[Câu 1]
Some social scientists say that while an emphasis on preserving civil liberties is key to
democracy, public understanding of history is also central to public comprehension of state
politics, and if a citizenry is to function, historical issues cannot remain the domain only of
experts. In short, knowledge of history is not __________ and must not be left to historians
alone.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. inaccessible
B. supererogatory
C. egalitarian
D. prosaic
[Câu 2]
A number of recording artists __________ Indigenous music with other musical styles. For
example, Choctaw singer-songwriter Samantha Crain incorporated elements of Choctaw
hymns into folk-pop on her single “When We Remain,” and Wayuu singer-songwriter Lido
Pimienta combined Afro-Indigenous music from Colombia with Latin pop on her album Miss
Colombia.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. castigate
B. invalidate
C. coalesce
D. disparage
[Câu 3]
When discussing literary movements in Spain, scholars regularly characterize the works of
Miguel de Unamuno as especially representative of the Generation of ’98. The reasons for this
characterization may seem __________, but linking Unamuno with the Generation of ’98 risks
disregarding the subtleties in his style that do not neatly conform to the conventions of this
literary movement.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. discordant
B. ostentatious
C. unassailable
D. incendiary
[Câu 4]
The somber chronicle by Livy of the Gracchi uprising and the ensuing backlash appears to
have been written with __________ intent: to curb unguarded zeal for similar ventures by
highlighting their risks.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. an equivocal
B. an ulterior
C. a prophylactic
D. a pragmatic
[Câu 5]
In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Caracas,
Venezuela, and of Fortaleza, Brazil, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 1,043
respondents from Caracas, 84.7% indicated that they use the city parks, and of the 938
respondents from Fortaleza, 35.7% indicated using city parks. It may be tempting to assume
the difference is due to different levels of access to parks; however, given that the percentage
of Caracas respondents who reported living within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower
than that reported by Fortaleza respondents, greater proximity alone can’t explain the
difference in park use.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A. It introduces a counterexample to the scenario described earlier in the text.
B. It provides context to help understand the scope of the researchers’ survey.
C. It marks a shift from a discussion of the researchers’ conclusion to a discussion of their
methods.
D. It presents a potential explanation for the team’s findings that the text goes on to refute.
[Câu 6]
Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function
of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless
simulated attacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which
ranged from clicks in Actias luna to whistles in Eumorpha achemon. Although some insects
use sound to communicate with members of their species, the researchers claim that the
caterpillar sounds recorded in their study are not directed primarily at predators.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Bura and colleagues’ claim?
A. In most cases, the sound that a caterpillar species produced during simulated attacks was
not produced by other caterpillar species during simulated attacks.
B. When caterpillar sounds were played back to potential predators, they did not exhibit any
B. When caterpillar sounds were played back to potential predators, they did not exhibit any
change in attack rates.
C. Each caterpillar species tended to produce one sound during simulated attacks, although
individuals occasionally made a variety of other sounds during simulated attacks as well.
D. None of the species that emitted sounds did so before the simulated attacks, and nearly all
stopped emitting sounds within ten seconds after the attacks.
[Câu 7]
Geneticist Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration in which Jocelyn Plassais and
other researchers investigated the evolutionary history of size variation in modern dogs. The
researchers identified multiple versions of the gene regulating the production of IGF-1
(insulin-like growth factor 1) in dogs and found that dogs of the same breed consistently share
the same version of the gene. In a discussion of the study, a student hypothesizes that small
breeds of dogs (for example, toy poodles) must share a version that represses IGF-1
production that would otherwise confer larger body size.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the student’s claim?
A. The majority of the most prevalent dog breeds have limited activity in the gene that
regulates IGF-1 production.
B. The gene that regulates IGF-1 production is not the only gene that influences body size in
dogs but is the only such gene that shows within-breed version consistency.
C. The degree of size variation among dogs is greater than that of any other land-based
mammal.
D. Certain large dog breeds, such as Great Danes, have been found to share the same version
of the IGF-1 gene as toy poodles.
[Câu 8]
In “On the Road,” a 1957 novel by Jack Kerouac originally written in English, Kerouac portrays
a group of friends embarking on a cross-country trip as feeling newly empowered and
confident when initiating the next phase of their adventure. __________
Which quotation from “On the Road” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “The gentle rhythm of jazz music floated from the nightclub, mingling quietly with the hum
of passing cars on the boulevard.”
