kamao, Nai
(e.g., minority Udaan
institutions) Development - NMDFC (1994) for Expand access
End Goal Peaceful Complete separation Programs concessional loans - to religious
coexistence in a of religion and state Opening of temples institutions;
plural society affairs (e.g., Sabarimala boost minority
case) economic
empowerment
Challenges Faced by Secularism in India
Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
Article 44 calls for a UCC covering personal laws (marriage,
Category Challenges Way Forward
inheritance) for all citizens.
/ Government
Initiatives Proponents Argue
Communalism Religious intolerance Strengthen Ê Promotes national unity and protects women and
& Politics (e.g., Delhi riots); Election minorities.
political use of religion Commission, Ê Simplifies the legal system, reducing inconsistencies.
for votes curb hate speech, Ê Strengthens secularism by separating religion from law.
encourage Ê Enhances women’s rights across communities.
interfaith events
Opponents Argue
Social Minority Improve minority
Ê May infringe religious freedoms (Articles 25 & 26).
Exclusion underrepresentation representation,
(e.g., Sachar implement Ê Faces resistance from conservative religious groups.
Committee); caste/ recommendations Ê Consensus across communities is difficult.
ethnic divides of Sachar Ê Drafting a UCC could face serious hurdles.
overlooked and Misra
Commissions Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code Act 2025
Ê First state to implement UCC (Jan 27, 2025).
Unequal Biased administration Promote religious
Treatment during communal understanding, Ê Bans halala, iddat, and triple talaq.
violence equality in Ê Ensures equal inheritance rights for women.
governance Ê Mandatory online registration of marriages, divorces,
Education Reinforces identities Universalize and live-in relationships.
System instead of promoting Right to Marriage Laws
secular values Education, build Ê Legal age: 21 (men), 18 (women).
critical thinking
Ê Bans polygamy, child marriage, and triple talaq.
skills
Ê Marriage registration is mandatory.
Radicalization Youth radicalization Promote
by extremist groups scientific Inheritance and Property Rights
temperament Ê Equal inheritance for sons and daughters.
(Article 51A), Ê Children from live-in relationships considered legitimate
counter with equal rights.
misinformation
UCC Online Portal
Judicial Delay Slow legal process in Fast-track courts Ê Aadhaar verification for authentication.
communal cases for secularism-
related issues Ê AI translations into 22 languages.
Ê Linked database with 13 departments (courts, police).
Media Bias Sensationalist Promote
coverage intensifies responsible Ê Tatkal option for urgent cases.
tensions journalism Registration Deadlines
and balanced Ê Marriages since 2010: Register within 6 months.
reporting
Ê New marriages: Within 60 days.
Institutional - Separate Electorate Continued Ê Live-in relationships: Within 1 month of UCC launch.
Measures abolished (1950) - functioning of NIC
Secularism promotes accommodation of diverse groups.
National Integration and promotion of
India’s social fabric relies on tolerance and cohesion across
Council (1962) social unity
religions.

Indian Society 25
 Ê Flexible Learning: Removes barriers between academic,
9. EDUCATION: SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
vocational, extracurricular streams.
New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 (UPSC 2020) Ê Higher Education: 4-year UG courses, multiple exits,
Ê Aims to reform education for 21st-century needs— 50% GER by 2035, HECI as single regulator.
improves literacy, reduces dropouts, and promotes Ê Equity, Inclusion & Tech: Supports disadvantaged
multidisciplinary learning.
groups, promotes ed-tech via NETF
Features of NEP 2020
Issues of New Education Policy 2020
Ê 5+3+3+4 Structure: Replaces 10+2 model, includes pre-
primary, aligns with cognitive development. Ê Skill Gap: Education–employment disconnect remains.
Ê Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN): National Ê Financial Burden: Achieving 6% of GDP on education
mission to ensure basic skills by Grade 3. is a major hurdle.

