https://en.m.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II

https://user.eng.umd.edu/~nsw/chinese/pinyin.htm

 Note that "u" stands for both wu (ㄨ) and yu (ㄩ), usually without any
confusion. Exceptions are in combination with consonants "l" and "n" where
a distinction needs to be made (路 lu and 綠 lu:) (奴 nu and 女 nu:) (In some
pinyin input methods, we spell lu: and nu: instead with accent characters lü
and nü or with non-accent characters lyu and nyu.)
 Note that "e" stands for both ㄜ and ㄝ, usually without any confusion. The
only exception is when ㄝ is used alone as in 誒; in that case spell e^.

One more exception to the rule for ZhuYin symbols that can stand alone:

 In ZhuYin, ㄧ, ㄨ, and ㄩ can stand alone. In PinYin, combine the consonant

and vowel, i.e., yi, wu, and yu, respectively.
 In ZhuYin, ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, and ㄙ can stand alone. In PinYin, append "i"
i.e., zhi, chi, shi, ri, zi, ci, and si, respectively.

The above are all the rules and exceptions to the rules. Period. Lastly, we indicate
the tone by appending 1, 2, 3, 4, or 0 (e.g., wang2 nan2 xin1, which is my name).

The following table contains a complete set of all valid sounds in Mandarin, and BoPoMoFo,
pinyin, etc. are the different ways of expressing the various sounds. The Big5 and GB
characters in the table are only representative characters with that pronunciation. Many
Chinese characters share an identical pronunciation. Conversely, there are sometimes
multiple pronunciations for the same character. Note that many combinations of the
consonants and vowels (e.g., "bui") are missing in Mandarin Chinese, unless you speak with
a very strange accent or unless you are imitating the sounds of animals. One single font will
not display the next table correctly; you need to switch fonts to view this page in Big5
(present setting), GB, and HZ codes (which you accomplish, for example, in Internet
Explorer through the menu |View|Encoding|.

