table of Ballon d'Or winners from 2000 up to 2023:

Year Winner Nationality Club(s) during Award Year

2000 Luís Figo Portugal Real Madrid

2001 Michael Owen EnglandLiverpool

2002 Ronaldo Brazil Real Madrid

2003 Pavel Nedvěd Czech Republic Juventus

2004 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine AC Milan

2005 Ronaldinho Brazil FC Barcelona

2006 Fabio Cannavaro Italy Real Madrid

2007 Kaka Brazil AC Milan

2008 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United

2009 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona

2010 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona

2011 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona

2012 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona

2013 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid

2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid

2015 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona

2016 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid

2017 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid

2018 Luka Modrić Croatia Real Madrid

2019 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona

2020 Not awarded (COVID) — —

2021 Lionel Messi Argentina FC Barcelona / Paris Saint-Germain

2022 Karim Benzema France Real Madrid

2023 Lionel Messi Argentina Inter Miami

🌕 Moon Day – General Info

Moon Day is celebrated every July 20th, commemorating the first time humans walked on the Moon in
1969.

🚀 Historical Trivia

Date of First Moon Landing:

✅ July 20, 1969 – Apollo 11 mission.

First Man on the Moon:

✅ Neil Armstrong

Famous words: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Second Man on the Moon:

✅ Buzz Aldrin

Name of the Lunar Module:

✅ Eagle

("The Eagle has landed.")

Command Module Name:

✅ Columbia

Third Apollo 11 astronaut (who stayed in orbit):

✅ Michael Collins

Country to first land on the Moon:

✅ USA

🌖 Fun Moon Facts

The Moon’s official name is simply "The Moon" – not "Luna", though that is used poetically and in other
languages.

The Moon is about 1/6th the gravity of Earth.

The Moon has no atmosphere, which means:

No sound can be heard.

The sky is always black.

The Moon is moving away from Earth at about 3.8 cm per year.

Moon phases repeat in a cycle called the lunar month, which lasts about 29.5 days.

The "dark side" of the Moon isn’t actually dark – it’s just the side we never see from Earth.

A full Moon rises at sunset and sets at sunrise.

🌓 Quiz Sample Questions

🧠 Easy:

Q: What year did humans first walk on the Moon?

A: 1969

Q: What is the name of the first astronaut to walk on the Moon?

A: Neil Armstrong

Q: What is the Moon’s gravitational pull compared to Earth?

A: About 1/6

🤓 Medium:

Q: Which spacecraft carried Apollo 11’s lunar module to the Moon?

A: Columbia

Q: What is the Moon’s average distance from Earth?

A: ~384,400 km (239,000 miles)

Q: Which side of the Moon do we always see from Earth?

A: The near side

🧠 Hard:

Q: What chemical element makes up most of the Moon’s surface?

A: Oxygen (mostly in oxides like silicates)

Q: Who coined the phrase “The Eagle has landed”?

A: Neil Armstrong (referring to the lunar module’s landing)

1. Location and Geography:

Kerala is a state located in the southwestern part of India, along the Malabar Coast. It is bordered by
Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea to the
west. Kerala is known for its lush green landscapes, backwaters, hills, and extensive coastline of about
580 kilometers. The Western Ghats run along the eastern boundary of the state, contributing to its rich
biodiversity and making it a hotspot for flora and fauna.

2. History and Culture:

Kerala has a rich history influenced by various dynasties, including the Chera dynasty, as well as traders
from Arabia, China, and Europe. It was a major hub for spice trade since ancient times. The culture of
Kerala is a unique blend of Dravidian, Aryan, and colonial influences. It is famous for its classical dance
forms like Kathakali and Mohiniyattam, traditional music, and festivals such as Onam and Vishu. The
state also has a strong tradition of Ayurveda, India’s ancient system of medicine.

3. Language and Demographics:

The official language of Kerala is Malayalam. The state has a population of over 35 million people and
boasts a high literacy rate — the highest in India at around 96%. Kerala is known for its communal
harmony, with Hindus, Muslims, and Christians living together peacefully. The society places a strong
emphasis on education and health, contributing to Kerala’s high human development indicators.

4. Economy and Agriculture:

Kerala’s economy is driven by agriculture, tourism, remittances from the large number of Keralites
working abroad, especially in the Gulf countries, and small-scale industries. Major agricultural products
include coconut, rubber, tea, coffee, spices like black pepper and cardamom, and cashew nuts. The
backwaters and hill stations attract millions of tourists every year, making tourism a vital sector for the
state’s economy.

5. Political Significance and Governance:

Kerala is known for its vibrant political scene, traditionally dominated by two coalitions — the Left
Democratic Front (LDF) led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), and the United Democratic Front
(UDF) led by the Indian National Congress. The state has a strong history of social reforms and
progressive governance, often credited with pioneering achievements in education, healthcare, and
social welfare. Thiruvananthapuram is the capital city, while Kochi and Kozhikode are major commercial
centers.

