cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf lhNnf tyf

k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL

km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]

dlxnf, sfg'g / ljsf; d~r (FWLD)

clje]b / ;dfgtfsf nflu sfo{/t
 cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL

km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]

k|sfzg g+=M !(@

ljifo ;"rL
!= g'dsnf kf08] ;d]t lj= lhNnf gjnk/f;L sfof{no, k/f;L ;d]t !
@= g'dsnf kf08] ;d]t lj= /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no k/f;L ;d]t $
#= uf]ljGb k|;fb ltdlN;gf lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no dsjfgk'/ ;d]t *
$= nlntf >]i7 lj= x]6f}8f gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ ;d]t !#
%= ;l/tf >]i7 lj= x]6f}8f gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ !&
^= nlntf >]i7 lj= vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{, sfo{sf/L ;ldlt, dsjfgk'/ ;d]t @@
&= nlntf >]i7 lj= x]6f}8f gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ @*
*= xl/rGb| kf;jfg lj= dflqsf k|;fb /fhj+zL ;d]t #%
(= leidk|;fb ;fksf]6f lj= dflqsf k|;fb /fhj+zL ;d]t #&
!)= ls:gL df]rL ;d]t lj= lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ ;d]t #(
!!= ;'lgns'df/ s0f{ lj= lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, df]/ª ;d]t $@
!@= /fh]g If]qL s8]n lj= lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, df]/ª ;d]t $^
!#= /fh]Gb| /fhwfdL ;d]t lj= ;'g;/L df]/ª l;+rfO of]hgf, lj/f6gu/ ;d]t $(
!$= b'vgnfn l;+ ugufO ;d]t lj= ;lrgfgGb l;+x ;d]t %@
!%= d's'Gb k|;fb ef/tL lj= ;'g;/L df]/ª l;+rfO of]hgf, lj/f6gu/ ;d]t %%
!^= clwjQmf sdnk|;fn vgfn ;d]t lj= df]/ª lhNnf 6ª\sLl;gjf/L uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no ;d]t %*
!&= ljZjlht ltjf/L ;d]t lj= e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, g]kfnu~h ;d]t ^%
!*= clwjQmf ;'lgn >]i7 ;d]t lj lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs] ;d]t ^*
!(= clwjQmf ;'lgn s'df/>]i7 ;d]t lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs];d]t &@
@)= clwjQmf k|efs/ e§/fO{ ;d]t lj= g]kfnu~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, afFs] &^
@!= clwjQmf ;'lgn s'df/ >]i7 ;d]t lj= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no afFs] ;d]t &(
@@= /fd zf]x/t ltjf/L ;d]t lj= oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, afFs] ;d]t *$
@#= clwjQmf 7fs'/ l;+x yf? ;d]t lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of ;d]t *(
@$= c?0f s'df/ ltjf/L ;d]t lj= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f If]qLo sfof{no, g]kfnu~h ;d]t ($
@%= clwjQmf ljZjlht ltjf/L ;d]t lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs] ;d]t (*
 >L gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfnt
O{hnf;
dfggLo lhNnf GofofwLz >L nIdL/fd 9'+ufgf

km};nf
d'=g+= )&)–WO–))!)
lg0f{o g+= #(%

d'2f M lgif]wf1f

lhNnf gjnk/f;L wf}jfbL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & 3/e}xfn lh=g= /fdu|fd g=kf= j8f g+= # t/sf/L
k;n u/L a:g]jif{ #^ sf]g'dsnf kf08]==========================================================================================================================================================================!
lh=g= /fdu|fd g=kf= j8f g+= % a:g]jif{ #& sL uf]ljGbL el/g ================================================================================================================! jfbL
lj?4
lhNnf gjnk/f;L /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf sfof{no, k/f;L ================================================================================================================================!
pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, k/f;L, gjnk/f;L ====================================================================================================================================================================================! k|ltjfbL

sfuh
gful/stfsf k|ltlnlk ;d]tsf sfuhftx¿ ======================!

