Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv

Managing IT

11

f~wgKv (Introduction):
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK wbivcËvRwbZ P¨v‡jÄ, mvBevi µvBg cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq,Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm I
fvBivm †_‡K wm‡÷g‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq m¤ú‡K© G Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvP¨ welqmg~n (The Topics of This Chapter):

• Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨e¯’vcbvi aviYv
• Kw¤úDUvi µvBg
• mdU&Iq¨vi cvB‡iwm
• Kw¤úDUvi cvB‡iwm
• Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm

11.1 e¨emvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨e¯’vcbv

eZ©gv‡b e¨emv cÖwZôv‡bi e¨emvwqK mvd‡j¨i †¶‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| ZvB,
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ n‡”Q GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨emvwqK Drm hv Aek¨B mwVK I h_vh_fv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Z_¨
cÖhyw³i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii d‡j e¨emvq g~j¨ I gybvdv e„w× n‡”Q| Gi A‡bK ev¯Íe D`vniY i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b
mvdj¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv †K›`ªxq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| ZvB eZ©gv‡b e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni
AvaywbK e¨emv cÖwµqvi mnvqK Dcv`vb Z_¨ c×wZ Ges cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv, e¨emv I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcK
Ges †ckvRxex Df‡qi Rb¨B cÖavb P¨v‡jÄ ¯^iƒc|
1. e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †KŠk‡ji †hŠ_ Dbœqb Ges ev¯Íevqb e¨e¯’vcbvt‡Kv¤úvbxi †KŠkjMZ e¨emvwqK
AMÖvwaKvi mg_©b Ki‡Z, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ e¨emv Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcK Ges
†ckvRxexMY cÖ¯vÍ e Dbœqb K‡ib hvi †bZ…Z¡ †`b cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v (Chief Executive Officer-
CEO) Ges cÖavb Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v (Chief Information Officer-CIO)| GB e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cwiKíbv
Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡K †KŠkjMZ e¨emvwqK j‡¶¨i mv‡_ GKB †iLvq wgwjZ K‡i| GB cÖwµqv cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖ¯vÍ weZ e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡R‡±i ev¯Íevqb Ges Dbœq‡bi wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨emv †¶‡Î g~j¨vqb
K‡i|
2. bZzb e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Ges cÖhyw³i Dbœqb I ev¯Íevqb e¨e¯’vcbvt GUv cÖavb Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v
(Chief Information Officer-CIO) Ges cÖavb cÖhyw³ Kg©KZ©v (Chief Technology Officer-CIO)
Gi cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡| G‡¶‡Î Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv KZ©„c¶ Z_¨ c×wZ Dbœqb Ges ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqvi
e¨e¯’vcbv Ges bZzb Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †KŠkjMZ e¨emvwqK e¨env‡ii M‡elYvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
3. Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖwZôvb Ges AeKvVv‡gv e¨e¯’vcbvt cÖavb Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcKMY
Z_¨cÖhyw³ †ckvRxexM‡Yi KvR e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ fvMvfvwM K‡ib| GLv‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †ckvRxexMY
wewfbœ iKg cÖ‡R± wUg Ges cÖvwZôvwbK mve BDwb‡U fvM n‡q KvR K‡ib| Zuviv nvW©Iq¨vi,

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 mdUIq¨vi, DcvËfvÛvi, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg Ges Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Drm e¨e¯’vcbvi `vwq‡Z¡
_vK‡eb hv Aek¨B AR©b, cwiPvjb, ch©‡e¶Y Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

A¨vwcø‡Kkb Dbœqb e¨e¯’vcbv (Application Development Management)

A¨vwcø‡Kkb Dbœqb e¨e¯’vcbv (Application Development Management) ej‡Z, mKj cÖavb
e¨emv/Z_¨cÖhyw³ Dbœqb cÖK‡íi e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µg †hgb- wm‡÷g GbvjvBwmm ev we‡kølY Ges wWRvBb ev
bKkv, †cÖv‡UvUvBwcs, A¨vwcø‡Kkbm †cÖvMÖvwgs, cÖKí e¨e¯’vcbv, gvb wbwðZKiY Ges wm‡÷g i¶Yv‡e¶Y‡K
eySvq| A¨vwcø‡Kkb, †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg Z_¨ c×wZ Dbœqb cÖK‡í Kg©iZ wm‡÷g
Gbvwj÷, md&UIq¨vi †W‡fjcvim Ges Ab¨vb¨ Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g †ckvRxex `‡ji Kvh©µg e¨e¯’vcbv
`iKvi|
mwVK mg‡q I wbw`©ó ev‡R‡U mwVK mg‡q I wbw`©ó ev‡R‡U e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wfwËK bKkvK…Z cÖKí mym¤úbœ
Ki‡Z cÖKí e¨e¯’vcbv‡KB (Project Management) Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbvi g~j `vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g †ckvRxex‡`i wb‡q A‡bK c×wZ Dbœqb †Mvôx (System Development Group)
†W‡fjc‡g›U †m›Uvi ev Dbœqb †K›`ª ms¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Z‡`i KvR n‡”Q bZzb A¨vwcø‡Kkb †W‡fjc‡g›U Uzj
g~j¨vqb Ges Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g †¯úkvwj÷‡`i Zv‡`i A¨vwcø‡Kkb Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvi DbœwZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|

11.2 ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv (Global IT Management)

AvaywbK Kv‡j e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖK…wZ cwieZ©b n‡”Q Ges cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi Kj¨v‡Y gvby‡ li MwZcÖK…wZiI
cwieZ©b n‡”Q| ‰ewk^K e¨emv †_‡K ¯’vbxq e¨emvmn mKj e¨emvqB Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †Quvqv †j‡M‡Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i
e¨vcK AMÖMwZ I e¨emv †¶‡Î Gi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j e¨emv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv bZzb bZzb P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q hv
wek¦e¨vcx `ywU kw³kvjx cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K G¸‡”Q| cÖ_gZt wkí wbf©i A_©bxwZ GLb Ávb I Z_¨ wbf©i
A_©bxwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q Ges wØZxqZt mviv wek¦Ry‡o wek¦vq‡bi m„wó n‡”Q|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv Kv‡Ri g~j gvÎvq (Dimension) j¶Yxq †h, AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emvwqK
mgv‡R we`¨gvb mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK I f~-A_©‰bwZK (Geo-economic) P¨v‡jÄmg~n wnmv‡e wb‡q mKj
†Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Kg©KvÛ Aek¨B mgš^q Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆewk¦K evRvi‡¶‡Îi Rb¨ †UKmB e¨emv Ges Z_¨
cÖhyw³ †KŠk‡ji Dbœqb KivB ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖ_g avc| hLb GUv Kiv m¤úbœ n‡e,
ZLb cÖvwšÍK e¨enviKvix Ges AvBGm e¨e¯’vcKMY e¨emv A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi †cvU©‡dvwjI (`wjj) Dbœq‡bi KvR
Ki‡e| GUv e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ ‡KŠkj mg_©‡b cÖ‡qvRb| nvW©Iq¨vi, md&UIq¨vi Ges B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK cÖhyw³
H mKj A¨vwcø‡Kkb mg_©b Ki‡Z KvR K‡i| DcvË m¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ (Data Resources Management
Method), cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË fvÛvi (Database) ˆZwii KvR K‡i| P~ovšÍfv‡e, ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨cÖhyw³
c×wZ (Global Information Technology System) ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g GKwU wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R‡±i
`iKvi|

P¨v‡jĸ‡jvi wfwˇZ †Møvevj AvBwU e¨e¯’vcbv wbqš¿Y Kivi cÖ_g avc nj †Møvevj evwYR¨‡¶‡Î Dchy³ AvBwU
A_ev e¨emvi †KŠkj Dbœqb| GB KvRwU †kl nIqvi ci, cÖvwšÍK e¨enviKvixMY (End Users) Ges AvB Gm
g¨v‡bRviMY e¨emv/AvBwU e¨e¯’vcbvi †KŠk‡ji Rb¨ `iKvwi A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸‡jvi †cvU©‡dvwjI Dbœq‡bi KvR
ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK I f~-A_©‰bwZK (Geo-economic) P¨v‡jÄmg~n

†Møvevj e¨emvi Kvh©µg Ges †Møvevj-B-weR‡bm Z_¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î †Kej ÔMZvbyMwZK avivq e¨emvÕ
c×wZB h‡_ó bq, GKwU e¨emv‡K ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj evRv‡i mdj nIqvi Rb¨ mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK I f~-

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A_©‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| A‡bK †`‡k RvZxq MwÛi evB‡i DcvË Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi wb‡lavÁvi
mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| †Møvevj gv‡K©wUs Gi †¶‡Î GUv GKwU cÖavb ivR‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ| wKQz †`‡k Ki wbw`©ó Kiv
_v‡K A_ev mdU&Iq¨vi I nvW©Iq¨vi Avg`vbxi †¶‡Î wb‡lavÁv _v‡K| Avevi wKQz †`‡k ¯’vbxq AvBb Av‡Q hv
Drcvw`Z e¯‘i bv‡gi GKwU Ask wba©viY K‡i| hw` cY¨wU‡K H †`‡k wewµ Ki‡Z nq, Zvn‡j `v‡gi GB
AskUzKz †hvM Kiv Avek¨K|
1. ivR‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ (Political Challenge)t GUv ivR‰bwZK Ges cwiPvjbv cÖwµqv `k©b (†hgb-
mgvRZš¿, cyuwRev`, mvg¨ev`, MYZš¿, GKbvqKZš¿) †_‡K D™¢e| GB Bmy¨¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e
wewfbœ Z_¨cÖhyw³i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| †hgb UªvÝeW©vi DcvË cÖevn wewawb‡la, miKvix cÖhyw³i D‡`¨vM,
†emiKvixKiY cÖeYZv, gv‡bi Kvh©KvixKiY Ges AvBbwewae×KiY, cÖhyw³ wewb‡qvM ïé Ges evwYR¨
I ïé wbqš¿Y| GB mgm¨v¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK c×wZi cÖfv‡e Av‡iv Lviv‡ci w`‡K GwM‡q hvq hLb
KZ©„c‡¶i wbqš¿Y I Pvc, Ach©vß cwigvY DcvË gRyZ Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡ii AwfÁZvi
Afve BZ¨vw` welqmg~n m¤ú„³ _v‡K| G mKj ivR‰bwZK Abykxjb †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖfve †d‡j|
A‡bK †`‡k RvZxq MwÛi evB‡i DcvË Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î wewawb‡la i‡q‡Q hv ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
gv‡K©wUs Gi †¶‡Î cÖavb ivR‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ| wKQz †`‡k Ki wbw`©ó Kiv _v‡K A_ev mdUIq¨vi I
nvW©Iq¨vi Avg`vbxi †¶‡Î wb‡lavÁv _v‡K| Avevi wKQz †`‡k ¯’vbxq welqe¯‘i Dci AvBb Av‡Q, hv
Drcvw`Z e¯‘i `v‡gi GKwU Ask wba©viY K‡i| hw` e¯‘wU‡K H †`‡k wewµ Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j `v‡gi
H AskUzKz †hvM Kiv Avek¨K|
Avevi A‡bK †`k Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`i B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡e‡k wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i| c¨vwim-wfwËK
cÖwZôvb Òwi‡cvU©vm© DB`vDU eW©vim (AviGmGd)Ó Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, 45wU †`‡k
Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`i B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡e‡k wewawb‡la i‡q‡Q| B›Uvi‡bU †mÝikxc Ges Db¥y³Zv wbqš¿‡Yi
Rb¨ †`kmg~‡ni miKvi cÖ‡ekc_ wbqš¿Y, cÖevn cwikÖæZKiY Ges mieivnKvix‡K kvw¯Í cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`
K‡i _v‡K|
2. f~-A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ (GEO-Economic Challenge)t ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv I Z_¨cÖhyw³‡Z f~-
A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ ej‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emvwqK Kg©Kv‡Û A_©‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi Dci †fŠMwjK cÖfve‡K
eySvq| GgbwK AvR‡Ki w`‡b B›Uvi‡bU †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v _vKv m‡Ë¡I †fŠMwjK `~iZ¡ GLbI
GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v| D`vniY¯^iƒct cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j †Kvb Z_¨ cÖhyw³MZ mgm¨v ˆZwi n‡j Zv mgvav‡bi
Rb¨ we‡klÁ‡`i †mLv‡b †cŠuQv‡bv GLbI A‡bK mgq mv‡c¶ e¨vcvi| c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j wiqvj
UvBg mg‡q †hvMv‡hvM Kiv GLbI Kómva¨| A‡bK †`‡k fvjgv‡bi †Uwj‡dvb Ges †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM
†mev cvIqvI KwVb e¨vcvi| GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k wbw`©ó Kv‡R `¶ I we‡klÁ‡`i G‡b †mLv‡b
emev‡mi my‡hvM w`‡q KvR Kiv‡bvI mgm¨vi KviY n‡q `uvov‡”Q| wewfbœ †`‡k RxebhvÎvi ivq Ges
kªgg~‡j¨i weivU cv_©K¨ _vKvUv GLbI GKUv mgm¨v| GKwU †Kv¤úvbxi ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv Ges
Z_¨cÖhyw³ †KŠkj Dbœq‡b G mKj f~-A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ Aek¨B †gvKvwejv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
3. mvs¯‹…wZK P¨v‡jÄ (Cultural Challenge)t ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv I Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcKMY fvlv,
mvs¯‹…wZK AvMÖn, ag©, cÖ_v, mvgvwRK `„wófw½ Ges ivR‰bwZK `k©‡bi wfbœZv BZ¨vw` mvs¯‹…wZK
P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb nb| ¯úóZ, ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcK‡`i we‡`‡k cvVv‡bvi c~‡e© A_ev
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi wbR †`‡k Avb‡Z Aek¨B G ai‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK cv_©‡K¨ ms‡e`bkxj Ges cÖwkw¶Z K‡i
Zzj‡Z n‡e| Ab¨vb¨ mvs¯‹…wZK P¨v‡j‡Äi g‡a¨ Kvh©ixwZ Ges e¨emvwqK m¤úK© AšÍf©~³|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, fyj Gov‡Z mgq †bIqv, †Kvb wKQz `ªæZ m¤úbœ Kiv, †Kvb wKQz GKv ev
mn‡hvwMZvc~Y©fv‡e Kiv, me‡P‡q AwfÁ e¨w³i †bZ…Z¡ †`qv A_ev †bZ…Z¡ fvMvfvwM K‡i †bqv BZ¨vw`
e¨vcvimg~n ¯^-¯^ ms¯‹…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i Ges ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Kg©‡¶‡Î we`¨gvb mvs¯‹…wZK
cv_©‡K¨i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb fvi‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡R¨i fvlvMZ, ag©xq I cÖ_vMZ
Rxebe¨e¯’v m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v ZvB fvi‡Zi †h †Kvb eo cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v‡K me ai‡bi ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_
gvwb‡q Pj‡Z nq|

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 ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv/Z_¨cÖhyw³ †KŠkj (Global business/IT strategy)
AvšÍR©vwZK †KŠkj c×wZ‡Z we‡`kx Awab¯Í e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n ¯^vqËkvwmZ wKš‘ bZzb cÖwµqv, cY¨ Ges
cwiKíbv A_ev ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †KŠk‡ji Rb¨ cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| †m‡¶‡Î GKwU †Kv¤úvbxi
wek¦e¨vcx Kvh©µg wbweofv‡e K‡c©v‡iU cÖavb Kvh©vjq Øviv cwiPvwjZ| eZ©gv‡b, GB AvšÍR©vwZK †KŠkj c×wZ
†_‡K e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q|

e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni e¨emv e¨vcKfv‡e Gi Z_¨ c×wZ Ges B›Uvi‡bU cÖhyw³i Dci wfwË K‡i UªvÝb¨vkbvj
†KŠkj c×wZ‡Z ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg‡K A½xf~Z K‡i| e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n GB UªvÝb¨vkbvj
†KŠkj c×wZi w`‡K µ‡gB m‡i Avm‡Q| Gi Aaxb¯Í e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ¯^vaxb AvBGg BDwbU GgbwK Gi
cÖavb Kvh©vjq KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ †K›`ªxq Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g ev AvBGm Kvh©µg _vKvi ciI UªvÝb¨vkbvj
e¨emvi Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cøvUd‡g©i Rb¨ GKxf~Z Ges mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wek¦we¯Í…Z nvW©Iq¨vi, md&UIq¨vi Ges
B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK AvwK©‡UKPv‡ii Dbœqb K‡i|

wPÎ- 11.2 G ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †KŠk‡ji wZbwU c×wZi Zzjbv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Møvevj
e¨fmv cÖwZôvbmg~n wKfv‡e UªvÝb¨vkbvj e¨emv Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³ †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb K‡i Zv wPÎ-11.2 †Z cÖKvk
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ-11.2t †Møvevj e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n Øviv wKfv‡e UªvÝb¨vkbvj e¨emv Ges AvBwU †KŠkj ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q
Zvi D`vniY
j¶¨e¯‘ ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj wPÎ ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj †mvwm©s ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj
Ges jwRw÷Km MÖvnK‡mev
D`vniY weªwUk GqviI‡qR/ †e‡bUªb Av‡gwiKvi G·‡cÖm
BDGm Gqvi‡K
GjGg/b_©I‡q÷
KvbUvm/Av‡gwiKvb
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Kvh©µg, ¯’vbxq kvLvmg~n Ges
cvwicvwk¦©K †bUIqvK© ev Kvh©µg 4000 wecwY weZv‡b Bwc ¯’vbxq ewYK †_‡K MÖvnK
(AbjvBb wimvi‡fkb I Gm Uvwg©bvj, †K›`ªxq DcvË fvÛvi (Database)
wm‡÷g/ AbjvBb cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Y wmGwW/ Ges wPwKrmv A_ev AvBb
msi¶Y c×wZ) wmGGg, Zv‡`i ¯^qswµq m¤úwK©Z DcvË fvÛvi
¸`v‡g †iv‡evU Ges †jRvi ch©šÍ ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
¯‹¨vbvi Kvh©µ‡gi ms‡hvM
i‡q‡Q|
djvdj • mgqm~wP mgš^q • wmGwW/wmGGg e¨envi • Znwe‡j wek¦Ry‡o
• ‡KvW fvMvfvwM K‡i cÖwZ NÈvq 2000 cÖ‡ekvwaKvi|
• d¬vBU mgš^q ‡mv‡qUvi ˆZwi K‡i| • Ò‡Møvevj Gwm÷Ó ev
• mn-gvwjKvbv • `ªæZ mvov †`q (wecwY Ò‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj
weZvbmg~‡ni †¶‡Î 10 mnvqZvÓ nUjvBb|
w`‡b) • Riæix †µwWU KvW©
• cY¨ ev `ª‡e¨i ZvwjKv ¯’jvwfwl³KiY|
n«vm Kiv (mwVK mg‡q) • 24 NÈv MÖvnK‡mev|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv/AvBwUi †KŠkjmg~‡ni Zzjbv

4
 AvšÍR©vwZK ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj UªvÝb¨vkbvj
mvqZ¡kvwmZ Kvh©µg ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj DrmwqK ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj wgÎZvi gva¨‡g
Kvh©µg fvP©yqvj e¨emv Kvh©µg|
mywbw`©ó AÂjwfwËK GKvwaK AÂjwfwËK wek¦evRv‡ii e¨vcK cÖ_vKiY
(Kv÷gvB‡Rkb)|
e¨e¯’vcbvq Djø¤^ mgš^q mvab e¨e¯’vcbvq Avbyf~wgK mgš^q ‡Møvevj B-Kgvm© Ges MÖvnK †mev
mvab
mxgve× Drcv`b e¨e¯’v wKQz AvÂjxKiY wefvRb ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj mieivn k„•Lj
Ges gvjcÎ mieivn
MÖvnK wefvRb nq AÂj I cøv›U wKQz AÂj wg‡j MÖvnK wefvRb ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj MÖvnK
Øviv e¨e¯’vcbv
wbw`©ó †µZv ‡µZv I Drcv`‡bi wKQzUv ‡µZv wbqwš¿Z Drcv`b e¨e¯’v
mgš^qmvab

Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ˆewkó¨

AvšÍR©vwZK ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj UªvÝb¨vkbvj
÷¨vÛ Gjb wm‡÷g (GKK AvÂwjK we‡K›`ªxKiY ‡hŠw³Kfv‡e GKwÎZ, wdwRK¨vwj
c×wZ) weZiYK…Z, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_
hy³|
we‡K›`ªxKiY B›Uvi‡dm (Interface) wbf©i mvaviY ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj DcvË
m¤ú`
B›Uvi‡dm-G †ewk Av¯’v A¨vwcø‡Kkb Ges mvaviY c×wZi ‰ewk¦K D‡`¨vM c×wZ
e¨env‡ii wKQz GKÎxKiY GKxf~ZKiY|
eû c×wZ, D”P evûj¨, †mev Ges cwiPvjbvi AbyiƒcZv Kgv‡bv B›Uvi‡bU, B›Uªv‡bU, GKUªv‡bU
cwiPvjbvq AbyiƒcZv I‡qewfwËK A¨vwcø‡Kkb|
mvaviY c×wZ Ges Dc‡Ëi wKQz wek¦e¨vcx Z_¨cÖhyw³ gvb UªvÝb¨vkbvj Z_¨cÖhyw³ bxwZ Ges
Afve gvb|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM (Global IT Application)

