PERCEPTION
Understanding perception, its kinds and processes involved in it.
Contents
Here’s what you’ll find in this presentation:
▪ Definition of perception.
▪ Introduction
▪ Processes
▪ Types of perception
▪ Kinds of perception
▪ Factors effecting perception
▪ Research report on perception
Meaning
▪ Becoming aware of something via senses
▪ The process of perceiving.
▪ The way you think about or understand
someone or something.
▪ The way that you notice or understand
something using one of your senses.
Definitions
1. Sensation refers to the action by a receptor when it is stimulated and perception refers to the meaning given to
the sensation. (Boring, E.G. – 1942 )
2. It is a process that medicates between sensation and behavior. It is initiated by sensation but not completely
determined by it. (Hebb – 1966)
3. Perception is a psychological function which enables the organism to receive and process information.
(Eysenck – 1972)
4. Perception is the organizing process by which we interpret our sensory input. (Edmund Fantino and G.S Renolds
– 1975)
5. Perception is the experience of objects, events or relationships obtained by extracting information from and
interpreting sensation. (O. Desiderato, D.B. Howieson and J.H. Jackson – 1976)
6. Perception is an individual’s awareness aspect of behavior, for it is the way each person processes the raw data
he or she receives from the environment, into meaningful patterns. ( Silverman – 1979)
Introduction to Perception
● Perception = Sensation + meaningful interpretation
● We don’t see things as they are, we see things as we are.
● Perception matters.
● Perception is a cognitive process.
● Perception is more active process in which sensory experience is carried through the nervous system to
the brain and interpreted.
● Calculation of stimuli in external environment.
● Other cognitive processes;
▪ Memory
▪ Thinking
▪ Ability to form meanings through the sense processes.
Process of perception
Receiving Selection
● Receiving is the first and most ● Selection is the second stage in
important stage in the process of the process. Here a person
perception. It is the initial stage in doesn’t receive the data randomly
which a person collects all but selectively. A person selects
information and receives the some information out of all in
information through the sense accordance with his interest or
organs. needs.
Continued….
Organization Interpretation
● Brain organize selected data into specific pattern ● Finally, we have the process of
according to stimuli. In order to make sense of the data interpreting which means forming an
received, it is important to organize them. idea about a particular object
● We organize the data by;
depending upon the need or interest.
○ Grouping them on the basis of their similarity,
Interpretation means that the
proximity, closure, continuity.
information have sensed and
○ Establishing a figure ground is the basic process in
organized, is finally given a meaning
perception. Here by figure we mean what is kept as
by turning it into something that can
main focus and by ground we mean background
be categorized.
stimuli, which are not given attention.
○ Perceptual constancy that is the tendency to
stabilize perception so that contextual changes
don’t affect them.
Kinds/ elements of
Perception
Sensory Thresholds
● Absolute Threshold
● Distance Threshold
● Sublimation
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
•The lowest level at which an individual can experience a sensation is called the absolute threshold.
The point at which a person can detect a difference between “something” & “nothing” is that person’s
absolute threshold for that stimulus.
EXAMPLE :
the distance at which a driver can note a specific billboard on a highway is that individual’s absolute
threshold.
•In the field of perception , the term adaption refers specifically to “getting used to” certain sensations.
Sensory adaptation is a problem that concerns many national advertisers, which is why they try to
change their advertisement campaigns regularly. They think that consumers will used to them that
they no longer “see” them.
DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD
● The minimal difference that can be detected between two similar stimuli is called the
differential threshold, or the just noticeable difference.
● EXAMPLE
● if the price of a half gallon container of premium , freshly squeezed orange juice is
$5.50, most consumers will probably not notice an increase of 25 cents. However if
there is an increase of 50 cents or more a differential in price is noticed.
SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION
● People are also stimulated/motivated below their level of conscious
awareness; that is, they can perceive stimuli without being consciously
aware that they are doing so. This process is called subliminal perception
because the stimulus is beneath the threshold.
● Example:
Perception of movement
● When a particular object appears in different places at different times we
understand that the object is in movement. This process is called perception of
movement. Such an ability to perceive movement is gained from birth itself as a
natural process.
● This is a most important ability. It is only by this ability the organism can
understand the world around and can perceive the dangers / threats in the
movement, so that it can easily escape from such dangers.
—apparent motion
Sometimes we perceive that the objects are moving. In fact the objects are stationary, i.e. they will
not be moving. Hence the perception of an object which is not moving, as an object moving is an
illusion. For example, when we are moving fast in a bus, the trees, plants and other non-
moving objects appear to move in the opposite direction.
In the same way, even the movements of figures in a film appear to move, though they remain
without movement. Since moving pictures are taken continuously and the film reel is run very
fast, it produces a movement feeling called stroboscopic motion or phi phenomenon.