cbfntaf6 a'em]sf]
;fIfL M x
sfuhM
lgj]bsn] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] k'=j]= c= a'6jnaf6 ePsf] pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z d'2fdf ePsf] cfb]z
;lxtsf sfuhftx¿sf k|ltlnlkx¿ ========================!
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf & Pj+ lhNnf cbfnt %M)) ah]sf];dodf gu/kflnsfsf]uf8L lnO{ cfO{ d
lgodfjnL @)%@ sf]lgod !* ;d]t n]o;}cbfntsf] lgj]lbsf g'dsnfn]Joj;fo ug{ cfkm\g};6/sf]7fleq
If]qflwsf/cGtu{t kg]{eO{ bfo/x'g cfPsf]k|:t't /
fv] sf]?= $) kg] { ^ lsnf]
, ?= @% kg] { k|ltlsnf]
d'2fsf]ljj/0f /lg0f{o o; k|sf/5M aGbfuf]e L % lsnf]/k|ltlsnf]?= $) kg]{6df6/!%
xfdL lgj]bsx¿ dWo]d g'dsnf kf08]n]lj=;+= @)^% lsnf]u/L hDdf @^ s]=hL= tyf d uf]ljGbsf]6+sL k;n
;fnb]lv g} t/sf/L Joj;fo ;+rfng u/L cfPsf]df leq /x]sf]?= % k|ltlsnf]kg]{aGbfuf]e L !) lsnf], ?=
lj=;+= @)^( ;fndf ljkIfL dWo] sf /fdu|fd g=kf= sf] #) k|ltlsnf]kg]{km;L{ % lsnf], ?= $) k|ltlsnf]kg]{
sfo{noaf6 t/sf/L Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{u/L k|df0f nf}sL % lsnf]/?= & k|ltlsnf]kg]{@ lsnf]d6/sf];f
kq lnO ljkIfL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df btf{ ;d]t u/L u/L hDdf @) lsnf]u/L xfdL lgj]b sx¿sf]hDdf $^
Joj;flos s/;d]t lt/L ;f]Joj:yf u/L cfPsL 5' . lsnf]sf pQ pkef]Uo vfB j:t'x¿nfO{ oxfF a]r  lavg
lgj]bs dWo] uf]ljGbLn] klg @)%^ ;fnb]lv t/sf/L ug{ lb+b}gf}, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3;Fu s'/f eO;s]sf]5
k;n u/L nfUg]:yfgLo s/lt/L cfPsL cj:yfdf tkfO{x¿n];AhL d08Ldf uP/ahf/nufpg'xf];\ elg
ljkIfL /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfn] x'Fb} gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u lnO{ uPsf x'g\ eg]d uf]ljGbL e/Lgsf];f]xL lbg sl/j
u/L :j]R5frf/L 9+un] xfdLnfO{ ;f] gu/kflnsfsf s]xL @))) a/fa/sf] ljleGg ;AhLx¿ ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn]
sd{rf/ Lx¿ ldlt @)&).!@.@! ut] sf lbg ;fFem c+= d g'dsnfsf]pQm j:t'x¿ lkmtf{ u/L ca cfOGbf oxfF