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6. Education and Health:

Kerala’s education system is one of the best in India, with nearly universal literacy and a strong network
of public and private schools, colleges, and universities. The state has produced many renowned writers,
scientists, and artists. Kerala also leads in healthcare, boasting some of the best health indicators in the
country, including low infant mortality rates and high life expectancy. The government has implemented
successful public health programs, and traditional medicine like Ayurveda is widely practiced alongside
modern medicine.

7. Festivals and Cuisine:

Kerala is famous for its vibrant festivals that reflect the cultural diversity of the state. The biggest festival
is Onam, a harvest festival celebrated with traditional boat races, dances, flower arrangements
(Pookalam), and a grand feast called Onam Sadya. Other important festivals include Vishu, Thrissur
Pooram, and Christmas, highlighting Kerala’s multi-religious society. Kerala cuisine is rich and varied,
featuring dishes like appam, puttu, Kerala fish curry, and the famous vegetarian Sadya served on banana
leaves with a variety of side dishes.

8. Tourism and Natural Attractions:

Kerala is often called "God’s Own Country" because of its stunning natural beauty. Tourists flock to places
like the backwaters of Alleppey and Kumarakom for houseboat cruises, the hill stations of Munnar and
Wayanad for tea plantations and wildlife sanctuaries, and beaches like Kovalam and Varkala. The Periyar
Wildlife Sanctuary and Silent Valley National Park are important ecological preserves. Ecotourism and
responsible travel are promoted to protect Kerala’s fragile environment.

9. Transport and Infrastructure:

Kerala has a well-developed transport network including highways, railways, airports, and ports. The
state is connected by three international airports: Trivandrum, Kochi, and Calicut, making it accessible for
global travelers. Kochi Port is one of India’s major ports, serving as a commercial gateway. Public
transport includes an extensive network of buses and ferries. Recently, metro rail projects in cities like
Kochi are improving urban transport.

10. Contributions to Arts and Literature:

Kerala has a rich heritage in arts and literature. The state has produced famous literary figures like
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, considered the father of the modern Malayalam language. Kerala is also
renowned for classical art forms like Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, and Koodiyattam (a UNESCO-recognized
theatre form). The state’s film industry, known as Mollywood, is vibrant and critically acclaimed for its
storytelling and social themes. Folk arts and ritualistic performances also play a major role in Kerala’s
cultural identi

1. Popular Sports in Kerala:

Kerala has a rich sporting culture with a strong passion for both traditional and modern games. Football
(soccer) is arguably the most popular sport in the state, with a massive fan following especially in
districts like Malappuram, Kozhikode, and Thrissur. Kerala has produced many talented footballers who
have represented India at national and international levels. Apart from football, cricket is also hugely
popular, with many local tournaments and a growing number of players moving into professional
leagues.

2. Traditional Sports:

Kerala is famous for its traditional and indigenous sports, which are often showcased during festivals and
fairs. Some notable ones include Vallam Kali (traditional snake boat races), which attract huge crowds
during the Onam festival season. Other traditional games include Kabaddi, Kutukuttu (a form of
wrestling), and Gilli Danda. These sports reflect Kerala’s rural heritage and community spirit and are still
popular in many parts of the state.

3. Achievements in Sports:

Kerala has produced several prominent athletes in various fields. Notable names include P.T. Usha,
known as the "Queen of Indian Athletics," who hails from Kerala and has won multiple national and
international medals in track and field. In football, players like I.M. Vijayan and C.K. Vineeth are
celebrated figures. Kerala has also contributed to hockey, volleyball, badminton, and athletics at the
national level.

4. Sports Infrastructure and Development:

Kerala has good sports infrastructure, including stadiums, training academies, and sports complexes in
major cities like Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, and Kozhikode. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi is
one of the largest stadiums in India and hosts international football and athletics events. The state
government actively promotes sports through programs and scholarships to encourage youth
participation.

5. Emerging Sports and Events:

In recent years, Kerala has embraced newer sports like basketball, badminton, and cycling. The state also
hosts several annual sporting events and leagues, such as the Kerala Premier League (football) and
various marathons. Adventure sports, including trekking, paragliding, and water sports in the
backwaters, are gaining popularity among tourists and local persons.
Here’s a complete list of FIFA World Cup winners from 1930 to present that you can use for quizzes or
general knowledge:

FIFA World Cup Winners (Men’s Football)

Year Host Country Winner Runner-up

1930 Uruguay Uruguay Argentina

1934 Italy Italy Czechoslovakia

1938 France Italy Hungary

1950 Brazil Uruguay Brazil

1954 Switzerland West Germany Hungary

1958 SwedenBrazil Sweden

1962 Chile Brazil Czechoslovakia

1966 EnglandEnglandWest Germany

1970 Mexico Brazil Italy

1974 West Germany West Germany Netherlands

1978 Argentina Argentina Netherlands

1982 Spain Italy West Germany

1986 Mexico Argentina West Germany

1990 Italy West Germany Argentina

1994 USA Brazil Italy

1998 France France Brazil

2002 South Korea/Japan Brazil Germany

2006 Germany Italy France

2010 South Africa Spain Netherlands

2014 Brazil Germany Argentina

2018 Russia France Croatia

2022 Qatar Argentina France

Quick Facts:

Brazil holds the record with 5 titles (1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002).