B. “They drove for hours, crossing flat stretches of prairie land and endless fields of grain,
until finally, a dusk approached, they glimpsed distant city lights shimmering beyond a winding
highway.”
C. “The travelers straightened proudly in their seats, absorbing the limitless expanse before
them—the vast open plains, the dusky skies stretching into eternity, and the cool breeze
carrying scents from distant mountains. Accelerating eagerly, they felt as though each mile
traversed reinforced their claim to freedom.”
D. “Just before leaving Denver behind, Neal stopped the car, stepped onto the roadside, knelt
down solemnly, and pressed his palm gently against the earth.”
[Câu 9]
In the 1970s, various countries began implementing environmental regulations to reduce
industrial pollution. This movement included the United States’ Clean Air Act in 1970,
Germany’s Federal Immission Control Act in 1974, and so on. In an analysis of environmental
data from 1960 to 1985, Dr. Laura Green and Dr. Mark Thompson found that the
implementation of such regulations did not lead to sustained reductions in industrial pollution
levels in the countries that adopted them. Dr. Emily Carter, however, found that, on average,
pollution levels in countries with new environmental regulations decreased significantly in the
first few years following the implementation of these regulations. Taken together, these results
suggest that __________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. pollution reduction is likely to be more consistent in countries with environmental
regulations than in countries without them.
B. It typically takes at least a few years for industries to adapt to environmental regulations,
but governments rarely maintain such regulations for that long.
C. environmentalists’ expectations about the effect of regulations on pollution were largely
correct.
D. industries in countries that implement environmental regulations will probably see short-
term reductions in pollution, but these improvements are unlikely to be sustained.
[Câu 10]
To minimize the vulnerability of materials used in space telescope mirrors—particularly their
susceptibility to surface corrosion due to prolonged exposure to radiation and thermal
variations—astronomers have introduced aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)-based ceramic substrates.
Astronomer Dr. Anika Singh and colleagues comparatively analyzed the thermal stability and
corrosion resistance of various commercially produced Al₂O₃ ceramics. Their investigation
indicated that, compared to two traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics, a zirconium-doped
Al₂O₃ ceramic showed significantly lower rates of corrosion under consistent radiation
exposure and stable temperature conditions. These findings imply that __________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. unlike the traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics, zirconium-doped Al₂O₃ ceramic
effectively resists surface corrosion, but only under carefully controlled radiation and
temperature environments.
B. telescope mirrors produced from the traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics possess
chemical attributes that are notably more mechanically and thermally stable in space
equipment than mirrors utilizing the zirconium-doped Al₂O₃ ceramic.
C. mirrors fabricated using the zirconium-doped Al₂O₃ ceramic could maintain optical clarity
under prolonged radiation exposure more effectively than mirrors fabricated from either
traditionally synthesized oxide ceramic.
D. the two traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics display similar capabilities in preventing
surface corrosion caused by radiation and stable temperature conditions, potentially
extending the operational lifespan of telescope mirrors.
10
To minimize the vulnerability of materials used in space telescope mirrors—particularly their
susceptibility to surface corrosion due to prolonged exposure to radiation and thermal
variations—astronomers have introduced aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)-based ceramic substrates.
Astronomer Dr. Anika Singh and colleagues comparatively analyzed the thermal stability and
corrosion resistance of various commercially produced Al₂O₃ ceramics. Their investigation
indicated that, compared to two traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics, a zirconium-doped
Al₂O₃ ceramic showed significantly lower rates of corrosion under consistent radiation
exposure and stable temperature conditions. These findings imply that ______.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. unlike the traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics, zirconium-doped Al₂O₃ ceramic
effectively resists surface corrosion, but only under carefully controlled radiation and
temperature environments.
B. telescope mirrors produced from the traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics possess
chemical attributes that more notably enhance mechanical and thermal stability in space
equipment than mirrors containing zirconium-doped Al₂O₃ ceramics.
C. mirrors fabricated using the zirconium-doped Al₂O₃ ceramic could maintain optical clarity
under prolonged radiation exposure more effectively than mirrors fabricated from either
traditionally synthesized oxide ceramic.