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 1
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
;AhL ga]Rg'xf];  \ a]Rg' eof]eg];a};fdfgx¿ sAhf / Jofkf/Joj;fo u/]sf t/sf/L df5f df;' kmnkm'n 7]nf
hkmt u5f}{+elg df}lvs wDsL lbPsf]t/d uf]ljGbLsf] Joj;foLx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] b}lgs
s'g}klg ;fdfgx¿ lkmtf{ ug'{ ePg . ;f]36gf kZrft\ xf6 ahf/If] qdf nuL Jofkf/Joj;fo ug{ cg'/ f]
w
xfdLn]ljkIfL pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3 gjnk/ f;Ldf uO{ ul/Psf]xf] . h;af6 hgtfnfO{ Pp6}7fpFaf6 ;'ljwf
eGbf xfd|f]Joj;fosf];'/Iffsf]nflu s'g}k|aGw gu/L kfpg ;s'g eGg] p2]Zo ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ljkIfLx¿n]
ljkIfL gu/kflnsfsf] u}/sfg'gL sfo{nfO{ df}g ;dy{g eg] h:t} lghx¿sf] t/sf/L n'6\g] gf]S;fg ug]{ sfd
ul/a;s]s  f]df k'gM ldlt @)&!.)!.)* ut]sf lbg ljkIfL xfdLaf6 ePsf]5} g . cJojl: yt ?kdf km'6kfydf
gu/kflnsfsf pg} sd{rf/Lx¿n] xfd|f] pkef]Uo j:t'x¿ a;]sf Jofkf/ LnfO{ km'6kfy vfnL ug{ cg'/ f]
w u/ L
lnO{ hfG5f}+s]ug{ ;S5f}xfdLn]gu/kflnsfaf6 lgod ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ePsf]xf]ljkIfLx¿n];6/ef8fdf
agfPsf 5f}+cbfntn]s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g elg ;Ddflgt lnPsf]7fpFdf k;n g/fv]/oqtq ;8s k]6Ldf /fvL
cbfnt k|ltsf]cf:yf ;d]t 36fpg]u/L wDsL lbO ;8s hfd ug]{ tl/sfaf6 lg:s]sf] 7fpFdf ;8]un]sf]
xfdLx¿sf ;fdfgx¿ p7fO{ lnO{ hfg'sf ;fy};fdfgx¿ t/sf/L ;8sdf oqtq kmfNg] u/s ] fn] ;f] gug{ cg'/fw]
lkmtf{ gu/L xfdLnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL k'¥ofO{ wDsL lbO{ ul/Psf] xf]  . clxn] s'g} afwf lj/f]w u/]sf 5}gf}+ l/6
k'gM ;AhLx¿ hkmt ug]{n'6kf6 u/L n}hfg]df}lvs lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fdu|fd
?kn] eGb} cfPsf]n] pQm n]lvPsf sfg'gx¿n] k|bfg g=kf= sf]lnlvt hjfkm .
u/s
] f] :jR5 v'nf / k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/ Jofkf/ Joj;fo ljkIfL dWo]s f pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3 k/ f;Ln]o;
ug]{xsdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg]k|an z+sf /;+efjgf ePsf]n  ] cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]Dofbleq lnvt hjfkm glkm/fO{
ljkIfLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] u/L cfPsf] pQm t/sf/Lsf] Jofkf/ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvof]  .
Joj;fo ug{ kfpg]xs / f]
Sg]Jojwfg ug] { jf xfgL
gf]S;fgL k'Ug]s'g} sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' elg ljkIfLx¿sf cbfntsf] 7x/
gfpFdf cljnDa cGtl/d cfb]z  ;d]t cljnDa hf/L u/L lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
kfpF . ;f]cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L gePdf ljkIfLx¿af6 k]z
 x'g cfPsf]k|:tt' d'2fdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
xfd|f] pk/f]Qm n]lvPsf] xsflwsf/x¿ s'l07t x'g ;Sg] ljåfg clwjQmf >L wg h};L zdf{ /ljåfg clwjQmf
