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The linguistic levels

Phonetic-Phonological Level
2.Morphological Level
3.Syntactic Level
4.Lexical Level
5.Semantic Level

1. Phonetic-Phonological Level
At the phonetic-phonological level, it is a change primarily influenced by internal factors, related to
the articulatory properties or ease of articulation such as thephonetic assimilation, thedissimilationand others
phenomena such as theepenthesisor elision of sounds.

It has also been mentioned that languages can change due to external factors such as the
influence oflinguistic substrate, which occurs when speakers of another language acquire the new language
as a usual language of communication carrying phonetic traits of its ancient language. Although
technically that would be the creation of a new onevarietyin historical linguistics, such types of changes occur
considered as one of the possible factors of diversification, and therefore 'change' of a language.
1.1ThePhonetics

It is the branch of thelinguisticsthat studies the production and perception of sounds of alanguagein
its physical manifestations. Its main branches are: experimental phonetics, articulatory phonetics,
phonematics and acoustic phonetics.

1.1.1Experimental Phonetics: It studies oral sounds from a physical point of view.

gathering and quantifying the data on the emission and production of sound waves that
they configure the articulated sound.

The set of data analyzed when measuring sounds depends solely on the accuracy of the
instrumental as well as other related knowledge. Important differences have also been discovered.
in every oral sound.

1.1.2Articulatory phonetics: It is the study of thesoundsfrom the perspective of a language

physiological, that is to say, it describes which oral organs are involved in its production, in what position they are
they find and how those positions vary the different paths that air can take when
exits through the mouth, nose, or throat, so that different sounds can be produced.

The organs involved in the articulation of sound are mobile or fixed: The mobile ones are thelips,
thejaw, thelanguageand thevocal cordsthat are sometimes called articulatory organs. With
With their help, the speaker modifies the airflow coming from the lungs. The fixed ones areteeth, the
alveoli, thepalateand thesoft palateSounds are produced when two come into contact.
articulatory organs for example thebilabial(p), which requires contact between the two lips.

Phonemics: It is the study of sounds in thespeechthat is, of the phonemes which are the units
minimal distinctives.

For example, between the words 'las' and 'los' there is only a difference in meaning and form that is
the one that represents the distinction between the phonemes [a] and [o]. The same happens between pala, para, paga, pana and
In this case, the differences in meaning are supported by the different phonemes that distinguish them, namely, [l], [r].
[g], [n] and [s]. The phonemes are also configured by minimal units that differentiate them from each other and
these are the so-called distinguishing features.

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Acoustic phonetics: It studies the sound wave as the output of any resonator; that is,
it compares the phonation system with any other system of sound emission and reproduction.
communication, sound waves have greater interest than articulation or production of the
sounds, for a certain audience receives and decodes the impression even if it has been
issued through an oral articulation, or by a certain sound-emitting device
or even through a parrot. To record the most significant characteristics of the waves
sonorous and to determine the result of the different articulatory activities, one can use the
spectrograph.

Experimentally, in order to determine what the necessary and sufficient traits are that
they identify the sounds of the language, parts of the sound wave recording were suppressed and
they reproduced others.

1.2Phonology
Study of thephonemesof a language. Describe how sounds function (in a
language or in language in general) at an abstract or mental level.

The r has variants. For example, it is not the same to say but than dog. They are phonemes.
different and it will be to them that Phonology will dedicate its study.

In Phonology, there are several branches:

1.2.1 Phonemics, which studies the phonemes of a language.

1.2.2 Prosody studies the suprasegmentals (stress, intonation) that accompany the
phonemes and that, like them, are capable of changing the meaning (distinctive function). By
example: term, terminate and finished only vary in the position of the accent, but they are signs
different linguistic; therefore, the accent must be studied by Phonology.

2. Morphological Level

It is about how words are built from smaller units of meaning.

called morphemes, for example:

Fast + Mind == Quickly. And understand:

2.1Morphology
Study the internal structure of thewordsto delimit, define, and classify its units, the
classes of words that arise (inflectional morphology) and the formation of new words (morphology)
lexical).

2.1.1 Inflectional Morphology

Study the variation of the forms of words when combining a lexeme with different
flexive morphemes such as number, tense, person, etc. Thus, I love, you love, he/she loves, for example,
they are inflected forms of the verb to love, and in turn this word is the canonical form that, by convention, the
represents all of them. The different forms of a canonical form constitute its paradigm. Morphology
Flexiva studies the semantic structure and the form of the paradigms.