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj †Kv¤úvbx Øviv DbœqbK…Z Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM (Global IT Application) wbf©i K‡i GKwU
‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj †Kv¤úvbxi e¨emv/Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †KŠkj Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †¶‡Î Zv‡`i `¶Zv I AwfÁZvi
Ici| Z_vwc Zv‡`i Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM e¨emvwqK cwiPvj‡Ki ˆewP‡Îi Dci wbf©i K‡i| A_©vr wk‡íi
ˆewkó¨ Ges Gi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I cvwicvwk¦©K cÖfv‡e e¨emvwqK Pvwn`v ˆZwi nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc- GqvijvBb
A_ev †PBb ‡nv‡Uj e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wek¦e¨vcx MÖvnK i‡q‡Q| G‡`i MÖvnKiv AwaKgvÎvq ågY K‡i Ges
wek¦e¨vcx G‡`i Kvh©µg i‡q‡Q| AbjvB‡b †jb‡`b cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z G mKj †Kv¤úvbxi ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ m¶gZv AR©b LyeB Riæix| Gi d‡j Zviv MÖvnK‡`i `ªæZ Ges DbœZ †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e|
‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv cwiPvjbvi Av‡iKwU gvb`Û n‡”Q A_©bxwZ hvi Rb¨ `iKvi ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨
cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM| we‡klZ A_©, wnmve, ev‡RU, Awdm A¨vwcø‡Kkb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î A‡bK eQi a‡i ˆewk¦K ev
†Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM j¶¨ Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, AwaKvsk eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbxi ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
Avw_©K ev‡RU, bM` e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ Ges d¨v· I B-‡gBj wm‡÷‡gi gZ Awdm A‡Uv‡gkb A¨vwcø‡Kkb
i‡q‡Q| Z_vwc, ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Kvh©µg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †e‡o hvIqvq MÖvnK I mieivnKvix‡`i Rb¨ e¨emv
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dci ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj B-Kgvm© Ges B-weR‡bm cÖwZ¯’vcb Kivi Pvc evo‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc
MÖvnK‡`i Rb¨ ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj B-Kgvm© I‡qemvBU I MÖvnK‡mev c×wZ Ges mieivnKvix‡`i Rb¨ ˆewk¦K
mieivnKvix k„•Lj e¨e¯’vcbv (Global Supply Chain Management) AšÍf©~³ Kivi K_v ejv hvq| AZx‡Z G
ai‡bi c×wZ e¨w³MZfv‡e wbwg©Z A_ev miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µ‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj|

5
 wKš‘ B‡jKUªwbK Kgv‡m© B›Uvi‡bU Ges G·Uªv‡b‡Ui e¨vcK e¨emvwqK e¨env‡ii d‡j ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv
cÖwZôvbmg~n GB ai‡bi cÖ‡qvM ev¯ÍevwqZ K‡i P‡j‡Q|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³i (Global IT) Rb¨ e¨emvwqK WªvBfvimg~n (Business Drivers)
(1) ˆiwLK ev †Møvevj MÖvnK (Global Customer)t MÖvnK nj †m mKj e¨w³eM© hviv ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ we‡k¦i †h †Kvb ¯’vb A_ev †Kv¤úvbx‡Z ågY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î, ˆewk¦K ev
†Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ `ªæZ Ges DbœZ †mev cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(2) ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj cY¨mg~n (Global Product)t †Kv¤úvbxi Aaxb¯Í‡`i Øviv cY¨mg~n wek¦Ry‡o
mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv hvq| ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wek¦e¨vcx evRviRvZKiY Ges gvb wbqš¿‡Y
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(3) ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj Kvh©µg (Global Operation)t cwieZ©bkxj A_©bxwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ k‡Z©i Dci
wfwË K‡i c‡Y¨i wewfbœ Ask mwbœ‡ekb cÖwµqvi `vwqZ¡ Aaxb¯Í‡`i cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †KejgvÎ ˆewk¦K
ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³B G ai‡bi †fŠMwjK bgbxqZv (Geographic Flexibility) cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(4) ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj m¤ú` (Global Resource)t †Møvevj †Kv¤cvbxi Aaxb¯Í‡`i g‡a¨ mvaviY
hš¿cvwZ, myweav, e¨w³i e¨envi Ges g~j¨ fvM K‡i †`qv nq| ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ G
ai‡bi m¤ú‡`i wnmve ivL‡Z cv‡i|
(5) ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj mn‡hvwMZv (Global Collaboration)t e¨w³ A_ev †Mvôxi cÖ‡Póv mg_©b Ki‡Z
†Møvevj †Kv¤úvbxmg~‡n mnKg©x‡`i Ávb I AwfÁZv `ªæZ †kqvwis, cÖ‡ek I msMwVZ Kiv nq| G
ai‡bi D‡`¨v‡M ‡KejgvÎ ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³B mn‡hvwMZv I mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cøvUdg© (Global Information Technology Platform)

cÖhyw³i cøvUdg© e¨e¯’vcbv ev cÖhyw³i AeKvVv‡gv n‡”Q ˆewk¦K Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbvi Av‡iKwU cÖavb gvÎv|
A_©vr GUv n‡”Q nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi, DcvË m¤ú`, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg Ges MYbv myweav e¨e¯’vcbv hv
ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv K‡i| ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cøvUdg© e¨e¯’vcbv ïay
cÖhyw³MZfv‡eB RwUj bq Gi mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK mswkøóZvI i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, A‡bK †`‡k
D”Pg~j¨, D”Pïé, Avg`vbx wewawb‡la, miKvix Aby‡gv`‡bi `xN©m~ÎZv, ¯’vbxq †mev A_ev LyPiv hš¿vs‡ki Afve
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq `wj‡ji Afve BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y nvW©Iq¨vi cQ›` Kiv KwVb| md&UIq¨vi cQ›` KivI Av‡iKwU
cÖavb mgm¨v| †hgb- BD‡iv‡c †W‡fjc Kiv md&UIq¨vi Av‡gwiKvb A_ev Gwkqvb fvm©‡bi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨nxb,
GgbwK GKB nvW©Iq¨vi we‡µZvi KvQ †_‡K †Kbvi ciI G mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| ¯’vbxq wWw÷weDUi bv _vKv,
md&UIq¨vi cÖKvkK‡`i md&UIq¨vi jvB‡mwÝs Ges KwcivBU Pzw³i Kvi‡Y evRv‡i mieivn Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ
_vKv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y hy³iv‡óªi mycwiwPZ md&UIq¨vi c¨v‡KU `y®cÖvc¨ n‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡bU, B›Uªv‡bU, G·Uªv‡bU
I Ab¨vb¨ †bUIqvK©mn AvšÍR©vwZK †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vcbv GKwU g~j ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj
Z_¨cÖhyw³ P¨v‡jÄ| wPÎ-11.3 G kxl© 10wU AvšÍR©vwZK †WUv †UwjKwgDwb‡KkY Bmy¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ-11.3t kxl© 10wU AvšÍR©vwZK †WUv †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb Bmy¨
†bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vcbvi Bmy¨mg~nt
• †bUIqv‡K©i Kg©`¶Zvi DbœwZ|
• wewfbœ ‡bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Kiv|
• ‡WUv ev DcvË Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi wbivcËv wbqš¿Y Kiv|
†i¸‡jUix Bmy¨mg~nt
• UªvÝeW©vi WvUv cÖev‡ni mxgve×Zv `~i Kiv|
• AvšÍR©vwZK †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v Kiv|
• AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ wbqš¿Y Kiv|
cÖhyw³MZ Bmy¨mg~nt

6
 • wewfbœ †`‡ki we¯Í…Z †bUIqvK© AeKvVv‡gv e¨e¯’vcbv|
• cÖhyw³i AvšÍR©vwZK GKxf~ZKiY e¨e¯’v Kiv|
†`k-wfwËK Bmy¨mg~nt
• RvwZMZ cv_©K¨ `~i Kiv|
• AvšÍR©vwZK ïé KvVv‡gv w`‡q ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|

GLv‡b cÖhyw³MZ Bmy¨‡Z ZvwjKvi kxl© `k‡K ivR‰bwZK Bmy¨i KZ©„Z¡ cÖ`vb j¶¨Yxq| GUv cwi®‹vifv‡e ˆewk¦K
ev †Møvevj †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡‡K †Rvi †`q| Kw¤úDwUs myweav cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e
Av‡iKwU ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj P¨v‡jÄ| ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv cwiPvjbvKvix e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n mvaviYZ
Ab¨‡`‡k Zv‡`i Aaxb¯’ †Kv¤úvbxi AwZwi³ †WUv †m›Uv‡ii (Data Center) Rb¨ wm‡÷g (System Integrator)
cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i| G mKj †WUv †m›Uvi ¯’vbxq Ges AvÂwjK Kw¤úDwUs Pvwn`v c~iY GgbwK KwgDwb‡Kkb
m¨v‡UjvBU wj‡¼i (Communication Satellite Link) gva¨‡g ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj MYbv Kv‡Ri AwZwi³ †evSv
fvimvg¨c~Y© Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Z_vwc, Ad‡mvi †WUv †m›Uvi (Offshore Data Center) cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi
mg_©b, nvW©Iq¨vi Ges mdUIq¨vi MÖnY, i¶Yv‡e¶Y I wbivcËv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î cÖavb mgm¨v ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
G Kvi‡Y A‡bK ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †Kv¤úvbx Zv‡`i ˆe‡`wkK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wm‡÷g Bw›U‡MÖUi †hgb
BwWGm A_ev AvBweGg G cwiewZ©Z nq|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cøvUdg© wn‡m‡e B›Uvi‡bU

B›Uvi‡bU Ges Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe (WWW) eZ©gv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î GKwU AwZ
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| weMZ K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B B›Uvi‡bU, AmsL¨ Kw¤úDUvi I DcvË
fvÛv‡ii †bUIqv‡K©i AvšÍtms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K cÖhyw³ cøvUdg© (Technology Platform) wn‡m‡e ¯’vcb
Ki‡Q, hv cÖ_vMZ AvšÍR©vwZK mxgv‡iLv Ges mxgve×Zv gy³| GB AbjvBb ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj AeKvVv‡gvi
mv‡_ Zv‡`i e¨emv‡K mshy³ K‡i, e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n Zv‡`i evRvi m¤cÖmviY, †hvMv‡hvM I weZiY LiP
Kgv‡bv Ges bZzb †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM myweavi AwZwi³ LiP QvovB Zv‡`i jvf e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| wPÎ-11.4 G
†Møvevj B-Kgvm© I‡qemvB‡Ui g~j we‡eP¨ welq Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Pvix, MÖvnK, mieivnKvix, weZiYKvix,
cÖ¯‘ZKvix, cY¨ DbœqbKvix, Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vbKvix Ges Z_¨cÖ`vbKvix‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I DcvË Av`vb
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU Ges Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ B›Uªv‡bU Ges G·Uªv‡bU cÖhyw³ ¯^íg~‡j¨i wg_w®Œq
(cvi¯úwiKfv‡e mwµq) P¨v‡bj (Low-Cost Interactive Channel) cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU e¨emv
D‡`¨vM‡K Gi mdj mgvwßi w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z mswkøó mKj c¶ †hvMv‡hvM I mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU Ges
Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Ab¨vb¨ †bUIqvK© e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎ-11.4t ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj B›Uvi‡bU I‡qemvBU ¯’vcbKvix e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Rb¨ g~j cÖkœmg~n
‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj I‡qemvB‡Ui (Global Website) Rb¨ g~j cÖkœmg~n-
1. mvs¯‹…wZK cQ›`‡K mvgÄm¨c~Y© Ki‡Z GKwU bZzb b¨vwf‡Mkbvj jwRK (Navigational Logic)
Dbœqb Kiv n‡e wK bv?
2. wK ai‡bi m~PxcÎ Abyev` Kiv n‡e Ges evsjv‡`k †_‡K wfbœ AvÂwjK cÖwZ‡hvMx I c‡Y¨i w`‡K
j¶¨ †i‡L wK ai‡bi m~PxcÎ ˆZwi Kiv n‡e?
3. cÖavb mvB‡U eû fvlvq †jLvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e bvwK †`k wfwËK †Wv‡gBb bv‡g Avjv`v mvBU
wn‡m‡e GwU ˆZix Kiv n‡e?
4. cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki mvB‡U e¨emv AvK…ó Ki‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wn‡m‡e wK ai‡bi cÖ_vMZ Ges
bZzb weÁvcb ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e?
5. mvBU wK A‡bK AvNvZ ev wnU cv‡e hvi Rb¨ †`‡k GKwU ¯’vbxq mvf©vi ¯’vcb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
n‡e?

7
 6. GKwU we‡kl †`k‡K j¶¨ †i‡L wK ai‡bi AvBbx w`K (†hgb- cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK AvPiY, wkï‡`i
wPwKrmv A_ev †MvcbxqZv) I‡qemvB‡U _vK‡e?

B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek Bmy¨ (Internet Access)

c¨vwim-wfwËK cÖwZôvb Òwi‡cvU©vm© DB_ AvDU eW©vimÓ (Avi Gm Gd) Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h,
45wU †`‡k Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`i B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡e‡k wewawb‡la i‡q‡Q| Gi ‡gŠwjKZ¡ n‡”Q, RvZxq ch©v‡q
B›Uvi‡bU ‡mÝikxc Ges Db¥y³Zvi w`Kmg~n wZbwU cÖavb cÖwµqvq wbqwš¿Z| G¸‡jv njt (K) B›Uvi‡bU
cÖ‡ekc_ wbqš¿Y, (L) Z_¨ cÖevn cwikÖæZKiY Ges (M) B›Uvi‡bU mieivnKvix‡K kvw¯Í cÖ`vb| †h mKj †`k
Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`i B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡e‡k wb‡lavÁv A_ev evav cÖ`vb K‡i Zv wbgœiƒc-

B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡e‡k ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj miKvix wb‡lavÁvt

• cÖ‡e‡k miKv‡ii D”P dx (Fee)- KvRvL¯Ívb, wKiwN¯Ívb
• miKvi Z`viKx cÖ‡ek- Pxb, Bivb, †mŠw`Avie, AvRvievBRvb, DR‡ewK¯Ívb
• miKvi cwikÖæZ cÖ‡ek- †ejviæk, wKDev, BivK, wZDwbwkqv, wm‡qivwjIb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb, Zz‡K©‡gw`¯Ívb,
wf‡qZbvg|
• me©mvavi‡Yi cÖ‡e‡k †Kvb AbygwZ †bB- evg©v, wjweqv, DËi †Kvwiqv|

ZvB, Iqvì© IqvBW I‡q‡e (WWW) e¨w³MZ Ges e¨emvwqK Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi Rb¨ me©mvavi‡Yi cÖ‡e‡k
B›Uv‡bU GKwU ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj hyׇ¶‡Î cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Aek¨B GwU GKwU e¨emvwqK Bmy¨ n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q
†Kbbv GB wewawb‡laK…Z cÖ‡ek bxwZi (Restrictive Access Policy) Kvi‡Y H mKj †`‡k B-Kgv‡m©i we¯Ívi
evavMÖ¯Í n‡”Q| we‡k¦i Acivci †`kmg~‡ni †ewkifvMB eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h, B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek evavMÖ¯Í Kiv
†UKmB bxwZ (Viable Policy) bq eis GUv Zv‡`i †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í Ki‡e|

†Møvevj wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U (Global System Development)

cÖvwšÍK e¨emvqx‡`i Rb¨ Kvh©Ki, Kg©`¶ Ges mwµq A¨vwcø‡Kkb Dbœq‡bi N‡ivqv P¨v‡jÄmg~n †h msL¨K †`k
I ms¯‹…wZ †Møvevj B-weR‡bm wm‡÷gwU e¨envi K‡i Zv w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡j †h djvdj cvIqv hvq ZvB n‡”Q
†Møvevj wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U| G‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ ¯’vbxq Ges ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj wm‡÷‡gi Pvwn`vi Ø›Ø †hgb
eûfvwlK e¨enviKvixi B›Uvi‡dm (Interface) I bgbxq wWRvBb ÷¨vÛvW© (Flexible Design Standard) Ges
GKwU mvaviY wm‡÷g wdPvi (System Feature) Gi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ nIqvi `ytmva¨Zv i‡q‡Q| ZvB Ggb
GKwU cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e †hb cÖvwšÍK e¨enviKvixMY wm‡÷‡gi ÔgvwjKvbvÕ Gi e¨vcv‡i m¤ú„³
_v‡K|
wm‡÷g ev¯Íevqb Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi d‡j wek„•Ljv m„wó n‡j Av‡iKwU wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U Bmy¨i
D™¢e nq| DcvË msÁvq‡bi ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Av`k©gv‡bi Dci AviI wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bmy¨ wbf©i K‡i|
AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emvwqK m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ DcvË †kqvwis Kivi †¶‡Î GKwU mvaviY DcvË msÁvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
i‡q‡Q| fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ Ges cÖhyw³ cøvUd‡g©i wfbœZv ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj DcvË gvb cÖwgZKiY (Global Data
Standardization) wKQzUv KwVb K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wewµ (Sale)-‡K hy³iv‡R¨ ejv nq ÒAW©vi eyK&WÓ
(Order Booked) hv Rvg©vbx‡Z ÒAW©vi wmwWDjWÓ (Order Scheduled) Ges d«v‡Ý ÒAW©vi ‡cÖvwWDmWÓ (Order
Produced) ejv nq| Z_vwc, Dcv‡Ëi msÁv Ges KvVv‡gvi ¸Ygvb cÖwgZ Ki‡Z e¨emv GwM‡q P‡j‡Q|
Aaxb¯Í‡`i †WUv g‡Wwjs I †WUv‡em wWRvB‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i Zviv GKwU ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj DcvË
wbg©vY‡KŠkj (Global Data Architecture) Dbœqb Avkv K‡i hv Zv‡`i ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv D‡Ïk¨ mg_©b
K‡i|

†Møvevj wm‡÷g Dbœqb †KŠkj (Global System Development Strategy)

†Møvevj AvBwU‡Z wm‡÷g Dbœq‡bi mgq D™¢vweZ wKQz mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z wKQz †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq| Gi
cÖ_gwK nj †nvg Awd‡m (Home Office) e¨eüZ GKwU A¨vwcø‡Kkb‡K †Møevj A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv|

8
Z_vwc, Aaxb¯Í‡`i e¨eüZ wm‡÷gmg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K me‡P‡q fvj wm‡÷gwU‡K †Møvevj A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b
eûRvwZKfv‡e e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ †e‡Q †bqv nq| wØZxq †KŠkjwU nj, wKQz Aaxb¯Í‡`i ga¨ †_‡K cÖavb
†jvKRb wb‡q GKwU eûRvwZK Dbœqb `j MVb Kiv nq hv‡Z wm‡÷g wWRvBbwU ¯’vbxq mvBU Ges K‡c©v‡iU
cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi Pvwn`v c~iY wbwðZ K‡i| Z…Zxq †KŠkjwU‡K ejv nq mgvšÍivj Dbœqb (Parallel
Development)| G‡¶‡Î, GKB mg‡q Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K mvB‡U `¶Zv I AwfÁZvi Dci wfwË K‡i
Aaxb¯Í Ges †nvg Awd‡mi g‡a¨ wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ As‡ki KvR fvM K‡i †`qv nq| Av‡iKwU c×wZ nj
“Center of Excellence” Gi aviYv| G‡¶‡Î mdj Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨emvwqK I cÖhyw³MZ `¶Zvi
Dci wfwË K‡i GKRb we‡kl Aaxb¯Í‡K mgMÖ wm‡÷gwU Dbœq‡bi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq| me©‡kl cš’vq, ˆewk¦K ev
†Møvevj (Global) A_ev Ad‡mvi (Offshore) Dbœqb e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K Dbœqb Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq|
¯úóZ, GB mKj †¶‡Î ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv ev Z_¨cÖhyw³i A¨vwcø‡Kkb Dbœq‡b Dbœqb `‡ji mn‡hvwMZv
Ges e¨e¯’vcKxq ch©‡e¶Y `iKvi| ZvB ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj c×wZ Dbœqb `j (Global System Development
Team) B›Uvi‡bU, B›Uªv‡bU, MÖæcIq¨vi Ges Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwbK cÖhyw³ mn‡hvwMZvi e¨vcK e¨envi Ki‡Q|

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj †WUv cÖ‡ek (Global Data Access)