k|an ;+efjgf /x]sfn] ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf lgif]wf1fsf] >L /d]z rf}w/L tyf ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf >L nLnfw/d/fl;gLn]k|:t 't ug'{ ePsf]jx;
lgj]bg kq . ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ d'2fsf]lsgf/f ul/
ldlt @)&!.!.@% df o;}cbfntaf6 @)&).!.#) lbP x'g] e} lgj]bssf] dfu bfjL adf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf]
;Ddsf] nflu ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf s'g} k|sf/sf] x:tIf]k cfb]z hf/L x'g]xf]jf xf]O g eGg];Gbe{df lg0f{o lbg'
gug'{ gu/fpg' elg cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf]ldlt kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  .
@)&!.!.#) df pQm cGtl/d cfb]z  df lg/Gt/tf k|bfg lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/u/L x]bf{, o;df lgj]lbsf g'dsdnf
ePsf]  . kf08] ;d]tn] xfdL lgj]bsx¿ sfg'g adf]lhd t/sf/Lsf]
o; /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf /fli6«o /cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf Jofkf/Joj;fo ul/cfPsf]df ljgf s'g}sf/0f tyf
a'4sflng O{ltxf;;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf]x'Fbf o; If]qdf cfwf/df ljkIfLx¿n]pQm Jofkf/Joj;fo gug'{ elg
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ko{6sx¿ / cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] Jojwfg lbO{ Jofkf/gug'{ elg wDsL lbPsf]n]xfd|f]
lbgfg'lbg rfk a9\b}uPsf]5 . gu/ sf]:j?knfO{ xs clwsf/df cf3ft kg]{k|an z+sf ;+efjgf /xs ] f]n]
:jR5 ;kmf /cfsif{0fo'Qm agfpg]p2]Zon];8s rf}8fO gful/s clwsf/P]g k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f P]g ,
ug] {, gfnL lgdf{0f ug] {, ;8s k] 6L agfpg]sfdnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g ;d]tsf cfwf/df xfd|f] Joj;fodf
gu/kflnsfn] k|fyldstf ;fy of]hgf th'd{ f u/s ] f] 5 . s'g}klg Jojwfg ug]{jf xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{sfo{ gug'{
o;}qmddf ldlt @)&).!!.!@ ut]o; gu/kflnsfdf gu/fpg' elg ljkIfLsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxtsf]
a;]sf] ;j{blno a}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ o; g=kf= lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF elg lbPsf] lgj]bg,
sf] zx/L If]qsf] rf/ lsNnf lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljkIfL / fdu|fd gu/ kflnsfaf6 k] z ePsf]lnlvt
5nkmn x'Fbf k"j{tkm{ lhNnf k'z;]jf sfof{no klZrd hjfkmdf ldlt @)&).!!.!@ ut]gu/kflnsfdf a;]s  f]
tkm{ d+eml/of rf]s /pQ/tkm{ lgnf]u]6 /blIf0f ;j{blno a}7 saf6 u/s ] f]lg0f{o cg';f/$ lsNnf tf]sL
tkm{ SofDk;rf] s olt rf/lsNnf;Dd xfn ljsf; cJojl:yt ?kdf ;8s k]6L tyf k'm6kfydf oqtq
ug]{zx/L If]qsf]l;df dfgL pQm If]qleq cJojl:yt cfkm'v'zL Jofkf/ Joj;fo u/]sf] t/sf/L, df5f, df;',
?kdf ;8s k]6L tyf km'6kfydf oqtq cfkm'v'zL a;L kmnkm'n 7]nf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkg

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

2 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
u/]sf] b}lgs xf6ahf/ If]qdf nlu Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg nflu lgj] lbsfx¿sf]Jofkf/Joj;fodf s'g}klg
ug{ cg'/f]w ul/lbPsf] xf]  . ljkIfLsf] df}lns xs xgg Jojwfg jf xfgL gf]S ;fgL ug]{sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg'
x'g] u/L s'g} sfd sf/jfxL ul/lbPsf] 5}g l/6 lgj]bg elg ljkIfLx¿sf gfpdf of]lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z hf/L
vf/]h u/L kfpF elg pNn]v ePsf] / lgj]lbsfsf] ePsf]n];f]sf]hfgsf/L ljKfIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' ==========!
dfu adf]lhd ldlt @)&!.!.@%.% df o; cbfntaf6  o; O{G;fkmdf lrQ ga'em] df #% lbgleq >L
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L eO/x]sf]df log} lgj]lbsf ;d]tn] k'g/fj]b g cbfnt a'6jndf k'g/fj]b g ug{ hfg' elg
/
fdu|fd gu/ kflnsfsf]ldlt @)&).!!.!@ sf]lg0f{o ljkIfL /fdu|fd g=kf= sf gfddf k'g/fj]bgsf]Dofb
pk/ pTk|]if0f o'Qm k/dfb]zsf] dfu u/L cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{ /pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k/f;Ln]lnlvt
;d]t sf]dfu ePsf]d f k'g/fj]b g cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ldlt hjfkm glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lv+bf
@)&!.#.@@.! df o; gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntaf6 c=j++ @)* g++ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf]Dofb lbO{/xg'
ldlt @)&!.!.@%.% df cGtl/d cfb]z e};s]sf] eGg] k/]g ===============================================================================================================================@
lgj]bgdf g} pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+bf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L  ;/fs] f/fjfnn] gSsn dfu u/d] f lgodfg';f/ nfUg]
ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvPsf] elg cfb]z b:t'/lnO{ gSsn lbg' =====================================================================#
ePsf] b]lv+bf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 wo–)!))  k|:
t't d'2fsf]bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n
pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bgdf clGtd lg0f{o lgodfg';f/clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{lbg' =====================$
gx'Fbf;Ddsf] nflu lgj]lbsfx¿sf] Jofkf/ Joj;fodf
s'g}klg Jojwfg jf xfgL gf] S;fgL ug] { sfo{ gug'{ df=Gof= Ho"n]af]nL l6kfP adf]lhd km};
 nf 6fOk ug]{
gu/fpg' elg ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf of]lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z ;=s=c= xl/snf vfDrf
hf/ L ul/ lbPsf]5 . cGo s'/fsf]xsdf tkl;n kmfF6jfnf gf=;'= huGgfy Gof}kfg]
adf]lhd ug'{ .
==================================================
tkl;n lhNnf GofofwLz
 ljkIfL / fdu|fd g=kf= tyf pBf]
u jfl0fHo ;+3
k/f;L s] = dfyL 7x/ v 08df n]lvP adf]lhd Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn c;f/dlxgf ut]/f]h df z'ed
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 wo–)!)) pTk|i] f0fo'Qm =========================== .
k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bgdf clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Ddsf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 3
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jn
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfzrGb| uh'/]n
dfggLo GofofwLz >L jL/]Gb| s'df/s0f{

