Jurnal Kesehatan

Volume 16, Number 1, April 2025

ISSN 2086-7751 (Print), ISSN 2548-5695 (Online)
http://ejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id/index.php/JK

Identification of Determining Factors of Stunting Prevalence

Era Milania Karmadani, Yektiningtyastuti Yektiningtyastuti*

Faculty of Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah Purwokerto University, Banyumas, Indonesia

Corresponding author: yektiningtyastuti@ump.ac.id

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem characterized by a toddler's height being
below the standard for their age. This condition has long-term impacts on a child’s
Submitted: physical and cognitive development, as well as future productivity. This study was
28 Mar 2025 conducted to identify the determinant factors of stunting prevalence in Gunung Lurah
Village, Cilongok Subdistrict, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The study employed a
Revise: case-control design with a descriptive-analytic approach. The instruments used
21 April 2025 included the Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak book and questionnaires. The population in this
study consisted of all mothers with toddlers in Gunung Lurah Village, totaling 648
Accepted: individuals. The sample included mothers with stunted toddlers, totaling 43 (case
29 April 2025 group), and mothers with non-stunted toddlers, also totaling 43 (control group), with
a 1:1 matching ratio, meaning the number of samples in the control group was equal
to that in the case group. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test,
Keywords: while multivariate analysis employed multiple logistic regression. The Chi-Square
test results indicated that five out of nine factors studied had a significant association
Nutritional problem; with stunting (p<0.05), namely parental knowledge (p=0.014), parenting style
Prevent stunting; (p=0.004), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.030), low birth weight (p=0.012), and socio-
Toddlers. economic factors (p=0.001). The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that
socio-economic factors were the most significant determinant of stunting (p=0.001).
This study concludes that socio-economic status is the main factor influencing the
incidence of stunting. These findings are expected to serve as a basis for designing
more effective programs to prevent stunting at the village level.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

License.

INTRODUCTION

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which build upon the vision of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), are one of the health initiatives that the Indonesian government is
currently implementing. Generally speaking, the SDGs and the MDGs share similar goals: to
improve people's standard of living and to eradicate hunger, poverty, and illiteracy. Together with
other nations, Indonesia has participated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) program
to build a more prosperous, equitable, and peaceful world. To realize this vision, one of the eight
MDGs was to reduce hunger and poverty, especially stunting in children (Kirana et al., 2022).
Stunting is a condition in which a toddler has a shorter length or height compared to their
age. This condition is measured by a length or height that is more than minus two standard
deviations below the WHO Child Growth Standards median (de Onis & Branca, 2016). Stunting
can be caused by a wide range of factors, including the condition of the mother or prospective
mother, the fetal period, and infancy or toddlerhood, all of which occur during the first 1,000 days
of life. This period is considered a golden window as well as a critical phase in a person's life (a
window of opportunity). The health and nutritional status of the mother before and during
pregnancy, maternal body posture, closely spaced pregnancies, adolescent mothers, and
inadequate nutrient intake during pregnancy all affect fetal growth and increase the risk of
stunting (Djauhari, 2017). One important metric for evaluating the caliber of future human capital
is stunting in children. Early-life growth problems in children can cause irreversible harm
(Rachim & Pratiwi, 2017).