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj †WUv cÖ‡ek (Global Data Access) Bmy¨mg~n ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv cwiPvjbvq eû eQi
a‡i ivR‰bwZK weZK© Ges cÖhyw³MZ euvav wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ wQj wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e„w× Ges B-Kgv‡m©i
Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y GB welqwU AviI †ekx ¯úó n‡”Q| Gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D`vniY nj UªvÝeW©vi †WUv cÖevn
(Transborder Data Flow-TDF) †hLv‡b †Møvevj Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg AvšÍR©vwZK
mxgv‡iLv †f` K‡i e¨emvwqK †WUv cÖevwnZ Ki‡Q| A‡bK †`‡k TDF-‡K Zv‡`i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ f½Kvix wn‡m‡e
†`‡L †Kbbv GwU cY¨ Avg`vbx ißvbxi ïé bxwZ Gwo‡q †WUv cÖevwnZ K‡i|
Ab¨iv UªvÝeW©vi †WUv cÖevn‡K ¯’vbxq AvBwU wkí‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡K i¶v A_ev ¯’vbxq PvKwi i¶vi Rb¨
kªgbxwZi AvBbf½Kvix wn‡m‡e †`‡L| B-Kgvm© Ges gvbem¤ú` A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi †¶‡Î hLb †WUv cÖevn e¨emv
GKwU †`‡ki e¨w³MZ †WUv Aeva PjvP‡j mnvqZv K‡i ZLb G‡K ivR‰bwZKfv‡e ms‡e`bkxj Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
A‡bK †`k, we‡klÁ BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi AšÍf©~³ †`kmg~n UªvÝeW©vi †WUv cÖevn‡K †MvcbxqZvi AvBb
f½Kvix wn‡m‡e †`‡L| †Kbbv AwaKvsk †¶‡Î K‡Vvi ‡MvcbxqZv i¶v QvovB †WUv e¨w³MZfv‡e †`‡ki evB‡i
P‡j hv‡”Q| G hy³ivóª Ges BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi g‡a¨ †WUv †MvcbxqZv Pzw³i g~j Abywewa Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK B-Kgv‡m©i m‡_ m¤ú„³ hy³iv‡óªi e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n hw` BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi †µZvM‡Yi
e¨w³MZ †WUv e¨envi Ges wbqš¿Y †KŠk‡ji †gŠwjK Z_¨ cÖ`v‡b m¶g AvZ¥wbqwš¿Z †cÖvMÖv‡g †hvM`vb K‡i
Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi cÖvB‡fwm wi‡Kvqvi‡g›Um ev †WUv †MvcbxqZv Aby‡gv`b Pzw³i evB‡i ivLv
nq|
wPÎ-11.5t US-EU †WUv cÖvB‡fwm wi‡Kvqvi‡g›Um
• cwiKíbvi †bvwUk Ges msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i e¨envi|
• ‡WUvi Z…Zxq c¶ weZiY bv Kivi Rb¨ gbw¯’i Kivi mvg_©¨|
• ‡µZvMY Zv‡`i Z‡_¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi iv‡Lb|
• ch©vß wbivcËv, DcvË ï×Zv (Data Integrity) Ges Kvh©KixKiY cÖ¯‘wZ|
†Møvevj e¨e¯’vcbv Dci Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖfve
GKwesk kZvãx n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I †MøvevjvB‡Rk‡bi kZvãx| cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni DrKl© mva‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³
Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z_¨cÖhyw³ †Møvevj K‡c©v‡ik‡bi j¶¨‡K cybm©sÁvwqZ K‡i hv †Møvevj K‡c©v‡iU
†KŠk‡ji cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb| Z_¨cÖhyw³ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨc~Y© cwi‡e‡k ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj cÖwZfv e¨e¯’vcbvq
Ges †Møvevj mvcøvB †PBb e¨e¯’vcbvq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ kãwU‡K †KŠkj Ges †WUv ev DcvË ¯’vbvšÍi, msi¶Y Ges cÖwµqvKi‡Y m¶gZvi Rb¨ bKkvK…Z
my‡hvM-myweav wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq| G‡Z ïay Kw¤úDUviB bq Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweavmg~n †hgb WvK‡mev,
†Uwj‡dvb, Z_¨‡K›`ª Ges MÖš’vMvi BZ¨vw`I AšÍM©Z| B›Uvi‡bU Gi GKwU my¯úó cÖKvk| KbwRDgvi gv‡K©U

9
cÖwZw`b Av‡iv †Møvevj ev ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e„w× mvab Ki‡Q| eªvÛ †hgb- †KvKv‡Kvjv, g¨vK‡Wvbvì Ges
gvB‡µvmdU ïay gvwK©b hy³ivóªB bq mviv we‡k¦B cwiwPZ| cÖ¯‘ZKvix e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n †MøvevjvB‡Rk‡bi
my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q|
‡MøvevjvB‡Rkb GKw`‡K †hgb GKwU my‡hvM, Avevi Ab¨w`‡K GwU eûRvwZK e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Rb¨
P¨v‡jÄ ˆZix K‡i| †Møvevj K‡c©v‡ik‡bi `y‡Uv cÖv_wgK P¨v‡jÄ i‡q‡Q| GKwU nj cÖwZfv e¨e¯’vcbv- †h‡nZz
Zv‡`i †`‡ki wfZ‡i Ges evB‡i A‡bK weR‡bm BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ Drm Ges Ávb †kqvwis K‡i wb‡Z nq, Avi
Ab¨wU nj mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U|

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges †Møevj j¶¨

Ò‡Møvevj wjWviwkc †W‡fjc‡g›UÓ ev ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †bZ…Z¡ Dbœqb Aek¨B GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Ò‡Møvevj
weR‡bm ÷ª¨v‡UwRÓ ev ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv †KŠkj c×wZi gva¨‡g wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ Kv‡R
Ò‡MøvevjÓ AwfÁZvB Kvh©Ki ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ h‡_ó bq| cÖK…Z ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj g‡bvfve
_vK‡jB †Kej ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj cwi‡e‡k †bZ…‡Z¡i Kvh©KvixZvq m¶g nIqv hvq| mvs¯‹…wZK Ges e¨emvwqK
RwUjZv e„w×i d‡j ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj g‡bve„wËi Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡”Q| e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
cÖwZôvb n‡Z n‡j, j¶¨ Ges g~‡j¨ Aek¨B ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevjfv‡e avivevwnK n‡Z n‡e|
RbwcÖqZvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨e¯’vcbvq mdj n‡Z n‡j mgMÖ wek¦ cÖm‡½
†KŠkjMZfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZôv‡bi cwi‡e‡k `ªæZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j we‡kølY, we‡qvwRZ g‡Wwjs Ges
Ávb AR©b cÖwµqv BZ¨vw` Bmy¨i †¶‡Î µgvMZ RwUjZv evo‡Q, hvi dj¯^iƒc j¶¨c~i‡Y AwbðqZv ˆZwi nq|
GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †bZv Ges e¨e¯’vcK‡`i g~j KvR n‡”Q cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨r j¶¨ ‰Zix Kiv| e¨emv
cÖwZôvbmg~n eyS‡Z cvi‡Q †h, †Møvevj j¶¨ Ges †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡gB †KejgvÎ †Møvevj welqwU Dcjwä Kiv
hvq|

wKfv‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³ ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †bZ…Z¡ Dbœq‡b ev j¶¨ cybm©sÁvwqZ Ki‡Z f~wgKv cvjb K‡i? G Rb¨
Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡K †Kv_vq †bZ…Z¡ I `„wó cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e? Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †Kv_vq Askx`vi I mg_©b Avkv K‡i?
GBme e¨vcv‡i GKgZ nIqvUv kxl© e¨e¯’vcbv KZ©„c¶ Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨emvwqK
j¶¨‡K cÖhyw³MZ ev¯ÍeZvq cwiYZ Ki‡Z kxl© e¨e¯’vcbv KZ©„c‡¶i DwPZ Z_¨cÖhyw³i mv‡_ KvR Kiv|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †¶Îmg~‡n wm‡÷g mwjDkb wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e †m e¨vcv‡i j¶¨ Ges AwfÁZv AR©‡b †bZv Ges
e¨e¯’vcKMY `vwqZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| e¨e¯’vcKM‡Yi j¶¨ cybtmsÁvwqZKi‡Y cÖwk¶Y LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK cÖwk¶Y Ges wmgy‡jkb g‡Wj (Simulation Model) RbM‡Yi j¶¨
cybm©sÁvq‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h, ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨e¯’vcbv e¨e¯’vcK‡`i
ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj j‡¶¨i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Avi ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj j¶¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges K‡c©v‡iU †KŠkj

e¨emv cÖwµqv A_ev †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Z_¨ cÖhyw³ mvnvh¨ K‡i| mvwe©K ˆewk¦K ev
†Møvevj e¨emv †KŠkj c×wZi Dci g~j Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv Bmy¨ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z
e¨env‡ii d‡j Z_¨cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii e¨q I †mev‡K›`ª †Kw›`ªK mbvZb g‡Wjmg~n e¨vcK nv‡i ¯’jvwfwl³
n‡”Q| B›Uvi‡bU GKwU ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj evRvi‡¶Î ˆZix Ki‡Q hv †h †Kvb †fŠMwjK mxgvbv gy³| B-weR‡bm
n‡”Q GKwU gvDm wK¬‡Ki e¨vcvi hv we‡k¦i †h †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vbKvix †µZvMY‡K ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevjfv‡e wecwY
weZvbmg~‡ni Zzjbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ †Kej †gŠwjK †KŠkjB cwieZ©b K‡iwb GUv
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ges cyuwR evRvi Dfq †¶‡ÎB GLbI Rqm~PK e¨vcvi|
Z_¨cÖhyw³ †hUv cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q †mUv nj, †KŠkj c×wZ Ges g~j¨vq‡bi MwZ| ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †KŠk‡ji g~j
Dcv`vbmg~n †hgb- j¶¨ I cwiKíbv, cwigvc I Askx`vix‡Z¡i e¨envi c×wZ, cwiPvjbv Ges g~j¨vq‡b
Z_¨cÖhyw³ Ges B›Uvi‡bU e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| †Kv¤úvbx Ges Gi mieivnKvix Df‡qi Kg© -†KŠkj Aeva
Z_¨ cÖev‡ni Dci wbf©ikxj hv B›Uvi‡bU mnR K‡i‡Q|

10
cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K wek¦vqb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i mn‡hvwMZvg~jK †WUvi wbqwgZ cwieZ©bkxjZv Ges
cÖmviZvq Z_¨cÖhyw³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| †Møvevj Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g ev ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj Z_¨
c×wZ eûRvwZK e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges
ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨vcK DbœwZi d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj
†KŠk‡j bgbxq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| wewfbœ mgq AÂj Ges †fŠMwjK mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I GB c×wZ mgqgZ Z_¨
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii m¶gZvi gva¨‡g GKwU e¨emvq fvj myweav cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h, Z_¨cÖhyw³ Ges †Møvevj
K‡c©v‡iU †KŠkj ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³|

Z_¨cÖhyw³ Ges mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨ

‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emvi †¶‡Î mvs¯‹…wZi `~iZ¡ A_©vr †`kmg~‡ni mvs¯‹…wZK cv_©K¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| wek¦vqb I fvPz©qvj cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dbœq‡b cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‹…wZ Ges `jMZ Dbœqb LeyB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mvs¯‹…wZK `~iZ¡ wek¦vq‡bi Dci Z_¨cÖhyw³ cwiMÖn‡Yi f~wgKv‡K mshZ K‡i| wWwRUvj
A_©bxwZ ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj †Kv¤úvbx Ges IqvK© †dv‡m©i ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K© cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| bZzb B›Uvi‡bU
cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y we‡k¦i †h †Kvb cÖvšÍ †_‡K gvbm¤úbœ Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j m„wókxj KvR
Av‡qvR‡b m¶g nIqv hvq hv Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v Ges cvwievwiK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| we‡k¦i †h †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ
Aew¯’Z fvPz©qvj `j Øviv RwUj ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj mgm¨v mgvavb Kwi‡q ‡bIqv, Ávb I Pjgvb wk¶Y
cÖwZcvjb Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R B›Uvi‡bU ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Q|

mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewP‡Î¨i mywbw`©ó cwi‡e‡k Ávb †kqvwis‡qi †¶‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
D`vniY¯^iƒc AvBweGg Gi w_¼‡cøm †cÖvMÖvg ÒK¨vUvwj÷Ó Gi K_v ejv hvq †hLv‡b Kg©Pvixiv B›Uvi‡bU mvB‡U
Zv‡`i AvBwWqv ev cwiKíbv cÖKvk K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †jvKRb‡K gšÍe¨ A_ev mg_©b cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y
Rvbvq| cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvBwWqv ev cwiKíbv cÖwZcvjb K‡Z GB aviYv ev c×wZ cwiMÖnY Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| G ai‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewP‡Î¨i †¶‡Î Ávb e¨e¯’vcbv wb‡RB GKwU ‰ewk¦K ev †Møvevj P¨v‡jÄ|
cÖK…Zc‡¶, Ávb e¨e¯’vcbv GewU cÖ‡qvRbxq Mfxi mvgvwRK cÖwµqv †hLv‡b cÖv_wgKfv‡e gvbe Ges mvgvwRK
w`K¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avbv nq|

Ávb e¨e¯’vcbvq `y‡Uv cÖavb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| GKwU gvbvbmB cÖhyw³i e¨envi I we¯Ív‡ii w`‡K
g‡bv‡hvM †`q, Ab¨wU Ávb‡K K‡c©v‡iU m¤ú‡` iƒcvšÍi Ges KivqËKi‡Yi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`q| cÖ_g c×wZwU
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Dci †Rvi †`q Ges G‡K Ávb e¨e¯’vcbvi Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| wØZxq c×wZwU RbMY
Ges cÖwµqvi Dci †Rvi †`q| GwU gvbe m¤úK© Ges bxi‡e Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
ZvB ejv hvq †h, Z_¨ cÖhyw³i AvZ¥xKiY I e¨envi †Kvb †`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK ‰ewPΨ Ges Ávb †kqvwis‡qi
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³|

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges †Møvevj mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U

eZ©gv‡bi Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK I ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj cwi‡e‡k e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Kvh©KvwiZv Ges
Kg©`¶Zvi DbœwZ cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav AR©b Kivi †¶‡Î †Møvevj mvcøvB †PBb
g¨v‡bR‡g›U e¨emv cwiPvjbvi Ask wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| evRvi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †Møvevj mvcøvB
†PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U GKwU †Kv¤úvbx‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

GKwU fvj mvcøvB †PBb n‡”Q †mUv hv cY¨‡K `ªæZ evRv‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges Drm †_‡K †µZv ch©šÍ gvjvgvj
wb‡q Avmvi LiP Kwg‡q †`q| mvwe©K e¨emv cwiPvjbvi DbœwZ Ki‡Z cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni e¨vcK Z_¨cÖhyw³i
e¨envi GUv m¤¢e K‡i‡Q| Kg gvbe n¯Í‡¶c I mvcøvB †PB‡bi mv‡_ c‡Y¨i cÖevn bvUKxqfv‡e gvjvgvj
mieivn e¨q Kwg‡q †µZvi mš‘wó AR©‡b GwU mnvqZv K‡i|

11
‡Møvevj mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U GKwU `k©b hv Bsj¨v‡Ûi i‡qj Gqvi †dvm© Gi gvjcÎ mieivn e¨emvq wfwË
ˆZix K‡i‡Q| i‡qj Gqvi †dvm© †Møvevj mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z GKwU bZzb Z_¨ cÖhyw³
c×wZ GjAvBwUGm (jwRw÷K Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bvjwR ÷ª¨v‡UwR) Dbœqb K‡i‡Q|

‡Møvevj mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g›U c×wZi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvbxi MÖvnK Ges mieivnKvixi g‡a¨ hv‡Z D”P¯Í‡ii
Drcv`bkxjZv, gvb, beaviv I ˆgÎx AR©b nq †mRb¨ KvuPvgvj µq †_‡K Drcvw`Z cY¨ Pvjvb †`qv ch© šÍ cY¨
Ges Z_¨ cÖevn Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges G m¤úwK©Z cÖhyw³ Kv‡R jvwM‡q
mdjfv‡e GB c×wZi ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq †h, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvbxi e¨emv cwiPvjbv Ges †Møvevj
mvcøvB †PBb g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³|

eZ©gvb wek¦ GLb GKwU ˆewk¦K ev †Møvevj MÖvg (Global Village)| mxgvbv Ges euvav `~i n‡q hv‡”Q| ˆewk¦K ev
†Møvevj Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cvwicvwk¦©KZvq eûRvwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n hv‡Z Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨emv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges wek¦vq‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ hv‡Z eRvq _v‡K †mRb¨ mywbw`©ó K‡c©v‡iU `k©b _vKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ GB
kZvãxi GK gnvb mZ¨ Ges wek¦vq‡b Gi wekvj cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ges Z`m¤úK©hy³ cÖhyw³B
ev¯ÍevqbKvix eûRvwZK e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~n Zv ev¯Íevqb bv Kiv e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni PvB‡Z †ewk mywe`v
†fvM Ki‡Q|

11.4 Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mvgvwRK, ˆbwZK I wbivcËvRwbZ P¨v‡jÄ

Security, Ethical and Social Challenges of IT
e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi mgv‡R e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi Kiv ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j Kw¤úDUvi I
mvBevi Aciva, †MvcbxqZv, e¨w³¯^vZš¿Zv ev AvB‡WbwUwU, PvKzwi, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kg© cwi‡ek BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †¶‡Î
ˆbwZK Bmy¨i D™¢e n‡q‡Q| GUv †evaMg¨ nIqv DwPr †h Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †hgb DcKvix w`K i‡q‡Q wVK †Zgwb
mgvR I RbM‡Yi Dci G mKj †¶‡Î Gi ¶wZKi cÖfveI i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc: wkí KviLvbvq Drcv`b
cÖwµqvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Kg© cwi‡e‡ki DbœwZ Ges Kg Li‡P D”Pgvb m¤úbœ cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi
mydj †hgb i‡q‡Q wVK †Zgwb Kg©PvixM‡Yi PvKwi nviv‡bvi gZ wecixZ cÖfveI i‡q‡Q| ZvB GKRb
e¨e¯’vc‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Kg©x‡`i Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Y Kiv I Ab¨‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ûi ¶wZKi cÖfve †_‡K Kg©x‡`i i¶v
Kiv Ges DcKvix cÖfve¸‡jv Av‡iv e„w× Kiv hv ˆbwZKfv‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³i `vwqZ¡kxj e¨env‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i|

GKRb D‡`¨v³v ev e¨emvqxi `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q Kg©‡¶‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ˆbwZK e¨envi e„w× Kiv| e¨e¯’vcKxq `vwqZ¡
_vKzK ev bv _vKzK Zuvi DwPr ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kiv hv Zuvi Kg©Kv‡Û cÖKvk cvq| GKRb e¨e¯’vcK ev
GKRb e¨emvqxi `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q e¨emvwqK Kg©KvÛ Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv †mLv‡b
ˆbwZK gvÎvi welqwU Aek¨B we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, e¨emvq ˆbwZKZv ej‡Z H mKj ˆbwZK
KvR‡K eySvq hv GKRb e¨e¯’vcK Zv‡`i cÖwZw`bKvi Kg©KvÛ I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î m¤§yLxb nq| wb‡P Z_¨
cÖhyw³i mv‡_ mswkøó ˆbwZK Bmy¨ Ges mywbw`©ó e¨emvwqK ixwZi †gŠwjK †kªYx Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
h_v-
b¨vqcivqYZv t †gav m¤ú` AwaKvi
AwaKvi t MÖvnK I Kg©PvixM‡Yi †MvcbxqZv
mZZv t †Kv¤úvbxi Z‡_¨i wbivcËv
K‡c©v‡iU ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM t Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv
j¶¨Yxq †h, †gav m¤ú` AwaKvi, MÖvnK I Kg©PvixM‡Yi †MvcbxqZv, †Kv¤úvbxi Z‡_¨i wbivcËv Ges
Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ˆbwZK weZ‡K©i g~j †¶Î| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i e¨emvq
ˆbwZKZvi †÷K‡nvìvi ZË¡ Abyhvqx e¨e¯’vcKMY n‡jb †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i cÖwZwbwa Ges Zv‡`i GKgvÎ ˆbwZK
`vwqZ¡ n‡”Q †Kvb cÖKvi AvBbf½ bv K‡i ev Amr ixwZ‡Z wb‡qvwRZ bv †_‡K e¨emvq gybvdv e„w× Kiv|

12
mvgvwRK Pzw³ Z‡Ë¡ mgv‡Ri mKj m`m¨‡`i cÖwZ †Kv¤úvbxi ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ Zz‡j aiv nq| Pzw³i cÖ_g kZ©
Abyhvqx cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q MÖvnK I Kg©PvixM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK mš‘wó e„w× Kiv| †Kvb iKg cwi‡ek `~lY
bv K‡i ev cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` wbt‡kl bv K‡i, ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi Ace¨envi bv K‡i ev Kg©Pvix‡`i Rb¨
AgvbweK cwi‡ek m„wó bv K‡i Zviv Aek¨B GUv Ki‡eb| wØZxq kZ© n‡”Q e¨emv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Amr ixwZ
cwiZ¨vM Kiv, GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e Kg©Pvix‡`i cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b Kiv Ges †mB ixwZ cwiZ¨vM Kiv hv mgv‡R
†Kvb †kªYxi Ae¯’vb AZ¨šÍ Lviv‡ci w`‡K wb‡q hvq|

Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆbwZK gvÎv mywbw`©ófv‡e †h †Kvb ai‡bi cÖhyw³i ˆbwZK e¨envi wb‡q KvR K‡i| wb‡P
cÖhyw³MZ ˆbwZKZvi PviwU g~jbxwZ Zz‡j aiv nj|
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ˆbwZKZvi g~jbxwZmg~n
• AvbycvwZKZv (Proportionality)t cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y AwR©Z mvd‡j¨ Aek¨B ¶wZ ev SzuwK †ewk
¸iæZ¡ cv‡e| AwaKš‘, Aek¨B Ab¨ †Kvb weKí _vK‡e bv hv GKB A_ev ¯^í ¶wZ ev SzuwKm¤úbœ
Zzjbvg~jK myweav AR©b Ki‡e|
• m¤§wZ Ávcb (INformed Consent)t hviv cÖhyw³i Øviv cÖfvweZ Zviv Aek¨B SzuwKmg~n Abyaveb
Ges MÖnY Ki‡eb|
• b¨vqwePvi (Justice)t cÖhyw³i myweav I Amyweavmg~‡ni mylg eÈb nIqv DwPr| hviv cÖhyw³i
myweav †fvM Ki‡Qb Zuv‡`i DwPr SzuwKi wKQz Ask enb Kiv| Avi hviv cÖhyw³i myweav †fvM
Ki‡Qb bv Zuv‡`i AwZwi³ SzuwKi m¤§yLxb nIqv DwPr bq|
• SzuwK Kgv‡bv (Minimized Risk)t hw` Ab¨ wZbwU wb‡`©wkKvi Øviv b¨vqwePvi MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq,
Zvn‡j mKj AcÖ‡qvRbxq SzuwK Gov‡Z cÖhyw³i ev¯Íevqb Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e|

†ckvMZ AvPi‡Yi AITP wb‡`©wkZ gvb

AITP Gi †KvW Ae KÛv± Abymv‡i PvKzix`vZvi Kv‡Q PvKz‡ii `vwqZ¡ cwiwPZ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j wbgœwjwLZ
wbqgmg~n †g‡b Pjv DwPr| h_v-
• ¯^v‡_©i Ø›Ø Gwo‡q Pjv Ges wbwðZ _vKv DwPr †h PvKzix`vZv m¤¢ve¨ †h †Kvb ؇›Øi e¨vcv‡i memgq
mRvM _v‡Kb|
• mKj Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv Ges wek¦¯Z Í v i¶v Kiv|
• ‡Kvb Z‡_¨i fyj Dc¯’vcb bv Kiv|
• h_vh_ Aby‡gv`b Qvov e¨w³MZ AR©b ev Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ PvKzix`vZvi m¤ú` e¨envi Kivi †Póv bv
Kiv|
• e¨w³MZ AR©b ev e¨w³MZ mš‘wói Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi c×wZi `~e©jZv‡K Kv‡R bv jvMv‡bv|

mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q mybvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cwiwPZ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j wbgœwjwLZ wbqgmg~n †g‡b Qjv DwPr| h_v-
• wb‡Ri `¶Zv I Ávb Kv‡R jvwM‡q RbMY‡K mKj †¶‡Î wb‡Ri we‡klÁZvi welqwU AewnZ Kiv
DwPr|
• Avgvi mKj KvRB mvgvwRKfv‡e `vqe×, GUv wbwðZ Kiv|
• iv‡óªi mKj cÖKvi AvBb Kvbyb †g‡b Pjv|
• RbM‡Yi mgm¨vi KviY nq Ggb †Kvb Z‡_¨i fyj Dc¯’vcb bv Kiv|
• e¨w³MZ AR©‡bi Rb¨ A‰eafv‡e Áv‡bi e¨envi bv Kiv|

GQvovI e¨emvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Kg©KZ©vMY wbgœwjwLZ wb‡`©wkKvmg~n AbymiY K‡i †¯^”Qvq Zv‡`i ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡
e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
• `„pZv I ¯^”QZvi mv‡_ KvR Kiv|

13
 • Kg©`¶Zv e„w× Kiv|
• e¨w³MZ Kg©Kv‡Ûi D”Pgvb wVK Kiv|
• wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kiv|
• Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨, wbivcËv Ges mvaviY Kj¨v‡Yi weKvk NUv‡bv|

e¨emvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨env‡i mvgvwRK, ˆbwZK I wbivcËvRwbZ P¨v‡jÄmg~n K‡qK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
1| Kg©ms¯’vb (Eployment)
2| e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv (Privacy)
3| Kv‡Ri kZ©vejx (Working Conditions)
4| e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿Zv (Individuality)
5| ¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ SzuwK I wbivcËv (Health and Safety Issues)
6| Kw¤úDUvi, mvBevi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ msµvšÍ Aciva (Crimes)|

11.5 Kw¤úDUvi Aciva (Computer Crime)

Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri Pvicv‡k bvbv ai‡bi Aciva msNwUZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgbt mš¿vmx, Pzwi, WvKvwZ,
nvBR¨vwKs BZ¨vw`| AvaywbK we‡k¦ Kw¤úDUv‡ii RM‡ZI bvbv ai‡bi Aciva msMwVZ n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi
nvW©Iq¨vi, mdU&Iq¨vi, †bUIqvK© wi‡mvm©, †WUv ev Bbdi‡gkb BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e e¨envi K‡i
†Kvb A‰ea KvR Kiv‡K Kw¤úDUvi µvBg e‡j| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆecøweK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB RM‡Z
msNwUZ Aciv‡ai cwigvYI †e‡o hv‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi µvBg mvaAiYZ wewfbœ ai‡bi †bUIqvK©, B›Uvi‡bU Ges
†g‡gvwis wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g msMwVZ nq| GB µvBg wewfbœ ai‡bi weR‡bm wm‡÷g, e¨w³MZ wbivcËv GgbwK
e¨w³MZ Kw¤úDUviwU‡KI ¶wZMÖ¯’ K‡i| Association of Information Technology Professionals-AITP
wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv‡K Kw¤úDUvi µvBg wnmv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
(1) Awbw`©ó e¨w³ KZ©„K nvW©Iq¨vi, mdU&Iq¨vi, †WUv Ges †bUIqvK© wi‡mv‡m©i e¨envi, cÖ‡ek, cwieZ©b
Ges ¶wZmvab; (The unauthorized use, access, modification and destruction of hardware,
software, data, or network resources)
(2) Awbw`©ó e¨w³ KZ©„K Bbdi‡gkb cÖKvk; (The unauthorized release of information)
(3) AbbyÁv‡Z mdU&Iq¨vi Kwc Kiv; (The unauthorized copying of software)
(4) †Kvb e¨enviKvix‡K Zvi wbR¯^ nvW©Iq¨vi, mdU&Iq¨vi, †WUv A_ev †bUIqvK© wi‡mvm© e¨envi Ki‡Z
bv †`qv; (Denying an end user access to his or her own hardware, software, data, or network
resources)
(5) A‰eafv‡e Bbdi‡gkb A_ev wbw`©ó †Kvb ev¯Íe m¤ú` cvIqvi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi ev †bUIqvK© wi‡mvm©
e¨envi Kiv ev e¨env‡ii lohš¿ Kiv; (Using or conspiring to use computer or network
resources to illegally obtain information or tangible property)
wewfbœ †`‡k Kw¤úDUvi Aciva welqK wewfbœ AvB‡b AITP-Gi GB msÁvB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

eZ©gv‡b Bbdi‡gkb I KwgDwb‡Kkb †UK‡bvjRxi weKv‡ki Kvi‡Y B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi msL¨v w`b w`b
R¨vwgwZK nv‡i evo‡Q Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ evo‡Q mvBevi µvBgI (Cyber Crime)| mvBevi µvBg ej‡Z Avgiv
mvaviYZ mvBevi †¯úm (Cyber Space) A_©vr B›Uvi‡bU‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h mKj Kw¤úDUvi µvBg msNwUZ nq
Zv‡`i‡K eywS|
mvBevi µvBg wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
• evwni †_‡K †Kvb wm‡÷‡gi wmwKDwiwU †f` Kiv (Penetration from outside) hv‡Z K‡i H wm‡÷‡gi
mKj wi‡mvm© A‰eafv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq wKsev aŸsm Kiv hvq,
• ‡Kvb wm‡÷g‡K Ggbfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv wKsev Ggb cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv hv‡Z H wm‡÷g Zvi wba©vwiZ
mvwf©m cÖ`v‡b A¯^xK…wZ (Denial-of-service) Rvbvq,

14
 • ‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡`i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Ace¨env‡ii (Employee abuse of internet
privileges) d‡j cÖwZôvb‡K ¶wZMÖ¯’ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
mvBevi µvB‡gi nvi cÖwZwbqZ evo‡Z _vK‡jI cÖwZôvb¸‡jv GL‡bv †mBfv‡e wbR¯^ wmwKDwiwU wm‡÷g
ˆZwi‡Z g‡bvwb‡ek K‡iwb| d‡j mvBevi µvBg Kg‡Q bv eis evo‡QB| hw`I wKQz AvBwU cÖwZôvb wewfbœ
ai‡bi mgvavb D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb hvi cÖ‡qv‡M mvBevi µvBg Kg‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ-7.1t mvBevi µvB‡gi nvi

‡ek wKQz †jvK hLb †Kvb AcKg© Kivi Rb¨ GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q GKwU `j MVb K‡i Zv‡KB mvaviYZ Avgiv
M¨v½ (Gang) e‡j _vwK| Avi GKvwaK n¨vKvi ev †µKvi hLb B›Uvi‡b‡U A_ev mivmwi wgwjZ n‡q †Kvb
GKwU mvBevi µvBg msMV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK‡Î KvR Kivi Rb¨ m¤§Z nq ZLb G‡K mvBevi M¨v½ (Cyber
Gang) e‡j|
Kw¤úDUvi I KwgDwb‡Kkb †UK‡bvjRxi DrKl© Z_v e¨enviKvix‡`i AwfÁZv I `¶Zv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_
Kw¤úDUvi µvBgI wewfbœfv‡e †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©µg‡K e¨vnZ K‡i| wb‡gœ cÖPwjZ
wKQz Kw¤úDUvi µvB‡gi bvg †`Iqv nj|
• ¯ú¨vwgs (Spamming)
• n¨vwKs (Hacking)
• mvBevi AvµgY (Cyber Attack)
• mvBevi Pzwi (Cyber Theft)
• UvBg GÛ wi‡mvm© Pzwi (Time and Resource Theft)
• mdU&Iq¨vi GÛ B‡›U‡jKPzqvj cÖcvwU© cvB‡iwm (Software and Intellectual Property Piracy)
• fvBivm Ges Iqvg© (Virus and Worm) BZ¨vw`|

¯ú¨vwgs (Spamming)
B-‡gBj GKvD‡›U cÖvqB wKQz wKQz A‡Pbv I AcÖ‡qvRbxq B-‡gBj cvIqv hvq hv Avgv‡`i weiw³ NUvq| GB
ai‡bi B-‡gBj‡K mvaviYZ ¯ú¨vg (Spam) †gBj e‡j| Avi hLb †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó
GKwU B-‡gBj A¨v‡Wª‡m kZkZ GgbwK j¶ j¶ †gBj †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g †g‡gvwi `Lj K‡i, GB c×wZ‡K
¯ú¨vwgs e‡j|
Spamming is the practice of indiscriminately broadcasting messages over the Internet (e.g., junk
mail).
mvaviYZ †Kvb I‡qe mvf©vi‡K e¨¯Í ivLv A_ev Gi †g‡gvwi I ‡óv‡iR AcÖ‡qvRbxq Bbdi‡gkb Øviv c~Y© K‡i
Gi cvidi‡g‡Ýi ¶wZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯ú¨vwgs Kiv nq| I‡qe mvf©vi¸‡jv GB ¯ú¨vwgs Gi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvevi
Rb¨ †h †Wv‡gBb †_‡K ¯ú¨vg Avm‡Q †mB †Wv‡gBb‡K eøK K‡i †`q| d‡j H †Wv‡gBb †_‡K Avi †KD †Kvb
†gBjB cvVv‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e †Kb I‡qe mvf©viB ¯ú¨vg †gBj †_‡K cy‡ivcywi gy³ bq|

n¨vwKs (Hacking)
mvaviYZ AbygwZ e¨wZZ †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© cÖ‡ek K‡i Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv A_ev ‡Kvb
Kw¤úDUvi‡K †gvn”Qbœ K‡i Zvi cy‡iv wbqš¿Y wb‡q †bqv‡K n¨vwKs e‡j| †h n¨vwKs K‡i Zv‡K n¨vKvi
(Hacker) e‡j| n¨vwKs ˆea I A‰ea n‡Z cv‡i| wKQz cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i wm‡÷‡gi wmwKDwiwUi cix¶v-wbix¶vi
Rb¨ n¨vKvi wb‡qvM K‡ib| GB wb‡qvM cÖvß n¨vKvi‡`i KvR‡K ˆea n¨vwKs e‡j| Giv wm‡÷g wmwKDwiwU †PK
K‡i; Z‡e wm‡÷‡gi †Kvb ¶wZ K‡i bv| †hgb- UNIX wm‡÷g †PK Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK ˆea n¨vKvi i‡q‡Q|

A‰eafv‡e hviv n¨vwKs K‡i Zv‡`i‡K †µKvi (Craker)I e‡j| A‰ea n¨vKvi I †µKviiv B›Uvi‡bU Ges
Ab¨vb¨ †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i †WUv Pzwi A_ev bó K‡i †`q| G‡`i Kv‡Q mvaviYZ nv‡Z †Mvbv wKQz †UKwbK

15
_v‡K hv e¨envi K‡i Giv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mdU&Iq¨vi wm‡÷‡gi `ye©jZv Lye mn‡R Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
cvmIqvW© †R‡b †d‡j| d‡j mn‡RB ¶wZ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| n¨vwKs Aciv‡ai cÖeYZv w`bw`b †e‡oB
P‡j‡Q| wewfbœ †KvU© GB ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek‡K m¤ú~Y© wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|

n¨vKviiv A‡b¨i B-‡gBj †`L‡Z cv‡i, I‡qe mvf©v‡i webv AbygwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev †bUIqv‡K©
dvBj Pzwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| n¨vKviiv †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x ev wi‡gvU© Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg ivb
Kivq| †Uj‡bU (Telnet) bv‡gi Uzjm& Gi gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x ev wi‡gvU© Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q †WUv cov
hvq| n¨vKviiv †Uj‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii B-‡gBj ‡cv‡U©I cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
Bbdi‡gkb †R‡b hvq| GKwU mvaviY n¨vwKs nj KviI B-‡gBj covi Rb¨ BDRvi AvBwW I cvmIqvW© †f‡½
†djv| GB ai‡bi µvBg mPivPi memgq N‡U _v‡K| G‡`i nvZ †_‡K †WUv‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ
Gbwµckb †UK‡bvjRx I dvqviIqvj e¨envi Kiv nq| n¨vwKs‡qi wewfbœ †KŠkj i‡q‡Q| wb‡P wKQz †KŠkj
D‡jøL Kiv nj-
• R¨vw¤ús (Jamping)
• g¨vwjwmqvm md&UIq¨vi (Malicious Software)
• wmœwds (Sniffing)
• ¯úywds (Spoofing)

mvBevi AvµgY (Cyber Attack)

mvBevi AvµgY GK ai‡bi B‡jKUªwbK AvµgY hv‡Z wµwgbvjiv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Ab¨ KviI wm‡÷‡g
webv AbygwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i dvBj, †cÖvMÖvg wKsev nvW©Iq¨vi aŸsm ev ¶wZ mvab K‡i| G‡K mvBevi
VandalismI ejv nq|
Cyber attack is an electronic attack, either criminal trespass over the Internet (cyber intrusion) or
unauthorized access that results in damaged files, programs, or hardware (cyber vandalism)
mvBevi AvµgY wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| mvBevi wµwgbvjiv wew¶ßfv‡e ev A‡bK wµwgbvjiv GKmv‡_ GKwU
M¨v½ (Gang) wnmv‡e mvBevi AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb mvf©v‡i mvBevi M¨v½‡`i AvµgY GZB gvivZ¥K n‡Z
cv‡i †h mvf©vi‡K aŸsm wKsev WvDbI Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mvBevi Pzwi (Cyber Theft)

eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi µvBg¸‡jv ïaygvÎ Bbdi‡gkb Pzwi ev bó Kivi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| †ewkifvM †¶‡Î Giv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g UvKv Pzwi‡ZI Rwo‡q †M‡Q| GLv‡b Giv †Kvb †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek K‡i jywK‡q _v‡K Ges
BDRvi KZ©„K cÖ`Ë Bbdi‡gk‡bi †WUv‡e‡Ri AbyKwc ˆZwi K‡i| c‡i †mB Bbdi‡gkb¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i
RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g Kv‡ivi GKvD›U †_‡K Zvi mg¯Í UvKv wbR GKvD‡›U UªvÝdvi K‡i ‡bq|
D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq MZ 1994 mv‡j wmwU e¨vs‡K 11 wgwjqi Wjvi Pzwi hvq| GB PzwiwU K‡i ivwkqvi GK
n¨vKvi føvw`wgi wjwfb (Vlamidir Levin)| †m›U wcUvimev‡M© føvwgw`i I Zvi mn‡hvMxiv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
wmwUi e¨vs‡Ki wbDBqK© kvLvi †gBb †d«‡gi wmwKDwiwU wm‡÷g‡K †f‡½ †d‡j †es Zviv mdjfv‡e Zvi
wdbj¨vÛ, BmivBj I K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi e¨vsK GKvD‡›U UvKv UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Gme †¶‡Î wi‡cv‡U©
¶wZi †h cwigvY cÖKvk Kiv nq, cÖK…Z Avw_©K ¶wZ Gi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk nq| mvaviYZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i
†kqvi‡`i a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ KL‡bvB cÖKvk Ki‡Z Pvq bv †h Zviv Kw¤úDUvi µvB‡gi wkKvi|
cÖhyw³i e¨vcK Dbœq‡bi d‡j eZ©gv‡b mvBevi Pzwi GKwU A`„k¨ Aciva wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Ges e¨vsK I e¨emvqx
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ GwU GKwU gvivZ¥K ûgwK| cÖhyw³MZ `¶ e¨w³ivB GB Aciv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ| G Kvi‡Y
e¨vsK WvKvwZi gZ Aciv‡ai †P‡q GB Aciva †ewk msNwUZ n‡”Q| d‡j A`„k¨ Aciva †_‡K e¨vsK, exgvmn
e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb‡K i¶vi Rb¨ bvbvwea cš’v Aej¤^b Kiv n‡”Q| mvaviYfv‡e mvBevi Pzwi `yB fv‡M NU‡Z
cv‡i, †hgb-
(K) †WUv Pzwi (Data Theft)
(L) Aw¯ÍZ¡ Pzwi (Identity Theft)

16
†WUv Pzwi (Data Theft)
†Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb †_‡K AbygwZ e¨ZxZ Bbdi‡gkb Kwc A_ev AvniY Kiv‡K †WUv Pzwi ejv
nq| e¨w³MZ e¨envwiK Z_¨ wKsev †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Ggb wKQz Z_¨ _v‡K hv A‡b¨i nv‡Z †M‡j e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôv‡bi bvbvwea ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi Z_¨ Ab¨ †KD n¯ÍMZ Ki‡j Zv‡K ‡WUv Pzwi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
nq| e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ hv Pzwi n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv nj- cvmIqvW©, †mvm¨vj wmwKDwiwU b¤^i,
†µwWU KvW© b¤^i, e¨vsK GKvD›U b¤^i Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³MZ Z_¨| GB ai‡bi Z_¨vewj hw` Pzwi n‡q hvq Z‡e
AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z Zv `Ûbxq Aciva|

Z_¨ ev †WUv Pzwi wewfbœfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| KviI †Mvcbxq Z_¨ Pzwi Ki‡Z n‡j mKj wbivcËv e¨e¯’v †f` K‡i G
KvRwU Ki‡Z nq| G †¶‡Î Z‡_¨i wbivcËv ej‡Z cvmIqvW© w`‡q dvBj‡K A‡b¨i nvZ †_‡K wbivc` ivLvmn
Ab¨vb¨ wmwKDwiwU wm‡÷g‡K eySvq| ïaygvÎ cvmIqvW© w`‡q dvB‡ji wbivcËv weavb Kiv hvq bv| KviY
AbeiZ †Póv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †h †KD cvmIqvW© †Mvcbxq †KvW †ei K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| n¨vKvi ev †µKviiv
cÖwZwbqZ †bUIqv‡K© e‡m AdzišÍ mgq e¨q K‡i A‡bK †Mvcbxq b¤^i wKsev cvmIqvW© D×vi Kivi †Póv K‡i
Ges A‡bK †¶‡Î mdj nq|