Federal Cooperation Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) and Digital
Ê Resistance to NHERC: States may oppose central Education (Refer to Prahaar 2025 Social Justice Booklet for
regulatory control. details)
Ê Fee Regulation Issues: Donations and profiteering still AI in Education
persist. Ê AI offers personalized learning, but may risk teacher
Ê Language Policy Criticism: Regional languages and roles and bias.
Sanskrit inclusion draw objections. Ê Development must ensure equity and inclusive access.
Ê Governance Concerns: Power centralization in university
Benefits of AI in Education
boards criticized.
The Road Ahead
Ê Cooperative Federalism: Success requires Centre–State
collaboration.
Ê Universalization: Inclusion funds and tighter regulation Hurdles to AI in Education
needed.
Ê No National Policy: Lacks unified AI framework.
Ê Digital Divide: Unequal tech access hampers online
learning. Ê Digital Divide: 54% population lacks internet.
Ê Inter-Ministerial Coordination: Align education, skills, Ê Low Funding: <3.5% GDP on education hinders AI use.
and labor for better outcomes. Ê Limited Capacity: State depts. lack resources/expertise.

26 Prahaar Summary 2025

Ê Ethical Issues: Data privacy, algorithmic bias, and Ê Context: At least 4 paper leaks occurred in 2024 alone.
foreign control.
Aims and Objectives of The Public Examination
Way Forward (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024
Ê National AI Strategy: Build policy with safeguards and Ê Preserve Academic Integrity: Ensures fairness in
transparency. exams; all offences are cognizable, non-bailable, and
Ê Intelligent Tutoring: Use AI to personalize and track non-compoundable.
learning. Ê Standardise Examination Protocols: Section 3 lists
Ê Data Ethics: Ensure privacy and fairness through 15 unfair practices done for wrongful or monetary gain.
anonymization. Ê Legal Framework for Action: Offences investigated by
Ê Simple Tech Use: Leverage SMS and basic platforms officers not below the rank of DySP/ACP; includes fines
for reach. and jail.
Ê Public-Private Collaboration: Boost training, research, Ê Promote Transparency and Fairness: Includes spot
and job alignment. checks and random invigilation to ensure fairness.
Ê Empower Authorities: Enables strict action; offenders
Foreign Higher Educational Institutions in India
face ≥3 years imprisonment and up to ₹10 lakh fine.
Ê Policy Shift: NEP 2020 and budget announcements
Ê Educational Outreach and Awareness: Mandates
enable foreign university campuses in GIFT City.
school orientation programs on penalties and risks.
Ê Reduced Costs: Students access global education
without high costs of going abroad. Public Examination Definition
Ê Increased Access: Prestigious programs become Ê Public Examination: Defined in Section 2(k) as any
available within India. exam by listed public authorities (e.g., UPSC, SSC, IBPS,
NTA) or as notified by the Centre
Ê Boost to GER: Helps raise India’s Gross Enrollment
Ratio in higher education. Ê Note: University/State board exams not explicitly covered
Ê Less Forex Outflow: Cuts foreign exchange spent on unless notified.
studying abroad. A major reform toward exam transparency and merit-based
Ê Global Competitiveness: Attracts global talent and assessment; builds a globally benchmarked system.
improves research ecosystem. Promotion of Higher Education in Regional
Ê Cultural Exchange: Encourages global understanding Languages
through academic presence. Context: Hindi MBBS books in Madhya Pradesh rekindled
National Digital University (NDU) debate.
Ê Launch: Announced in Budget 2022–23 to improve Challenges
education access via online learning. Ê English Legacy: Lack of qualified regional language
Ê Hub-and-Spoke Model: SWAYAM as content hub; faculty.
Samarth manages IT/admin. Ê Linguistic Diversity: Hard to standardize curriculum
Ê Flexible Learning: Multiple course enrollments and for diverse languages.
customizable structures. Ê High Initial Investment: Needs funds for curriculum
Ê Credit System: Accumulate credits from various & training.
universities; 50% required at awarding institution. Ê Limited Opportunities: English remains dominant in
Ê Goal: Affordable, flexible, personalized education for all. research and employment.
Reforms in Content and Design of School Textbooks Way Forward
Ê Child-Centric Design: Visual aids, graphics, and audio Ê Building a Foundation: Strengthen regional language
tools to improve engagement. science education via grants and targeted programs.
Ê Local Language Focus: Publishing in regional languages Ê Incentivizing Local Languages: Offer teacher incentives
for better accessibility. and update curricula for better student engagement.
Ê Inclusive Content: Better representation of women and Ê Multilingual Faculty: Recruit bilingual teachers to
marginalized voices. balance local reach and global relevance.
Ê Enriched History: Post-independence and world history Ê Technological Support: Use tech tools and translated
inclusion suggested. materials to boost accessibility and learning.
Ê Modern Topics: Include drug/internet addiction and
life skills. 10.HEALTH: SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
Ê Reducing Burden: Integrated textbooks (Ekatmik Pathya The WHO defines health as complete physical, mental, and
Pustak) align with School Bag Policy. social well-being.
Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) India’s healthcare system includes:
Act 2024 Ê Public Healthcare: Government-run facilities offering
Ê Purpose: Enacted to curb rising cases of cheating in subsidized or free services at primary, secondary, and
public exams. tertiary levels.