161
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Children who are stunted have poor brain function. This implies that one in three
Indonesian children will miss out on greater educational and career prospects for the rest of their
lives. The idea that stunting occurs in conjunction with decreased growth and development of
other organs, including the brain, is more than just short physical stature (Achadi & Endang,
2016). Since the two primary causes of stunting are insufficient food intake and the body's
reaction to a high prevalence of infectious diseases, stunting can also be characterized as a
physiological or non-pathological growth adaptation (Sudiman, 2018). Direct and indirect
variables are the two categories of influences that can affect stunting. Infectious disorders, low
birth weight, genetics, toddler diet, and exclusive nursing are examples of direct factors. In the
meantime, indirect determinants include family size, parenting styles, parental education, socio-
economic level, and dietary understanding (Par’i et al., 2017).
The World Health Organization (WHO) identified five sub-regions with high stunting
prevalence, including Indonesia, which is part of the Southeast Asia region with a prevalence rate
of 36.4%. In the past five years, Africa has had the highest frequency of stunting (37.1%), followed
by Asia (19%) and Latin America (10%). With 33% of the region's population, Laos was placed
first, followed by Cambodia (32%), the Philippines (29%), Indonesia (28%), and Myanmar (27%)
(United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021)
The Ministry of Health's Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI) 2021 reported that
Indonesia's stunting prevalence rate was 24.4% in 2021, a decrease of 6.4% from 30.8% in 2018
(Wardani et al., 2021). In contrast, NTT had the highest stunting rate in Indonesia (43.8%),
followed by Aceh (34.2%), Gorontalo (34.9%), West Sulawesi (40.4%), and NTB (37.3%). Central
Java was ranked 18th out of 34 provinces, with a stunting rate of 27.7% (Fajar et al., 2022).
According to the 2018 National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas), 32% of the population in
Banyumas Regency was stunted (Pantiawati et al., 2023).
The impact of nutritional problems, particularly stunting in toddlers, can hinder a child's
development, with negative effects that may persist throughout their life, such as reduced
intellectual capacity, increased vulnerability to non-communicable diseases, decreased
productivity, and even higher risk of poverty and giving birth to babies with low birth weight. The
effects experienced by toddlers with stunting can be addressed through preventive efforts, one of
which is health education. Prevention and health promotion efforts have been carried out to
prevent and reduce the incidence of stunting. These efforts focus on addressing both the direct
and indirect causes of stunting, one of which is through the use of health education media. One
direct nutritional intervention for newborns is providing exclusive breastfeeding and ensuring
optimal nutrition according to their needs (Pratama et al., 2019).
Based on a preliminary study, it was found that out of 100 priority regencies for stunting
cases in Indonesia, 11 are located in Central Java Province, with Banyumas Regency ranking
second among the 11 regencies with the highest stunting cases, following Cilacap Regency. Based
on a report from the Banyumas Regency Health Service, in 2024, the number of toddlers weighed
as many as 98,292, and the number of toddlers with short or very short (stunting) status was
14,270 or 14.52%. Meanwhile, based on the stunting focus villages in Banyumas Regency, 15
villages have been identified as priority stunting locations. The villages with the highest focus
include Rancamaya, Gunung Lurah, Sokawera, Banjar Kidul, Buniayu, Karanglewas, Karangsari
(Kebasen), Banjarsari (Ajibarang), Ketanda, Pandak (Sumpiuh), Randegan, Sawangan, Tumiyang,
Purwodadi (Tambak), and Kranji (Purwokerto). Gunung Lurah Village has ranked second for three
consecutive years among the stunting focus locations, with a total of 648 toddlers, and 43 of them
identified as stunted.
This rationale encourages the researcher to choose and explore the topic "Determinant
Factors of Stunting Prevalence in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok Subdistrict, Central Java
Province, Indonesia," with a particular focus on the prevalence of stunted toddlers in Gunung
Lurah, Cilongok Subdistrict. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with the prevalence
of stunting in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok.
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METHOD