‡WUv Pzwi hviv K‡i Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg j¶¨ nj †Kvb ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix Z_¨ Ges eyw×wfwËK m¤úwË| KviY GB `ywU
†¶ÎB †WUv Pzwii gva¨‡g e¨vcKfv‡e ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| G ai‡bi Z_¨vewji g‡a¨ Av‡Q †µZv ZvwjKv,
M‡elYv Ges Dbœqb, A_©‰bwZK †WUv Ges e¨w³MZ Z_¨ BZ¨vw`| n¨vKvi‡`i Kv‡Q G me Z_¨ AZ¨šÍ †jvfbxq
Ges e¨w³MZ| Acivaxiv Gme Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i bZzb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ˆZwii gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i Z_¨ e‡j Pvwj‡q †`q|

Kw¤úDUvi‡K †Kvb AvµgY †_‡K i¶vi Dcvq bv ivL‡j †WUv Pzwi mnR n‡q hvq| GLv‡b Kw¤úDUvi‡K †h me
welq w`‡q AvµvšÍ Kiv hvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj fvBivm| †hgb- †UªvRvb (Trojan) bvgK fvBivm †Kvb
e¨w³i Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i webv AbygwZ‡Z Z_¨ Pzwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| B›Uvi‡bU Ges †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vq Db¥y³
†cvU© e¨e¯’v Ges wbivc` bq Ggb Av`vb-cÖ`vb n¨vKvi‡`i Rb¨ Z_¨ Pzwi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| Zviv mn‡RB
wbivcËv e¨e¯’v †f‡½ †WUvi GKvwaK Kwc ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖKvi †WUv Pzwi LyeB mnR Ges bZzb
wm‡÷g GUv Anin N‡U _v‡K| GRb¨ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi Kw¤úDUvimg~n‡K wbivc` Kivi Rb¨ Gw›U fvBivm
e¨envi Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| ZvQvov B-Kgv‡m©i gva¨‡g †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î we‡kl ai‡bi dvqviIqvj †cÖv‡UK‡UW
mvf©vi e¨envi Kiv nq|

†WUv Pzwii cÖwZi¶v (Protection against Data Theft)

‡WUv Pzwi cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡j we‡kl wKQz nvW©Iq¨vi I mdU&Iq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj
dvqviIqvj, hv nvW©Iq¨vi wKsev mdU&Iq¨vi n‡Z cv‡i Ges hvi KvR nj Db¥y³ †cvU© e¨e¯’vq †WUvi wbivcËv
weavb Kiv| dvqviIqv‡ji gva¨‡g nvW©Iq¨vi I mdU&Iq¨vi Ggbfv‡e mgwš^Z Kiv nq hv‡Z †WUv wbivcËv
wbwðZ Kiv nq| †h †Kvb ai‡bi B›Uvi‡bU †jb‡`b‡K wbivc` Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ e¨e¯’vw` MÖnY Kiv hvqt
• Gm Gm Gj (SSL) ev Secure Socket Layer,
• GgwW5 (MD5) ev Message Digest,
• wcwRwc (PGP) ev Pretty Good Privacy

DcwiD³ mKj c×wZ cÖK…Z †WUv‡K GbwµÞ (Encrypt) K‡i we‡kl wKQz Kx ev AvBwW (ID) e¨env‡ii
gva¨‡g| Gbwµ‡ÞW †WUv ïaygvÎ cÖvcKB we‡kl c×wZ‡Z wWwµÞ ev Aegy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K
Kw¤úDUvi fvBiv‡mi AvµgY †_‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ Gw›U fvBivm †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi K‡i n¨vKvi‡`i Kej †_‡K
Z_¨‡K A¶Z ivLv hvq|

e¨w³ cwiPq Pzwi (Identity Theft)

17
aiv hvK Avcwb mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V †`L‡jb Avcbvi Kv‡Q GKwU †gvUv As‡Ki wej Dcw¯’Z hvi m¤ú‡K©
Avcwb wKQzB Rv‡bb bv| GUvB e¨w³ cwiPq Pzwi| A_©vr GK e¨w³i cwiPq e¨envi K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ wKQz
µq ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kg©KvÛ K‡i Zvi Øvqfvi cÖ_‡gv³ e¨w³i Dci Pvcv‡bv‡K e¨w³ cwiPq Pzwi e‡j| KvbvWv I
Av‡gwiKv‡Z GB Aciva me‡P‡q †ewk msMwVZ nq| G‡¶‡Î `y®‹…wZKvix †Kvb e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨
msMÖn K‡i Zvi bv‡g †µwWU GKvD›U Pvjy K‡i Ges Zvi nv‡Z ch©vß cwigv‡Yi wej awi‡q †`q| e¨vW gvK©
Zv‡`i †µwWU wi‡cv‡U© Zv‡`i‡K Nievwo µq, †Uwj‡dvb mvwf©m Ges KvR wb‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Q| †ewkifvM
¶wZMÖ¯’ e¨w³ Awf‡hvM K‡i ‡h GB ai‡bi Aciva Zv‡`i Rxeb‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡q‡Q|

KviI e¨w³ cwiPq ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ (Identity) Pzwi ej‡Z †bUIqvK© ev B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi User id Ges
Password Pzwii KvR‡K eySvq| Avevi †µwWU KvW©avix e¨w³e‡M©i †µwWU Kv‡W©i ‡Mvcbxq †KvW Pzwi n‡q
†M‡j weivU AvKv‡ii Avw_©K Pzwi n‡Z cv‡i| G †¶‡Î n¨vwKs-Gi gva¨‡g Userid Ges Password Pzwi n‡q
†M‡j cÖK…Z e¨enviKvixi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡Kbv eis Userid Ges Password e¨envi K‡i Ab¨ †KD myweav †fvM K‡i|

KviI e¨w³ cwiPq ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ (Identity) Pzwi †¶‡Î Acivaxi wbw`©ó wKQz Bbdi‡gk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbt
wVKvbv, †mvm¨vj wmwKDwiwU b¤^i, weMZ K‡qK eQi †Kv_vq emevm K‡i‡Q BZ¨vw`| G ai‡bi Bbdi‡gkb
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ AcivaKvixiv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Dci K…ZÁ| †ek wKQz I‡qe mvBU Av‡Q hviv mvgvb¨ wKQz A‡_©i
wewbg‡q †mvm¨vj wmwKDwiwU b¤^i Ges Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ wewµ K‡i| ïaygvÎ hy³iv‡óªB †`Lv hvq †h hZ ai‡bi
Aciva †mLv‡b N‡U _v‡K e¨w³ cwiPq Pzwi Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| mvaviYZ eZ©gv‡b †hme AvBb Kvh©Kix Av‡Q
†mme AvBb Kw¤úDUvi †UK‡bvjRxi Rb¨ ch©vß bq| Avevi Gi weiæ‡× bZzb †Kvb AvBb cÖYqb KivI mnR
bq| KviY Zv AvB‡bi fvimv‡g¨ weNœ NUv‡e| †hgbt cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB ¯^vaxbfv‡e K_v ejvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| †h‡nZz
B›Uvi‡bU GKwU wek¦ †bUIqvK© myZivs Gi weiæ‡× †Kvb AvBb Ki‡Z n‡j mviv c„w_exi mKj †`k GKwÎZ n‡q
GKwU wbw`©ó AvBb Ki‡Z n‡e| hv ev¯Í‡e LyeB KwVb|

AvBb GÛ wi‡mvm© †_Þ (Time and Resource Theft)

AbygwZ Qvov †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi ev †bUIqvK© e¨envi Kiv‡K UvBg GÛ wi‡mvm© w_Þ e‡j| Gi Ab¨Zg D`vniY
nj †Kvb GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb Kg©Pvix AbygwZ Qvov Kw¤úDUvi ev B›Uvi‡bU e¨w³MZ Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv|
GwU n‡Z cv‡i B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs Kiv, P¨vwUs A_ev Awd‡m e‡m gywf †`Lv wKsev wfwWI †Mg †Ljv|
GK Rwi‡c †`Lv hvq Av‡gwiKvi 90 kZvsk Kg©Pvix Kv‡Ri mgq we‡bv`bg~jK wewfbœ I‡qe mvB‡W †Nviv‡div
K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ 4.84% kZvsk e‡j †h Zviv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨w³MZ B-‡gBj †cÖiY K‡i| hv Kvh©‡¶‡Îi Rb¨
†gv‡UB mnbxq bq| Avi Gi Rb¨ cÖvq A‡b‡K PvKzwiPz¨Z nb| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq 1999 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i
ÔwbDBqK© UvBgm&Õ Zv‡`i cÖvq 23 Rb Kg©Pvix‡K PvKzwiPz¨Z K‡i| KviY PvKzwi‡Z Kv‡Ri mgq Zviv B-‡gB‡j
Akvjxb †KŠZzK wb‡q e¨¯Í wQj| †Ri· (Xerox) Ki‡cv‡ikb 1999 mv‡j Zv‡`i cÖvq 40 Rb Kg©Pvix‡K
PvKzwiPz¨Z K‡i| KviY Zviv w`‡bi AvUNÈvB wewfbœ cY©MÖvdx I‡qemvBU eªvDR KiwQj I WvDb‡jvW KiwQj hv
cÖwZôv‡bi †bUIqvK©‡K e¨¯Í ivLwQj|

11.6 mdU&Iq¨vi cvB‡iwm (Software Piracy)

mdU&Iq¨vi cvB‡iwm ej‡Z cÖ¯‘ZKvixi webv AbygwZ‡Z †Kvb mdU&Iq¨vi Kwc Kiv, wb‡Ri bv‡g weZiY Kiv
wKsev †Kvb cÖKvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri e‡j Pvwj‡q †`Iqv BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg‡K eySvq| eZ©gv‡b mdU&Iq¨vi
cvB‡iwm GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ kã| mdU&Iq¨vi GKwU †gavwfwËK cÖhyw³ cY¨| GwU Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvgvi ev
cÖ¯‘ZKvix‡K Zvi †gavi h_vh_ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Avi Gi d‡j ˆZwiK…Z mdU&Iq¨vi †cÖvMÖvgvi ev
cÖ¯‘ZKvixi †gavi ¯^v¶i enb K‡i| G Kvi‡Y †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ev mdU&Iq¨v‡ii ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix H †cÖvMÖvgvi ev
cÖ¯‘ZKvixB n‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ mdU&Iq¨vi cvB‡iwmi Rb¨ GB ¯^Ë¡vwaKvixZ¡ Le© nq| mdU&Iq¨vi cvB‡iwmi
d‡j †Kvb mdU&Iq¨vi jvB‡mÝ Qvov e¨envi Kiv hvq e‡j GKw`‡K †hgb †cÖvMÖv‡g †gavi g~j¨ K‡g hvq,
Ab¨w`‡K Zvi Avw_©K ¶wZ nq| †cÖvMÖv‡gi ¯^Ë¡vwaKvi A¶zbœ ivLvi Rb¨ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k ¯^Ë¡vwaKvi AvBb ev
KwcivBU j (Copyright Law) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mdU&Iq¨vi cY¨‡K Ab¨vb¨ c‡Y¨i b¨vq

18
evRviRvZKiY Ges Drcv`‡bi mKj AwaKvi †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K †`qv nq Ges msi¶Y Kiv nq| Z‡e evsjv‡`kmn
A‡bK †`‡k KwcivBU AvBbwUi cÖPjb I Rbm‡PZbZv bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Aev‡a mdU&Iq¨vi cvB‡iwm Pj‡Q|
we‡kl wKQz †¶Î Qvov Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖvq mKi †¶‡Î cvB‡i‡UW mdU&Iq¨vi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Avi Gi d‡j
GKw`‡K KwcivBU AvBb jswNZ n‡”Q, Ab¨w`‡K e¨enviKvix bvbvwea ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q| mdU&Iq¨vi
cvB‡iwm wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P wKQz‡¶Î D‡jøL Kiv nj-
md&U wjdwUs (Soft Lifting)t hw` †Kvb e¨enviKvix GK Kwc jvB‡mÝK…Z mdU&Iq¨vi wK‡b wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡i
Bb÷j K‡i _v‡Kb Z‡e Zv‡K mdU&wjdwUs e‡j| md&UwjdwUs KwcivBU AvB‡bi wecixZ| jvB‡m‡Ýi †h
mKj kZ© _v‡K Zv G †¶‡Î jswNZ nq| †hgb- jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, eÜz-evÜe wKsev
Ab¨‡`i e¨envi Ki‡Z †`qv|

Avc‡jvwWs Ges WvDb‡jvwWs (Uploading and Downloading)t Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© ev B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
KwcivBUK…Z md&UIq¨vi webv AbygwZ‡Z msMÖn Kiv wKsev weZiY Kiv KwcivBU AvB‡bi jsNb|
md&UIq¨vi bKj (Software Feiting)t A‡b¨i ˆZwi md&UIq¨vi †Kvb cÖKvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvBb
ewnf©~Zfv‡e e¨envi Kiv wKsev wb‡Ri e‡j wewµ Kiv‡K md&UIq¨vi bKj eySvq|
md&UIq¨vi cybtwewµ (Software Reselling)t nvW©Iq¨vi `ªe¨vw`i mv‡_ †h mKj md&UIq¨vi mvnvh¨Kvix
wn‡m‡e mieivn Kiv nq †h mKj md&UIq¨vi A_ev jvB‡mÝK…Z †Kbv md&UIq¨vi hw` e¨enviKvix cybivq
A‡b¨i Kv‡Q wewµ K‡ib Z‡e †mwUI md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwm wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
nvW©wW¯‹ †jvwWs (Harddisk Loading)t jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi mg~n Øviv nvW©wW¯‹ c~Y© K‡i webv AbygwZ‡Z
wewµ Kiv‡K nvW©wW¯‹ †jvwWs ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î †jvwWsK…Z nvW©wW¯‹wU †µZvi Rb¨ Avjv`v AvKl©Y ˆZwi K‡i|
fvov †`qv (Renting)t A¯’vqx e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi A‡b¨i Kv‡Q fvov †`Iqv‡K †iw›Us
(Renting) †`qv e‡j|

md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶mg~n

md&UIqvi cvB‡iwmi d‡j cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e †µZv, we‡µZv, cÖ¯‘ZKvixmn mswkøó mKj c¶ ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq|
cvB‡iwmi d‡j KwcivBU AvBb jswNZ nq e‡j GKw`‡K †hgb cÖ¯‘ZKvixi Avw_©K ¶wZ nq Ab¨w`‡K
e¨enviKvix ev †µZv, we‡µZvmn mK‡jB bvbvwea ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi d‡j wbgœwjwLZ
†¶‡Î ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| †h_v-
• md&UIq¨vi cÖ¯‘ZKvix (Software Owner)
• md&UIq¨vi e¨enviKvix (Software Users)
• ivóª ev miKvi (Government) I
• wek¦ A_©bxwZ (The global economy)|

md&UIq¨vi cÖ¯‘ZKvix (Software Owner)t md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯Í cÖ_g c¶ nj md&UIq¨vi
cÖ¯‘ZKvix| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h, weR‡bm md&UIq¨vi A¨vjv‡qÝ (Business Software Alliance) bvgK
GKwU cÖwZôvb 2001 mv‡j md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi d‡j 13 wewjqb Wjv‡ii ivR¯^ Avq ¶wZi m¤§ywLb nq|

md&UIq¨vi e¨enviKvix (Software Users)t md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwm bZzb‡Z¡i MwZ‡iva K‡i| KviY cvB‡iwmi
d‡j A‡b¨i ˆZwiK…Z md&UIq¨vi webv AbygwZ‡Z e¨envi Ki‡j ¯^Ë¡vwaKvix cÖwZôvb GKw`‡K †hgb ivR¯^ Avq
†_‡K ewÂZ nq, Ab¨w`‡K cvB‡i‡UW (Pirated) Kwc e¨envi K‡i e¨enviKvix bvbvwea mgm¨vq †fv‡Mb KviY
cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb †_‡K cvB‡i‡UW md&UIq¨v‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb cÖKvi mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kiv nq bv| cvB‡i‡UW
md&UIq¨vi fvBivm enb Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev G‡Kev‡i KvR bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| jvB‡mÝwenxb md&UIq¨v‡i
h_vh_ WKz‡g‡›Ukb _v‡K bv Ges wewfbœ cÖhyw³nxb mv‡cvU© †hgb- Avc‡WU ev Avc‡MÖW Kivi myweav, bZzb
As‡ki ms‡hvRb cÖf„wZ _v‡K bv| †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b cvB‡i‡UW md&UIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡j H cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨
`ªe¨vw` wKsev †mevi gvb iw¶Z nq| cvB‡i‡UW md&UIq¨v‡i A‡bK mgq fvl©Y K‡›Uªvj Kivi e¨e¯’v †`qv _v‡K

19
bv, hvi d‡j e¨envix‡`i g‡a¨ mgš^qnxbZv †`Lv †`q Ges mdjZvi nvi K‡g hvq| Avevi AvBbm½Z
(Legitimate) e¨enviKvixiv I c‡ob Avw_©K mgm¨vq|

ivóª ev miKvi (Government)t AvBb ewnf©~Zfv‡e md&UIq¨vi weZi‡Yi Kvi‡Y ivóª ev miKvi U¨v· ev f¨vU
Av`vq †_‡K ewÂZ nq| d‡j †`k ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq|
wek¦ A_©bxwZ (The Global Economy)t AvBb ewnf©~Zfv‡e md&UIq¨vi weZiY wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z eo cÖfve
†d‡j| †Kvb cÖwZôvb wek¦e¨vcx md&UIq¨vi evRviRvZ Ki‡Z †M‡j H cÖwZôv‡bi md&UIq¨vi hw` cvB‡i‡UW
n‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j H cÖwZôvb Z_v wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z weiƒc cÖfve c‡o| cwimsL¨vb g‡Z, cvB‡iwmi nvi
wek¦e¨vcx 36% n‡j Zv wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| weR‡bm md&UIq¨vi A¨vjv‡qÝ
(Business Software Alliance) bvgK GKwU cÖwZôvb 2001 mv‡j md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi d‡j 13 wewjqb,
Wjv‡ii ivR¯^ Avq ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq, hv AvÂwjK Dbœq‡b e¨q n‡Z cvi‡Zv| cvB‡iwmi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ
md&UIq¨vi Ges md&UIq¨vi welqK cÖwZôv‡b kZ kZ PvKzwii c` wejyß nq| d‡j Gi cÖfve mvaviY gvby‡li
DciI c‡o|

md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi cÖwZ‡iva (Preventing Software Piracy)

md&UIq¨vi ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨, cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb ev Zv‡`i †cÖvMÖvgvi I †Wfjcvi‡K h‡_ó cwigvY mgq, A_© I
kªg e¨q Ki‡Z nq| md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvgvi ev †W‡fjcv‡ii †h Avw_©K jvf nIqvi K_v Zv‡Zv
nqB bv eis †µZv-we‡µZvmn Ab¨vb¨ivI AvBb weiæ× Kv‡R wbhy³ nq| cvB‡iwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi
g‡bvfve Kwg‡q †`q wKsev †µZvi Rb¨ Kg myweav m¤úbœ md&UIq¨vi ˆZwi‡Z eva¨ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y md&UIq¨vi
cvB‡iwm eÜ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| md&UIqvi cvB‡iwm e‡Üi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| h_v-
m‡PZbZv e„w× (Awarness)t cvB‡iwm wK Ges cvB‡iwmi d‡j wK wK Kzdj n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K
eySv‡bv hv‡Z Zviv cvB‡i‡UW md&UIq¨vi e¨envi †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| KviY A‡b‡Ki cvB‡iwm m¤ú‡K© Ávb bvI
_vK‡Z cv‡i|
wi‡cvU© Kiv (Reporting)t †KD cvB‡i‡UW md&UIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡j h_vkxNÖ m¤¢e mieivnKvix ev cÖ¯‘ZKvix
cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³‡K Rvbvb †h Zvi ˆZwiK…Z md&UIq¨vi webv AbygwZ‡Z e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GwU md&UIq¨vi
cvB‡iwm cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m‡e©vËg Dcvq|
‡MvcbxqZv (Privacy)t md&UIq¨vi ˆZwii mgq †MvcbxqZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z Ab¨ †KD †cÖvMÖv‡gi
m¤ú~Y© †KvW ev Askwe‡kl Kwc Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v (Legal Action)t Bb‡U‡jKPzqvj †cÖvcvwU© ivBU (Intellectual Property Right) ev KwcivBU
(Copyright) AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i hviv md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi mv‡_ mswkøó Zv‡`i weiæ‡× AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v †bIqv
DwPZ hv‡Z †KD G Kv‡Ri mvnm bv cvq|

mwës cvmIqvW©/nvwbcU:

B‡›U‡jKPzqvj cÖcvwU© ivBU (Intellectual Property Right-IPR)

gvbyl Zvi gw¯Í®‹ I wPšÍvkw³ w`‡q wewfbœ †gŠwjK m„Rbkxj welq †hgb wkí, mvwnZ¨, Mvb, Pjw”PÎ, Qwe, †Kvb
cY¨ ev cY¨ ˆZwii Dcvq, Avwe®‹vi BZ¨vw` D™¢veb K‡ib| gvby‡li gw¯Í®‹ I wPšÍvkw³ e¨envi K‡i D™¢vweZ G
mKj †gŠwjK m„Rbkxj welq ev Kg©‡K ‡gavRvZ Kg© e‡j|
Intellectual property (IP) is the creation of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works,
and symbols, names, images and designs used in commerce.
gvbe mf¨Zvi me‡P‡q g~j¨evb m¤ú` n‡”Q g¨vby‡qj †gavm¤ú`| gvbyl Zvi gw¯Í®‹ w`‡q wewfbœ welq D™¢veb
K‡i GB mf¨Zv‡K DbœwZi w`K wb‡q hv‡”Q| gvby‡qj †gavB nj GB we‡k¦i wbqvgK kw³| Kv‡RB †gavRvZ
m¤ú`‡K g~j¨ †`Iqv bv n‡j wek¦ Avwe®‹vinxb, ¯’wei I eܨv n‡q hv‡e| RvqMv-Rwg, evwo-Mvwoi †hgb g~j¨
i‡q‡Q †Zgwb g¨vby‡qj †gavRvZ m¤ú‡`iI g~j¨ i‡q‡Q|

20
B‡›U‡jKUPzqvj cÖcvwU© ivBU n‡”Q Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl Zvi †gavRvZ m„Rbx Ges D™¢vebx
K‡g©i Dci Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vei I A¯’vei m¤úwËi gZ gvwjKvbv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j †gavRvZ m¤ú‡`i
gvwjK Zuvi B‡”QgZ Zuvi †gavRvZ m¤ú` ev K‡g©i Drcv`b, weZiY, weµq Ges wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†gavRvZ m¤ú‡`i myi¶vi wbðqZvi Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi m„Rbkxj I D™¢vebx Kv‡R gvbyl AviI DrmvwnZ n‡e,
d‡j mf¨Zv AviI DbœZ n‡e| B‡›U‡jKPzqvj cÖcvwU© ivBU Ávb I m„Rbkxj m„wói DbœwZ AviI DrmvwnZ I
MwZgq Kivi Rb¨ GKwU cÖwZi¶K wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| GQvovI GwU RbM‡Yi, cÖK…Z gvwjK I ivR¯^ †¶‡ÎI
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| B‡›U‡jKPzqvj cÖcvwU© ivBU cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKv‡ii| h_v-
• c¨v‡U›Ut mvaviYZ †Kvb Avwe®‹vi ev D™¢vebxi Rb¨ GwU e¨eüZ nq| G‡¶‡Î bZzb Ges DbœZ cY¨ I
c×wZ wkí KviLvbvq e¨eüZ nq|
• wWRvBbt †Kvb c‡Y¨i AvKvi, AvK…wZ Kx iKg n‡e Zv D™¢veK †Kv¤úvwb wWRvBb AvBwcÕi gva¨‡g
‡iwR‡óªkb Kwi‡q ‡`q| wWRvB‡bi AvIZvq †Kvb c‡Y¨i we‡kl ˆewkó¨vewj †hgb- iO, ewniveiY,
mxgv‡iLv hv w`‡q H cY¨ ˆZwi †mme DcKiY BZ¨vw` wba©viY K‡i †`qv nq|
• †UªW gvK©mt †Kvb c‡Y¨i eªvÛ eivÏ I wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ GwU e¨eüZ nq| G c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ cY¨ I
†mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKvwaK wbg©vZv I e¨emvqx‡K †UªW gvK©m Øviv c„_K Kiv nq|
• KwcivBUt mvwnZ¨, wkíKg©, Mvb, Pjw”PÎ, kã †iKwW©s, gvwëwgwWqv I md&UIq¨vi BZ¨vw` KwcivBU
AvB‡bi AvIZvf~³|
eZ©gvb Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hy‡M mevB wb‡R‡`i wPšÍv-‡PZbv cÖwZi¶vi e¨vcv‡i LyeB m‡PZb| Gme wPšÍv †PZbvi
wewfbœ fvm©b/w¯ŒÞ, msMxZ, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg, †Uwjwfkb I Ab¨vb¨ wgwWqvq _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB `k‡K cÖK…Z
¸Yx I cwikªgx e¨w³‡`i B‡›U‡jKPzqvj ‡cÖvcÖvwU© ivBU A‡bK Amvay e¨w³i cÖfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|
D`vniY¯^iƒc- cÖK…Z †jL‡Ki AbygwZ QvovB M‡íi eB †ei Kiv, †Kvb Abyôv‡bi Dc¯’vwcZ bvP ev Mvb †iKW©
K‡i Zv evB‡i wewµ Kiv, †Kvb Qwe wPÎwkíxi AbygwZ QvovB †Kvb eB‡Z Qvcv‡bv BZ¨vw`| Gme Kg©KvÛ cÖK…Z
gvwjK‡`i Rb¨ LyeB `ytLRbK| wKš‘ Amvay e¨w³iv Gme KvR K‡i e¨w³MZfv‡e I evwYwR¨Kfv‡e A‡bK
jvfevb n‡”Q|
KwcivBU AvBb (Copyright Law)
KwcivBU nj GKwU ¯^Ë¡| KwcivBU AvBb Øviv msMxZ, mvwnZ¨, wkíKg©, md&UIq¨vi ev †h‡Kvb B‡›U‡jKPzqvj
Kg© msi¶Y Kiv nq| GB msi¶Y AvBbwU cÖKvwkZ I AcÖKvwkZ `yÕai‡bi Kv‡Ri DciB cÖ‡hvR¨| gvwjK
Qvov Ab¨ †h †KD Gme wRwbm e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K gvwj‡Ki KvQ †_‡K AbygwZ ev jvB‡mÝ MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
Copyright is an exclusive grant from the government that allows the owner to reproduce a work, in
whole or in part, and to distribute, perform, or display it to the public in any form or manner,
including the internet.
md&UIq¨vi GKwU AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb m¤ú` nIqvq GwU Pzwii wel‡q A‡b‡K m‡Pó| hw`I c„w_exi cÖvq A‡bK
†`‡kB †Mvc‡b AbygwZ ev jvB‡mÝ Qvov md&UIq¨v‡ii Kwc ev cvB‡iwm Kiv nq hv Ab¨vq| Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg
ev md&UIq¨vi e¨enviKvix jvB‡mÝ Øviv gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ wKQz Pzw³‡Z Ave× nq| †hgb- Zviv H md&UIq¨vi
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wKš‘ †Kvb Kwc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv A_ev Kwc K‡i wewjeÈb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| KviY
g~j gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ ev jvB‡mÝ Qvov †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ev md&UIq¨vi Kwc Kiv Ges Zv e¨envi Kiv GKwU eo
Aciva| md&UIq¨vi cvewjkvm© A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb, BÛvw÷ª A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb GwU‡K AvBbMZ
Aciva wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡K| hw`I Gme AvBb Øviv Kwc Kiv cy‡ivcywi eÜ Kiv hvq bv, hw` bv RbMY
m‡PZb nb|
KwcivB‡Ui whwb gvwjK, KwcivBU AvB‡b cÖvß AwaKvimg~n †fvM Kwievi AwaKvi GKgvÎ ZviB| Ab¨ †Kn
GB AwaKvi iv‡L bv| GB AwaKvi f½ Kwiqv hw` †KD A‡b¨i †Kv‡bv KvR e¨envi wKsev cÖKvk K‡i A_ev
RbmvaviY‡K †`Lvq ev †kvbvq Zvnv nB‡j D”P e¨w³ KZ©„K KwcivBU gvwj‡Ki KwcivBU f½ Kiv nBqv‡Q
ewjqv MY¨ Kiv nB‡e|
iPwqZvB mvaviYZ KwcivB‡Ui gvwjK| AZGe KwcivBU ewj‡Z KwcivBU AvB‡bi gva¨‡g g~j iPwqZvi Dci
Zvnvi mvwnZ¨Kg©, bvU¨Kg©, m½xZKg©, wkíKg©, Pjw”PÎKg©, md&UIq¨vi Ges †iK‡W©i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Awc©Z

21
AwaKvimg~n‡K eySvq| GB avivq ewY©Z KvR¸wj Kwievi AwaKvi GKgvÎ KwcivBU gvwj‡Ki Ges Ab¨
Kvnv‡K GB avivq ewY©Z KvRmg~n nB‡Z weiZ ivLvB GB AvB‡bi D‡Ïk¨| GB avivq ewY©Z †h KvR¸‡jv
Kwievi Rb¨ gvwjK‡K †h AwaKvi †`Iqv nBqv‡Q ÔKwcivBUÕ kã Øviv †mB KvR¸wj Kwievi AwaKvi‡K
eySvq| †Kv‡bv KvR Øviv KwcivBU f½ Kiv nBqv‡Q wK nq bvB Zvnv we‡ePbv Kwievi mgq †`wL‡Z nB‡e †h,
GB avivq KwcivB‡Ui gvwj‡Ki Dci †h mg¯Í AwaKvi †`Iqv nBqv‡Q Zvnv f½ Kiv nBqv‡Q wKbv|
KwcivBU AvBb Intellectual Property ev †gavRvZ AvB‡bi kvLv| eB-cy¯K Í , d‡UvMÖvd, Pjw”PÎ, wkíKg©,
wfwWI-AwWI K¨v‡mU/†iKW©, m¤cÖPvi msµvšÍ †cÖvMÖvg I Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw` m„Rbkxj Kg© RvZxq
ms¯‹…wZ I Kg©Kv‡Ûi †giæ`Û| H m¤ú‡`i iPwqZv‡`i KwZcq AwaKvi RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z|
cÖPwjZ KwcivBU AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g D‡jøwLZ K‡g©i ¯^Z¡/¯^Z¡mg~‡ni wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv KiZ m„Rbkxj
cÖwZfv weKv‡ki gva¨‡g wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ Ges DbœqbB KwcivB‡Ui g~j D‡Ïk¨| GB Kvi‡Y Ávb-weÁv‡bi
wewbg‡q KwcivBU AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM, we‡`kx eB-cy¯K Í †`‡k cybtcÖ`k©b, cybtgy`Yª /cybtiærcv`b, Pjw”PÎ I
wfwWI wd‡j¥i cybtcÖPvi, cybtcÖ`k©b, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨envi I n¯ÍvšÍi BZ¨vw` Kvh©vejx KwcivBU
AvB‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|

evsjv‡`k miKvi KwcivBU A¨v±-Gi Øviv †Kvb evwYwR¨K md&UIq¨vi‡K Kwc Kiv AvBbZ `Ðbxq Aciva
wn‡m‡e †NvlYv w`‡q‡Q| †ewkifvM †¶‡Î †Kvb md&UIq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡`i md&UIq¨vi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g g~jKwc AvBb m¤§Zfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z †`q| jvB‡m‡Ýi gva¨‡g †Kvb cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i md&UIq¨vi‡K
Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡b weµq K‡i| cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv BDRvi ˆZwii gva¨‡g H md&UIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i
A_ev H cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i Kwc Kivi AbygwZ cvq| Z‡e hw` †Kvb cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡`i wKQz wKQz
md&UIq¨vi Kwc Ki‡Z AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i _‡K| †m‡¶‡Î H wbw`©ó md&UIq¨vi Kwc Kiv Aciva bq|

md&UIq¨vi wkí‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ DbœZ †`‡k cÖPwjZ Av‡Q B‡›U‡jKPzqvj ‡cÖvcvwU© ivBU ev KwcivBU
AvBb| GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g md&UIq¨vi †cÖvMÖvgvi ev †Wfjcvi‡`i ˆZwiK…Z †cÖvMÖvg †KvW‡K msiw¶Z Kivi
AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i| G AvB‡bi d‡j-
• e¨w³MZ md&UIq¨vi wbg©vZv ev wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb bZzb bZzb md&UIq¨vi ‰Zwi‡Z DØy× n‡e Ges mv‡_
mv‡_ Pjgvb md&UIq¨vi‡K Dbœq‡bi e¨e¯’v wb‡e|
• bZzb md&UIq¨vi wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o DV‡e|
• bZzb aviYv Ges cÖhyw³i weZiY mnRZi n‡e|
• RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY evo‡e|
• †eKviZ¡ Kg‡e, miKv‡ii Avq evo‡e|
• GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k cÖhyw³i Av`vb-cÖ`vb e„w× cv‡e|

jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi µ‡qi myweav

cvB‡iwm eÜ K‡i jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi µq-weµq e¨e¯’v Pvjy n‡j mevB DcK…Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î †h mg¯Í
DcKvwiZv cvIqv hv‡e Zv n‡jv-
A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vbt hLb AvBbm½Z md&UIqvi µq-weµq Kiv nq ZLb †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi cÖfve c‡o|
KviY Gi d‡j cÖPzi ivR¯^ AwR©Z nq Ges A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ md&UIq¨vi wkíI DbœwZ jvf K‡i|
AwaK ¯^”Q‡›` KvR Kivt jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡j mKj e¨enviKvix D”P ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ,
Kvh©Kix Ges h_vh_ wb‡`©kbv m¤^wjZ c¨v‡KR e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j Kv‡Ri MwZ I gvb A‡bK¸Y e„w×
cv‡e|

Avw_©K mvkªqt AvBbm½Z md&UIq¨vi µq Ki‡j A‡bKfv‡e A‡_©i mvkªq nq| cÖ_gZ, †Kvb †QvU gv‡ci
md&UIq¨vi µq Ki‡j Gi cieZ©x fvl©‡Yi Rb¨ e¨enviKvix me mgq Kwgkb †c‡q _v‡Kb| Ab¨w`‡K
md&UIq¨v‡ii ¸YMZ gvb e„w× ev AvaywbKvq‡bi mKj myweav e¨enviKvix †c‡q _v‡Kb bvggvÎ g~‡j¨| Gi d‡j

22
µqK…Z †Kvb md&UIq¨vi KLbI AcÖPwjZ Ae¨eüZ nq bv| eis Kg cÖkvmwbK LiP, cÖhyw³ mvnvh¨ BZ¨vw`i
gva¨‡g e¨enviKvixi mš‘wó i¶v nq|

kvšÍ g‡b KvR Kivt hLb †Kvb cÖwZôvb jvB‡mÝK…Z md&UIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i ZLb jvB‡m‡Ýi Rb¨ Zviv wd
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q, Kv‡RB GB wbðqZv cvIqv hvq †h H cÖwZôvb h_vh_ Ges H cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb AvBwb Sv‡gjv
†bB| G Kvi‡Y mevB kvšÍ g‡b KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

Av¯’vi mv‡_ cwiKíbvt md&UIq¨vi cvB‡iwm eÜ n‡j †Kvb cÖwZôvb Kvw•LZ j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L mwVK gv‡ci
cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
md&UIq¨vi wbg©vZvi mn‡hvwMZvt hLb AvBbm½Z md&UIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq ZLb †Kvb we‡kl RwUj
cwiw¯’wZ ev md&UIq¨vi e¨enviRwbZ †Kvb mgm¨v n‡j wbg©vZvi mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv cvIqv hvq| GwU †h †Kvb
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

11.7 †cøwRqvwiRg (Plagiarism)

A‡b¨i †jLv Pzwi K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g Pvwj‡q †`Iqv ev cÖKvk Kiv‡KB †cøwRqvwiRg e‡j| †Kvb e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb mvwnZ¨, M‡elYv ev m¤úv`bv Kg© ûeû bKj ev AvswkK cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk
KiviB nj †cøwRqvwiRg| A‡bK mgq †Kvb †jLvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© k㸔QI bKj Ki‡j Zv †cøwRqvwiR‡gi g‡a¨
c‡o| †cøwRqvwiRg GKwU †eAvBbx KvR| Kv‡RB †cøwRqvwiRg cÖwZ‡iva Kiv DwPr|

B`vwbs wk¶v †¶‡Î †cøwRqvwiRg A‡bK †ewk ‡`Lv hvq| wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ nj D”PZi wPšÍv Kivi `¶Zv jvf|
A_©vr †Kvb welq Zv hZB RwUj †nvK bv †Kb Zv we‡kølY, g~j¨vqb, ms‡¶cb ev bZzb aviYv cÖeZ©b Kivi
`¶Zv AR©b| GB `¶Zv AR©b Am¤¢e n‡q hvq Abywjwc ev bK‡ji gva¨‡g| †jLvi †¶‡ÎI bKj ev Abywjwc
Kiv‡K †cøwRqvwiRg ejv nq| bxwZMZfv‡e hv GK RwUj mgm¨v wnmv‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|

wk¶vg~jK cwi‡e‡k †cøwRqvwiRg N‡U ZLbB hLb †Kvb †jLK D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e A‡b¨i fvlv, wPšÍv ev †jL‡Ki
†Kvb wbR¯^ aviYv A_ev welqe¯‘ m~Î D‡jøL ev ¯^xKvi bv K‡i e¨envi K‡i| [In an instructional setting,
plagiarism occurs when a write deliberately was some one else’s language, ideas or other original (not
common knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.]
- Council of Writing Program Administrators

eB-cy¯KÍ ev RvY©v‡j gyw`ªZ ev AbjvB‡b cÖKvwkZ †Kvb †jLv ev M‡elYvi djvd‡ji †¶‡ÎI †cøwRqvwiRg n‡Z
cv‡i| wk¶K Ges cÖkvmKiv †cøwRqvwiRg wb‡q we‡klfv‡e DwØMœ KviY Zviv Pvb wk¶v_©xiv AvnwiZ Áv‡bi
Dci †h KvR K‡i †mB Kv‡R †hb wk¶v_©x wb‡Ri †Póv I wPšÍvfvebv cÖKvk cvq| Z‡e B›Uvi‡b‡Ui GB hy‡M
hLb AmsL¨ †jLv †h †Kvb wel‡qi Dci AwZ mn‡R cvIqv hvq ZLb wk¶K‡`i wk¶v_©x‡`i cov (Reading),
†jLv (Writing), wbR¯^ wPšÍv (Critical thinking), Kivi `¶Zv e„w× Ki‡Z †ek †eM †c‡Z nq| AbjvB‡bi
gva¨‡g †cøwRwiRg‡K mvBevi †cøwRqvwiRgI e‡j|
B›Uvi‡bU n‡Z cÖvß †Kvb AvwU©‡Kj ev M‡elYv c‡Îi (Research paper) Askwe‡kl ev m¤ú~Y© Abywjwc Kiv ev
WvDb‡jvW Kiv A_ev I‡qe n‡Z cÖvß †Kvb aviYv cÖK…Z m~Î D‡jøL bv K‡i e¨envi KivB mvBevi
†cøwRqvwiRg|

†cøwRqvwiRg KviYmg~nt
• eZ©gv‡b GB wWwRUvj hy‡M Kwc (Copy) Ges †có (Paste) dvsk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ AwZ mn‡R A‡b¨i KvR
ev Encyclopaedia n‡Z †Kvb AvwU©‡Kj‡K Abywjwc K‡i wb‡Ri e‡j Pvwj‡q †`qvi cÖ‡jvfb|
• ‡cøwRqvwiRg m¤^‡Ü my¯úó aviYvi Afve, A_©vr D‡jøL bv K‡i KviI †jLv e¨envi Ki‡j †h †mUv Pzwi
ev wb‡Ri e‡j MY¨ n‡e GB aviYv bv _vKv|

23
 • Web Gi wecyj fvÛvi †_‡K Kwc K‡i wb‡Ri e‡j Pvjv‡j †evSv hv‡e bv Giƒc AvZ¥wek¦vm|
• ‡cøwRqvwiR‡gi Rb¨ Dchy³ kvw¯Í bv _vKvq ev _vK‡jI Zv Kvh©Ki bv nIqv|

wk¶v_©x‡`i †cøwRqvwiR‡gi KviYt

• AK…ZKvh© nIqvi fq|
• wb‡Ri KvR ev `¶Zvi Dci Av¯’vi Afve
• mg‡qi mبenv‡ii `¶Zvi Afve| †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AbymÜvb ev Ab¨vb¨ e¨vcv‡i †h mgq †`qv
cÖ‡qvRb Zv bv †`qv|
• ‡cøwRqvwiR‡gi Rb¨ my¯úó bxwZgvjv ev kvw¯Íi weavb bv _vKv|
• wbR¯^ wPšÍv fvebv Kivi AeKvk †bB wk¶K KZ©„K G iKg mvaviY KvR ev Assignment †`qv|
• ‡cøwRqvwiRg K‡i aiv bv civ|
• ‡cøwRqvwiRg G aiv civi ci kvw¯Í bv w`‡q Ae¨vnwZ †`qv|

†cøwRqvwiRg Gi d‡j D™¢~Z mgm¨vejx

• A‡b¨i wRwbm Abywjwc Kivq †jL‡Ki wbR¯^ wPšÍv Kivi `¶Zv n«vm cvq|
• wb‡Ri `¶Zvi Dci Av¯’vnxb nIqv|
• cÖK…Z †jLK Zvi b¨vh¨ ¯^xK…wZ n‡Z ewÂZ nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î Avw_©Kfv‡eI ¶wZMÖ¯’ nb|
• e¨vcK †cøwRqvwiR‡gi d‡j bZzb aviYv m„wó nIqv e¨vnZ nq|
• B”QvK…Zfv‡e †cøwRqvwiR‡gi d‡j ˆbwZK Ae¶q nq|

