Regional disparity in Indian Democracy
Regional disparity refers to the unequal distribution of economic resources,
infrastructure, and development across different regions of India. This disparity
affects growth, social equity, and political stability, thereby impacting the
functioning of Indian democracy.
It manifests as differences in per capita income, employment opportunities,
education, healthcare, and infrastructure between states and within states (urban
vs rural).
States like Maharashtra and Gujarat have advanced industrial economies, while
states like Bihar and Odisha remain underdeveloped.
Causes of Regional Disparity
Historical Factors
Colonial-era preference for certain regions for trade and industry led to uneven
development patterns post-independence. British policies favoured resource-rich
areas (like Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai), creating economic disparities and
regional imbalances that persist in India today. Historically, developed states have
efficient governance systems, which cannot be easily transferred across regions.
Geographical Factors
Difficult terrain in the Northeast and arid regions of Rajasthan hamper
development. Difficult terrain (e.g., North-Eastern states) raises administration
and project costs. Adverse climates, like frequent floods in Bihar and Assam
slows down development
Economic Factors
Concentration of industries, services, and infrastructure in few states causes
economic imbalances. States with more people in manufacturing and services
sectors have higher income compared to those dependent on agriculture.
States such as Maharashtra and Gujarat have higher per capita income as
compared to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Political Factors
Political instability and governance issues in some states discourage investment
and hamper progressive policies. Unstable governments and law and order issues
discourage investment and lead to capital flight.
Social and Administrative Failures
Inadequate investment in education, healthcare, and infrastructure in backward
states prolongs disparity.
Impact of Regional Disparity on Indian Democracy
Social Unrest and Regional Movements
Economic inequality fuels demands for separate statehood and autonomy (e.g.,
Telangana, Bodoland). Disparity often fuels regional unrest and insurgencies due
to perceived neglect in development efforts.
Insurgencies in North East India are partly attributed to the lack of development
in these regions.
Migration and Urban Pressure
Poor regions witness out-migration to prosperous cities, causing urban congestion
and related issues. Disparities cause mass migration from underdeveloped regions
to more prosperous ones, straining urban infrastructure. Due to
underdevelopment and lack of job opportunities many workers migrate develop
cities or urban areas.
Weakening Democratic Processes
Neglect of backward regions undermines faith in democratic institutions and
leads to political disenchantment.
Measures to Address Regional Disparity
Balanced Regional Development
Formulate policies ensuring equitable infrastructure and investment in backward
regions.
Special Schemes and Funds
Backward Regions Grant Fund and Aspirational Districts Programme target
development at micro-level.
Empowerment of Local Governance
Decentralization facilitates tailored development reflecting local needs.
Encouraging Private Investment
Incentives attract businesses to underdeveloped states, promoting jobs and
growth.