Indian Society 27
Ê Private Healthcare: A thriving sector of individual clinics Ê Low Awareness: Limited understanding hinders
and hospitals catering to diverse needs. intervention.
Constitutional Provisions on Health- Article 38, 39(e), 41, Ê Stigma: Leads to social isolation.
42, 47, 48A, Seventh Schedule. Ê Treatment Gap: 92% lack mental health access.
The Right to Health: Article 21 Ê Human Rights Violations: Outdated practices in
Indian courts have expanded the right to health under Article facilities.
21: Way Forward
Ê Parmanand Katara v Union of India (1989): Mandated Ê Break Stigma: Promote awareness and open
doctors to save lives regardless of hospital. conversations.
Ê Union of India AIR (1995): Recognized health as a Ê Early Intervention: Diagnose and treat early.
fundamental right. Ê Community Outreach: Leverage trained health workers.
Ê Rakesh Chandra Narayan: Reinforced the government’s Ê Increase Investment: Boost funding for mental health
duty to ensure healthcare access. services.
Social Challenges of the Health Sector Ê Holistic Care: Expand beyond traditional treatments.
Ê Social Disparity: Urban areas have better healthcare Ê Digital Solutions: Use telemedicine in underserved
facilities. areas.
Legal Framework for Patient Rights in India
Ê Constitutional Right: Article 21 ensures the right to life
and quality healthcare.
Ê Specific Laws: Laws like the Indian Medical Council
Regulations ensure patient safety.
Ê Right to Safety: Patients are entitled to safe, hygienic
care.
Ê Emergency Care: Hospitals must provide emergency
medical care.
Ê Rural Neglect: Rural areas are underserved. Ê Patient Rights Charters: Institutions outline protections
Ê Underinvestment: Low public health expenditure for patients.
compared to other countries. Ê Global Recognition: India follows international human
Ê Financial Burden: High out-of-pocket costs for rights covenants.
healthcare. Issues in News
Ê Human Resource Shortage: Shortage of medical
Student Suicides
personnel.
Context: In 2022, 15 students in Kota died by suicide,
Ê Limited Research: Lack of focus on tropical diseases.
reflecting a concerning trend.
Ê Cultural Bias: Overreliance on Western medicine,
Reasons:
neglecting preventive care.
Ê Academic Pressure: Intense competition at IITs adds
Way Forward: stress.
Ê Strengthen Public Health: Improve workforce at all Ê Mental Health Stigma: Reluctance to seek help due to
levels. stigma.
Ê Increase Funding: Aim for 2.5% of GDP for public health. Ê Social Isolation: Competitive environments cause
Ê Preventive Focus: Prioritize Health and Wellness loneliness.
Centres. Ê Financial Strain: Economic burdens worsen stress.
Ê Lifestyle Changes: Promote healthy habits. Ê Unrealistic Expectations: Self and societal pressures
Ê Decentralized Approach: Integrate nutrition and lead to overwhelming stress.
hygiene into local governance. Challenges:
Mental Health and Associated Issues Ê Under-reporting: Bullying and discrimination are often
Ê Importance: Mental health is essential for emotional, hidden.
psychological, and social well-being. Ê Sensationalization: Media exaggerates issues, hindering
Ê Care Providers: Help with issues like depression, solutions.
anxiety, and addiction. Ê Developmental Changes: Adolescence makes it hard to
Reasons for Declining Mental Health navigate challenges.
Ê Shortage of Professionals: Only 0.75 psychiatrists per Ê Adjustment Issues: Transitioning to new environments
100,000 people. adds pressure.
Ê Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate facilities violating Ê One-Size-Fits-All Solutions: Current methods overlook
human rights. individual factors.