This study employs a quantitative research approach, presenting data in numerical form
and analyzing it using descriptive statistical methods and a cross-sectional design, in which all
variables are measured and observed simultaneously. The research method employed in this
study is a descriptive correlational approach, a type of research designed to gather information
about the current status of a phenomenon at the time of the research. The research design used in
this study is a case-control design. A case-control design is an analytical research design that
investigates the causes of events or incidents retrospectively.
The population in this study consisted of all mothers with toddlers in Gunung Lurah Village,
totaling 648 individuals. The sample included mothers with stunted toddlers, totaling 43 (case
group), and mothers with non-stunted toddlers, also totaling 43 (control group), with a 1:1
matching ratio, meaning the number of samples in the control group was equal to that in the case
group. The inclusion criteria for toddlers, both in the case and control groups, were those aged
less than 36 months. The sampling technique for the case group used the total sampling technique;
namely, all toddlers (43 toddlers) aged less than 36 months who were stunted were used as
research samples. The sampling technique for the control group used cluster random sampling.
The clusters in this study used the Rukun Warga (RW). The researcher determined the number of
samples for each cluster using the cluster formula so that all clusters were represented fairly.
Furthermore, the determination of respondents was carried out randomly by lottery.
The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire sheet and the Kesehatan Ibu dan
Anak (KIA) book. The questionnaire is divided into three main parts. The first questionnaire
contains data on maternal education, family socio-economic status (income), family history of
stunting (genetic), maternal medical history during pregnancy, maternal nutritional status during
pregnancy (as recorded by upper arm circumference), history of low birth weight (LBW), and
exclusive breastfeeding. The second part of the questionnaire is a survey about parenting
patterns, adapted from Suardianti's research (2019), which consists of 15 statements with 'yes'
and 'no' answer choices. The third questionnaire is a survey about maternal knowledge of toddler
nutrition, adapted from Wahyuni's research (2009), consisting of 25 questions related to toddler
nutrition.
Validity test for the first questionnaire using content validity by three maternity nursing
experts. Validity and reliability tests for the parenting pattern questionnaire and mothers'
knowledge about toddler nutrition were conducted on 20 mothers of toddlers in Sokawera Village,
Cilongok District. The results of the validity test of the parenting pattern questionnaire containing
15 question items showed that there was one invalid question item, namely question item number
10 with r count -0.287 (r count <r table), so that question item was not used and the number of
questionnaires used was 14 questions. The results of the reliability test of the parenting pattern
questionnaire obtained an r-Spearman Brown value of 0.864 (reliable). The results of the
questionnaire validity test obtained r-product moment from all question items> 0.444 (valid). At the
same time, the results of the reliability test obtained r-Alpha Cronbach results of 0.964 (reliable).
Univariate analysis in this study used descriptive statistics to describe the descriptive
statistics of all variables. Bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test was employed to examine the
relationship between each determinant and the prevalence of stunting. To determine the most
dominant factor related to the prevalence of stunting, a multiple logistic regression test was used.
Before collecting the research data, the researcher ensures that the research ethics permit is in
place, with Registration Number: KEPK/UMP/80/III/2023. Then, the questionnaire was given to
the respondents, with an emphasis on ethical considerations, which included an informed consent
form, assurances of anonymity and confidentiality, details of potential benefits and the balance of
harms and benefits, and respect for persons.

RESULTS

Based on Table 1, the average age of toddlers is 22.74 months, with the lowest age of 9
months and the highest age of 31 months. The education level of respondents is mostly
secondary/middle education, with 46 respondents (53.5%). The majority of respondents had
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socio-economic conditions more than the Regional Minimum Wage (RMW), 64 respondents
(74.4%), almost all toddlers did not have genetic factors related to stunting, 79 respondents
(91.9%), most respondents with no history of disease during pregnancy, 73 respondents (84.9%),
maternal nutritional status mostly with good category, 72 respondents (83.7%), most
respondents did not have a history of birth with low birth weight, 65 respondents (75.6%). The
majority of respondents did not provide exclusive breastfeeding, 69 respondents (80.2%). Most
of the respondents' level of knowledge about toddler nutrition falls into the sufficient category,
with 54 respondents (62.8%). Half of the respondents apply democratic parenting in the provision
of toddler food, and 43 respondents (50%).