Big5 GB HZ ZhuYin PinYin Wade Yale

啊 陛 _ ㄚ A A A

哀 飢 ~{0'~} ㄞ Ai Ai Ai

安 假 ~{02~} ㄢ An An An

骯 偎 ~{09~} ㄤ Ang Ang Ang

熬 偏 _ ㄠ Ao Ao Ao

八 匐 ~{0K~} ㄅㄚ Ba Pa Ba
白 啞 ~{0W~} ㄅㄞ Bai Pai Bai

扳 售 ~{0b~} ㄅㄢ Ban Pan Ban

邦 堊 ~{0n~} ㄅㄤ Bang Pang Bang

包 婦 ~{0|~} ㄅㄠ Bao Pao Bau

卑 掠 ~{10~} ㄅㄟ Bei Pei Bei

奔 掉 ~{1<~} ㄅㄣ Ben Pen Ben

崩 推 ~{1@~} ㄅㄥ Beng Peng Beng

逼 排 ~{1F~} ㄅㄧ Bi Pi Bi

編 晤 ~{1`~} ㄅㄧㄢ Bian Pien Byan

彪 梵 ~{1k~} ㄅㄧㄠ Biao Piao Byau

鱉 梱 ~{1n~} ㄅㄧㄝ Bie Pieh Bye

彬 梃 ~{1r~} ㄅㄧㄣ Bin Pin Bin

冰 梨 ~{1y~} ㄅㄧㄥ Bing Ping Bing

波 疏 ~{2(~} ㄅㄛ Bo Po Bwo

不 祥 ~{2;~} ㄅㄨ Bu Pu Bu

擦 笠 ~{2A~} ㄘㄚ Ca Ts'a Tsa

猜 笨 ~{2B~} ㄘㄞ Cai Ts'ai Tsai

參 統 ~{2N~} ㄘㄢ Can Ts'an Tsan

倉 累 ~{2V~} ㄘㄤ Cang Ts'ang Tsang

操 紱 ~{2Y~} ㄘㄠ Cao Ts'ao Tsau

冊 聊 ~{2a~} ㄘㄜ Ce Ts'e Tse

岑 嶍 ~{a/~} ㄘㄣ Cen Ts'en Tsen

曾 崠 ~{Tx~} ㄘㄥ Ceng Ts'eng Tseng

叉 脫 ~{2f~} ㄔㄚ Cha Ch'a Cha

拆 莞 ~{2p~} ㄔㄞ Chai Ch'ai Chai

摻 莖 ~{2t~} ㄔㄢ Chan Ch'an Chan

昌 荻 ~{2}~} ㄔㄤ Chang Ch'ang Chang

吵 陶 ~{33~} ㄔㄠ Chao Ch'ao Chau

車 陬 ~{35~} ㄔㄜ Che Ch'e Che

琛 銵 ~{h!~} ㄔㄣ Chen Ch'en Chen

稱 備 ~{3F~} ㄔㄥ Cheng Ch'eng Cheng

吃 勛 ~{3T~} ㄔ Chi Ch'ih Chr

充 喃 ~{3d~} ㄔㄨㄥ Chong Ch'ung Chung

抽 喲 ~{3i~} ㄔㄡ Chou Ch'ou Chou

出 堤 ~{3v~} ㄔㄨ Chu Ch'u Chu

揣 揮 ~{4'~} ㄔㄨㄞ Chuai Ch'uai Chwai

川 捶 ~{4(~} ㄔㄨㄢ Chuan Ch'uan Chwan

創 斐 ~{44~} ㄔㄨㄤ Chuang Ch'uang Chwang

吹 斯 ~{45~} ㄔㄨㄟ Chui Ch'ui Chwei

春 景 ~{4:~} ㄔㄨㄣ Chun Ch'un Chwun

綽 朝 ~{4B~} ㄔㄨㄛ Chuo Ch'o Chwo

疵 棺 ~{4C~} ㄘ Ci Tz'u Tsz

匆 棍 ~{4R~} ㄘㄨㄥ Cong Ts'ung Tsung

粗 棉 ~{4V~} ㄘㄨ Cu Ts'u Tsu

竄 欽 ~{4\~} ㄘㄨㄢ Cuan Ts'uan Tswan

崔 殖 ~{4^~} ㄘㄨㄟ Cui Ts'ui Tswei

村 游 ~{4e~} ㄘㄨㄣ Cun Ts'un Tswun

撮 湧 ~{4i~} ㄘㄨㄛ Cuo Ts'o Tswo

答 湘 ~{4p~} ㄉㄚ Da Ta Da

呆 渭 ~{4t~} ㄉㄞ Dai Tai Dai

丹 竣 ~{5$~} ㄉㄢ Dan Tan Dan

當 絞 ~{51~} ㄉㄤ Dang Tang Dang

刀 絮 ~{56~} ㄉㄠ Dao Tao Dau

得 腕 ~{5C~} ㄉㄜ De Te De
得 腕 ~{5C~} ㄉㄟ Dei Tei Dei

登 腎 ~{5G~} ㄉㄥ Deng Teng Deng

低 腴 ~{5M~} ㄉㄧ Di Ti Di

滇 菲 ~{5a~} ㄉㄧㄢ Dian Tien Dyan

刁 街 ~{5s~} ㄉㄧㄠ Diao Tiao Dyau

爹 註 ~{5y~} ㄉㄧㄝ Die Tieh Dye

丁 間 ~{6!~} ㄉㄧㄥ Ding Ting Ding

丟 隍 ~{6*~} ㄉㄧㄡ Diu Tiu Dyou

冬 隄 ~{6,~} ㄉㄨㄥ Dong Tung Dung