cfb]z
d'2f g+= )&)–WO–)!)), lg=g+= @(

d'2f M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

lhNnf gjnk/f;L wf}afbL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & 3/eO{ xfn lh=g=kf= /fdu|fd g=kf= j8f g+= # k/f;Ldf
t/sf/L k;n u/L a:g] g'dsnf kf08] =====================================================================================================================================================================================!
lh=g=kf= /fdu|fd g=kf= j8f g+= % k/f;L a:g]uf]ljGbL el/g =======================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
gjnk/f;L lhNnf /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfsf]sfof{no k/f;L ==========================================================================================================================!
gu/k|d'v tyf sfo{sf/L clws[t >L hLjg 1jfnL, /fdu|fd g=kf= gjnk/f;L ===========================================================!
pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, k/f;L, gjnk/f;L ===================================================================================================================================================================================!
cWoIf >L a}hgfy h};jfn -snjf/_, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, gjnk/f;L ====================================================================================!
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, gjnk/f;L =================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o; /?= &) k|lt s]hL kg]{@ s]hL d6/sf];f u/L hDdf
cbfntdf bfo/x'g cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo @) s] hL u/ L xfdL lgj]
bsx¿sf]hDdf $* s] hLsf
Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M pkef]Uo vfB j:t'x¿nfO{ oxfF a]r  lavg ug{ lb+b}gf} .
xfdL lgj]bsx¿ dWo]d g'dsnf kf08]n]lj=;+= @)^% pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3;Fu s'/f eO;s]sf]5 tkfO{x¿n]
;fnb]lv g} k/f;L ahf/df t/sf/L Joj;fo ;+rfng ;AhL d08Ldf uP/Jofkf/ug'{xf];\ elg ;fdfg lnP/
ub}{cfPsf]d f lj=;=+ @)^( ;fndf ljkIfL /fdu|fd g=kf=sf] uPsf x'g\ eg]d uf]ljGbL e/Lgsf];f]xL lbg sl/j
sfof{noaf6 t/ sf/ L Joj;fo ;+rfng ug] { k|df0fkq @))) a/fa/sf] ljleGg ;AhLx¿ ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn]
lnPsf]x'F . tTkZrft\ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df btf{ u/L uf8Ldf / fvL lnO{ uPsf] df ;f]sf]ef] lnkN6 d
Joj;flos s/;d]t lt/L Joj;fo u/L cfPsL 5' . g'dsnfsf]pQm ;fdfg lkmtf{ u/ L ca cfOGbf oxfF
lgj]bs dWo] uf] ljGbL e/Lgn]klg @)%^ ;fnb] lv ;AhLsf]Jofkf/gug'{ xf]nf . olb cab]lv pQm 7fpFdf
t/sf/L k;n ub}{ cfPsL / :yfgLo s/ lt/L cfPsf] ;AhLsf]Jofkf/u/d] f ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfgx¿ sAhf u/L hkmt
cj:yfdf ljkIfL /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf gjnk/f;Ln] ug]{5f}+ elg df}lvs wDsL lbPsf] t/ d uf]ljGbLsf]
cfkm"nfO{ gePsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L :jR] 5frf/L 9+un] s'g}klg ;fdfgx¿ lkmtf{ ug'{ ePg . ;f]36gf kZrft\
gu/fkflnsfsf s]xL sd{rf/Lx¿n] ldlt @)&).!@.@! xfdLx¿ ljkIfL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 gjnk/f;Ldf uO{
ut]sf lbg ;Ffem %M)) ah]sf];dodf gu/kflnsfsf] eGbf ;d]t xfd|f] Joj;fosf] ;'/Iffsf] s'g} k|aGw gu/L
uf8L lnO{ cfO{ d lgj]bLsf g'dsnfn]Jofkf/ug{ cfkm\g} a;]s  f]n] k'gM ldlt @)&!.)!.)* ut]sf lbg d g'dsnfsf]
;6/sf]7fleq /fv]sf]k|lt s]hL ?= $) kg]{^ s]hL af]8 L, nf}sf, d'nf u/L #! s]hL ;AhL gu/kflnsfsf
nf}sf, ?= @% kg]{k|lt s]hL aGbfuf]eL % s]hL, k|lt sd{rf/Ln] tkfO{n] xfd|f] s'/f gdfg]sf] x'Fbf eGb} ;fdfg
s]hL ?= $) kg]{6df6/!% s]hL u/L hDdf @^ s]=hL= ha/h:tL p7fO{ nu]sf]df lkmtf{ lbPgg\ . xfdLn]cfkm\
tyf d uf]ljGbL el/gsf]6+sL k;n leq /x]sf]?= @% gf];6/3/hUufdf Jofkf/Joj;fo ug{ kfpg]sfg'gL
k|lt s]hL kg]{aGbfuf]eL !) s]hL, ?= #) k|lt s]hL] xs k|fKt /x]sf]5 . xfdLn]s'g}klg ;fj{hlgs hUuf
kg]{km;L{ % s]hL, ?= $) k|lt s]hL kg]{% s]hL nf}sL jf ;8s k] 6Ldf a;L Joj;fog u/ sf]/sfg'gn]
]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