Table 1. Frequency distribution of factors related to the incidence of stunting

Factors related to the incidence of stunting f %
Educational
Basic 23 26.7
Middle 46 53.5
High 17 19.8
Socio-economic
<Regional Minimum Wage (RMW) 22 25.6
>Regional Minimum Wage (RMW) 64 74.4
Genetics
Have 7 8.1
No have 79 91.9
Mother's medical history during pregnancy
Own 13 15.1
No have 73 84.9
Nutritional status
Not enough 14 16.3
Good 72 83.7
History of LBW
Yes 21 24.4
No 65 75.6
Exclusive breastfeeding
No 69 80.2
Yes 17 19.8
Mother’s knowledge about nutritional status
Good 12 14
Enough 54 62.8
Not enough 20 23.2
Parenting style in providing food
Authoritarian 8 9.3
Democratic 43 50
Permissive 35 40.7
Mean Min-Max
Age of toddler
22.74 9-31
Source: Primary data processed in 2023

According to table 2, The socio-economic factors (p-value=0.001), LBW (p-value=0.012),

exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.030), mother's awareness regarding nutritional status (p-
value=0.014), and parenting style in food supply (p-value=0.004) are the five factors with a p-
value<0.05. This indicates that the incidence of stunting is significantly correlated with socio-
economic characteristics, history of LBW, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's knowledge of
nutritional status, and parenting style in terms of food provision. However, there is no significant
correlation between the incidence of stunting in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok District, and the
other four factors—maternal education, genetic history, history of disease during pregnancy, and
nutritional status during pregnancy—all of which had p-values>0.05.
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Table 2. Related factors to stunting incidence

Nutritional status
Total
Factors related to stunting incidence Stunting No stunting p-value
f % f % f %
Educational
Basic 15 17.4 8 9.3 23 26.7
Middle 22 25.6 24 27.9 46 53.5 0.158
High 6 7 11 12.8 17 19.8
Socio-Economic
<RMW 18 20.9 4 4.7 22 25.6
>RMW 25 29.1 39 45.3 64 74.4 0.001
Genetic
Have 4 4.7 3 3.5 7 8.1
No have 39 45.3 40 46.5 79 91.9 1.000
Mother's medical history during pregnancy
Have 9 10.5 4 4.7 13 15.1
No have 34 39.5 39 45.3 73 84.9 0.229
Nutritional Status
Not enough 10 11.6 4 4.7 14 16.3
Good 33 38.4 39 45.3 72 83.7 0.144
History of LBW
Yes 16 18.6 5 5.8 21 24.4
No 27 31.4 38 44.2 65 75.6 0.012
Exclusive Breastfeeding
Yes 39 45.3 30 34.9 69 80.2
No 4 4.7 13 15.1 17 19.8 0.030
Mother’s knowledge about nutritional status
Good 10 11.6 2 2,3 12 14
Enough 27 31.4 27 31,4 54 62.8 0.014
Not enough 6 7 14 16,3 20 23.3
Parenting style in providing food
Authoritarian 3 3.5 5 5.8 8 9.3
Democratic 15 17.4 28 32.6 43 50 0.004
Permissive 25 29.1 10 11.6 35 40.7
Source: Primary data processed in 2023

Researchers employed a Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis of the Risk Factor Model
using the Backward Method to identify the most dominant factors associated with the incidence
of stunting in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok District. In this multivariate model analysis, the
condition for including sub-variables is that the bivariate selection results have a p-value≤0.25.
The results of the bivariate selection to become a candidate for multivariate modeling show that
of the nine sub-variables/factors that are thought to be related to the incidence of stunting in
Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok District, there was one sub-variable that has a p-value>0.25,
genetic history, so this sub-variable was not included in the multivariate test model in this study.