28 Prahaar Summary 2025

Way Forward: Ê One-Size-Fits-All: Regional needs may be overlooked.
Ê Parental Involvement: Communication between parents World Bank Invests $1 Billion in India’s Healthcare
and students to address anxieties.
The World Bank is funding $1 billion to enhance India’s
Ê Early Intervention: Peers can identify behavioral healthcare, split into two $500 million loans:
changes early.
Ê PHSPP: Focuses on pandemic preparedness.
Ê Flexible Learning: Reduced academic load and
Ê EHSDP: Improves healthcare infrastructure in key states.
alternative options.
This supports the PM-ABHIM initiative, aiming to boost
Ê Neutral Grievance Redressal: Safe third-party systems
healthcare quality, accessibility, and affordability.
for student concerns.
New Organ Donation Guidelines in India 11. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND INDIAN
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) has SOCIETY
introduced changes to improve the organ donation and
transplantation system in India: India is actively adopting 5G, AI, blockchain, AR/VR, robotics,
Ê Nationwide Organ Donation: Citizens can register as etc., with government and private sectors using them for
organ donors across states. planning, innovation, and connectivity. MeitY’s Emerging
Technologies Division leads in policy and promotion of these
Ê Expanded Eligibility: The age limit removed, allowing
technologies across the country.
people over 65 to register.
Ê Reduced Costs: No registration fees for organ transplants. Initiatives by Government on AI
Challenges
Ê Low Donor Rates: Cultural beliefs discourage organ
pledging.
Ê Limited Infrastructure: Only select hospitals offer
transplant services.
Ê Family Hesitation: Grieving families face pressure
during the donation window.
Ê Patient Concerns: Anxiety over post-transplant care
and survival.
Ê Black Market Activity: Erosion of trust due to illegal
organ trade.
Way Forward
Ê Expand Infrastructure: More hospitals should offer
transplant services.
Ê Awareness Campaigns: Public figures can boost organ
donation awareness.
Ê Early Education: Teach about organ donation in schools
to reduce stigma.
Ê Strengthen Coordination: Improve collaboration across
health authorities.
Ê Engage Stakeholders: Involve communities and NGOs
to address regional concerns.
Shifting Health to the Concurrent List
AI and Social Good
N.K. Singh proposed moving health to the Concurrent List,
AI Cultivates a Smarter Future for Agriculture
allowing central and state governments to share powers.
Health is currently under the State List in the 7th Schedule. Ê Precision Farming: AI uses real-time data to improve
yields.
For the Shift:
Ê Food Chain Optimization: Enhances efficiency across
Ê Unified Strategy: Enables a cohesive national policy and
the global agri-sector.
fair resource distribution.
Ê India’s Edge: Rich agri-data enables advanced, localized
Ê Standardized Care: Ensures uniform standards and
AI.
better infrastructure.
Ê Labor Gap: Automation compensates for declining farm
Ê Crisis Management: Promotes coordinated responses
labor.
during health emergencies.
AI Revolutionizes Healthcare
Against the Shift:
Ê Diagnosis & Treatment: AI personalizes and improves
Ê Erosion of State Authority: States may resist losing
care.
control.
Ê Remote Access: Expands care to underserved areas.
Ê Increased Bureaucracy: More central involvement may
delay services. Ê Epidemic Forecasting: Predicts and manages outbreaks.

