托福高频表达精选（详细版）

国内考生常用的表达 更得分的表达方式

名词

things that one

1
tries hard to do one's undertakings/ one's commitments

2 The fact is that… The reality is that…

3 joy happiness/ delight/ enjoyment

4 sadness sorrow/ grief

hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同

5 danger
一般) [派生] dangerous；hazardous

≈schooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用

upbringing/ parenting）[区分]家庭教育的两个词

6 education upbringing 是从孩子的角度说的，比如 children's

upbringing；而 parenting 是从家长的角度来说，比

如 sensible parenting.

如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮

换使用 advertisement/ advertising 有多郁闷。其实

主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化，比如
advertisement/
7 commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告），flyers
advertising
（传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“135****，办

证”），billboards（大幅的广告牌）或者 non-profit

advertisements=public-interest advertisements （公
 益广告）

8 car automobile

economic meltdown（很接近）/recession（这个一

9 economic crisis 般仅仅还是衰退）/the Great Depression（这个则是

特指 1929 年开始的那次了）

10 famous people celebrities （单数为 celebrity）

human beings（备 humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数指人文

11
考生使用过多） 学科）/the human race

12 wealth fortune(s) （fortune 作财富的意思时可以加复数）

13 [相关] rich wealthy/ affluent (adj.)

≈technique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方
14 skill
法，而不是 technology 科技)

15 [派生] skilled adept/ adroit (adj.)

methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本
16 method
就是 method 的故作高深版）

17 field sphere/ domain/ arena

18 understanding of ≈ grasp of/ command of

19 choice option
20 cooperation ≈collaboration

basic structure in a
21
city or a country infrastructure

tiredness for a long

22
time fatigue

23 is a must of is a prerequisite for （是……的必备先决条件）

≈the information highway(一篇考生作文里 Internet

24 the Internet
被使用十几次是常事儿)

25 honesty ≈integrity

26 strong belief faith (in)

27 aim intention

28 worries anxieties (是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）

29 influence impact/ repercussion/ implication

mutual influence（类似的表达还有 mutual respect,

influence on each
30 mutual trust 和 mutual understanding/ interaction
other
between A and B/ interplay between A and B

many different
31
kinds of… a variety of…/ a wide array of…/ a wide range of…

wrong ideas held

32
by many people misconceptions

33 fame prestige/ sterling reputation

34 range ≈spectrum
35 sense ≈ recognition

component （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也
36 part
经常指“部分”）

37 wise [相关] sensible (adj.)

38 gap disparity

a system for a
39
particular purpose ≈ a mechanism for…

a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治疗方

40 a solution to sth. 法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，

注意搭配的介词不同）

41 bad students ≈ unruly students/ disruptive students

42 bad behavior unethical behavior/ immoral behavior

organizations that
43
help poor people charities/ charitable organizations

44 difference distinction

[派生] be different
45
from be distinct from (adj.)

46 person individual

47 personality ≈ disposition

48 businesses enterprises（这里指企业）

prices that are too

49
high exorbitant prices
 the incidence of…（后面一般跟坏事儿，比如
50 the rate of…
unemployment/ crime/ a disease）

51 intense enthusiasm zeal/ passion

cultural

52 globalization（有过

多人使用这个词） global cultural homogenization

a thing that is
53
necessary a necessity

a thing that is new

54
and interesting a novelty

55 a thing that is rare a rarity

things that people

56
are not sure about uncertainties

57 a world language a universal language

58 friends companions

59 relaxation ≈ recreation

60 self-respect ≈ self-esteem and dignity

61 respect sb./ sth. hold sb./ sth. in high regard

[反义] look down

62
on… treat … with contempt = despise (v.)

63 self-control self-discipline

64 criminal convict
65 prisoner inmate

66 drinks ≈ alcoholic beverages

people who walk

67
on the street pedestrians

old generations in
68
history ancestors

a person who
69
benefits from sth. a beneficiary of sth.

a disease that an epidemic （注意这个词虽然是-ic 结尾，却不是

70
spreads quickly 形容词）

a very unpleasant
71
way of life misery

a task that requires

72
lots of effort an arduous task

73 emotion ≈ sentiment

74 enemy ≈ opponent/ foe

75 narrow minds insular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念）

76 a way to do sth. an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth.