兜 項 ~{65~} ㄉㄡ Dou Tou Dou

督 飭 ~{6=~} ㄉㄨ Du Tu Du

端 傷 ~{6K~} ㄉㄨㄢ Duan Tuan Dwan

堆 剽 ~{6Q~} ㄉㄨㄟ Dui Tui Dwei

敦 嗟 ~{6X~} ㄉㄨㄣ Dun Tun Dwun

多 嗣 ~{6`~} ㄉㄨㄛ Duo To Dwo

誒 睎 _ ㄝ E E E

娥 塔 ~{6p~} ㄜ E E E

誒 睎 _ ㄟ Ei Ei Ei

恩 塋 ~{6w~} ㄣ En En En

鞥 典 _ ㄥ Eng Eng Eng

兒 嫁 ~{6y~} ㄦ Er Erh Er

伐 極 ~{7%~} ㄈㄚ Fa Fa Fa

反 毀 ~{74~} ㄈㄢ Fan Fan Fan

方 源 ~{7=~} ㄈㄤ Fang Fang Fang

妃 漦 ~{ez~} ㄈㄟ Fei Fei Fei

分 煦 ~{7V~} ㄈㄣ Fen Fen Fen

丰 猿 ~{7a~} ㄈㄥ Feng Feng Feng

佛 痰 ~{7p~} ㄈㄛ Fo Fo Fwo

浮 腹 ~{8!~} ㄈㄡ Fou Fou Fou

仆 ⼳ ~{FM~} ㄈㄨ Fu Fu Fu

尬 痸 ~{^N~} ㄍㄚ Ga Ka Ga

垓 跍 ~{[r~} ㄍㄞ Gai Kai Gai

干 補 ~{8I~} ㄍㄢ Gan Kan Gan

亢 蕩 ~{?:~} ㄍㄤ Gang Kang Gang

高 詢 ~{8_~} ㄍㄠ Gao Kao Gau

戈 資 ~{8j~} ㄍㄜ Ge Ke Ge

給 跤 ~{8x~} ㄍㄟ Gei Kei Gei

根 跦 ~{8y~} ㄍㄣ Gen Ken Gen

耕 較 ~{8{~} ㄍㄥ Geng Keng Geng

工 馱 ~{9$~} ㄍㄨㄥ Gong Kung Gung

勾 僑 ~{94~} ㄍㄡ Gou Kou Gou

估 嘛 ~{9@~} ㄍㄨ Gu Ku Gu

瓜 圖 ~{9O~} ㄍㄨㄚ Gua Kua Gwa

乖 墊 ~{9T~} ㄍㄨㄞ Guai Kuai Gwai

官 夥 ~{9Y~} ㄍㄨㄢ Guan Kuan Gwan

光 嫖 ~{9b~} ㄍㄨㄤ Guang Kuang Gwang

圭 寧 ~{9g~} ㄍㄨㄟ Gui Kuei Gwei

滾 幗 ~{9v~} ㄍㄨㄣ Gun Kun Gwun

郭 廖 ~{9y~} ㄍㄨㄛ Guo Kuo Gwo

哈 慇 ~{9~~} ㄏㄚ Ha Ha Ha

孩 滯 ~{:"~} ㄏㄞ Hai Hai Hai

酣 漕 ~{:(~} ㄏㄢ Han Han Han

夯 獄 ~{:;~} ㄏㄤ Hang Hang Hang

壕 瑣 ~{:>~} ㄏㄠ Hao Hao Hau

呵 瘉 ~{:G~} ㄏㄜ He He He

黑 窪 ~{:Z~} ㄏㄟ Hei Hei Hei

痕 窩 ~{:[~} ㄏㄣ Hen Hen Hen

亨 箋 ~{:`~} ㄏㄥ Heng Heng Heng

哄 箏 ~{:e~} ㄏㄨㄥ Hong Hung Hung

侯 綜 ~{:n~} ㄏㄡ Hou Hou Hou

乎 綱 ~{:u~} ㄏㄨ Hu Hu Hu

化 趙 ~{;/~} ㄏㄨㄚ Hua Hua Hwa

徊 輔 ~{;2~} ㄏㄨㄞ Huai Huai Hwai

歡 辣 ~{;6~} ㄏㄨㄢ Huan Huan Hwan

肓 蹅 ~{kA~} ㄏㄨㄤ Huang Huang Hwang

灰 閡 ~{;R~} ㄏㄨㄟ Hui Hui Hwei

昏 餉 ~{;h~} ㄏㄨㄣ Hun Hun Hwun

豁 魁 ~{;m~} ㄏㄨㄛ Huo Huo Hwo

几 撓 ~{<8~} ㄐㄧ Ji Chi Ji

加 樓 ~{<s~}< td=""></s~}<> ㄐㄧㄚ Jia Chia Jya

奸 潮 ~{<i~}< td=""></i~}<> ㄐㄧㄢ Jian Chien Jyan

江 蔬 ~{=-~} ㄐㄧㄤ Jiang Chiang Jyang

交 蝠 ~{=;~} ㄐㄧㄠ Jiao Chiao Jyau

皆 諂 ~{=T~} ㄐㄧㄝ Jie Chieh Jye

巾 踫 ~{=m~} ㄐㄧㄣ Jin Chin Jin

京 儔 ~{>)~} ㄐㄧㄥ Jing Ching Jing

窘 噬 ~{>=~} ㄐㄩㄥ Jiong Chiung Jyung

九 嬝 ~{>E~} ㄐㄧㄡ Jiu Chiu Jyou

居 懈 ~{>S~} ㄐㄩ Ju Chu: Jyu

娟 樽 ~{>j~} ㄐㄩㄢ Juan Chuan: Jywan

孓 箵 ~{f^~} ㄐㄩㄝ Jue Chueh: Jywe