Depth Perception
● Ability of a person to perceive the distance is known as depth perception. This is
very important ability to judge the distance between us and other people, objects
and vehicles moving particularly when we are on roads. This is also known as
third dimension. The other two dimensions are left and right, and above and
below.
● Cues: Depth perception is possible due to certain cues. These cues help us to
understand the distance between one person and the other person or object.
MONOCULAR CUES BINOCULAR CUES
These are the cues that can operate Sometimes the depth can be perceived
when only one eye is looking. Some of when both eyes are used. This is called
such cues are: binocular cue. There are 2 binocular
1. Linear perspective: cues:
2. Aerial perspective 1. Retinal disparity
3. Interposition 2. Convergence or divergence of
eyeballs
Form Perception
● The process by which the component elements of an
object are bound together and perceived as a
coherent entity that stands apart from the
background and from other objects.
Continued….
● FORM PERCEPTION IN LIGHT OF GESTALT PRINCIPLE
Gestalt Principles are principles/laws of human perception that
describe how human group similar elements, recognize
patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive
objects.
Gestalts Principle
● Law of closure:
The law of Closure refers to our tendency to complete an incomplete shape in order to rationalize the whole.
● Law of proximity:
Law of Proximity states that the brain more closely associates objects close to each other than it does when objects
are spaced.
● Law of similarity:
The law of similarity captures the idea that elements will be grouped perceptually if they are similar to each other.
● Figure and Ground:
The phenomenon captures the idea that in perceiving a visual field, some objects take a prominent role (the figures)
while others recede into the background (the ground).
● Law of Pragnanz:
The law of Pragnanz captures the idea that people perceive complex things as a simplified forms in order to easily
recognize the world around them.
Size Perception
The perceptual component, also known as size
perception accuracy, is measured by participants matching the
width of the distance between two points to their own
estimation of a particular body site or their body size.
Time Perception
Time perception refers to a persons subjective experience of the passage of
time, or the perceived duration of events which differ significantly between
different individuals and/or in different circumstances. Exemplified by
common phrase like “time flies when you are having fun” and “ a watched pot
never boils”
Types of perception
Visual perception
Visual perception is the ability to
interpret the surrounding environment
through color vision, scotopic vision,
and mesopic vision, using light in
the visible spectrum reflected by the
objects in the environment.
Auditory perception
Auditory perception could be defined as the
ability to receive and interpret information
that reached the ears through audible
frequency waves transmitted through the
air or other means.
Phases of auditory perception
Detection Identification and
recognition
Discrimination Comprehension
Tactile perception
The ability to perceive objects or judge sensations
through the sense of touch. The term often refers
to judgments of spatial stimulation of the skin,
patterns imposed on the skin, or sensory events
involving stimulation of the skin (e.g., the thermal
properties of a liquid) Some researchers restrict
this term to PASSIVE TOUCH a form of touch
characterized by sensory experiences that occur
when the observer does not move. In passive touch,
stimulation is imposed on the skin of the individual
Hepatic perception
Perception by active touch and intentional
exploration of objects and surfaces.
ACTIVE TOUCH
touch perception of the characteristics of
an object through voluntary, intentional
contact movement (especially by the
hands) that is self-initiated.
Olfactory Perception
Olfactory Perception is a process that starts
in the nose with the stimulation of
olfactory sensory neurons and
terminates in higher cerebral centers
which, when activated, make us
consciously aware of an odor.
Gustatory perception
The sensation that results when taste buds in
the tongue and throat convey information
about the chemical composition of a solub
le stimulus; "the candy left him with a bad
taste"; "the melon had a delicious taste"
Extrasensory Perception
Extrasensory perception (ESP), perception that
occurs independently of the known sensory
processes. Usually included in this category of
phenomena are telepathy,
or thought transference between
persons; clairvoyance, or supernormal
awareness of objects or events not
necessarily known to others;
and precognition, or knowledge of the future.
Factors in Perceiver
Attitudes Interests
It refers to a feeling, manner or Our focus on selection of stimuli
judgement with regards to person, depends on our interest.
object or events.
Experience
individuals perceive the things based
on their past experiences.
Motivation Expectations
individuals select their unsatisfied it is related to the state of
needs and desires exert a strong anticipation of a particular
influence on the perception. behavior of a person
Factors in Target
Size Motion Intention
Target of abnormal size A moving object can loud sound, bright light
perceive easily in perceive easily. or strong smell can
comparison to others. perceive easily.
Repetition Contrast Novelty
Repeated stimulus receives Those targets which are
It refers to a background against
mote attraction than single new or unique can
which target is placed.
one. perceive easily.
Factors in Situation
● Social setting
● Work setting
● Time
Research report on Perception
• Background
• Research objectives
• Research methods
• Data collection
• Research population
• Conclusion
Thanks!!
PRESENTED BY;
● ANIZA ATIF
● HADIYA SAIF
● HAJRA KANWAL
● ALISHBA GHAFFAR
● SUMAIRA BATOOL
● TAQDEES FATIMA