†cøwRqvwiRg Gi d‡j D™¢~Z mgm¨vewj cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq

†cøwRqvwiRg GKwU †eAvBbx KvR| Kv‡RB ‡cøwRqvwiRg mvgwMÖKfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv DwPr| wb‡P ‡cøwRqvwiRg
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wKQz Dcvq D‡jøL Kiv nj| h_v-
†cøwRqvwiRg m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv I bxwZgvjvt
‡cøwRqvwiRg m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z n‡e †hgb wk¶v cÖwZôvbmg~n wk¶v_©x‡`i Rvbv‡Z cv‡i, Intellectual Rvb©vj,
g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw` †Kvb †jLv ev aviYv MÖn‡Yi mgq ‡cøwRqvwiRg m¤^‡Ü †jL‡Ki AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK
†¶‡ÎB Avgiv A‡b¨i Dw³, wPšÍv fvebv e¨envi Kwi| GB e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î wK Ges wKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e
†mB m¤^‡Ü mwVK bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i wm‡jev‡mB GB bxwZgvjv
D‡jøL K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

†jLvi welq wba©viYt

MZvbyMwZK bq Ges wbR¯^ wPšÍv fvebvi AeKvk _v‡K Ggb wel‡q ¸iæZ¡ †`qv DwPr| wk¶v †¶‡Î bxwZ
wba©viK I wk¶K‡`i wm‡jevm ˆZwii †¶‡Î GB wel‡q ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv DwPr| wk¶v‡¶‡Î wk¶Kiv wk¶v_©x‡`i
K‡Ri AMÖMwZ Ae‡jvKb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Zv‡`i KvR wb‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges DrmvwnZ
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ `j K‡i ev GKKfv‡e wewfbœ welq †e‡Q w`‡j wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Abywjwc Kivi
AeKvk _v‡K bv|

†cøwRqvwiRg n‡q‡Q wKbv wba©viY I kvw¯Ít

†cøwRqvwiRg n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv LyuwU‡q †`L‡Z n‡e| GKwU mnR D`vniY †KD hw` †Kv_vI Statistical table ev
MÖvd e¨envi K‡i m~Î D‡jøL bv K‡i Z‡e Zv my¯úó ‡cøwRqvwiRg|
‡cøwRqvwiR‡gi †¶‡Î H cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZ Abyhvqx kvw¯Í cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb wk¶v †¶‡Î nqZ Abywjwci
cwigvY Abyhvqx e¨e¯’v †bqv nq †hgb m¤ú~Y© Abywjwc n‡j Ôk~b¨Õ †`qv| Avevi Rvb©vj ev Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î nqZ

24
bxwZgvjv mn †diZ †`qv nq hv‡Z †jLK PvB‡j m~Î D‡jøL K‡i cybivq Rgv w`‡Z cv‡i| kvw¯Í Kvh©K‡i K‡Vvi
n‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jB †cøwRqvwiRg eÜ Kiv m¤¢e|

nvW©Iq¨vi Pzwi (Hardware Theft)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ nvW©Iq¨vi †hgb- wmwcBB, †ggwi, gvDm, wK‡evW©, wcÖ›Uvimn Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨vw`i Pzwii KvR‡K
nvW©Iq¨vi Pzwi ejv nq| nvW©Iq¨vi hš¿cvwZ Pzwii d‡j Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix A‡bK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq|
A‡bK w`b e¨eüZ nvW©Iq¨vi Pzwi n‡j e¨enviKvix‡K bZzb K‡i G mvgMÖx µq Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î bZzb
K‡i nvW©Iq¨vi hš¿cvwZ µq K‡iI mgm¨vi mgvavb nq bv| †hgb- nvW©wW¯‹ Pzwi n‡j G †¶‡Î ïay nvW©Iq¨vi
Pzwi n‡q‡Q ejv hv‡e bv| KviY nvW©wW‡¯‹ msiw¶Z g~j¨evb Z_¨I Pzwi n‡q hvq| hvi d‡j e¨enviKvixi
mgm¨vi †kl _v‡K bv| nvW©Iq¨vi Pzwii d‡j e¨enviKvixi ˆZwi †cÖvMÖvg Ges †WUvmn A‡bK dvBj ev WKz‡g›U
Zvi bvMv‡ji evB‡i P‡j hvq| PzwiK…Z nvW©Iq¨vi Ab¨ †KD e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i wKsev bó K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i|
Pzwii d‡j nvW©Iq¨vi aŸsm K‡i †djvi GB c×wZ‡K nvW©Iq¨vi wbab (Harware Vandalism) ejv nq|

nvW©Iq¨vi Pzwi cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq (Precautions to prevent hardware theft)

• Kw¤úDUvimn Ab¨vb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi me mgq Zvjve× N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Ab¨ †KD XyK‡Z bv cv‡i|
• ‡Uwe‡ji Dci mg¯Í nvW©Iq¨vi †hgb- gvDm, ¯‹¨vbvi, wK‡evW© cÖf„wZ msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
• cÖ‡qvR‡b A¨vjvg© wm‡÷g Pvjy Kiv|
• ‡bvUeyK wKsev j¨vcUc KLbI RbmgvMg GjvKvq bv †d‡j Avmv|
• wbivcËvi Rb¨ Password e¨envi Kiv I Zv †Mvcb ivLv|
• mKj †WUv dvB‡ji wbqwgZ Back up ‡bqv|

AkøxjZv I A‡kvfbZv (Obscenity and Indecency)

B›Uvi‡b‡U AmsL¨ cY©MÖvdx (Pornography) I‡qemvBU Av‡Q Ges A‡b‡KB GwU eÜ Ki‡Z Pvb| G‡¶‡Î cÖkœ
Av‡m evK&-¯^vaxbZv eÜ e¨ZxZ GwU wKfv‡e m¤¢e? cY©MÖvdx †Kvb AvB‡bi AvIZvq c‡i bv| we‡kl K‡i
Av‡gwiKvi g‡Zv RvqMvq GwU Lye mvaviY GKwU welq| Z‡e AkøxjZv Ges Amf¨Zv‡K GKwU AvB‡bi
AvIZvq Avbv hvq| GB `ywU k‡ãi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiv `iKvi KviY Av‡gwiKvi msweavb Abyhvqx
A‡kvfbZv gvby‡li evK&‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i wKš‘ AkøxjZv bq|

AkøxjZv (Obscenity)t 1973 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi mywcÖg †KvU© AkøxjZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i| †KvU© hyw³ †`q †h
mvwnZ¨ A_ev wkíKjvi †¶‡Î weK…Z †hŠb iæwPi †`Lv hvq| hv D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e †hŠbv¯ú„nv RvMvi Ges mivmwi
AmvgvwRK KvR wkíKjvi ev ivR‰bwZK A_ev ˆeÁvwbK g~j¨‡ev‡a AebwZ NUvq| wKš‘ †KvU© GwU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
hyw³ †`q †h Gme AvBb Ges msÁv AÂj‡f‡` cwiewZ©Z n‡e| †hgbt †jvqvi g‡Zv †QvU kn‡i †hwU A‰ea
†mwU mvbd«vbwm‡¯‹vi †¶‡Î A‰ea bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
A‡kvfbZv (Indecency)t A‡kvfbZv nj GK ai‡bi e¨_©Zv A_©vr hv ¯^vfvweK ixwZi g‡a¨ Av‡m bv| †hgb
Pvi A¶i Øviv †Kvb kã MVb Kiv A_ev †envqvfv‡e ‡hŠbv½ cÖ`k©b Kiv| D`vniY wnmv‡e †KD Zvi †U·U
eB‡q †Kvb weK…Z †hŠbv‡½i Qwe AvuKj| Av‡gwiKvi †KvU© AvB‡bi gva¨‡g A‡kvfb evK¨vjvc‡KI wbwl×
†NvlYv K‡i‡Q| †KvU© weK…Z †hŠbvPvi wUwf ev †iwWI‡ZI wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| weK…Z †hŠbvPv‡ii ch©v‡q
co‡j A‡kvfb evP¨ A_ev wkíKg© A¼b ch©šÍ Kg© wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡e bv| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq GKwU
GbvUwg cy¯‡Í K gvby‡li wewfbœ A½ cÖZ¨‡½i Qwe Avu‡K‡Z cv‡i hv cy‡ivcywi ˆea| A‡kvfY AvPiY‡K
Av‡gwiKvi †KvU© KZ©„K wbwl× †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q Ges GwU MYgva¨‡g cÖPvi KivI wbwl×|

11.8 Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm (Computer Virus)

Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm GK ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg ev ¯^qswµqfv‡e wbe©vn (Self Executed), msµgY (Self Extracted) I
wbR¯^ msL¨ve„w× (Self Replicated) K‡i| GB †cÖvMvg wKQz wb‡`©k enb K‡i hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwcBD KZ©„K
MÖnY K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K A¯^vfvweK, AMÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges A¯^w¯Í`vqK KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i| GB †cÖvMÖv‡gi D‡Ïk¨

25
Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡K weo¤^bvq †djv| KLbI †cÖvMÖvg ev †WUv dvBj bó K‡i †d‡j, Kw¤úDUvi‡K eyU n‡Z
weiZ iv‡L, wW¯‹‡K bó K‡i †d‡j|
cÖL¨vZ M‡elK Ò‡d«W †Kv‡nbÓ Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB ¶wZKviK/aŸsmKvix †cÖvMÖv‡gi ÒfvBivmÓ bvgKiY K‡ib|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cwifvlvq fvBivm kãwU fvO‡j cvIqv hvq ÒfvBUvj Bbdi‡gkb wi‡mv‡m©m AvÛvi wmR (Vital
Information Resources Under Seize)Ó A_©vr ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm¸‡jv ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBivm _vK‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi j¶Y †`Lv hvq| KLbI AbeiZ AbvKvswLZ kã K‡i| KLbI
¯Œx‡Y imvZ¥K, Lvivc ev AbvKvswLZ Z_¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i|

fvBivm AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUv‡ii j¶Y

‡Kvb †gwk‡b fvBivm AvµvšÍ n‡j Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewfbœfv‡e cÖKvk cvq| fvBivm †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBbvi †hfv‡e
AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBiv‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`L‡Z Pvq, †mBfv‡eB Bnv wewfbœ g¨v‡mR †`q| D`vniY¯^iƒc Stone
fvBivm AvµvšÍ n‡j Kw¤úDUvi †h g¨v‡mR †`q Zv nj “Your PC is now stoned, legalize marifuana” wKQz
wKQz fvBivm wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, hZ¶Y bv dvBjmg~n A`„k¨ nIqv ïiæ nq A_ev bó nq| GgbwK
nvW©wW¯‹I e¨_© nq| †h e¨enviKvix Rv‡b Zvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯^vfvweK Acv‡ikb †Kgb, Zvi c‡¶ †mB
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯^vfvweK Acv‡ik‡bi e¨wZµg AwZ mn‡R aiv c‡o hv †Kvb fvBiv‡mi j¶Y n‡Z cv‡i|
fvBivm AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUv‡ii j¶Ymg~‡ni eY©bv wb‡P †`Iqv nj-
1| †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ¯^vfvweK †jv‡Wi mg‡qi †P‡q †ewk mgq †bq|
2| Acv‡ik‡bi mgq ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq †ewk wW‡¯‹i Kvh©µg aiv c‡o|
3| wW‡¯‹i fwjD‡gi bvg cwieZ©b nq|
4| nvW©wW‡¯‹ Bad Sectors ‡`Lvq|
5| EXE dvB‡ji AvKvi cwieZ©b nq|
6| dvBj, ZvwiL I mg‡qi AcÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b nq|
7| wd« †ggwii cwigvY Kg †`Lvq|
8| nVvr K‡i AcÖZ¨vwkZ Error Message †`Lvq|
9| nvW©wW‡¯‹i cvwU©kb bó K‡i †d‡j d‡j mKj †WUv nvwi‡q hvq Ges Kw¤úDUvi wVK gZ mPj n‡Z Pvq bv|
10| A‡bK mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii ev‡qvm (BIOS) Gi †WUv gy‡Q †d‡j d‡j Kw¤úDUvi APj n‡q hvq|
11| nvW©wW‡¯‹i mKj †WUv gy‡Q †d‡j|
Dc‡iv³ GB j¶Y †`Lv w`‡j g‡b Kiv hvq †h, Kw¤úDUviwU fvBiv‡m AvµvšÍ (Virus Infected) n‡q‡Q| ZLb
†h †Kvb kw³kvjx I me©vaywbK (Latest) Gw›U fvBivm (Anti-virus) †cÖvMÖvg Pvwj‡q fvBivm `~i Kiv nq|

fvBivm msµg‡Yi gva¨g

fvBivm wb‡R wb‡R ¯^qswµqfv‡e GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wbgœwjwLZ Kvi‡Y msµwgZ n‡Z
cv‡i| h_v-
1| d¬wc wW¯‹, nvW©wW¯‹, d¬vk wW¯‹ wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb Removable wW¯‹ (†hgb †cbWªvBf, †ggwi KvW© BZ¨vw`)-
Gi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg ev †WUvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡j
2| cvB‡i‡UW md&UIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡j Ges
3| †bUIqvK© (B›Uvi‡bU ev B-‡gBj Ges B›Uªv‡bU BZ¨vw`) Kw¤úDwUs-Gi ‡¶‡Î GK Kw¤úDUvi Gi mv‡_ Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y|

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g fvBivm msµgY

avc-1t wKQz `yó †cÖvMÖvgvi fvBivm †cÖvMÖvg m„wó K‡i hv IqvW© WKz‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ jyKv‡bv Ae¯’vq B-‡gBj
g¨v‡m‡Ri IqvW© WKz‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q hvq|
avc-2t Gme fvBivm B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g B-‡gBj g¨v‡mR¸‡jv‡K we‡k¦i wewfbœ B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix‡`i
g‡a¨ Qwo‡q †`q|

26
avc-3t †h mKj e¨enviKvix GB mshyw³¸‡jv (Attachment) I‡cb K‡i Zv‡`i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv fvBiv‡m
AvµvšÍ n‡q hvq| GB AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Avevi avc-2 Abymv‡i Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi AvµvšÍ nq|
avc-4t Avevi †h‡nZz wKQz e¨enviKvix B-‡gBj g¨v‡mR cvVv‡bvKvixi bvg Rvb‡Z cv‡i bv †m‡nZz
e¨enviKvixi †mme B-‡gBj g¨v‡mR¸‡jv I‡cb bv K‡i Zvr¶wYKfv‡e g¨v‡mR¸‡jv wWwjU K‡i †`q| d‡j
Gme e¨enviKvix‡`i Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ nq bv|

fvBiv‡mi aiY
Kw¤úDUvi wµwgbvjiv (Criminal) cÖwZwbqZ bZzb bZzb fvBivm ˆZwi Ki‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡i Avµg‡Yi aiY
Abymv‡i fvBivm wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
• eyU †m±i fvBivm (Boot Sector Virus)
• dvBj msµvgK fvBivm (File Infector Virus)
• UªRvb nm© (Trojan Horse)
• wgD‡UwUs fvBivm (Mutating Virus)
• KgvÛ cvicvm fvBivm (Command Purpose Virus)
• †Rbv‡ij cvicvm fvBivm (General Purpose Virus)
• gvwëcvicm fvBivm (Multipurpose Virus)
• ‡ggwi-‡iwm‡W›U fvBivm (Memory-Resident Virus)
• g¨v‡µv fvBivm (Macro Virus)
• Kg‡cwbqb fvBivm (Companion Virus)
• cwjgiwdK fvBivm (Polymorphic Virus)
• Ifvi ivBwUs fvBivm (Over Writing Virus)
• w÷j_ fvBivm (Stealth Virus) BZ¨vw`|

wb‡gœ wKQz fvBiv‡mi cwiwPwZ †`Iqv nj-

eyU †m±i fvBivm
eyU †m±i Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‹i GKwU Ask| Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kivi ci Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kxfv‡e KvR Ki‡e
Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i GB eyU †m±i| eyU †m±i fvBivm wW‡¯‹i g~j eyU †m±i‡K wb‡Ri eyU †m±‡ii gva¨‡g
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i †`q Ges †ggwi‡Z fvBivm ¯’vcb K‡i| GB †ggwi n‡Z Ab¨vb¨ wW¯‹ `ªæZ fvBiv‡m msµwgZ
n‡q c‡o| eyU †m±i fvBiv‡m msµwgZ n‡j Kw¤úDUvi A¯^vfvweK eywUs Acv‡ikb cÖ`k©b K‡i|
dvBj msµvgK fvBivm
wKQz msµvwgZ †KvWB nj dvBj msµvgK fvBivm| GB ai‡bi fvBivm mvaviYZ wbqš¿YKvix †cÖvMÖvg ev
WªvBfvi dvBj‡K msµwgZ K‡i| †h mg¯Í dvB‡ji ewa©Zvsk (G·‡Ubkb) exe I com ZvivB GB fvBiv‡m
AvµvšÍ nq| dvBj msµvgK fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ dvBj Kwc Ki‡j G fvBivm Kvh©Kix nq|
UªRvb nm©
UªRvb nm© LyeB gvivZ¥K| Bnv ˆea ev Kvh©Kix †cÖvMÖvg QÙ‡e‡k _v‡K| UªRvb nm© Øviv AvµvšÍ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy
Ki‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii wW¯‹ ev dvBj bó n‡Z cv‡i| G †cÖvMÖv‡gi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q GKUv wbw`©ó djvd‡ji
w`‡K avweZ Kiv| KLbI Gi cÖwZwµqv wnmv‡e dvBj ev wW‡i±wi gy‡Q hvq| KLbI Avevi Bnv mgMÖ
nvW©wW¯‹‡K di‡gU K‡i †d‡j|
KgvÛ cÖ‡mmi fvBivm
AcÖKvk¨ (Hidden) dvBj ID sys IMSDOS sys ev IBMBIO.COM I IBMDOS.COM dvBj mg~n GB
fvBivm Øviv bó Kiv nq| eywUs wm‡÷g Pvjy Ae¯’vq GB fvBivm Kw¤úDUv‡i XywK‡q †cÖvMÖv‡gi we‡kl ¶wZ Kiv
nq|
†Rbv‡ij cvicvm fvBivm

27
GB fvBivm eyU †m±i I KgvÛ cvicvm fvBivm Gi b¨vq †Mvcb c‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡i Xy‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨vcK
¶wZ K‡i hv `~i Kiv `ytmva¨|
gvwëcvicvm fvBivm
gvwëcvicvm fvBivm eyU †m±i, KgvÛ BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvq mKj cÖwµqv ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i|
†ggwi †iwm‡W›U fvBivm
GB fvBivm ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µ‡gi mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvq mKj dvBj bó K‡i|

fvBivm wbimb t Gw›UfvBivm

cÖwZwbqZ we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K AmsL¨ bZzb bZzb fvBivm m„wó Kiv n‡”Q Ges Zv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
mn‡RB Qwo‡q co‡Q| G mKj fvBiv‡mi Dci M‡elYv Pvwj‡q Gi cÖwZ‡laK A_©vr Gw›U-fvBivm †cÖvMÖvg
ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q| Gw›U-fvBivm nj GK ai‡bi fvBivm cÖwZ‡laK md&UIq¨vi hv †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm‡K
kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡K AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K gy‡Q †dj‡Z ev fvBivm gy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ wKQz RbwcÖq Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg nj-
• McAfee Antivirus • AVG Antivirus
• Norton Antivirus • Microsoft Security Essentials
• Avira AntiVir Personal • Kaspersky Antivirus
• ESET Antivirus BZ¨vw`|

