EXPT: 1

DATE:18-6-24
TEMPORARY MOUNT OF A LEAF PEEL

Aim
To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel in order
to show the stomata of a leaf.

Material Required
 A potted plant of Bryophyllum or Tradescantia
 Needles
 Forceps
 Watch glass
 Dropper
 Glass slides
 A brush
 Coverslips
 Blotting paper
 Safranin
 Compound microscope
 Glycerine
Procedure
 Pick a healthy leaf from the potted plant
 Fold the leaf to gently pull the peel apart to separate a
peeled section from the lower surface of the leaf. Use
the forceps to perform this step. Allow the peel to
remain in a watch glass holding water for some time.
 In the watch glass, stain the sample by adding some
drops of safranin through a dropper.
 Take the peel out after 2-3 minutes. Set it on a clear
glass slide
 Add a drop of glycerin on the peel. Put a clear
coverslip over it gently using a needle.
 Excess glycerin and stain can be removed using
blotting paper
 Examine the slide first under a low-power and then
under a high-power magnification of a compound
microscope.
Diagram

Observation
 Visible epidermal cells. The cells in their outline are
irregular with no intercellular spaces
  Small openings, stomata are scattered through the
epidermal cells
 Guard cells are observed which have chloroplasts and
nucleus
 Guard cells are observed having a thin outer covering
and a thick inner boundary(concave)
 Guard cells control the closing and opening of the
stomata.

Conclusions
Epidermal cells are found containing stomata on the
lower surfaces of the leaf.
EXPT:2
DATE:11-7-24
RESPIRATION
Aim
To experimentally demonstrate that carbon dioxide
is released during the process of respiration.

Material Required
 Soaked gram seeds
 U-shaped delivery tube
 Conical flask
 Blotting paper (moist) /cotton wool
 Thread
 Water
 Beaker
 Test tube
 Rubber cork with a single hole
 Freshly prepared KOH solution (20%)
 Vaseline

Procedure
  Germinate close to 25 seeds. This can be done by
wrapping them in moist blotting paper or cotton wool
for around 3 to 4 days.
 Set up the germinated or sprouted seeds in the conical
flask. Spray some water into the flask to dampen the
seeds.
 With the help of a thread, suspend the conical flask
containing the test tube having a freshly prepared
20% KOH solution.
 Use the rubber cork to seal the opening of the conical
flask.
 One edge of the U-shaped glass delivery tube present
in the conical flask should be inserted through the
hole in the rubber cork. The other edge should be
placed into a beaker that is saturated with water.
 All attachments of the set-up should be sealed. This
can be done using vaseline to create an air-tight
environment.
 The initial water level present in the U-shaped
delivery tube needs to be marked.
 Leave the experimental set-up uninterrupted for 1 to
2 hours. Observe the fluctuations in the water level in
the tube.

Observation
Careful observation after a certain period of time
reveals that the water level in the U-shaped delivery
tube has risen in the beaker.

Conclusions
The rise in level water indicates that carbon dioxide
is released as a result of germinating gram seeds
during the process of respiration in the conical flask.
The carbon dioxide that is released in the process is
absorbed or consumed by the KOH solution that is
suspended in the test tube in the conical flask,
creating a vacuum or a void in the flask resulting in
the upward water movement in the tube. Hence, the
water level in the tube changes.
EXPT NO.3
DATE:12-8-24
STUDY OF PREPARED SLIDES

Aim
To study about (a) Binary Fission in amoeba and (b)
Budding in yeast with the help of prepared slides

Material Required
 Compound microscope
 Permanent slides of budding in yeast and binary fission in
amoeba

Procedure
 Place the slide under a compound microscope
 Focus the slide, first under low power and later under high
power of the compound microscope
 Various stages of budding and binary fission can be
carefully examined
Observation
(a) Binary fission in Amoeba
  Initially, the pseudopodia are retrieved. The body of
amoeba is coiled and becomes round
 Amitosis is observed, the division of the nucleus takes
places which are followed by splitting of cytoplasm
 At the point of fission in the body of the amoeba, a
constriction starts to develop.
 The constriction or furrow turns deeper resulting in the
formation of two daughter cells
(b) Budding in yeast
 Protuberance or a tiny outgrowth is observed on the parent
cell
 Division of the nucleus is observed which is later seen in
the bud
 Repetitive budding leads to the formation of a chain of cells

Conclusions:
The prepared slides display asexual reproduction. One
individual is involved to produce a new offspring of its
own kind.
 Slides need to be aligned and focused accurately
 Sketch out your observation that is observed under a
microscope
 The slides first need to be examined under a low-power
magnification of the compound microscope and then under
high-power magnification.
EXPT NO.4
DATE:29-8-24
PARTS OF AN EMBRYO-DICOT SEED
Aim
To identify the different parts of an embryo of a
dicot seed
Material Required
 Seeds of red kidney bean/gram
 Forceps
 Magnifying glass
 Cloth
 Petri dish
 Water

Procedure
 Soak a few seeds overnight
 Next morning, drain the excess water out
 Now wrap the seeds in a clean and a moist cloth for a day,
allow it to dry
 Next, carefully peel the seed coat
 With the help of forceps, dissect the seed so as to get two
equal halves
 Examine with the help of a magnifying glass. Carefully
identify and locate different parts of the seed
  Sketch out the interior of the seed you examined labeling
all the parts as shown in the diagram.

Diagram

Observation
 The bean seed resembles the shape of a kidney. It has a
convex and a concave side
 A scar known as the hilum is observed on the slightly
darker side of the concave side
 A tiny pore known as the micropyle is located just adjacent
to the hilum
 The seed is enclosed by a seed coat
 The embryo possesses two distinct and large cotyledons
that resemble the shape of a kidney and are white in color
 Lateral attachment of the cotyledons to the curved
embryonal axis is observed
  Radicle is examined. It is the rod-shaped and lightly
protrusive lower end of the embryonal axis that is found
placed towards the micropylar end.
 The upper end of the embryonal axis exhibits the plumule
 Hypocotyl is observed which is a section of the embryo
axis found in between the radicle and adjunct of cotyledon
leaves
 The epicotyl is also observed which is the section of the
embryo axis between the adjunct of cotyledon leaves and
plumule

Conclusion
Three principle parts of the embryo of dicot seeds
are observed, they are:
 Cotyledons
 Plumule
 Radicle