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2.1.2 Lexical Morphology

It deals with the resources that languages have to form new words from the
existing forms. Typically, word formation processes are divided into derivation and
composition.

In general, words can be broken down into minimal meaningful units called
Morphemes. Morphemes can be either Lexeme or Morpheme.

2.1.3 Monema
It is the minimum linguistic sign, endowed, therefore, with signifier and signified. It can be part of
a word (in-toc-able), or to constitute a whole word, when it cannot be decomposed (crocodile).

2.1.4 Lexeme
It is a unit with full significance; that is to say, it designates concepts (nouns, verbs, adverbs,
adjectives). Traditionally, it is called the root. It is the minimum meaningful form, it is what gives it meaning.
to the word.

2.1.5 Morpheme
It is a unit of grammatical significance that modifies the meaning of lexemes or relates them.
between each other (endings, prefixes,suffixes, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions).

3. Syntactic Level
Study the combinations of linguistic units so that they can play a
function and form sentences.

Syntactic function: it is the role that an element plays within a context, each function
it refers to the functions of the other elements.

The syntactic structures of a language are limited; however, they can give rise to a number
unlimited possible messages. This fact is possible due to a feature of the language
called recursion. Also, recursion offers the theoretically indefinite possibility of going
fitting some syntactic structures within others.

3.1Syntax
Study of syntagmatic combinatorics, at two levels: the sub-sentential, which corresponds to the own
of the so-called phrases, and the clause that studies the specific syntagmatic relationships of the signs
linguistic elements that, in turn, form the higher grammatical linguistic sign of the language system.
Within a sentence, the functions of subject and predicate are distinguished, and within a phrase...
they distinguish the functions of the other complements.

3.2 Distinction Between Morphology and Syntax

The grammatical description of all the languages of the world is conventionally divided into two
sections: morphology andsyntax.

The relationship between the two is as follows:

Morphology explains the internal structure of words while syntax describes how
words combine to formphrases, sentencesyphrases.

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4. Lexical Level
Elléxico can mean a list ofwordsthe words used in a specific region, the
words of alanguage, or even of aprogramming languageThe disciplines that deal with the lexicon
it includes several:

4.1Lexicology
It is the set of words available in our language; it is not fixed nor does it remain stable. The
words change in form and meaning. Over time, some disappear, while others emerge,
necessary to designate new inventions, discoveries, or cultural changes; Study of words
of a language, its organization and its meanings.

It is commonly considered that the lexicon or vocabulary of a language is made up ofwords,

but the meaning of 'word' is too vague and ambiguous to refer to the units of study of the
lexicology. Instead, we talk about lexical units, abstract entities whose scope goes beyond what
which is commonly considered words.

On one hand, a lexeme includes all the different forms that a word takes on.
morphological variation to expressgenre, number, person, mode, time, etc. Thus, the lexical unit to love
representa todas las formas en que este verbo se puede presentar en el uso de la lengua:amo, amas,
man. It can therefore be understood that the units studied by lexicology are thelexemes, units
abstracts with lexical meaning that combine with each other.

On the other hand, a lexical unit can be an expression formed by what is usually considered
varias palabras, que a su vez pueden presentar variación morfológica: tener en cuenta, banco de datos, hoy
for today, by the grace of God.

4.2Lexicography:
It deals with the theoretical principles on which the composition of dictionaries is based.
representation of the vocabulary of a natural language or a sector of it (a dialect, sociolect, etc.);
it is therefore a branch of lexicology that privileges the applied aspects of composition
dictionaries, without this meaning that it does not involve reflection on the theoretical problems that
that work entails. On the contrary, lexicography is often defined as 'the theory of description of
dictionaries and the coding of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic structure of the lexicon of a language,
ordered transmission of lexical (and grammatical) information in the form of a dictionary.

5. Semantic Level
It deals with the meaning of words and how meanings come together to give meaning to a
A sentence also refers to the meaning independent of the context, that is, of the isolated sentence.
understand

5.1Semantics:
Study the meaning of words and the relationship established between signifier and signified, or
well among different meanings; study of the meaning of linguistic signs.

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From the point of view of thespeak, as action, it stands out:

5.1.1Texthigher communication unit. It is acompositionofsignscoded in a

writing system(like aalphabetthat forms a unit of meaning.

5.1.2PragmaticsStudy how enunciation and statement, deixis, modalities, speech acts, the
presupposition, the informational structure of the statement, discourse analysis, dialogue, and linguistics
textual.

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