Vector Diagram
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Vector Groups
Transformer nameplates carry a vector group reference such
at Yy0, Yd1, Dyn11 etc. This relatively simple nomenclature
provides important information about the way in which three
phase windings are connected and any phase displacement
that occurs.
Winding Connections
HV windings are designated: Y, D or Z (upper case)
LV windings are designated: y, d or z (lower case)
Where:
Y or y indicates a star connection
D or d indicates a delta connection
Z or z indicates a zigzag connection
N or n indicates that the neutral point is brought out
Phase Displacement
The digits ( 0, 1, 11 etc) relate to the phase displacement
between the HV and LV windings using a clock face notation.
The phasor representing the HV winding is taken as reference
and set at 12 o'clock. It then follows that:
Digit 0 means that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV
phasor
Digit 1 that it lags by 30 degrees
Digit 11 that it leads by 30 degrees
etc
All references are taken from phase-to-neutral and assume a
counter-clockwise phase rotation. The neutral point may be
real (as in a star connection) or imaginary (as in a delta
connection)
When transformers are operated in parallel it is important that
any phase shift is the same through each. Paralleling typically
occurs when transformers are located at one site and
connected to a common busbar (banked) or located at
different sites with the secondary terminals connected via
distribution or transmission circuits consisting of cables and
overhead lines
Basic Theory
An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a
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Tutorial T6 Page 2 of 3
second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic path. The
phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which
way round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be
in-phase or displaced by 180 deg as below:
In phase 180deg displacement
When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a
number of options exist. The coil voltages can be in phase or
displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta
and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral)
brought out to an external terminal or not.
Example - Dyn11
We now know that this transformer has a delta connected
primary winding (D) a star connected secondary (y) with the
star point brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading
(11). Connections and vector diagrams are as follows::
HV
LV
Other Configurations
By connecting the ends of the windings in other ways a wide
range of options becomes available as set out below.
Phase shift Connections
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(deg)
0 Yy0 Dd0 Dz0
30 lag Yd1 Dy1 Yz1
60 lag Dd2 Dz2
120 lag Dd4 Dz4
150 lag Yd5 Dy5 Yz5
180 lag Yy6 Dd6 Dz6
150 lead Yd7 Dy7 Yz7
120 lead Dd8 Dz8
60 lead Dd10 Dz10
30 lead Yd11 Dy11 Yz11
End
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