D. the two traditionally synthesized oxide ceramics display similar capabilities in preventing
surface corrosion caused by radiation exposure and stable temperature conditions, potentially
extending the operational lifespan of telescope mirrors.
11
The following text is adapted from L. Frank Baum’s 1911 novel The Sea Fairies. Mayre Griffiths,
nicknamed Trot, is a little girl. Cap’n Bill Weedles is a retired sailor with a wooden leg.
Trot liked Cap’n Bill and had a great deal of confidence in his wisdom, and a great love for him
as well. He used to take her on long trips and wasches and row her about the bay and the
ocean in his little white boat with two blue stripes and a sail like a jacksnipe’s tail. In the village
were many boys and girls of her own age, but she never had as much fun playing with them as
she had wandering by the sea accompanied by the old sailor and listening to his fascinating
stories.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To describe the various toys that Cap’n Bill Weedles can make for children.
B. To illustrate the special bond and unique relationship Trot has for Cap’n Bill
C. To compare the playtime activities of Trot with those of other children in the village.
D. To emphasize the loneliness Trot feels when she is not with Cap’n Bill.
12
The following text is from Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein, who
narrates this portion of text, describes the state of scientific knowledge as he began his own
study of the natural world.
The untaught peasant beheld the elements around him and was acquainted with their practical
uses. The most learned philosopher knew little more. He had partially unveiled the face of
Nature, but her immortal countenance was still a wonder and a mystery. He might dissect,
anatomize, and give names, but, not to speak of a final cause, causes in their secondary and
tertiary grades were utterly unknown to him. I had gazed upon the fortifications and
impediments that seemed to keep human beings from entering the citadel of nature, and
rashly and ignorantly I had repined.
Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?
A. Victor became disappointed in science when he realized that the practical knowledge
laypeople have of nature is often deeper than the scientific understanding.
B. Victor was impressed by the layperson’s practical understanding of nature but thought
science provided a clearer understanding.
C. Victor was immediately impressed by the advantages of the scientific approach to
understanding natural phenomena.
D. Victor thinks that conventional scientific approaches to understanding natural phenomena
will not yield the answers he seeks.
13
In 2015, the city government’s launch of a new civic initiative serves as a prime example of
policy extension—the administration utilized its well-established successes in urban
development to branch into a new realm of public service. A key inquiry arising from this move
is whether the perceived similarity between different policy domains can forecast how likely
citizens are to support these extended initiatives. To address this, Dr. Elaine Ramirez and her
team examined 30 pairs of related policy programs (for instance, initiatives in public
transportation and community planning) over 52 weeks involving nearly 60,000 residents, and
for each pair, they computed how the probability of citizens endorsing one initiative changed
when they had already supported another initiative by the same administration.
Which option best outlines a study design that would most effectively produce evidence to
answer Ramirez et al.’s research question?
A. Survey a representative group of residents to gauge the level of public trust in the
administration behind each initiative in the extended program pairs, and then analyze if that
trust level is related to the average cost of each program.
B. Request that a representative group of residents rate how similar one initiative in each
extended program pair is to other programs within the same policy field, and then determine
whether those similarity ratings are associated with variation in support probability.
C. Ask a representative group of residents to assess how similar the policy areas are for each
extended program pair, then examine whether those similarity assessments are related with
the observed change in the likelihood of citizens supporting one initiative when another is
endorsed.
D. Poll a representative group of citizens to measure the degree of public trust in the
administration that launched the initiatives in the extended program pairs, and then assess if
this trust correlates with residents’ willingness to answer whether one group of residents
supported at least one program from the administration.
14
Text 1:
In 2020, the city of Kyoto, Japan, was designated as a City of Innovation by UNESCO in
acknowledgment of its groundbreaking contributions to technology and culture. The accolade
is widely celebrated among both local residents and international visitors. Clearly, UNESCO’s
selection of Kyoto has heightened awareness of the city’s technological advancements,
creative industries, and innovators, while also enhancing its appeal as a global tourist
destination.
Many residents of Kyoto anticipated that technological tourism would flourish following the
city’s recognition as a City of Innovation in 2020. Nonetheless, as researcher Alicia Fernandez
and colleagues argue, cities must still implement robust marketing strategies to fully capitalize
on such recognition. Without a concerted effort to highlight Kyoto’s innovation sector, many
current and potential visitors may remain unaware of the city’s pioneering achievements.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined
claim in Text 1?