Italy and Germany (including West Germany) each have 4 titles.

The first World Cup was held in 1930.

The tournament was not held in 1942 and 1946 due to World War II.

cricket

General Cricket Facts:

Origin: Cricket originated in England in the 16th century and is now one of the most popular sports
worldwide.
Formats: The main formats of cricket are Test cricket (longest format, up to 5 days), One Day
Internationals (ODIs) (50 overs per side), and Twenty20 (T20) (20 overs per side).

First Test Match: The first-ever Test match was played between Australia and England in 1877 at the
Melbourne Cricket Ground.

Longest Cricket Match: The longest first-class cricket match lasted ten days, played between England and
South Africa in 1939.

World Cup Facts:

Cricket World Cup: The first Cricket World Cup was held in 1975 in England.

Most World Cup Titles: Australia holds the record with 5 ICC Cricket World Cup titles (1987, 1999, 2003,
2007, 2015).

First T20 World Cup: The inaugural ICC T20 World Cup was held in 2007, and India won the tournament.

Records & Trivia:

Highest Individual Score in Test: Brian Lara scored 400* runs in 2004, which is the highest individual
score in Test cricket.

Fastest Century: AB de Villiers holds the record for the fastest ODI century, reaching 100 runs in just 31
balls.

Hat-trick: Taking three wickets in three consecutive balls is called a hat-trick. The first ever Test hat-trick
was by Fred Spofforth of Australia in 1879.

Interesting Facts:
Cricket Ball Colors: Test matches use a red ball, while ODIs and T20s typically use a white ball.

Field Size: The size of the cricket ground varies, but the diameter usually ranges between 137 and 150
meters.

Spirit of Cricket: Cricket is famous for its emphasis on sportsmanship and fair play, known as the “Spirit
of Cricket.”Famous Players Trivia:

Sachin Tendulkar is known as the “God of Cricket” and was the first player to score 100 international
centuries.

Muttiah Muralitharan from Sri Lanka holds the record for the most wickets in both Test (800+) and ODI
cricket (500+).

Jacques Kallis from South Africa is one of the greatest all-rounders, with over 10,000 runs and 200
wickets in both Tests and ODIs.

Virat Kohli is regarded as one of the best modern-day batsmen, known for his aggressive style and
consistency across formats.

Javed Miandad famously hit a last-ball six against India in 1986 to win a match in the Austral-Asia Cup,
one of cricket’s most iconic moments.

Team Trivia:

India won the ICC Cricket World Cup twice: first in 1983 and then in 2011.

England won their first ICC Cricket World Cup in 2019, beating New Zealand in a dramatic final decided
by a Super Over.

New Zealand has reached the World Cup finals multiple times (2015, 2019) but has yet to win the title.
West Indies dominated the early World Cups, winning the first two tournaments in 1975 and 1979.

Pakistan won the Cricket World Cup once, in 1992, under the captaincy of Imran Khan.

Recent Tournaments Trivia:

The 2023 ICC Men’s Cricket World Cup was hosted by India, showcasing exciting matches and emerging
talent.

England won the ICC T20 World Cup in 2022, beating Pakistan in the final.

The Indian Premier League (IPL), started in 2008, is the world’s most popular T20 league, known for
attracting global stars and huge audiences.

MS Dhoni is the only captain to have won all three ICC trophies — the T20 World Cup (2007), the ODI
World Cup (2011), and the Champions Trophy (2013).

The Ashes series between England and Australia is one of cricket’s oldest and most celebrated rivalries,
dating back to 1882.

⚽ Career Highlights

Early Career: Jota began his professional journey at Paços de Ferreira, where he made a significant
impact before moving to Atlético Madrid in 2016. He was loaned to FC Porto and later to
Wolverhampton Wanderers, where he gained prominence.

Wikipedia

Liverpool FC (2020–2025): In September 2020, Jota joined Liverpool for a reported £41 million. Over five
seasons, he made 182 appearances and scored 65 goals, contributing to Liverpool's Premier League title
in the 2024–25 season, as well as FA Cup and EFL Cup victories .
Wikipedia

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Bazesign

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International Career: Jota earned 49 caps for Portugal, scoring 14 goals. He represented his country in
the UEFA Euro 2020, FIFA World Cup 2022, and UEFA Euro 2024, and was part of the squad that won the
UEFA Nations League in 2019 and 2025 .

New York Post

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Bazesign

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Wikipedia

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🏆 Honours

Liverpool FC:

Premier League: 2024–25

FA Cup: 2021–22

EFL Cup: 2021–22, 2023–24

liverpoolfc.fandom.com

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Wikipedia
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Liverpool FC

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Portugal:
UEFA Nations League: 2018–19, 2024–25

Individual:

Premier League Player of the Month: January 2024

Liverpool Player of the Month: October 2020, November 2020