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 FOURTH EDITION

Programming of
CNC Machines

Ken Evans

INDUSTRIAL PRESS, INC.

 Industrial Press, Inc.
32 Haviland Street, Suite 3
South Norwalk, Connecticut 06854
Tel: 203-956-5593, Toll-Free: 888-528-7852
E-mail: info@industrialpress.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Evans, Ken (Kenneth W.), author.

Title: Programming of CNC machines / Ken Evans.
Other titles: Programming of computer numerically controlled machines.
Description: 4th edition. © South Norwalk, Connecticut: Industrial Press, Inc., [2016]
Revision of: Programming of computer numerically controlled machines.—3rd ed.—2007.
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015051304; ISBN 9780831135249 (softcover: alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Machine-tools—Numerical control—Programming.
Classification: LCC TJ1189 .E83 2016
DDC 621.9/023028551—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015051304

ISBN: 978-0-8311-3524-9
ISBN ePDF: 978-0-8311-9350-8
ISBN ePUB: 978-0-8311-9351-5
ISBN eMOBI: 978-0-8311-9352-2

Copyright © 2016 by Industrial Press, Inc.

All rights reserved.

This book, or any parts thereof, with the exception of those figures in the public domain,
may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
without the permission of the copyright holders.

Sponsoring Editor: Jim Dodd

Developmental Editor: Robert Weinstein
Interior Text and Cover Designer: Janet Romano-Murray

Notice to the reader: While every possible effort has been made to insure the accuracy of the informa-
tion presented herein, the authors and publisher express no guarantee of the same. The authors and publisher
do not offer any warrant or guarantee that omissions or errors have not occurred and may not be held liable
for any damages resulting from the use of this text by the readers. The readers accept the full responsibility
for their own safety and that of the equipment used in connection with the instructions in this text. There has
been no attempt to cover all controllers or machine types used in the industry and the reader should consult
the operation and programming manuals of the machines they are using before any operation or programming
is attempted.

industrialpress.com
ebooks.industrialpress.com

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Dedication

In Memory of my Father, who taught me many things in life,

especially to love Jesus, to work hard, and to have fun.

To my loving wife, Marci, for her support, patience, and proofreading skills,
and who kept me on track, and offered countless valuable critiques of
my machinist English. To Dolores for being the best mother-in-law
I could ever have imagined.

Thanks to the many students I have taught over the years and the readers
of this text. I hope this text will help you have many years of success and an
exciting and prosperous CNC programming career.

iii
 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xi
PREFACE xiii

PART 1: CNC BASICS 1

Objectives 3
Safety 3
Maintenance 4
Tool Clamping Methods 6
Cutting Tool Selection 7
Tool Compensation Factors 7
Tool Changing 8
Metal Cutting Factors 9
Process Planning for CNC 12
Types of Numerically Controlled Machines 17
What Is CNC Programming? 17
Introduction to the Coordinate System 18
Coordinate Systems 20
Points of Reference 25
Program Format 31
Part 1 Study Questions 34

PART 2: CNC MACHINE OPERATION 37

Objectives 39
Operator Panel Features 39
Operation Key Panel Descriptions 41
Control Panel 48
Setting 73
Common Operation Procedures 74
Part 2 Study Questions 80

v
PART 3: PROGRAMMING CNC TURNING CENTERS 83
Objectives 85
Preparatory Functions (G-Codes) 85
Miscellaneous Functions (M-Codes) 85
Tool Function 90
Practical Application of Tool Wear Offset 90
Feed Function 92
Spindle Function 93
Coordinate Systems for Programming of CNC Turning Centers 96
Program Structure for Turning Centers 98
Preparatory Functions for Turning Centers (G-Codes) 104
Multiple Repetitive Cycles 123
Programming for the Tool Nose Radius 140
Programming Examples for Turning Centers 143
Complex Program Example 163
Example of Cutting a Three-Start Thread 171
Part 3 Study Questions 172