(The underlined part is: “UNESCO’s selection of Kyoto has heightened awareness of the city’s
technological advancements…”)
A. By arguing that the UNESCO’s recognition of Kyoto was well merited because of the city’s
technological breakthroughs.
B. By noting that there are other advantages to being named a City of Innovation beyond
increased tourism.
C. By suggesting that Kyoto’s status as a City of Innovation may not be widely known outside
of Japan.
D. By claiming that Kyoto’s innovators were chiefly responsible for the city’s recognition by
UNESCO.
15
Text 1:
According to a report by an environmental advocacy group representing 15 indigenous tribes
in the Pacific Northwest, the sockeye salmon (yáa at in the Haida language) will face
significantly more adverse effects over the next few decades than are modeled assuming
higher temperature increases are accurate. In contrast, the Roosevelt elk (spay in Haida) is
expected to endure the highest projected temperature rises with minimal negative impact,
indicating that it likely will not require the same level of conservation efforts as the sockeye
salmon.
Text 2:
Federal agencies in the United States are constrained by resources and cannot address all
potential threats to ecosystems. These agencies must rely on the best available data to
prioritize which species are most at risk and therefore in greatest need of conservation
initiatives.
Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement?
A. A collaborative approach is necessary to prevent temperature increases in the Pacific
Northwest from reaching the highest projected levels.
B. Agencies involved in ecosystem management in the Pacific Northwest should concentrate
their conservation efforts more on the sockeye salmon than on the Roosevelt elk.
C. Conservation initiatives focused on the sockeye salmon are more likely to succeed if they
integrate the resources of state and federal agencies with the expertise of indigenous tribes.
D. State, federal, and indigenous groups involved in ecosystem management in the Pacific
Northwest should immediately initiate conservation programs for both the sockeye salmon and
Roosevelt elk.
16
Text 1:
Linda J. Rodriguez’s 2010 novel The Forgotten Realms, an evocative narrative delving into
culture and identity set in New Mexico during the early 20th century, has been categorized as
historical fiction. While it might seem that The Forgotten Realms’ significance lies in the past
rather than Rodriguez’s contemporary world, The Forgotten Realmsfeatures a far richer and
more intricate tale than the simple historical concept suggested by the term “historical
fiction.”
Text 2:
Some scholars dismiss historical fiction as an insubstantial genre where authors flaunt their
expertise in period specifics rather than crafting substantial narratives. However, historical
fiction can be a medium for exploring profound themes and intricate characters—indeed, many
authors find that writing about the past grants them creative liberty that they would not have if
they wrote about the present.
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about
The Forgotten Realmsadvanced by the author of Text 1?
A. By arguing that Rodriguez demonstrates an extensive understanding of historical nuances
in The Forgotten Realms.
B. By claiming that the author of Text 1 has underestimated the narrative depth and intricacy
of The Forgotten Realms.
C. By conceding that the historical fiction genre includes numerous works that are less
sophisticated than The Forgotten Realms.
D. By asserting that the dismissive attitude in describing The Forgotten Realms as historical
fiction shows a fundamental misunderstanding of the genre.
17
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
In Germany, it is common for a town or city to be known by a moniker that corresponds to one
of its notable characteristics, such as its topography, climate, renowned inhabitants, or
primary industries. For instance, the German city of Freiburg has been dubbed “the Green
City,” a nickname that alludes to what the area is well _______ its eco-friendly initiatives and
abundant green spaces.
A. recognized for
B. recognized for:
C. recognized for,
D. recognized for.
18
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
Machu Picchu is an ancient site in present-day Peru and was a significant urban center of the
Inca Empire (15th century CE). Historian Carlos Huayana recently visited Machu Picchu to
examine its intricate _______ constructed atop a mountain ridge; these terraces and buildings
appear to merge effortlessly with the natural landscape.
A. terraces.
B. terraces,
C. terraces:
D. terraces—
19
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
In 1963, American historian John Anderson published his groundbreaking book The Rise of the
American _______comprehensive analysis of the country’s economic development during the
19th century. Anderson’s book offered a fresh perspective on the factors that shaped the
nation’s growth.
A. Economy a
B. Economy, which was a
C. Economy a,
D. Economy. A
20
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
From a distance, the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics appear to be elaborate drawings, their
symbols and figures so detailed that it appears they were drawn with meticulous care. Yet,
upon closer inspection, these hieroglyphics prove to be _______ inscriptions intricately carved
into the stone walls of ancient temples and tombs.