77 hobby ≈ pastime/ diversion

progression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于
78 progress
society/ career/ technology 的话题）

79 failure setback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）
 significance（当你用了一次 importance 之后，第二
80 importance
次不妨用这个）

81 duty obligation（用于比较重要的责任）

82 difficulty hindrance/ impediment/ hurdles

pressure from your

83
classmates peer pressure

citizens who can labor force/ workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后

84
work 面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）

problems or

85 diseases that exist

for a long time persistent problems/ chronic diseases

a life without
86
regular exercise a sedentary lifestyle

87 result consequence （表示消极的结果更多一些）

88 thoughts ≈ considerations

the lack of ignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表

89
knowledge 示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）

90 harm (n.) adverse effect

 damage destroy/ ruin （这两个词比 damage 程度更

重）spoil（后面跟 the cityscape/ scenery/

environment）undermine （后面跟抽象概念，比如

91 harm (vt.) stability/ social order/ harmony）jeopardize （后面

跟抽象概念，比如 one's future/ one's career）tarnish

（后面跟 one's reputation/ image）sap/ dampen

（后面跟 one's enthusiasm/ interest/ confidence）

92 [派生] harmful detrimental (adj.)

[派生] be harmful
93
to ≈ pose a threat to

94 bad luck misfortune

95 trouble adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship

96 crime offense/ criminal act

97 youth crime ≈ juvenile delinquency

98 criminal offender/ ≈ culprit/ ≈ perpetrator

99 serious crime heinous crime/ felony

100 a minor crime a misdemeanor

101 shortage (of) scarcity (of)/ dearth (of)

102 the only one an exception

places where
103
animals live habitat

形容词
104 worrying ≈ disturbing

105 very popular prevalent/ ubiquitous

106 TRUE genuine (truly a genuinely)

profound （深刻的，后面经常跟 wisdom/ truths/

107 deep
understanding/ impact/ thoughts）

108 strong powerful/ mighty

109 weak ≈ vulnerable

industrious（注意不是 industrial，而 diligent 那个词

110 hard-working
在美语中是个挺大的词）

111 very disappointing lamentable/ pathetic

112 be good (for) be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of)

113 be not as good as be inferior to

114 be better than be superior to

mundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并不是
115 uninteresting
“世俗的”意思/humdrum

116 many numerous（注意要跟可数名词）

117 complicated intricate

118 strange odd/ bizarre/ eccentric

（单 weird 有点过于口语化了）

cannot be turned
119
back be irreversible

produce useful
120
results productive
121 practical ≈ realistic

sophisticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老
122 mature
练的）

123 selfish self-centered/ materialistic

124 proud （贬义） conceited

125 suitable fitting

126 most suitable optimal

127 lonely isolated/ alienated

128 alone solitary

be easily be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如 a

129
influenced by sth. disease/ attacks）

130 is better than is superior to

131 not as good as… is inferior to

be identical/ be homogenous/ be uniform（后面两个

词比较正式，一般是说 cultural globalization 的时候

132 be the same
常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫 school uniforms

了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）

133 interesting ≈ stimulating

134 boring ≈ monotonous/ repetitive

135 useless redundant

136 smart intelligent

137 famous renowned

138 positive ≈ desirable/ encouraging

139 happy delighted

140 enjoyable delightful

141 can be used be available

hard to
142
understand bewildering/ baffling/ confusing

(laws/ rules/
143
people) not strict lenient

wholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用 healthy，但是
144 healthy
如果说事物有益健康，就可以用 wholesome）

good for the eco-friendly（比如 Biking is far more eco-friendly

145
envrionment than driving their SUVs.）

146 nervous/ anxious ≈ apprehensive

147 doubt sth. be skeptical about sth.

148 fair ≈ justified

149 unfair ≈ unwarranted/ unjustifiable

150 huge enormous/ massive/ vast/ colossal

151 small tiny/ miniscule（后面一般跟抽象名词）

have many
152
different abilities be versatile/ be well-rounded

153 be familiar with be well-acquainted with

154 very successful/ distinguished

 admirable

155 proper appropriate

156 typical quintessential （这个语气非常强）

157 exact precise/ ≈ accurate

158 ugly unsightly

substandard (housing/ accommodation/ work/

159 poor-quality
goods/ machines)

the current…/ the existing…（比如 the current

160 the present… financial crisis/ the existing environmental

problems)

161 outdated antiquated/ obsolete

162 highly-respected esteemed

complete(adj.)/
163
whole entire

spend a lot of
164
money lead an extravagant/ a lavish life

enlighted/ progressive （开明的，逐步的，经常用来

165 open
形容 govern-ment 或者 society）

sth. must be
166
carried out sth. is compulsory/ sth. is mandatory

time-honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如 tradition/
167 with long history
practice/ methods/ heritage）
168 continuing forever perpetual

significant essential vital(这三个词的重要性依

169 important
次递增)