PART 4: PROGRAMMING CNC MACHINING CENTERS 177

Objectives 179
Tool Function (T-Word) 179
Tool Changes 179
Feed Function (F-Word) 180
Spindle Speed Function (S-Word) 181
Preparatory Functions (G-Codes) 181
Miscellaneous Functions (M-Codes) 182
Programming of CNC Machining Centers
In Absolute and Incremental Systems 182
Program Structure for Machining Centers 187
Preparatory Functions for Machining Centers (G-Codes) 197
Canned Cycle Functions 223
Boring Cycles 235
Examples of Programming CNC Machining Centers 240
Part 4 Study Questions 285

vi
PART 5: COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND COMPUTER-AIDED
MANUFACTURING (CAD/CAM) 293
Objectives 295
What Is CAD/CAM? 295
Machine Group Setup and Geometry Creation 301
Solid Model Mill Program Example 317
Solid Model Lathe Program Example 327
Summary 341
Part 5 Study Questions 342

PART 6: INTRODUCTION TO FEATURED-BASED MACHINING 345

Objectives 347
Definition 347
Modeling Basics 347
General Steps for Feature-Based Programming 350
Summary 362
Part 6 Study Questions 363

PART 7: FANUC NC GUIDE PROGRAMMING 365

Objectives 367
NC Guide 367
NC Guide Turning Center Program Creation 373
NC Guide Machining Center Program Example 380
Part 7 Study Questions 394

PART 8: MAZATROL CONVERSATIONAL PROGRAMMING 397

Objectives 399
What Is Conversational Programming? 399
Turning Center Program Creation 400
Machining Center Program Creation 405
Part 8 Study Questions 434

APPENDICES 437
APPENDIX A-1: ENGLISH DRILL SIZES 439
APPENDIX A-2: METRIC DRILL SIZES 440
APPENDIX A-3: ENGLISH THREADS 441

vii
APPENDIX A-4: METRIC THREADS 442
APPENDIX A-5: U.S. SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 443
APPENDIX A-6: METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS 444
APPENDIX A-7: GEOMETRIC SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS 445
APPENDIX A-8: GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS 446
APPENDIX A-9: TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS 450
APPENDIX A-10: RIGHT TRIANGLES 451
APPENDIX A-11: OBLIQUE TRIANGLES 452
APPENDIX A-12: POPULAR ACRONYMS 453
GLOSSARY 456
ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS 462
INDEX 465

viii
 Acknowledgments

I give thanks first to the Lord, Our God, for blessing me with the oppor-
tunity, knowledge, and ability to share in this work. Many thanks are due to
all of the parties listed below, who helped on this project. Special thanks are
due to the publisher, Industrial Press, specifically to President, Alex Luchars;
Managing Editor, Laura Brengelman; former Editorial Director, John Carleo;
and Production Manager, Janet Romano.
Thanks to Robert Weinstein, Editor, of Gerson Publishing Company, for
his efforts in editing this text.
Thanks to Marc Sullivan, of Remote Machine and CNC Software, Inc., for
allowing the use of Mastercam X8 software in the development of this work.
Thanks to Derek Hart, Mindy Cosner, and all parties involved in the
LULA Agreement process for the use of Siemens NX 9.0 software and graphics
in the chapter on Feature-Based Machining.
Thanks to Jill Jozwick, Jody Michaels, and Mark Brownhill at FANUC
FA AMERICA for the use and help with the NC Guide i Academic software for
the new NC Guide i Programming section.
Thanks as well to:
• T.J. Long; Katie Richardson, and Larry Meenan of Kennametal for their
assistance and contribution of tooling graphics and other technical data.
• Martin J. Aguilar of SolutionWare Corporation for the use of their
MazaCAM Editor software and permission to use screen shots in the
text.
• CarrLane Manufacturing for their permission to use technical data in
the appendix.
• Peter Smid for his thoughtful efforts in the review of the third edition of
the work.
• Mazak Corporation for their contribution of photos used in the chapter
MAZATROL Conversational Programming. Mazak™ and Mazatrol™
are trademarks owned by Yamazaki Mazak Corporation.
• The original authors, John Polywka and Stanley Gabrel, for their efforts
building a solid foundation in the first edition of this book.

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