Table 3. The most dominant factor is related to the incidence of Stunting

95% C.I.
Step B S.E. P value Exp(B) / OR
Lower Upper
Step 1
Socio-economic 1.872 0.775 0.016 6.500 1.424 29.674
Education 0.165 0.432 0.702 1.180 0.506 2.748
Medical history -0.411 1.023 0.688 0.663 0.089 4.924
Nutritional status -0.077 1.087 0.944 0.926 0.110 7.800
History of LBW 1.439 0.865 0.096 4.217 0.775 22.953
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.821 0.818 0.315 2.274 0.457 11.304
Mother’s knowledge 0.421 0.569 0.459 1.524 0.500 4.645
Parenting style -1.116 0.459 0.015 0.328 0.133 0.805
Constant -4.508 2.450 0.066 0.011
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95% C.I.
Step B S.E. P value Exp(B) / OR
Lower Upper
Step 2
Socio-economic 1.866 0.772 0.016 6.466 1.424 29.346
Education 0.160 0.424 0.707 1.173 0.511 2.692
Medical history -0.443 0.911 0.627 0.642 0.108 3.831
History of LBW 1.413 0.783 0.071 4.110 0.885 19.082
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.811 0.804 0.314 2.250 0.465 10.886
Mother’s knowledge 0.431 0.553 0.436 1.539 0.521 4.549
Parenting style -1.117 0.459 0.015 0.327 0.133 0.805
Constant -4.529 2.432 0.063 0.011
Step 3
Socio-economic 1.971 0.726 0.007 7.176 1.729 29.780
Medical history -0.475 0.908 0.601 .622 0.105 3.685
History of LBW 1.417 0.784 0.071 4.124 0.887 19.181
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.793 0.801 0.322 2.209 0.460 10.608
Mother’s knowledge 0.454 0.549 0.409 1.574 0.537 4.617
Parenting style -1.116 0.458 0.015 .328 0.133 0.804
Constant -4.379 2.390 0.067 .013
Step 4
Socio-economic 1.982 0.726 0.006 7.254 1.748 30.109
History of LBW 1.199 0.651 0.065 3.317 0.926 11.880
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.762 0.797 0.339 2.142 0.450 10.206
Mother’s knowledge 0.424 0.544 0.436 1.529 0.526 4.442
Parenting style -1.096 0.456 0.016 0.334 0.137 0.817
Constant -4.842 2.229 0.030 0.008
Step 5
Socio-economic 2.207 0.678 0.001 9.091 2.407 34.333
History of LBW 1.136 0.640 0.076 3.113 0.888 10.914
Exclusive breastfeeding 0.987 0.727 0.174 2.683 0.646 11.146
Parenting style -1.131 0.458 0.014 0.323 0.131 0.792
Constant -4.424 2.121 0.037 0.012
Step 6
Socio-economic 2.234 0.674 0.001 9.334 2.491 34.980
History of LBW 1.255 0.626 0.045 3.509 1.029 11.962
Parenting style -1.239 0.459 0.007 0.290 0.118 0.712
Constant -3.265 1.893 0.085 0.038
Step 7
Socio-economic 2.283 0.663 0.001 9.806 2.676 35.936
Parenting style -1.361 0.446 0.002 0.256 0.107 0.614
Constant -0.851 1.387 0.540 0.427
Source: Primary data processed in 2023 * p value < 0,05