君 澱 ~{>}~} ㄐㄩㄣ Jun Chun: Jyun

卡 縐 ~{?(~} ㄎㄚ Ka K'a Ka

開 羲 ~{?*~} ㄎㄞ Kai K'ai Kai

刊 膳 ~{?/~} ㄎㄢ Kan K'an Kan

康 艙 ~{?5~} ㄎㄤ Kang K'ang Kang

考 蕉 ~{?<~} ㄎㄠ Kao K'ao Kau

刻 覦 ~{?L~} ㄎㄜ Ke K'e Ke

肯 諫 ~{?O~} ㄎㄣ Ken K'en Ken

坑 諧 ~{?S~} ㄎㄥ Keng K'eng Keng

空 諾 ~{?U~} ㄎㄨㄥ Kong K'ung Kung

口 諳 ~{?Z~} ㄎㄡ Kou K'ou Kou

枯 豫 ~{?]~} ㄎㄨ Ku K'u Ku

夸 蹂 ~{?d~} ㄎㄨㄚ Kua K'ua Kwa

快 辦 ~{?l~} ㄎㄨㄞ Kuai K'uai Kwai

寬 遵 ~{?m~} ㄎㄨㄢ Kuan K'uan Kwan

匡 選 ~{?o~} ㄎㄨㄤ Kuang K'uang Kwang

盔 錳 ~{?x~} ㄎㄨㄟ Kui K'uei Kwei

坤 壑 ~{@$~} ㄎㄨㄣ Kun K'un Kwun

括 嬤 ~{@(~} ㄎㄨㄛ Kuo K'uo Kwo

拉 嶺 ~{@-~} ㄌㄚ La La La

來 懂 ~{@4~} ㄌㄞ Lai Lai Lai

婪 懋 ~{@7~} ㄌㄢ Lan Lan Lan

郎 檔 ~{@I~} ㄌㄤ Lang Lang Lang

撈 檜 ~{@L~} ㄌㄠ Lao Lao Lau

勒 毚 ~{@U~} ㄌㄜ Le Le Le

淚 濡 ~{@a~} ㄌㄟ Lei Lei Lei

愣 蒹 ~{c6~} ㄌㄥ Leng Leng Leng

哩 薇 ~{A(~} ㄌㄧ Li Li Li

倆 薨 ~{A)~} ㄌㄧㄚ Lia Lia Lya

連 蟀 ~{A,~} ㄌㄧㄢ Lian Lien Lyan

良 謎 ~{A<~} ㄌㄧㄤ Liang Liang Lyang

撩 謄 ~{AC~} ㄌㄧㄠ Liao Liao Lyau

咧 萻 ~{_V~} ㄌㄧㄝ Lie Lieh Lye

林 輿 ~{AV~} ㄌㄧㄣ Lin Lin Lin

令 鍔 ~{An~} ㄌㄧㄥ Ling Ling Ling

溜 闊 ~{Ao~} ㄌㄧㄡ Liu Liu Lyou

隆 癒 ~{B!~} ㄌㄨㄥ Long Lung Lung

摟 禮 ~{B'~} ㄌㄡ Lou Lou Lou

盧 竅 ~{B,~} ㄌㄨ Lu Lu Lu

巒 蟬 ~{BM~} ㄌㄨㄢ Luan Luan Lwan

掠 謨 ~{BS~} ㄌㄩㄝ Lue: Lueh: Lywe

掄 謬 ~{BU~} ㄌㄨㄣ Lun Lun Lwun

囉 蹕 ~{B^~} ㄌㄨㄛ Luo Luo Lwo

媽 鎔 ~{Bh~} ㄇㄚ Ma Ma Ma

埋 鎚 ~{Bq~} ㄇㄞ Mai Mai Mai

顢 簼 ~{r)~} ㄇㄢ Man Man Man

忙 疆 ~{C&~} ㄇㄤ Mang Mang Mang

貓 癡 ~{C(~} ㄇㄠ Mao Mao Mau

沒 羶 ~{C;~} ㄇㄟ Mei Mei Mei

悶 蟻 ~{CF~} ㄇㄣ Men Men Men

矇 蟹 ~{CI~} ㄇㄥ Meng Meng Meng

咪 蛷 ~{_d~} ㄇㄧ Mi Mi Mi

眠 蹺 ~{C_~} ㄇㄧㄢ Mian Mien Myan

喵 裚 ~{_w~} ㄇㄧㄠ Miao Miao Myau

羋 娷 ~{XB~} ㄇㄧㄝ Mie Mieh Mye

民 鏍 ~{Cq~} ㄇㄧㄣ Min Min Min

名 靡 ~{C{~} ㄇㄧㄥ Ming Ming Ming

謬 韻 ~{C}~} ㄇㄧㄡ Miu Miu Myou

摸 類 ~{C~~} ㄇㄛ Mo Mo Mwo

牟 觸 ~{D2~} ㄇㄡ Mou Mou Mou

木 躂 ~{D>~} ㄇㄨ Mu Mu Mu

那 饒 ~{DG~} ㄋㄚ Na Na Na

乃 騰 ~{DK~} ㄋㄞ Nai Nai Nai

男 鹹 ~{DP~} ㄋㄢ Nan Nan Nan

囊 黨 ~{DR~} ㄋㄤ Nang Nang Nang

惱 齣 ~{DU~} ㄋㄠ Nao Nao Nau

內 囀 ~{DZ~} ㄋㄟ Nei Nei Nei

能 夔 ~{D\~} ㄋㄥ Neng Neng Neng

尼 攝 ~{Da~} ㄋㄧ Ni Ni Ni

年 爛 ~{Dj~} ㄋㄧㄢ Nian Nien Nyan

娘 矓 ~{Do~} ㄋㄧㄤ Niang Niang Nyang

鳥 纏 ~{Dq~} ㄋㄧㄠ Niao Niao Nyau