A. scripts, and the
B. scripts the
C. scripts, the
D. scripts. The
Câu 21
The Louvre Museum in Paris, France, and the British Museum in London, United Kingdom, are
two of numerous museums worldwide committed to preserving cultural heritage ______
displaying historical artifacts and promoting art and history education.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. artifacts, both ancient and modern,
B. artifacts, both ancient and modern;
C. artifacts, both ancient and modern
D. artifacts both ancient and modern,
Câu 22
Like much scholarly research, a significant 2022 investigation into the structural integrity of
carbon nanotubes, published in Scientific Reports, reflects the collective endeavors and
expertise of multiple _____. Emily Johnson is listed first, Ahmed Al-Hassan, Priya Patel, and
other coauthors also made crucial contributions to the research.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. scientists;
B. scientists, while
C. scientists.
D. scientists: while
Câu 23
On March 6, 2002, Canadian geologists detected a striking and unusual phenomenon
occurring in the Basin of Meso, 160 kilometers from ______ eruption of a massive volcano, also
known as a supervolcano event, an extremely violent yet transient occurrence that typically
results from the collapse of a magma chamber.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. Iceland. The
B. Iceland, it was the
C. Iceland: the
D. Iceland, the
Câu 24
Critics have lauded James Baldwin’s 1963 essay “The Fire Next Time” for its intricate depiction
of racial tensions in Harlem. The essay shouldn’t be viewed as merely a reflection of Baldwin’s
_____, the range of the writer’s influences, which span from the Bible to the works of Richard
Wright and Henry James.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. environment, though. Considering
B. environment; though, considering
C. environment, though, considering
D. environment; though considering
Câu 25
As a proponent of classical economic theory, the British economist Thomas Malthus expressed
reservations regarding government interventions in the economy and argued against the
implementation of protective trade policies. _____, articles appearing in the Edinburgh
Economic Review in January 1815 under the pen name “Observer” sharply criticized the
rationale presented by advocates of protectionism, who favored restrictive economic
measures.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Conversely,
B. Fittingly,
C. Nonetheless,
D. That is,
Câu 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
● She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American
figures in water.
● The painting Lightness of Being (24 × 30 in) depicts a young man with his arms
outstretched floating on the right side of the canvas.
● Lost in the Shuffle (36 × 24 in) depicts two young men with their arms outstretched
floating in the bottom left and upper right corners of the canvas.
● She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including periwinkle and cobalt.
● The mood in the paintings is placid.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize
the location of the figures in Lost in the Shuffle?
A. While the number of figures may differ, constant among Rawles’s hyperrealistic works is the
placid mood that the paintings evoke.
B. In Rawles’s painting Lost in the Shuffle, two young men are depicted in the bottom left and
upper right corners of the canvas.
C. At 36 by 24 inches, Rawles’s Lost in the Shuffle is even larger than the sizable 24-by-30-
inch painting Lightness of Being.
D. Rawles captures the water in paintings such as Lightness of Being and Lost in the Shuffle in
vivid hues of periwinkle and cobalt.
Câu 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● A 2022 investigation examined how efficiently 17 mammal species metabolized
nutrients and consumed oxygen.
● Researchers measured metabolic efficiency in terms of metabolic output per minute
(Metabolic Rate, MR).
● Across the 17 mammal species studied, metabolic rates showed remarkable
consistency, averaging about 120 units of energy per minute.
● Researchers also measured respiratory frequency, or breaths per minute (Breathing
Rate, BR).
● Mice had the second-highest BR at 150 breaths per minute.
● Elephants had the second-lowest BR at 6 breaths per minute.
The student wants to present an overview of the study’s findings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Although the breathing rates among various mammal species differed significantly,
metabolic rates across all 17 species remained relatively constant.
B. The 2022 study measured the metabolic efficiency (MR) of 17 mammal species in terms of
energy output per minute.
C. Elephants ranked second-lowest in breathing rate, substantially below mice, which ranked
second-highest; however, elephants had the higher metabolic efficiency of the two species.
D. Researchers concluded that energy metabolism occurred more rapidly in mice, at 150
breaths per minute, compared to elephants, at 6 breaths per minute.