170 very attractive very appealing/ fascinating/ captivating

171 very careful cautious

be very interested
172
in be absorbed in/ be engrossed in

173 be qualified for be eligible for

174 disappointing frustrating

175 wrong erroneous

long and a bit

176
annoying lengthy

177 very difficult daunting/ formidable

being spread in rampant （后面经常跟负面现象，比如 crime,

178
uncontrolled way pollution 或者 discrimination）

179 cruel ≈ inhumane/ merciless

180 fat overweight/ obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）

having wrong skewed/ biased （这两个词一般在 IELTS 媒体类话题

181
opinions 使用，表示“有偏见的”）

including many
182
things comprehensive （综合的，全面的）

183 enough adequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant（注意这四个

 词的语气是逐渐递增的)

184 too much excessive

185 very little minimal （注意不是 minimum）

counterproductive （其实地道英文写作里这个词不

186 cause bad effects 见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都可以写

它 counterproductive)

187 strict stringent （后面一般跟 laws, measures 或者 rules）

188 urgent pressing (problems)

tranquil and serene （美语中这两个词经常可以连在

189 quiet
一起用）

动词

190 make sth. strong strengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth.

191 make sth. weak weaken/ erode （侵蚀）

enhance/ better
（很少看到国内考生用 better 当动词，
192 make sth. better
其实在学术写作中 better sth.是挺常见的表达 ）

193 make sth. worse aggravate/ exacerbate sth.

control…(a
194
negative trend) curb…(crime/ pollution/ economic recessions)

195 stop cease

196 manage sth. ≈ regulate sth./oversee sth.

emerge/ arise （后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比如

197 appear
debate）
198 die out go extinct

199 fail to see neglect/ overlook

200 set…free release (prisoners/ stress)

commence/ initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如

201 begin
initiate the conflict)

narrow/ bridge

the gap between A

202
and B(注意这里

bridge 作动词） [反义] widen the gap between A and B

be forced to do
203
sth. be compelled to do sth.

keep complaining
204
about sth. grumble about sth.

≈pursue sth.(one's goal/one's career/ business

205 try hard to do sth.
interests/ maximum profit/ hegemony)

≈ perform/ conduct （注意这里的 perform 不是“表

206 do sth.
演”而是“从事”）

207 do not do sth. refrain from doing sth.

208 carry out implement

209 turn…into… convert…to/ into…

decline/ dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少）/ dip/ slip

210 decrease
(后两个词用来指短促的下降)
 commit a crime（注意作文中不要用 make a crime 这
211 make a crime
样不地道的英文）

commit a crime
212
again revert to crime （这里的 crime 作不可数名词）

213 punish penalize

214 [派生]punishment penalty

propagate/ disseminate （这两个词后面经常跟

215 spread
information/ ideas/ belief 这类名词）

216 develop fast flourish/ thrive

develop （这里作 cultivate/ foster/ nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和教

217
“培养”的意思 育有关的名词，比如 an interest in social issues）

[相
218
关]fast-developing burgeoning

adopt（注意这个词不是 adapt 适应，而是接纳，采

219 accept
纳的意思）

220 build construct

garner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有

221 gather 贬义，比如 garner funding, garner support during the

UN climate conference at Copenhagen

222 measure gauge, 比 measure 稍正式一点

≈impart sth./ inculcate sth.（注意如果 teach 后面是人

223 teach sth.
则不要替换）
224 start initiate 多用于政府类话题

espouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词

225 support champion（作动词不是冠军的意思了）和动词

sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）

226 praise ≈ compliment/ extol（后面这个语气很强）

227 support ≈ buttress/ bolster

228 prove/ confirm verify

generate（一般是大规模的产生，比如 generate

employment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/

229 create electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如

conflict/ crime/ resentment）spawn（一般是产生新

事物，比如 spawn inventions/ innovations）

230 use ≈ utilize/exploit

231 use…again recycle

232 work hard work assiduously

≈ acquire（注意 acquire/ gain knowledge 比 learn

233 get
knowledge 在地道英文中更加常见）

234 consider contemplate/ reflect on/ ponder

encounter，多用于政府，文化或者 success 这样偏大

235 meet
一些的话题

afford sth. （在正式英文写作中，afford 经常可以表

236 provide sth.
示“提供”
 require（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用
237 need
need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用 require）

like sth. very ≈ have an affinity for sth./ have a strong attachment
238
much to sth.

239 be unhappy about complain about (v.)/ be dis-contended with (adj.)

240 ask for request

elevate，就是正式版的 raise，但只是“提高”而不能表
241 raise
示抚养小孩的意思

242 look like sth. resemble sth.

243 treat…poorly mistreat…/ abuse…

consider sth.
244
valuable value sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth.