Indian Society 29
Ê Assistive Tech: Supports the visually impaired. Ê We-Hub: Trained 700+ girls (aged 13–17) in AI/data
AI Tackles Climate Challenges science.
Ê Disaster Prediction: Enables proactive response. Way Ahead
Ê Disease Control: Tracks carriers to prevent outbreaks. Ê Encourage STEM: Scholarships, mentorship, and
Ê Sustainable AI: Ethics-driven, guided by UNESCO. outreach to boost participation.
Ê Inclusive Workplaces: Flexible, bias-free environments
Challenges Associated with AI
attract women.
Ê Data Concerns: Lack of data protection laws endangers
Ê Minimize AI Bias: Use diverse data, bias-detection
privacy.
algorithms.
Ê Legal Uncertainties: India lacks clear legal frameworks
Ê Women-Centric Programs: Targeted training,
for AI accountability.
internships, mentorships.
Ê Job Disruption: Low-skill jobs threatened by automation.
Ê Support Networks: Forums for learning, sharing, and
Ê Skill Gap: Workforce lacks AI-relevant skills. visibility.
Ê Ethical Risks: Use in warfare and surveillance raises Ê Sectoral Inclusion: Push women into underrepresented
red flags. areas like cybersecurity.
Ê Infrastructure Gaps: Poor internet access limits
adoption. Social Media and Society
Ê Cybersecurity Threats: AI systems are vulnerable to Ê Social media connects users through posts, messages,
attacks. and videos, enabling sharing of ideas and fostering global
communication.
Way Forward
Ê While it supports connection and learning, risks like
Policy and Regulation: Enact strong data privacy laws and misinformation and privacy concerns remain
ethical AI guidelines.
Benefits of Social Media
Ê Launch skill development programs with industry-
academia links. Ê Education: Enables collaboration and access to learning
Ê Create regulatory frameworks for transparent, unbiased resources.
AI use. Ê Empowerment: Amplifies marginalized voices and
Education and Skilling: Integrate AI in school curricula. promotes participation.
Launch specialized AI degree programs. Ê Social Connection: Bridges distances, reduces isolation,
Accessibility and Inclusivity: Promote affordable AI for and supports cultural exchange.
startups and rural areas. Ê Entertainment: Offers diverse content and real-time
Innovation and Leadership: Boost govt-private R&D creator interaction.
collaboration for local AI solutions. Ê Positive Action: Mobilizes support for causes and
enhances governance.
Artificial Intelligence and Gender Gap
Ê Business and Marketing: Aids customer engagement
Ê Despite 43% of Indian STEM graduates being women,
and brand growth.
only 14% hold STEM jobs. Top tech firms show just 10–
15% women in AI roles. Issues with Social Media
Ê Lack of diversity risks reinforcing gender biases in AI Ê Social Polarization: Algorithms create echo chambers,
systems and deepening inequalities. reinforcing bias.
Issues Regarding AI and Women Ê Addiction: Shortens attention spans and impacts focus.
Ê Diversity Gap: AI reflects tech’s male dominance, Ê Privacy Concerns: Raises issues over data misuse,
especially in leadership roles. scams, and surveillance.
Ê Gender Bias: Women face discrimination and struggle Ê Cyberbullying: Encourages online harassment,
with work-life balance. especially of vulnerable groups.
Ê Bias in AI Systems: Tools like facial recognition and Ê Mental Health: Linked to anxiety, depression, and
voice assistants misrepresent women. behavior changes.
Ê Impact on Women and Girls: Limited female Ê Misinformation: Spreads fake news, inciting unrest and
representation deters youth; data gaps hinder access. harm.
Ê Investment Disparity: Female-led AI startups receive Ê Threats to Democracy: Facilitates hate speech and
just 2–9% of global VC funding. undermines democratic institutions.
Government Initiatives India’s Initiatives To Combat Social Media Cybercrime
Ê KIRAN Scheme: Supports women scientists in research Ê Coordinated Response: I4C centralizes efforts to tackle
careers. cybercrime.
Ê National AI Strategy: Promotes inclusive #AIFORALL Ê Centralized Reporting: Online portals enable easy
vision. reporting, especially of CSAM.
Ê Telangana Initiatives: 5,000+ girls trained in AI; rural Ê Detection & Analysis: Cyber Swachhta Kendra targets
data centers empower women. and neutralizes online threats.

30 Prahaar Summary 2025

Ê Proactive Defense: CERT-In’s plan prepares for ‰ Disinformation Initiatives: Counter false narratives
cyberattacks on platforms. effectively.
Way Forward ‰ Transparency Requirements: Mandate clarity on
algorithms and moderation.
Ê Platform Self-Regulation: Platforms must align content
moderation with human rights, balancing free speech Ê Building Societal Capacity:
and safety. ‰ Digital Literacy: Teach critical thinking for online
Ê Government’s Role: navigation.
‰ User Verification: Enhance accountability through ‰ User Responsibility: Promote respectful and verified
robust verification. content sharing.
‰ Content Standards: Update moderation norms for ‰ Positive Content: Encourage informative,
evolving threats. constructive content creation.

Indian Society 31
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