Based on Table 4, the socio-economic sub-variable has the most significant Coefficient B
value (2.283) and odds ratio (OR) (33.260) when compared to the parenting style sub-variable,
as indicated by the values of Coefficient B and OR. This suggests that in Gunung Lurah Village,
Cilongok District, the socio-economic sub-variable is the most important factor associated with
stunting. According to the OR value for parental socio-economic status, parents in Gunung Lurah
Village, Cilongok District, who have a socio-economic status below RMW, are 33.260 times more
likely to suffer from stunting than parents whose socio-economic position is higher than RMW.
The analysis yielded a G value (chi-square) of 23.970, and the model significance figure was
0.001 (<0.05), indicating that the socio-economic sub-variables could explain the stunting
incidence variable at an alpha level of 5%. From the results of the coefficient of determination, it
can be seen that the Nagelkerke value is 0.324, indicating that parents' socio-economic status can
influence the prevalence of stunting in Gunung Lurah Cilongok Village by 18.3%. In comparison,
other variables explain the remaining 81.7%.
The final multivariate analysis model resulted in the regression equation:
Y = a + b1 X1 + b2 X2
Prevalence Stunting (Y)= -0.851+(2.283*socioeconomic)+(-1.116*childcare pattern).
Karmadani et al., Identification of Determining Factors of Stunting Prevalence
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From the risk factor regression equation, it is noted that the regression coefficient value for
the socio-economic sub-variable (2.283) is positive, indicating a direct relationship between
parental socio-economic status and stunting in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok District.
Conversely, the parenting style sub-variable (-1.361) shows an inverse relationship with stunting
occurrence. The constant value (-0.851) indicates that without intervention on socio-economic
status, the occurrence of stunting would increase by 0.851 times.

Table 4. The final model of multiple logistic regression analysis

Unstandardized Coefficients OR
Variable Wald OR p-value
B Std. Error 95% Cl
Socio-economic 2.283 0.663 11.869 33.260 0.001 2.676-35.936
Parenting style -1.361 0.446 9.324 0.507 0.002 0.107-0.614
Constant -0.851
-2 Log Likelihood = 95,252 G = 23,970 Sig. (p-value) = 0,001 Nagelkerke = 0,324