捏 羼 ~{Ds~} ㄋㄧㄝ Nie Nieh Nye

您 蠟 ~{Dz~} ㄋㄧㄣ Nin Nin Nin

寧 譴 ~{D~~} ㄋㄧㄥ Ning Ning Ning

牛 籟 ~{E#~} ㄋㄧㄡ Niu Niu Nyou

農 觼 ~{E)~} ㄋㄨㄥ Nong Nung Nung

耨 嚭 ~{qq~} ㄋㄨㄡ Nou Nou Nou

奴 贖 ~{E+~} ㄋㄨ Nu Nu Nu

女 躓 ~{E.~} ㄋㄩ Nu: Nu: Nyu

暖 轡 ~{E/~} ㄋㄨㄢ Nuan Nuan Nwan

虐 酈 ~{E0~} ㄋㄩㄝ Nue: Nueh: Nywe

挪 鑑 ~{E2~} ㄋㄨㄛ Nuo No Nwo

偶 髒 ~{E<~} ㄡ Ou Ou Ou

芭 剪 ~{0E~} ㄆㄚ Pa P'a Pa

拍 鼴 ~{ED~} ㄆㄞ Pai P'ai Pai

潘 攣 ~{EK~} ㄆㄢ Pan P'an Pan

乓 籤 ~{ER~} ㄆㄤ Pang P'ang Pang

拋 纔 ~{EW~} ㄆㄠ Pao P'ao Pau

坏 輓 ~{;5~} ㄆㄟ Pei P'ei Pei

噴 驗 ~{Eg~} ㄆㄣ Pen P'en Pen

朋 攬 ~{Es~} ㄆㄥ Peng P'eng Peng

匹 ⑤ ~{F%~} ㄆㄧ Pi P'i Pi

片 ⑵ ~{F,~} ㄆㄧㄢ Pian P'ien Pyan

票 ⑺ ~{F1~} ㄆㄧㄠ Piao P'iao Pyau

撇 ⑻ ~{F2~} ㄆㄧㄝ Pie P'ieh Pye

拚 皙 ~{^U~} ㄆㄧㄣ Pin P'in Pin

乒 ⅴ ~{F9~} ㄆㄧㄥ Ping P'ing Ping

坡 亠 ~{FB~} ㄆㄛ Po P'o Pwo

剖 夊 ~{FJ~} ㄆㄡ Pou P'ou Pou

仆 ⼳ ~{FM~} ㄆㄨ Pu P'u Pu

七 仝 ~{F_~} ㄑㄧ Qi Ch'i Chi

掐 じ ~{F~~} ㄑㄧㄚ Qia Ch'ia Chya

千 カ ~{G'~} ㄑㄧㄢ Qian Ch'ien Chyan

羌 ダ ~{G<~} ㄑㄧㄤ Qiang Ch'iang Chyang

悄 ト ~{GD~} ㄑㄧㄠ Qiao Ch'iao Chyau

切 ピ ~{GP~} ㄑㄧㄝ Qie Ch'ieh Chye

侵 ペ ~{GV~} ㄑㄧㄣ Qin Ch'in Chin

青 ヤ ~{G`~} ㄑㄧㄥ Qing Ch'ing Ching

穹 騇 ~{q7~} ㄑㄩㄥ Qiong Ch'iung Chyung

丘 ヴ ~{Gp~} ㄑㄧㄡ Qiu Ch'iu Chyou

曲 Ж ~{Gz~} ㄑㄩ Qu Ch'u: Chyu

圈 � ~{H&~} ㄑㄩㄢ Quan Ch'uan: Chywan

缺 � ~{H1~} ㄑㄩㄝ Que Ch'ueh: Chywe

群 � ~{H:~} ㄑㄩㄣ Qun Ch'un: Chyun

然 � ~{H;~} ㄖㄢ Ran Jan Ran

嚷 � ~{HB~} ㄖㄤ Rang Jang Rang

嬈 甈 ~{f,~} ㄖㄠ Rao Jao Rau

熱 � ~{HH~} ㄖㄜ Re Je Re

人 � ~{HK~} ㄖㄣ Ren Jen Ren

扔 ℡ ~{HS~} ㄖㄥ Reng Jeng Reng

日 ゜ ~{HU~} ㄖ Ri Jih R

戎 ⺀ ~{HV~} ㄖㄨㄥ Rong Jung Rung

柔 ⺥ ~{Ha~} ㄖㄡ Rou Jou Rou

如 ⺼ ~{Hg~} ㄖㄨ Ru Ju Ru

阮 ⻖ ~{Hn~} ㄖㄨㄢ Ruan Juan Rwan

瑞 ⻞ ~{Hp~} ㄖㄨㄟ Rui Jui Rwei

閏 � ~{Hr~} ㄖㄨㄣ Run Jun Rwun

若 � ~{Ht~} ㄖㄨㄛ Ruo Jo Rwo

卅 埵 ~{X&~} ㄙㄚ Sa Sa Sa

塞 ø ~{H{~} ㄙㄞ Sai Sai Sai

三 ʊ ~{H}~} ㄙㄢ San San San

桑 氿 ~{I#~} ㄙㄤ Sang Sang Sang

搔 犰 ~{I&~} ㄙㄠ Sao Sao Sau

色 伎 ~{I+~} ㄙㄜ Se Se Se
森 伬 ~{I-~} ㄙㄣ Sen Sen Sen

僧 仵 ~{I.~} ㄙㄥ Seng Seng Seng

沙 伈 ~{I3~} ㄕㄚ Sha Sha Sha

晒 伄 ~{I9~} ㄕㄞ Shai Shai Shai

山 刓 ~{I=~} ㄕㄢ Shan Shan Shan

商 妀 ~{IL~} ㄕㄤ Shang Shang Shang