GKwU Gw›UfvBivm mywbw`©ó wKQz Virus Gi Rb¨ †ewk Kvh©Kix| Z‡e G mKj Gw›UfvBiv‡m †cÖvMÖv‡gi wbw`©ó
†gqv` †`qv _v‡K| †gqv` DËxY© nIqvi ci bZzb Avc‡W‡UW †cÖvMÖvg msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| KviY cÖwZwbqZ bZzb
bZzb fvBivm ˆZwi n‡”Q| †j‡U÷ fvBiv‡mi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Gw›U-fvBivm ˆZwi Kiv mgq mv‡c¶ e¨vcvi
Ges A‡bK kªg I †gaviI cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB eo cÖwZôvb Qvov †j‡U÷ Gw›U-fvBivm ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq|

fvBivm cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq

fvBivm wbim‡bi †P‡q cÖwZ‡iva KivB †kªq| cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wKQz mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡j fvBiv‡mi
nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqv hvqt
• evwn‡ii ‡Kvb wW¯‹, †cb WªvBf wKsev †ggwi KvW© A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb Removable WªvBf (†hgb
Removable nvW©wW¯‹ WªvBf) e¨envi bv Kiv|
• B›Uvi‡bU ev j¨vb e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Gw›UfvBivm I dvqviIqvj Pvjy ivLv|
• AwaKvsk †¶‡Î msµwgZ †cÖvMÖvg Kwci gva¨‡g fvBivm Qwo‡q c‡o| ZvB Kwci c~‡e© Bnv msµwgZ
wKbv cix¶v Kiv `iKvi|
• AwaKvsk evwYwR¨K md&UIq¨vi GKwU gvÎ †gwk‡b e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i wWRvBb Kiv _v‡K| †m¸‡jv
†Kvb †cÖvMÖvgvi Ab¨ †gwk‡bI Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ Kwc K‡i| cvB‡i‡UW ev Kwc mdU&Iq¨v‡ii
gva¨‡gI fvBivm Qovq| ZvB AwiwRbvj †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Ki‡j fvBiv‡mi msµgY †_‡K i¶v cvIqv
hvq|
• me mgq ivBU †cÖv‡U‡±W †gv‡W †gvevBj wW¯‹ e¨envi Kiv `iKvi|
• wmwW, wWwfwW, †cbWªvBf ev †h †Kvb B›Uvibvj wW¯‹ Gi †¶‡Î autorun Ackb eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
• ÷vU© Av‡c fvBivm cÖwZ‡ivaK †cÖvMÖvg ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cÖwZevi ‡gwkb Ab nIqvi mv‡_
mv‡_B fvBivm ¯‹¨vb K‡i †gwkb cix¶v K‡i †`‡L †bq Ges evwn‡ii †Kvb wW¯‹ e¨envi Kivi c~‡e©
¯‹¨vb K‡i fvBivm wd« wKbv Zv †`‡L †bq|

fvBivm cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq

Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm gy³ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi avcmg~n AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_v-

28
 ➢ ‡Kvb Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ e‡j m‡›`n nIqv gvÎB Zv †bUIqvK© I B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K Zv
wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j GB Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K fvBivm Ab¨ †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i Qov‡Z cvi‡e bv|
Z‡e GB Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb d¬vk wW¯‹ ev †cb WªvBf ev Ab¨ †Kvb †÷v‡iR wgwWqv
fvBivm wK¬wbs Kiv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
➢ AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb Gw›U-fvBivm md&UIq¨vi _vK‡j Zv Pvjy K‡i fvBivm wK¬b Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq †Kvb wbf©i‡hvM¨ Gw›U fvBivm md&UIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e& AZtci Zv Pvjy K‡i fvBivm
wK¬b Ki‡Z n‡e| hZ¶Y mgqB jv¸K bv †Kb Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨vi Øviv m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷gwU ¯‹¨vb
K‡i fvBivm gy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUviwU fvBivmgy³ Kivi ci Zv Avevi †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ Kiv hv‡e| B›Uvi‡bU
Kv‡bKkb cÖwZôv Kivi ci e¨eüZ Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨viwU †Kvb †j‡U÷ Avc‡WU Av‡Q Kx bv Zv
†`L‡Z n‡e| B›Uvi‡b‡U hw` †Kvb Avc‡WU _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv WvDb‡jvW K‡i e¨eüZ Gw›UfvBivm
md&UIq¨viwU Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e|
➢ Avc‡WU Kiv Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨viwU Øviv Avevi Kw¤úDUviwUi m¤ú~Y© ¯‹¨vb K‡i fvBivm gy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
D‡jøL¨ †h, cÖPwjZ †cÖvMÖvg Øviv fvBivm gy³ bv n‡j msµwgZ dvBj‡K gy‡Q †djv ev wW¯‹‡K di‡gU Kiv Qvov
†Kvb Dcvq _v‡K bv| A‡bK mgq nvW©wW‡¯‹i †¶‡Î Avevi Low Label Format Kivi cÖ‡qvRbI n‡q c‡o|

fvBivm Avµg‡Yi d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¶wZmg~n

we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K cÖwZwbqZ †hme bZzb bZzb fvBivm m„wó Kiv n‡”Q Zv‡`i Avµg‡Yi †KŠkj I aviv
GK bq| G‡KKwU fvBivm G‡KK ai‡bi ¶wZ K‡i| A‡bK †¶‡Î ¶wZi cwigvY GZ †ewk †h Zv †Kvbfv‡eB
cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
wb‡Pi fvBivm Avµg‡Yi d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii wKQz ¶wZ D‡jøL Kiv nj|
• Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb A‡bK mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii ev‡qvm (BIOS) Gi
†WUv gy‡Q †d‡j Kw¤úDUvi‡K APj K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
• nvW©wW‡¯‹i mKj †WUv gy‡Q †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb A‡bK mgq nvW©wW‡¯‹i cvwU©kb bó K‡i †d‡j, d‡j
mKj †WUv nvwi‡q hvq Ges Kw¤úDUvi wVKgZ mPj n‡Z Pvq bv| †WUv nvwi‡q hvIqvi d‡j Ac~iYxq
¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
• nvW©wW‡¯‹ Bad Sectors †`Lv‡Z cv‡i|
• EXE dvB‡ji AvKv‡ii cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq dvB‡ji bv‡gi G·‡Ubk‡biI cwieZ©b
NUv‡Z cv‡i|
• dvBj, ZvwiL I mg‡qi AcÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i|
• wd« †ggwii cwigvY Kg †`Lv‡Z cv‡i|
• nVvr K‡i AcÖZ¨vwkZ Error Message †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq AcÖZ¨vwkZ Error Message
†`Lv‡bvi ci Kw¤úDUvi n¨vO (Hang) n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
• ‡Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ¯^vfvweK †jv‡Wi mg‡qi †P‡q †ewk mgq wb‡Z cv‡i|
• Acv‡ik‡bi mgq ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq wW‡¯‹i Kvh©µg †ekx n‡Z cv‡i|
• wW¯‹ fwjD‡gi bv‡gi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|

Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi myweav-

• Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvg ev †Kvb dvBj‡K fvBivmgy³ n‡Z †`q bv| d‡j dvBj¸‡jv ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K
i¶v cvq|
• fvBivmhy³ Kw¤úDUvi‡K fvBivmgy³ K‡i|
• Gw›UfvBiv‡mi Rvbv †Kvb fvBiv‡mi AvMgb wm‡÷‡g NU‡j mZK© K‡i _v‡K|

29
Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi Amyweav-
Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi †ek wKQz myweav _vK‡jI A‡bK mgq GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯^vfvweK KvRK‡g© euvavi m„wó
K‡i| †hgb-
• dvBj ev †cÖvMvg †jvwWs Gi Rb¨ †ewk mgq †bq|
• Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg wbqwgZ Avc‡WU Ki‡Z nq| †Kbbv cyivZb Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg m„ó bZzb mKj
fvBivm‡K `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges bZzb Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg Avc‡WU Kivi Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S g¨v‡mR
†`q| hv weiw³i KviY n‡q `uvovq|
• Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg †gwk‡bi cÖv_wgK †ggwii GKwU RvqMv `Lj K‡i _v‡K| d‡j Kg i¨vghy³
†gwk‡bi Kv‡Ri MwZ Kwg‡q †`q|
• ‡Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯^vfvweK dvBj‡KI fvBivm wn‡m‡e m‡›`n K‡i Ges D³ dvBj‡K †jvW Ki‡Z ev
cwieZ©‡b euvav †`q|

11.9 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Ges ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v

Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ we‡kl K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨vi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv
hvq- †Pv‡Li DciPvc, Kâxi ¶wZ, wc‡Vi mgm¨vi, gvbwmK mgm¨v, †c‡Ui Avjmvi cÖf„wZ| cÎ-cwÎKvi
gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq †h, A‡bK cªwZôv‡bi Kg©xiv cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨enviRwbZ bvbv
kvixwiK mgm¨vi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vex Ki‡Q|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii mgq gvbyl †f‡ewQj †h, GUv wbf~©j Ges D”P MwZ‡Z †WUv cÖ‡mm ev
wnmve Kivi `¶Zv w`‡q gvbyl‡K KvR Kiv †_‡K gyw³ w`‡e, Gi d‡j nqZ ˆ`wbK gvbyl‡K `yÕwZb NÈv KvR
Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q GUv gvbyl‡K c~‡e©i PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Q|
KviY Gi cwiPvjbv gvby‡li Ki‡Z nq, Avi Gi AwaK AvDUcy‡Ui mv‡_I gvby‡li cvjøv w`‡Z n‡”Q| d‡j
gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q Lv`¨, wekªvg I my¯’ my›`i mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi| Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q
Pjvi d‡j gvbyl wewfbœ kvixwiK mgm¨vq co‡Q| †hgb- gvbwmK Pvc, †Pv‡Li Dci Pvc, kvixwiK Aemv`,
Kwâi K¬vwšÍ I fyj Kivi cÖeYZv|

gvbwmK Pvc (Stress)

KvR m¤úwK©Z Amy¯’Zvi GKwU cÖavb KviY gvbwmK Pvc| GB Pv‡ci Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi GKvB h‡_ó| Kw¤úDUvi
e¨env‡i wb‡gœv³ welqmg~n gvbwmK Pv‡ci KviY n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
1| Awd‡mi em& KZ©„K Ggb †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z ejv hv Zvi Rvbv †bB,
2| Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Zvj ivLv hv‡e Giƒc gvbwmK Av¯’v bv _vKv,
3| wbw`©ó mg‡q †kl Kiv hv‡e bv Ggb cwigvY KvR Rgv nIqv,
4| †Zgb †Kvb KvR bv _vKv,
5| †Kv¤úvwb KZ©„K Kg©xi Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q me©`v j¶¨ ivLv n‡j †mB wPšÍv,
6| cÖhyw³ fxwZ,
7| KvR n‡Z gyw³ bv †gjv- Mobile, Laptop, PDA, Pager cÖf„wZ Øviv Awd‡mi mxgvbvi evB‡i wM‡qI KvR
wb‡q e¨¯ÍZv|
8| Bbdi‡gkb Ifvi‡jvW (Overload)- †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq-AcÖ‡qvRbxq A‡bK †ewk Z_¨ mieivn
(†hgb search engine e¨envi) hv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †ei Ki‡Z wM‡q Information anxiety ev ÒZ_¨
`ywðšÍvÓ nq|

†Pv‡Li Dci Pvc (Stress on eyes)

`xN© mgq Screen Gi mvg‡b _vKvi Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i †PvL e¨_v GKwU mvaviY NUbv, A‡b‡K
nvjKv Contrast e¨envi K‡i †Pv‡L Kg Av‡jv jvMvi Rb¨, wKš‘ GUv covi d‡j AwaK Pv‡ci m„wó nq|

30
Svcmv, Aby‡cvhy³ Av‡jv, Pkgv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zv e¨envi bv Kiv, ¯Œx‡Y mgm¨v cÖf„wZ A¯’vqx mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i
hv wVK gZ cÖwZKvi bv Ki‡j ¯’vqx mgm¨vq cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|

gPKv‡bv AvNv‡Zi cybive„wË(Repeatative Strain Injury-RSI)

RSI wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨vi mv‡_ RwoZ †hgb- Mjv, Nvo, evua, Kwâi AmviZv ev e¨_v BZ¨vw`| nvZ w`‡q wKQz
ai‡Z ev Zzj‡Z GB AmviZv ev e¨_v †`Lv hvq| Gi KviY-
1| GKvav‡i e‡m _vKv,
2| AweiZ Ges GKBfv‡e nv‡Zi mÂvjb, agwb I gvsm‡ckxi Dci Pvc,
3| g‡bi GKvMÖZv Ges gvbwmK KvR|

Kvc©vj Uv‡bj wmb‡Wªvg (Carpal tunnel Syndrom)

Kwâi nv‡oi mv‡_ Carpal ligament GKwU Uv‡bj m„wó K‡i| Carpal tunnel Gi †fZi w`‡q hLb Tendon
hvZvqvZ K‡i ZLb Carpal tunnel dz‡j hvq| Giv ga¨eZ©x bvf©‡K (Median nerve) Pvc †`q| d‡j nv‡Zi
ey‡ov Av½yj I cÖ_g wZbwU Av½y‡j e¨_v nq|

Kw¤úDUvi Avmw³(Computer addiction)

Kw¤úDUvi gvbyl‡K NÈvi ci NÈv G›Uvi‡UBb Ki‡Z cv‡i ev e¨¯Í ivL‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wKQz wKQz gvbyl
Kw¤úDUvi †MBg I B›Uvi‡bU wb‡q mvivw`b c‡o _v‡K| Gi d‡j Kw¤úDUvi Avmw³i m„wó nq| Kw¤úDUvi
Avmw³i d‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| Kw¤úDUvi Avmw³i d‡j gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxeb wewNœZ
nq, GgbwK cy‡ivcywifv‡e aŸsmI n‡q hvq| †hme gvby‡liv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖwZ Avm³ Zviv Internet Addiction
Disorder (IAD) G †fv‡M|

Kw¤úDUvi Avmw³i j¶Y¸‡jv wb‡gœ ewY©Z nj-

1| Kw¤úDUvi AviI †ewk¶Y e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ Abybq-webq Kiv|
2| Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kivi mgq †ewk D”QvwmZ nIqv|
3| Kw¤úDUvi Qvov KvR Ki‡Z bv cviv|
4| Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j weiw³ cÖKvk Kiv|
5| cwievi I eÜzevÜe‡`i Ae‡njv Kiv|
6| ¯‹z‡j ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j Amyweavi m„wó Kiv|

wbivc` ¯^v¯’¨ Ges KiYxq

Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ïay B‡jKwUªwmwU jvBb I Kw¤úDUvi gwbUi †_‡KB ELF (Extremely Low
Frequency) †iwW‡qkb we”QzwiZ nq bv| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK Drm ‡hgb- m~‡h©v‡jvK, Av¸b Ges c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K
†¶Î BZ¨vw` †_‡KI ELF †iwW‡qkb we”QzwiZ nq| eZ©gv‡b ELF †iwW‡qk‡bi cÖfve wb‡q M‡elYvi msL¨v e„w×
n‡”Q| M‡elYvq †`L hv‡”Q †h Gi d‡j wewfbœ iKg ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡”Q| †gvevBj †dvb I Kw¤úDUvi
e¨envi Kiv KZUv wbivc` GB welq Avevi cÖkœ D‡V‡Q| d«v‡Ýi GK M‡elYvq ejv n‡q‡Q †h ïay gvB‡µvI‡qf
†iwW‡qkbB (microwave radiation) bv AviI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y †gvevBj †dvb I Kw¤úDUvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨
¶wZKi| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y †gvevBj †dvb I Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc|

nvZ I Kwâi myi¶v

nvZ I Kwâi myi¶vi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv e¨vqvg Kiv DwPZ| wb‡P †m¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv nj|

nv‡Zi e¨vqvgt

31
G¨v_‡jUiv †Ljvi Av‡M †hfv‡e wb‡Ri cÖ¯‘wZ K‡i †mfv‡eB Kx-‡evW© e¨env‡ii c~e© mevi DwPZ nv‡Zi GKUz
e¨vqvg K‡i †bIqv| wewfbœ iK‡gi nv‡Zi e¨vqvg i‡q‡Q| cÖ_‡g Lye nvj&Kvfv‡e nvZ g¨v‡mR Ki‡Z n‡e, KbyB
†_‡K nv‡Zi Kwâ ch©šÍ nv‡Zi Zvjy w`‡q Pvc w`‡Z n‡e| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z Kg©‡¶‡Î nv‡Zi e¨vqvg Kivi
†¶‡Î GKwU weiwZ wb‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

Kwâi Ae¯’vbt
Kwâ I KbyB‡qi e¨_v Gwo‡q Pjvi Rb¨ cvBc Kivi mgq Kwâ I nvZ‡K †mvRv‡mvwRfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e| Kx-
‡evW©‡K †W‡¯‹i Dci bv †i‡L GwU‡K wbPz †Uwe‡j ev Kx‡evW© Wªqv‡ii g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| bv n‡j Kwâi
bvf©¸‡jv †Kv‡li weiæ‡× Nl©Y ïiæ Ki‡e d‡j RST pain Abyf~Z n‡e| cv‡k¦©i wP‡Î wKQz e¨vqv‡gi Qwe †`Iqv
nj|
 ewWi e¨vK‡cBb †iva: k³ Kv‡Vi †Pqv‡ii mv‡_ †mvRv †njvb w`‡q emv|
wbivc` I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek
• Av‡jvt iæg h‡_ó Av‡jvwKZ n‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii gy‡LvgywL ev wcQ‡b Rvbvjv _vKv hv‡e bv
hv‡Z Av‡jv c‡o| †m‡¶‡Î c`©v ev eøvBÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
• AvmevecÎt †Pqvi, †Uwej Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mswkøó AvmevecÎ Avivg`vqK I †kvfbxq n‡Z
n‡e| GQvovI Av‡jv, Zvc, †fw›U‡jkb me e¨enviKvixi Dchy³ _vKv DwPr|
• kãt kã `~lY hv‡Z bv nq|
• nvW©Iq¨vit ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z nvW©Iq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: †jv †iwW‡qkb gwbUi e¨envi BZ¨vw`|
• mdU&Iq¨vit e¨enviKvixiv hv‡Z mn‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i †m iKg
md&UIq¨vi w`‡Z n‡e|

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii wbqgvejx

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ e¨enviKvixi Avmb e¨e¯’v I kix‡ii wewfbœ Ask h_vh_
wbq‡g DwPZ| d‡j e¨enviKvix ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges AwZwi³ Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii
d‡j m„ó †ivM SzuwK K‡g hv‡e| ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z I mwVKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii K‡qKwU wbqg wb‡gœ †`qv nj:
gv_vt Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq gv_v‡K †mvRv‡mvwRfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e| Gmgq w¯ŒY †_‡K nv‡Zi `~iZ¡
Abyhvqx gv_v mvg‡b ev wcQ‡b ‡bIqv hv‡e bv|
Mjvt Mjv‡K wij¨v·W I we¯Í…Zfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e|
Nvot Nvo‡K wbPz K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †mvRv‡mvwR em‡Z n‡e|
‡cQbt wcV‡K †Kvgi †_‡K mvgvb¨ mvg‡b Avb‡Z n‡e| wc‡Vi wb‡Pi Ask ¯^vfvweKfv‡e GKUz evuKv K‡i
ivL‡Z n‡e|
KbyBt KbyB‡K mwVK †Kv‡Y (angle) wij¨v·Wfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e|
Kwât Kwâ‡K wbi‡c¶ I wkw_jfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e| GwU‡K †ewk Dc‡i ev wb‡P †bIqv hv‡e bv|
nvUzt nvUz‡K †Kvg‡ii Zzjbvq GKUz wb‡P ivL‡Z n‡e|
†Pqvit nvUz‡K GKwU myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b ivLvi Rb¨ †Pqvi‡K mvg‡b w`‡K GKUz Xvjyfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e|
jvB‡Ui Drmt Av‡jv gv_vi †cQb w`K †_‡K Avm‡Z n‡e|
w¯Œbt w¯ŒYwU‡K †Pv‡Li †j‡f‡j ev Zvi †P‡q GKUz wb‡P ivL‡Z n‡e| anti-glare w¯ŒY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Av½yjt Av½yj‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e GKUz euvKv (curve) K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
Kx-‡evW©t Kx-‡evW©‡K cy‡ivcywifv‡e flat K‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡j ev KbyB‡qi †j‡f‡j ivL‡Z cvi‡j me‡P‡q fvj
nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †hme Kx (key) aivi Rb¨ cy‡iv nvZ‡K bvo‡Z nq †mme Kx (key) †K ïaygvÎ Av½yj ev
Kwâi Nywi‡q bv aivB fvj| GKUz ci ci weiwZ wb‡Z n‡e|
cvt cv †d¬v‡ii Dci †mvRvfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e| Lv‡Uv †jvK‡`i footrest wb‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|
Abykxjbx-11
Part A: Brief Questions

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1| Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g AvwK©‡UKPvi Kx?
2| n¨vwKs Kx?
3| ¯úywds Kx?
4| Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi Kx?
5| Kw¤úDUvi Bw_Km ev Kw¤úDUvi bxwZkv¯¿ Kx?
6| wek^vqb Kv‡K e‡j|
7| Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Kx?
8| Kw¤úDUvi Aciva Kx?
Part B: Short Questions

1| †nKvi I †µKvi Kx?

2| wbivcËv ej‡Z Kx eyS?
3| Z_¨ wbivcËv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
4| Kw¤úDUvi Aciva Kx? K‡qKwU Kw¤úDUvi Aciv‡ai bvg wjL|
5| Gw›U fvBivm Kx? K‡qKwU RbwcÖq Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg wjL|
6| weR‡bm Bw_Km Kx?
Part C: Broad Questions
1| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv Kv‡K e‡j? Dcv`vbmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2| ˆewk^K Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨e¯’vcbv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i ˆbwZKZv I wbivcËv ej‡Z Kx eySvq wek` Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4| n¨vwKs Kx? wewfbœ cÖKvi n¨vwKs c×wZi eY©bv `vI|
5| mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm Kx? mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm e‡Üi Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ?
6| fvBivm AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi jÿY¸‡jvi eY©bv `vI|
7| Kw¤úDUvi fvBim cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq¸‡jvi eY©bv `vI|
8| wek^vq‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`k Kx Kx Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i? Av‡jvPbv Ki|

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