DISCUSSION

Since the two primary causes of stunting are insufficient food intake and the body's reaction
to excessive levels of infectious illness, it can also be considered a non-pathological or
physiological adaptation to growth. Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem caused by
multifactorial and occurs across generations. Most Indonesians often consider their short or tall
stature to be hereditary. Research indicates that hereditary factors contribute only 15%, while the
primary factors are related to nutrition, growth hormones, and recurrent infections (Apriani et
al., 2022).
The research results showed that socio-economic factors, low birth weight, exclusive
breastfeeding, mother's awareness regarding nutritional status, and parenting style in the food
supply are the five factors with a p-value<0.05. This indicates that the socio-economic
characteristics, history of low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's knowledge of
nutritional status, and parenting style in terms of food provision are significantly correlated with
the prevalence of stunting. However, there is no significant correlation between maternal
education, genetic history, history of disease, nutritional status during pregnancy, and the
prevalence of stunting. Among these various factors, the economic factor is considered to have the
most significant influence on the occurrence of stunting, as parents with sufficient income are
more capable of meeting the primary and secondary needs of both mother and child. Families with
good economic status also have better access to health services.
The study's results showed no significant relationship between education and the
prevalence of stunting. According to a survey conducted by Musheiguza et al. (2021), differences
in wealth index distribution (average contribution>84.7%) and maternal education length
(average contribution>22.4%) have a positive impact on stunting rates. The disparities in wealth
index and maternal education have contributed to increased stunting rates, and to reduce stunting
among low-income communities, initiatives must begin with improving the distribution of social
services, including maternal education and reproductive health for women of childbearing age, as
well as access to clean water and health services in remote areas. The results of this study were
not in line with those of Ngaisyah (2015), which showed a correlation between the father's level
of education and the incidence of stunting.
Pathogenic microbes cause infectious diseases and exhibit considerable dynamicity.
Infectious diseases are one of the direct causes of stunting. The link between infectious diseases
and fulfilling nutritional intake cannot be separated. The presence of infectious diseases during
pregnancy will make the situation worse if there is a lack of nutritional intake. The results of this
study showed that there was no significant relationship between a history of disease, nutritional
status, and the prevalence of stunting. The result was not in line with the findings of previous
studies conducted by Putri et al. (2024), which suggested a moderate relationship between
infectious diseases and the incidence of stunting in children, with a p-value of < 0.001 and an R-
value of 0.547.
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One of the indirect causes of stunting is the family's socio-economic status. Among these
various factors, the economic factor is considered to have the most significant influence on the
occurrence of stunting, as parents with sufficient income are more capable of meeting the primary
and secondary needs of both mother and child. Families with good economic status also have
better access to health services. Additionally, a 2017 study by Rajoo et al. found that low
household income (<RM500/month) had an impact on the incidence of stunting among toddlers
in Malaysia (p = 0.001), with toddlers from low-income households having a 2.1-fold increased
risk of stunting (OR=2.1; 95%CI=9.8–22.2)(Rajoo et al., 2017). Using the Chi-Square test with
α=0.05, a p-value of 0.036 was obtained. Furthermore, regarding family income, a Chi-Square test
at α=0.05 yielded a p-value of 0.036. This suggests a significant relationship between family
income level and the incidence of stunting.
The result of this study aligns with a study by Setiawan et al. (2018), which found that the
family income level variable had a significance value of p = 0.018 (OR = 5.6), indicating that family
income is associated with the incidence of stunting in children aged 24–59 months. Based on
research by Wahyuni & Fithriyana (2020), most parents of stunted toddlers were part of the
workforce (70 respondents or 67.87%), had only primary education (102 respondents or
92.86%), and had an income roughly equivalent to the regional minimum wage (UMR). Bivariate
analysis revealed that two factors—income and education—were substantially correlated with
stunting (p-value < 0.05).
The results of this study also concluded that there is a significant relationship between
socio-economic status and the prevalence of stunting. This indicates that socio-economic status is
significantly associated with stunting cases in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok. This finding is
further supported by the Coefficient B and Odds Ratio (OR), in which the socio-economic sub-
variable had the highest values—Coef.B=2.283 and OR=33.260—compared to other sub-
variables. This shows that the most dominant or strongly associated factor with stunting in
Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok, is the socio-economic factor.
The OR value of 33.260 indicates that parents with income below the regional minimum
wage are 33.260 times more likely to have stunted children than parents with income above the
minimum wage. The analysis also yielded a G (chi-square) value of 23.970 and a model
significance level of 0.001 (p<0.05), meaning that the socio-economic sub-variable can explain the
incidence of stunting at a 5% significance level. From the coefficient of determination, it was found
that the Nagelkerke value was 0.324, indicating that parental socio-economic status accounts for
18.3% of the stunting cases in Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok. Other variables outside the scope
of this study explain the remaining 81.7%.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that of the nine determinant factors
studied, it shows that there were five factors related to the prevalence of stunting, namely: the
socio-economic factors, low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's awareness regarding
nutritional status, and parenting style in supplying food. Economic factors have been proven to be
the most dominant factor influencing stunting prevalence. Therefore, one of the important efforts
that must be made to reduce stunting prevalence should focus on socio-economic aspects.

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

Authors’ contributions and responsibilities

EMK: Writing original draft, visualization, funding acquisition, conceptualization; YY:
Translating, and writing final manuscript.

Funding
This research uses independent funds from researchers.
Karmadani et al., Identification of Determining Factors of Stunting Prevalence
Jurnal Kesehatan, 2025; 16(1); 161-170; https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v16i1.4954 169

Availability of data and materials

All data are available from the authors.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interest.

Additional information
The data presented in the publication is free of conflicts of interest, according to the author. The
author bears full responsibility for it if it is discovered later.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Based on the findings of a study titled "Analysing factors related to stunting incidence in
Gunung Lurah Village, Cilongok District, Central Java Province," which was independently funded
by researchers Eramilania and Yektiningtyastuti from the Nursing Study Program, Faculty of
Health Sciences, University of Muhammadiyah Purwokerto wrote this journal article.
The author would like to express our gratitude to the Dean Faculty of Nursing, University of
Muhammadiyah Purworkerto, as well as the village officials and the community of Gunung Lurah
Village, Cilongok District, Central Java Province, who have helped a lot in the implementation of
this research.

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