捎 孖 ~{IS~} ㄕㄠ Shao Shao Shau

奢 异 ~{I]~} ㄕㄜ She She She

誰 阰 ~{K-~} ㄕㄟ Shei Shei Shei

申 扠 ~{Ij~} ㄕㄣ Shen Shen Shen

升 汔 ~{I}~} ㄕㄥ Sheng Sheng Sheng

尸 坌 ~{J,~} ㄕ Shi Shih Shr

收 彶 ~{JU~} ㄕㄡ Shou Shou Shou

書 抎 ~{Ji~} ㄕㄨ Shu Shu Shu

刷 芃 ~{K"~} ㄕㄨㄚ Shua Shua Shwa

衰 迉 ~{K%~} ㄕㄨㄞ Shuai Shuai Shwai

拴 邥 ~{K)~} ㄕㄨㄢ Shuan Shuan Shwan

霜 邞 ~{K*~} ㄕㄨㄤ Shuang Shuang Shwang

誰 阰 ~{K-~} ㄕㄨㄟ Shui Shui Shwei

吮 丳 ~{K1~} ㄕㄨㄣ Shun Shun Shwun

說 佽 ~{K5~} ㄕㄨㄛ Shuo Shuo Shwo

司 侗 ~{K>~} ㄙ Si Ssu Sz

松 碪 ~{bl~} ㄙㄨㄥ Song Sung Sung

叟 袹 ~{[E~} ㄙㄡ Sou Sou Sou

疏 抌 ~{Jh~} ㄙㄨ Su Su Su

酸 呫 ~{Ka~} ㄙㄨㄢ Suan Suan Swan

雖 呥 ~{Kd~} ㄙㄨㄟ Sui Sui Swei

孫 呤 ~{Ko~} ㄙㄨㄣ Sun Sun Swun

唆 坭 ~{Kt~} ㄙㄨㄛ Suo So Swo

他 坻 ~{K{~} ㄊㄚ Ta T'a Ta

台 怢 ~{L(~} ㄊㄞ Tai T'ai Tai

坍 怌 ~{L.~} ㄊㄢ Tan T'an Tan

湯 抸 ~{L@~} ㄊㄤ Tang T'ang Tang

桃 朊 ~{LR~} ㄊㄠ Tao T'ao Tau

特 杻 ~{LX~} ㄊㄜ Te T'e Te

騰 枆 ~{LZ~} ㄊㄥ Teng T'eng Teng

剔 枌 ~{L^~} ㄊㄧ Ti T'i Ti

天 毞 ~{Ll~} ㄊㄧㄢ Tian T'ien Tyan

佻 椄 ~{Y,~} ㄊㄧㄠ Tiao T'iao Tyau

帖 泃 ~{L{~} ㄊㄧㄝ Tie T'ieh Tye

聽 泭 ~{L}~} ㄊㄧㄥ Ting T'ing Ting

同 肮 ~{M,~} ㄊㄨㄥ Tong T'ung Tung

偷 芚 ~{M5~} ㄊㄡ Tou T'ou Tou

禿 芮 ~{M:~} ㄊㄨ Tu T'u Tu

團 芶 ~{ME~} ㄊㄨㄢ Tuan T'uan Twan

推 芢 ~{MF~} ㄊㄨㄟ Tui T'ui Twei

吞 迒 ~{ML~} ㄊㄨㄣ Tun T'un Twun

佗 晬 ~{Y"~} ㄊㄨㄛ Tuo T'o Two

娃 俅 ~{M^~} ㄨㄚ Wa Wa Wa

歪 俉 ~{Ma~} ㄨㄞ Wai Wai Wai

剜 嵑 ~{X`~} ㄨㄢ Wan Wan Wan

亡 厗 ~{Mv~} ㄨㄤ Wang Wang Wang

委 巹 ~{N/~} ㄨㄟ Wei Wei Wei

文 恅 ~{ND~} ㄨㄣ Wen Wen Wen

翁 恟 ~{NL~} ㄨㄥ Weng Weng Weng

倭 椑 ~{YA~} ㄨㄛ Wo O O

圬 訹 ~{[X~} ㄨ Wu Wu Wu

兮 殽 ~{Yb~} ㄒㄧ Xi Hsi Xyi

匣 牰 ~{O;~} ㄒㄧㄚ Xia Hsia Sya

仙 珈 ~{OI~} ㄒㄧㄢ Xian Hsien Syan

相 眈 ~{O`~} ㄒㄧㄤ Xiang Hsiang Syang

削 祅 ~{Ow~} ㄒㄧㄠ Xiao Hsiao Syau

些 虳 ~{P)~} ㄒㄧㄝ Xie Hsieh Sye

心 陑 ~{PD~} ㄒㄧㄣ Xin Hsin Syin

星 陎 ~{PG~} ㄒㄧㄥ Xing Hsin Sying

凶 倜 ~{PW~} ㄒㄩㄥ Xiong Hsiung Syung

休 倎 ~{P]~} ㄒㄧㄡ Xiu Hsiu Syou

徐 剢 ~{Pl~} ㄒㄩ Xu Hsu: Syu

宣 哫 ~{P{~} ㄒㄩㄢ Xuan Hsuan: Sywan

靴 悒 ~{Q%~} ㄒㄩㄝ Xue Hsueh: Sywe

勛 悗 ~{Q+~} ㄒㄩㄣ Xun Hsun: Syun

丫 挩 ~{Q>~} ㄧㄚ Ya Ya Ya

奄 栟 ~{QY~} ㄧㄢ Yan Yan Yan

央 栝 ~{Qk~} ㄧㄤ Yang Yang Yang

堯 牶 ~{R"~} ㄧㄠ Yao Yao Yau

夜 珗 ~{R9~} ㄧㄝ Ye Yeh Ye

