Languages of India
Hindi & It's rise in northern india
Currently the 8th schedule of india constitution recognizes 22 Indian languages
of which assamese, bengali, Dogri, Gujrati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili,
Marathi, nepali, Oriya, punjabi, Sanskrit, sindhi and Urdu are indo - Aryan
languages. Kannada, malyalam, tamil and Telugu are Dravidian languages, Bodo
and Meitei and Tibeto-Burman languages and one austro - Asiatic language
santhali. A so much big area (northern India) spanning 12 states there are only
7 languages of which two Kashmiri and Dogri are of Jammu and Kashmir, punjabi is
of Punjab, Maithili and santhali are of bihar and Jharkhand. if these 5 states
are not taken into consideration then also in this widespread region only Hindi
and Urdu is spoken. According to ''census of India'' there are 121 major languages
which have more than 10,000 speakers and in those 121 major languages there
are 30 big languages which have more than 10,00,000 speakers, and there are
more than 1600 minor languages which have less than 10,000 speakers. all indo -
Aaryan languages are related to each other because all of them come from
Vedic Sanskrit. from Vedic Sanskrit came the language classical Sanskrit which
was spoken by the upper caste people and kings, and the language Prakrit which
was spoken by normal people. Prakrit is not one language but it is a collection
of many languages like
Apabhramśa
Ardhamagadhi
Dramili
Elu
Gandhari
Kamarupi
Magadhi
Maharashtri
Paishachi
Pali
Shauraseni
Khasa
From shaurasensi Prakrit a dialect Shauraseni Apabhramsa was created which
was called hindavi by the persian rulers then it's part were created khadiboli,
Haryanvi, braj and kannauji. then a Persianized version of khadiboli came which
was called Hindustani the Persianized version of Hindustani was Urdu and the
sanskritized version of Hindustani was Hindi. In the indian struggle of
Independence Hindi was highlighted this much because it was used as an indian
language to connect all indian states. the farthest north and east states
used languages like english but states like Gujrat, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Gujrat, west Bengal and bihar took both languages Hindi and english as their
connecting medium.
Pahari Languages
Pahari languages are those languages which are spoken in the mountainous
regions of India like in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and
Ladakh. there are mainly two languages spoken in Uttarakhand Garhwali and
kumaoni. Kumaoni is not a problem for south Uttarakhand because it's dialect
are mostly similar, but for northern Uttarakhand it is a problem that the
different dialects of Garhwali are very very unlike to each other. these Pahari
languages are also now going extinct because people are using languages like
Hindi to avoid difficulties to communicate easily because the people live in
remote isolated areas they need one language as an connecting medium. in
himachal Pradesh there is a bigger problem of communication for in every
district there is a different language and that language also has it's different
dialects. J&K has two official languages Dogri and Kashmiri. some more
languages there are Hindko, Pahari pothwari, Gojri/Gujjari, Shina, bhadarwahi,
poguli, sarazi, rambani and gogri & Pahari. And in Ladakh there is one language
Ladakhi also known as bhoti language or western archaic Tibetan. Pahari
language was classified into three groups as per linguistic survey of india
eastern Pahari - nepali, jumli and doteli
central Pahari - kumaoni and Garhwali
eastern Pahari - Jausari, mandeali
1. Nuclear Himachali - Hinduri, Kinnauri Pahari, Kullu, Mahasu, Sirmauri
2. Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali
I. Chamealic - Bhadarwahi, Churahi, Bhattiyali, Bilaspuri, Chambeali, Gaddi,
Pangwali,
ii. Kangri-Dogri - Dogri, Kangri
Rajasthani & Gujrati languages
in other states like Pahari states, bihar etc. the Hindi imposition has been put
on Rajasthani languages also even though they are similar to Gujrati
languages in Rajasthan there are many languages like Marwari, Mewari, Bagri,
Malvi, Dhundhari, Harauti, Mewati, Dhatki, Wagdi, Nimadi, Gujri and Bhili. by around
1300 AD a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally
known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western
Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not
distinct at the time. Rajasthani is written in the Devanagari script
Old Gujarati, the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani, was spoken by
the Gurjars, who were residing and ruling in Gujarat, Punjab, Rajputana, and
central India. it is one of the minority languages of neighboring Pakistan too.
like in himachal Pradesh in Rajasthan also if you go from one district to other
the dialect changes. if the Rajasthani languages get recognized in the 8th
schedule then it would be easier for other languages to be recognized soon.
Tribal languages of Northeast India
The tribal languages of India are some endangered languages. some of these
languages are In Manipur, it is Meitei or Manipuri. In Tripura, it is Kokborok. In
Mizoram, it is Mizo And in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and
Nagaland, English is the official language. Most of the languages of the
Northeast are vanishing because of the rise of English among them. in the eighth
schedule, there are 2 tribal languages Bodo and Meitei. In Mizoram and Tripura,
there is one Tribal language spoken known as santhali which is part of the
Austroasiatic language family and is in the eighth schedule. most of the
languages of the northeast belong to the Tibeto-Burman family which means
that these languages come from Tibetian and Burma ( Myanmar) languages.
Dravidian Languages
Four Dravidian languages are recognized: Telegu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam.
before there used to be one language spoken in Deccan proto - Dravidian, then
proto - Dravidian splits into north, central, south-central and south branches.
the southern languages became highly Sanskritized, the old Kannada script was
shared by Kannada and Telegu. the possible arrival of Brahui in Balochistan came
from central India, manipravalam ( pearl and Coral ) a hybrid of Sanskrit and
Malayalam was the elite literary language. the Gondwana kingdom of the Gonds is
established and Gondi is also established as a language. other Dravidian languages
are Kolami, Naiki, Parji, Ollari, Gadaba, Toda, Kota, Irula, Kurumba, Kodagu, Tulu,
Gondi, Konda, Kui, kuvi, pengo, Manda, Kurukh, Malto and Brahui and Konkani
We should always Respect our mother tongue and have pride in
speaking It. Along with this we should also respect other
regional languages also.