≈ maintain/ preserve（这个词后面经常跟 traditions/

245 keep cultural heritage/ wild animals/ natural resources

等）

246 mix… together blend/ combine/ synthesize

247 solve tackle/ combat/ address

248 notice discern

understand… to interpret…as…（很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是
249
mean…/ to be… 把…理解为……）

choose sth./
250
choose to do sth. opt for sth./ opt to do sth.
 fulfill (one's dream/ one's goal/ one's potential/
251 achieve
one's obligation/ one's promise/ one's task)

appear in large
252
numbers sprout up/ mushroom

relieve/ ease/ alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有

make… less
253 relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the traffic
serious
congestion 等）

pay…for (one's
254
loss) compensate…for…

pay…for (one's
255
effort) reward…for…

256 make sth. faster accelerate sth./ speed up sth.

257 join participate in

prevail over（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文

的题目中经常出现 outweight 这个词用来比较事物的

258 outweight
重要性或者利弊，在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现

过的特征词汇）

promote/ facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所以不
259 contribute to
需要跟 to）

prevent the
260
development of… hinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct…

261 find out ≈ identify

262 encourage sb. to… ≈motivate sb. to…

like sth. very

263
much adore sth.

dislike sth. very

264
much abhor/ detest/ loathe

265 hate resent/ hold a grudge against

266 limit restrict/ constrain

267 avoid ≈ bypass/ eschew/ shun

is not restricted to…/ is not confined to…（经常用来

268 is not limited to…
描述一个 trend 不仅限于某个范围）

269 be so surprised be astonished/ be astounded/ be startled

270 decide determine

271 move to… relocate to…/ have been relocated to…

272 come from… originate from/ in…

boost/ enhance（比如 boost solidarity 增进团结/

273 improve
enhance productivity 提高生产率）

274 waste use… lavishly

275 attack assail （语气更强烈）

curtail（多用于政府投资类话题）/diminish（多用于
276 reduce
文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题）

277 increase augment（多用于政府投资类话题）

278 help assist

279 help (n.) assistance

280 set up establish

281 try to do sth. attempt to do sth.

make a strenuous/ an arduous/ a painstaking effort

282 try hard to do sth.
to do sth.

283 change alter

fundamentally change…/ radically change…/

284 change… a lot
transform…

285 solve address/ combat

286 correct (vt.) rectify (a mistake)

287 take down demolish/ raze（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用）

abide by/ comply with/ conform to (后面跟 the law/

288 obey
rules/ regulations 等）

289 ban ban… altogether/ strictly prohibit…

condemn/ denounce（这两个词一般用于政府类话题，
290 criticize
但不要用在教育类）

show an upward trend/ be on the rise 反义：show a

291 increase
downward trend

292 depend on hinge on= be contingent on（意思是：取决于 ……）

293 depend on rely on（意思是：依靠……）

294 deal with cope with

 do one's best to do commit oneself to doing sth./ strive to do sth./ do
295
sth. one's utmost to do sth./ spare no effort to do sth.

exhaust (energy/ resources)/ stretch (resources) to

296 use up
the limit

report the details

297
of sth. report sth. In graphic detail

prevent sb. from

298
focusing on… distract sb. from…

299 spend A on B ≈ dedicate A to B

300 use too much… stretch… to the limit/ put a strain on…

discharge（排放，环境类话题常用，比如 discharge
301 pour
chemical waste into rivers, streams and lakes）

302 get used to get accustomed to

303 die out go extinct

304 continue to exist persist

305 come with… be attended by / be accompanied by…

expand one's outlook/ enlarge one's vision (broaden

broaden one's
306 one's horizons 这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬
horizons
值)

307 break the law violate the law

308 put sb. In prison incarcerate sb.

309 make laws legislate against…

 against…

legislation (名词，注意 law 在特指具体的法律时可以

310 [相关]law
用复数，但是 legislation 不能用复数）

stimulate （后面经常跟 imagination/ creativity/

311 make sth. active
interest/ economic growth 等词汇）

make one's dream

312
come true fulfill one's potential/ attain one's goal

have the right to

313
do sth. be entitled to do sth.