一 珨 ~{R;~} ㄧ Yi I Yi

因 秪 ~{Rr~} ㄧㄣ Yin Yin Yin

英 荎 ~{S"~} ㄧㄥ Ying Ying Ying

邕 諅 ~{g_~} ㄩㄥ Yong Yung Yung

攸 惎 ~{X|~} ㄧㄡ You Yu You

迂 衯 ~{SX~} ㄩ Yu Yu: Yu

元 啋 ~{T*~} ㄩㄢ Yuan Yuan: Ywan

月 堎 ~{TB~} ㄩㄝ Yue Yueh: Ywe

暈 婠 ~{TN~} ㄩㄣ Yun Yun: Yun

匝 婧 ~{TQ~} ㄗㄚ Za Tsa Dza

災 婐 ~{TV~} ㄗㄞ Zai Tsai Dzai

簪 穮 ~{t"~} ㄗㄢ Zan Tsan Dzan

臧 穈 ~{j0~} ㄗㄤ Zang Tsang Dzang

遭 婈 ~{Tb~} ㄗㄠ Zao Tsao Dzau

則 寀 ~{Tr~} ㄗㄜ Ze Tse Dze

賊 崞 ~{Tt~} ㄗㄟ Zei Tsei Dzei

怎 崋 ~{Tu~} ㄗㄣ Zen Tsen Dzen

曾 崠 ~{Tx~} ㄗㄥ Zeng Tseng Dzeng

扎 崨 ~{Tz~} ㄓㄚ Zha Cha Ja

摘 晡 ~{U*~} ㄓㄞ Zhai Chai Jai

占 梩 ~{U<~} ㄓㄢ Zhan Chan Jan

張 桲 ~{UE~} ㄓㄤ Zhang Chang Jang

召 欸 ~{UY~} ㄓㄠ Zhao Chao Jau

遮 殑 ~{UZ~} ㄓㄜ Zhe Che Je

珍 湴 ~{Ud~} ㄓㄣ Zhen Chen Jen

正 淏 ~{U}~} ㄓㄥ Zheng Cheng Jeng

之 眳 ~{V.~} ㄓ Zhi Chih Jr

中 笢 ~{VP~} ㄓㄨㄥ Zhong Chung Jung

州 笣 ~{V]~} ㄓㄡ Zhou Chou Jou

朱 紾 ~{Vl~} ㄓㄨ Zhu Chu Ju

抓 蚰 ~{W%~} ㄓㄨㄚ Zhua Chua Jwa

拽 蚹 ~{W'~} ㄓㄨㄞ Zhuai Chuai Jwai

專 蚳 ~{W(~} ㄓㄨㄢ Zhuan Chuan Jwan

妝 衒 ~{W1~} ㄓㄨㄤ Zhuang Chuang Jwang

隹 鶹 ~{v?~} ㄓㄨㄟ Zhui Chui Jwei

准 袧 ~{W<~} ㄓㄨㄣ Zhun Chun Jwun

卓 袗 ~{W?~} ㄓㄨㄛ Zhuo Cho Jwo

子 赽 ~{WS~} ㄗ Zi Tzu Dz

宗 跁 ~{WZ~} ㄗㄨㄥ Zong Tsung Dzung

鄒 軜 ~{W^~} ㄗㄡ Zou Tsou Dzou

租 逤 ~{Wb~} ㄗㄨ Zu Tsu Dzu

鑽 郰 ~{Wj~} ㄗㄨㄢ Zuan Tsuan Dzwan

嘴 郲 ~{Wl~} ㄗㄨㄟ Zui Tsui Dzwei

尊 郬 ~{Wp~} ㄗㄨㄣ Zun Tsun Dzwun

作 釬 ~{Ww~} ㄗㄨㄛ Zuo Tso Dzwo

Additional Points

The above table deals with the phonetic symbols employed to represent the Chinese
pronunciation of a character. This is analogous to the many different schemes used in English
dictionaries to represent pronunciation (long vowels, short consonants, etc). As we can see
from the above table, there are many methods (and many more are not listed above). The
most common ones are pinyin (China) and BoPoMoFo (Taiwan). The purpose of this web
page is to demonstrate the nearly one-to-one correspondence between these two methods.
Personally, I prefer the pinyin method, because I already know my alphabets. Why waste
time learning another set of phonetic symbols, especially when they are so nearly equivalent?