4 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
k|bfg u/]sf] :jR5, v'nf / k|lt:kwf{df ahf/ Joj;fo lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' egL ljkIfLsf]gfddf ;"rgf k7fO{
ug] { xsdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg]k|an ;Defjgf ePsf] n] lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf ;f]sf]cj:yf Joltt ePkl5
ljkIfLx¿sf pk/df >L gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ . lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z
;+jt\ @)&) ;fnsf]k'=g++ )&)–wo–))!) sf] cGtl/d dfu u/ ]tkm{ ljrf/ubf{ ;f] xL ljifodf gjnk/ f;L
cfb]z ;lxtsf] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF egL lhNnf cbfntaf6 lgif]wf1f d'2fdf ldlt @)&!.!.@%.%
l/6 lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL x'Fbf >L gjnk/f;L lhNnf df cGtl/d cfb]z e};s]sf] eGg] lgj]bgdf g} pNn]v
cbfntaf6 ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf lgj]bgsf]clGtd 6'Ëf] ePsf] b]lv+bf k|:t 't d'2fdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{
gnfu];Dd lgj]bsx¿sf] Jofkf/ Joj;fodf s'g} k|sf/sf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lv+bf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{
x:tIf]k gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z  ;d]t ldlt k/]g eGg]ldlt @)&!.#.@@ sf]o; cbfntsf]cfb]z .
@)&!.!.@% df hf/L ePsf]/ljkIfL gu/kflnsfaf6 ljkIfLsf]gful/ s clwsf/xgg x'g]u/ L xfdLaf6
cGtl/d cfb]z  ;DaGwL 5nkmndf k]z  x'g cfPsf]lg0f{o s'g} sfo{ Pj+ lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5}g . j}wflgs tl/sfn]
g+= ! df ætf]lsPsf]zx/L If]qleq cJojl:yt ?kdf k]zf Joj;fo ug{ / cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] 7fpFdf a:g kfpg]
;8s k]6L tyf km'6kfydf a;L Jofkf/Joj;fo u/]sf h'g;'s}JolQmsf]df}lns xs xf]  . df}lns xssf]xgg
t/ sf/L, df5f, df;', kmnkm'n, 7] nf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ x'g]u/L xfdLn]s;}n  fO{ ;Ldfj4 u/L k]zf Joj;fo
gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] b}lgs xf6ahf/df u/L vfg] gful/snfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf 5}gf}+ . gu/nfO{
nlu Jofkf/Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{;fy}k;nsf]xsdf :
jR5, ;kmf /cfsif{0fo'Qm agfpg]p2] Zon];8s
lghL 3/jf ef8fsf ;6/df ;d]t ug{ gkfpg]/;f] rf}8f ug] {, gfnL lgdf{0f ug]{, ;8ssf]k] 6L agfpg]
sf]nflu gu/kflnsfn]& lbg];"rgf hf/L u/L b}lgs sfo{nfO{ gu/kflnsfn]k|fyldstfsf ;fy of]hgf th'd{ f
xf6ahf/df a;L Joj;fo u/]jfkt xfn gu/kflnsfn] u/ L sfof{Gjog ub} { cfPsf]5 . o;}qmddf ldlt
s'g} k|sf/sf] z'Ns glng] lg0f{o ul/of]Æ elgPsf] /x5
] . @)&).!!.!@ ut]o; gu/kflnsfdf a;]s  f];j{blno
s'g} sfg'gn] k|ltaGw gu/]sf] pQm t/sf/L Joj;fo a}7sn] u/s] f] lg0f{o cg';f/ gu/kflnsfsf] zx/L If]qsf]
ug{af6 /f]Sg'sf ;fy} xfd|f] Joj;fodf x:tIf]k u/L rf/lsNnf lgwf{/0f ug]{;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'Fbf k"j{
aGb ug]{ wDsL lbPsf] cj:yf /x] ePsf]n] v'nf ahf/ lhNnf k'z;]jf sfof{no, klZrd d+eml/of rf]s, pQ/
tyf k|lt: kwf{sf]l;4fGt ljkl/ t ;j{;fwf/ 0f cfd lgnf]u]6 /blIf0f SofDk;rf]s olt rf/lsNnfleq
pkef]QmfnfO{ c;'ljwf x'g]u/L s'g}vf; 7fpFdf dfq of]hgfa4 ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] pQm If]qleq cJojl:yt
;Lldt /fvL xfd|f] t/sf/Lsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] ?kdf ;8s k]6L tyf km'6kfydf oqtq cfkm'v'zL a;L
df}lns xs tyf sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf] xsclwsf/df Jofkf/Joj;fo u/]sf t/sf/L, df5f, df;', kmnkm'n
cf3ft k'us ] f]x'Fbf ldlt @)&).!!.!@ ut]plrt sf/0f 7]nf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf]
/ cfwf/ ljgf /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o u}/ b}lgs xf6 ahf/If] qdf nuL Jofkf/Joj;fo ug{
sfg'gL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs xs lj?4sf]ePsf]n]pTk|]if0fsf] cg'/f]w ul/Psf] xf]  . ljkIfLx¿n] eg] h:t} lghx¿sf]
cfb]zaf6 ab/u/L pQm lg0f{o adf]lhd s'g}klg sfo{ 3/sf] t/sf/L n'6\g] gf]S;fg kfg]{ sfd xfdLaf6 ePsf]
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] 5}g . cJojl:yt ?kdf km'6kfydf a;]sf Jofkf/LnfO{
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF . ;fy} ljkIfLx¿n] pQm u}/ km'6kfy vfnL ug{ cg'/f]w u/L ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ePsf]
sfg'gL lg0f{osf]cfwf/df lghL /ef8fsf];6/k;ndf xf] . ljkIfLx¿n];6/ef8fdf lnPsf]7fpFdf k;n
t/sf/L Joj;fo ug{ /f]s nufpg]u/L s'g}klg sfo{ g/fvL oqtq ;8s k]6Ldf /fvL ;8s hfd ug]{tyf
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf]gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z  t/sf/Laf6 lg:s]sf] kmf]xf]/ ;8]sf] t/sf/L ;8sdf
;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . gkmfNg cg'/f]w ul/Psf] xf]  . cfkm\gf] 3/ k;ndf k]zf
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf dfu adf]lhdsf] Joj;fo ug{ xfdLn] s'g} afwf lj/f]w gu/]sf]n] k|:t't
cfb] z lsg hf/ L x'g gkg]{xf] < lgj] bssf]dfu l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ eP cfwf/, sf/0f /fdu|fd g=kf= sf]tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt u/L cfkm\gf]
Pj+ k|df0f;lxt ;"rgf tfd] n ePsf]ldltn]af6fsf xsdf ;d]t P]=sf= sfo{sf/L clws[t hLjg 1jfnLsf]
Dofb afx]s  !% -kGw|_ lbgleq ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g lnlvt hjfkm .
sfof{no gjnk/f;Lsf] xsdf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k/ f;L gjnk/ f;L, cWoIf >L
sfof{no a'6jn dfkm{t /cGo ljkIfLsf xsdf cfkm} j}hgfy h};jfn -snjf/_, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k/f;L
jf sfg'g adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm gjnk/ f;L, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ L, lhNnf k|zf;g