314 lead to change in act as a catalyst for change in…

315 stick to adhere to/ cling to （注意后面这个有时候略带贬义）

316 deal with the need meet the demand/ satisfy the need

take… away from deprive sb. of…（省略号中可以填入 freedom/ leisure

317
sb. time/ the right to 等值得拥有的内容)

give sb. the ability

318
to enable sb. to

319 get a clear idea of get a clear perspective of

go astray（作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，就不要
320 be lost
再写 get lost)

spend too much be addicted to/ be preoccupied with/ be obsessed

321
time on with (这三个词组的语气越来越强)
 pave the way for…/ lay the groundwork for…/ lay a
322 prepare for…
solid foundation for…（为……打好基础）

323 break the balance upset the balance

strike a balance between A and B (在 A 和 B 之间争取

324 balance A and B
一种平衡)

325 catch capture

326 think of… as regard…as/ view…as/perceive…as

327 get rid of eliminate/ remove

328 get rid of abolish（多用于政府类话题，废除）

drive up（后面经常跟 the crime rate/ unemployment

329 make… higher
rate）

副词

Increasingly +adj. 但要注意如果后面不是 adj. 而是

more and more noun, 那么就可以用 an increasing number of （跟可

330
+adj. 数名词）/ an increasing amount of（跟不可数名词）

来代替

331 mainly primarily/ principally/ chiefly

332 In the old days,… Traditionally,…/ Historically,…

333 now ≈ currently

≈ Technically,…（严格来说它的意思并不是“事实上”，

334 Actually,… 但在学术写作中它是一个表示“精确地说”非常帮的词

语）
335 very soon immediately

336 not often at all rarely

337 completely entirely

do sth. without
338
careful thought do sth. Impulsively

indiscriminately（不加选择的）/mechanically（机械
339 blindly
的）

≈ merely （注意只有 a little/ a bit 后面跟形容词的时

340 only
候才可以这样替换）

somewhat (注意只有 a little/ a bit 后面跟形容词的时

341 a little/ a bit
候才可以这样替换)

342 mainly primarily/ principally/ chiefly

短语或句型

regarding/ concerning/ with respect to/ with regard

343 about
to

344 before… prior to…

a handful of (请注意仅指少数时 a couple of 容易被挑

345 a few
剔的考官判为过于口语化)

Hypothetically,…/ Theoretically,…/ In theory/

Although…, the
346 Ideally,...→But in reality, …/ But in actuality,…/ But in
real situation is…
practice,…(Ideally 指“理想化地说”)
 Young people tend to…=Young people typically…
Most young
347 (tend to 和 typically 都是表示某一类人多半会怎样做
people…
的常用表达）

needs to be
348
changed is crying out for reform（固定短语）

be punished by
349
the law be brought to justice

350 do sth. together make a concerted effort to do sth.

It is common for
351
sb. to… It is standard practice for sb. to…

352 is based on… is predicted on…

have no choice but

353
to… have no option but to…/ have no alternative but to…

be worth the
354
effort be worthwhile

355 and so on etc.（前面可加逗号）

356 become more than exceed/ surpass

357 grow fast grow dramatically/ soar/ rocket

358 fall fast fall drastically/ plunge/ plummet

359 much higher considerably/ substantially/ significantly higher

marginally higher/ slightly higher/ fractionally

360 a little higher
higher
 is closely
361
connected is intrinsically linked to…

362 through by way of (介词短语)

363 on the whole overall

due to/ owing to（新托福作文中这两个词组后面经常

364 because of
是跟负面含义的名词）

365 before (时间) prior to

in this regard/ in this respect (这里不是尊重的意思，

366 in this aspect
而是指某方面)

despite/ in spite notwithstanding（请注意这三个词都是后面不惜紧跟

367
of 名词或者名词短语，而不可以直接跟从句）

as a matter of fact ≈ in essence/ essentially (in

368 in fact
essence/ essentially 的意思是“本质上”）

369 besides apart from

370 about/ around approximately

371 It is obvious that… It is evident that…

372 sth. stops. sth. comes to a standstill

373 be similar to… be akin to…(学术写作中相当常见的句型)

374 A is as … as B B is … A is equally…

It is impossible
375
that… It is highly unlikely that…

376 A has made A has rendered B+adj./ n. （这里的宾语 B 后面只能

 B+adj./n. 是跟形容词或者名词）

A has made B do A has promoted/ impelled sb. to do sth. （注意这两个

377
sth. 词后面的宾语之后不能省略 to）

sth. does not

378 always remain the

same. sth. is not carved in stone （某事物并非一成不变）

A high percentage
379
of… The proportion of… is very high. （……的比例很高）

The cause of … can be attributed to/ can be ascribed to…（可以归因

380
is … 于……)

regardless of/ irrespective of（注意 no matter 后面一

381 no matter 般跟从句，而 regardless of 和 irrespective of 后面多

数时候跟名词或者名词短语）

in terms of… （经常用来限制一个命题的适用范围，

talking about…/
382 比如 In terms of culture, this city is fascinating. But in
speaking of
terms of traffic, it is inferior.）