Big5 vs. GB Because of the political division of China, there are two major coding schemes:
Big5 (mainly in Taiwan) and GB (mainly in mainland China). Do not confuse Big5/GB with
the BoPoMoFo/pinyin phonetic representation. The coding scheme is simply a way to
represent a character with a number, much like how we represent an alphabet with a number
with the ASCII scheme, e.g., 65 for the letter "A". Both coding schemes are based on 4 bytes
( 32 bits) per character. For example, the character of my last name is represented with
different numerical values in different coding schemes: Big5, GB (and, for that matter,
Japanese, or Korean).

Big5|GB vs. Unicode|HZ To make the matter worse, there exist many coding schemes other
than just Big5 and GB. At one time, every Chinese software company seemed to advocate its
own proprietary coding scheme. Another fairly common coding scheme, although not as
popular as Big5 or GB, is HZ. Then there is Unicode, which is used to express
characters/letters of not just Chinese Mandarin, but all sorts of languages, Asian and
European alike; thus, the Unicode coding system contains Chinese characters along with
many non-Chinsese characters.

Traditional vs. Simplified Style. A completely separate idea (not to be confused with
phonetic representation or coding schemes) is the traditional style (which has more strokes
for certain characters, favored in Taiwan) versus the simplified style (favored in China). The
styles are analogous to different fonts in the US, much like how my wingdings font and my
courier font display two different symbols for the same alphabet "A".

Input Method. Another yet completely different concept is the input method. Because the
English-based keyboard is what we normally see in the US, we need to adopt that to Chinese.
There are many input methods for picking out a specific Chinese character -- I am aware of at
least 15 such methods. One of these is pinyin, where you simply type in the alphabet (which I
think is the simplest because I am comfortable with typing English with a US keyboard). For
example, I would type "w" "a" "n" "g"; about 15 characters pop up on my screen; and I pick
out the character that corresponds to my last name. The BoPoMoFo method is similar in that
each key maps into a phonetic symbol. There are many mappings for BoPoMoFo, one such
mapping is shown here. There are sufficient number of keys on a US keyboard for each of the
37 BoPoMoFo phonetic symbols. Other input methods are based on pronunciation in other
dialects (such as Cantonese, rather than Mandarin), radicals (bu4shou3), number of strokes,
the type of strokes at four corners of the character (si4jiao3hao4ma3), the shape of the
character (cang1jie2), ..., even English equivalent. For example, my last name translates to
"king" in English; thus, when I employ the last input method, I type "king" on my US
keyboard; a number of Chinese characters or phrases that correspond to "king" in meaning
pop up on my screen; and I choose the correct one. As for me -- well, I hardly ever type in
Chinese -- but when I do, I do most of my input with pinyin. Without exception, everyone I
know who masters both BoPoMoFo and pinyin prefers pinyin, just like myself. I occasionally
switch to other methods, when I, for example, do not know the pronunciation of the character
that I am trying to type.

Directionality. Western languages are written in horizontal lines left-to-right. However,

certain languages (such as Hebrew and Arabic) are written in horizontal lines right-to-left.
Chinese languages (and those with a strong Chinese influence such as Japanese and Korean)
are traditionally written in vertical lines (top-to-bottom) arranged right-to-left. However, this
tradition is not commonly practiced today. China has long changed the directionality to be in
line with the Western practice (i.e., horizontal lines left-to-right). However, many Taiwanese
publications seem to follow no rules. It is typical to see top-to-bottom, right-to-left, and left-
to-right conventions all coexist on the same page in a newspaper. This can cause serious
confusions, especially when the phrases are sufficiently short such that both directions make
perfect sense, but convey completely different meanings. For example, with my name read in
an opposite direction, I become another equally plausible person: a new Southern King,
which of course I am not.

There are many permutations of the above concepts. To make the matter worse, there are
people who mix already messy Chinese schemes with other languages that also employ
Chinese characters (such as Japanese and Korean). Such is the sad state of things when a
country that should be united remains divided, and ordinary folks like I pay for the resulting
chaos. I wrote this web page in an attempt to reduce such misunderstandings.
Return to Prof. Nam Sun Wang's Home Page
Return to Chinese Resources/Links

PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence

Forward comments to:

Nam Sun Wang
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742-2111
301-405-1910 (voice)
301-314-9126 (FAX)

e-mail: nsw@eng.umd.edu ©1999 by Nam Sun Wang