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 5
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
sfof{no gjnk/f;Ln]lnlvt hjfkm k]z gu/L z'? Joj;fo u/L vfg] xs clwsf/sdf cf3ft k/]sf]n]
Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvof]  . pQm k]zf Joj;fodf /fs ] nufpg]jf Jojwfg v8f u/L
xfgL gf]S ;fgL ug]{sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL lgif]wf1fsf]
cbfntsf] cfb]z cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF egL gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf
lgod adf]lhd lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fdf ;+jt @)&) ;fnsf]d'2f g+ )&)–wo–))!) sf] /L6
lgj]bssf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L wg lgj]bgdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxtsf] dfu u/L /L6 lgj]bg
h}zL zdf{ / >L /dz ] k|;fb rf}w/Ln] lgj]bsx¿n] ef8fdf bfo/ ul/Psf]df ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn] cGtl/d cfb]zsf]
lnPsf] ;6/df Jofkf/sf] nflu /fv]sf] t/sf/L cGo nflu ePsf]5nkmndf ljkIfL gu/kflnsfaf6 k]z  ePsf]
ljkIfLx¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;xdltdf /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{osf]k|ltlnlk x]b f{ gu/kflnsfsf]gu/k|d'v tyf
sd{rf/Ln] sAhf ug]{ u/]sf] / ca cfOGbf t/sf/Lsf] sfo{sf/L clws[t hLjg 1jfnLsf]cWoIftfdf a;]s  f]
Jofkf/o; 7fpFdf gug'{ elg wfs wDsL lbg]u/]sfn] ;j{kIfLo a}7ssf] ldlt @)&).!!.!@ ut]sf] lg0f{osf]
cfk\mgf]OR5f cg';f/sf]k]zf Joj;fo ug{ kfpg]sfg'gn] k|ltlnlksf]lg0f{o g+ ! df ætf]lsPsf]zx/L If]qleq
k|bfg u/s ] f] gful/s xs lj?4sf] sfo{ gu/kflnsfsf cJojl:yt ?kdf ;8s k]6L tyf km'6kfydf a;L Jofkf/
sd{rf/Ln] ub}{ cfPsf] / tf]lsPsf] zx/L If]qleq Joj;fo u/ sf t/
] sf/ L, df5f, df;', kmnkm'n, 7] nf
t/sf/L, df5f, df;', kmnkm'nsf]Jofkf/lghL 3/jf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] b}lgs
ef8fsf ;6/df ;d]t ug{ gkfpg]u/L ldlt @)&).!!.!@ xf6ahf/ df nlu Jofkf/Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{;fy}
ut] /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfdf a;]sf] ;j{blno a}7sn] k;nsf]xsdf lghL 3/jf ef8fsf ;6/df ;d]t ug{
lg0f{o ;d]t u/L v'nf ahf/l;4fGt ljkl/tsf]sfo{ gkfpg]/;f]sf]nflu gu/kflnsfn]& lbg];"rgf
u/]sf]n] pQm u}/ sfg'gL lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 hf/L u/L b}lgs xf6ahf/df a;L Joj;fo u/]jfkt
ab/ u/L lgj]bsx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf] t/sf/Lsf] Jofkf/ xfn gu/kflnsfn] s'g} k|sf/sf] z'Ns glng] lg0f{o
ug] { sfo{df / f]
s gnufpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf ul/of]Æ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lg0f{oaf6 xfdLn] u/L cfPsf]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L xf];\ egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; Jofkf/ Joj;fodf /f]s nufpg] u/L ePsf] pQm ldltsf]
;'lgof]  . To;}u/L ljkIfL /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf Pj+ ;f] sf] lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L ;f] lg0f{o adf]lhd
sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf s'g}klg sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf]gfpFdf
>L lnnfw/ d/fl;gLn] ljkIfLsf] gful/s clwsf/sf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/f l/6
xgg x'g]u/L gu/kflnsfaf6 s'g}klg lg0f{o ePsf] lgj]bg . ljkIfL /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfaf6 k]z ePsf]
5}g . j}wflgs tl/sfn] k]zf Joj;fo u/L vfg, /fh ] s
] f] lnlvt hjfkmdf ldlt @)&).!!.!@ ut]gu/kflnsfdf
7fpFdf a:g kfpg' sfg'gn] gful/snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] a;]sf] ;j{blno a}7saf6 u/s ] f] lg0f{o cg';f/ $ lsNnf
xs xf]  . gu/kflnsfn] :jR5 ;kmf /fVg cJojl:yt tf]
sL cJojl: yt ?kdf ;8s k] 6L tyf km'6kfydf
?kdf km'6kfydf a;]s  f Jofkf/LnfO{ km'6kfydf Jofkf/ oqtq cfkm"v'zL Jofkf/u/]sf t/sf/L, df5f, df;',
gu/L gu/kflnsfn] tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf Jofkf/ ug{ elg kmnkm'n Joj;foLnfO{ gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf]
;"rgf ul/Psf] xf]  . cfkm\gf] 3/ k;n / tf]lsPsf] xf6ahf/If] qdf nlu Jofkf/Joj;fo ug{ cg'/ f]
w
7fpFdf Jofkf/Joj;fo ug{ gu/kflnsfaf6 s'g}afwf ul/Psf] xf]  . ljkIfLsf] df}lns xssf] xgg x'g] u/L s'g}
lj/f]w ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;6/leq ;fdfg /fvL sfd sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5}g . ctM em'7\7f Joxf]/fsf] l/6
Jofkf/ ubf{ gu/kflnsfaf6 cj/f]w ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF egL lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof]  .
sf/0f 5}g . ctM lgj]bssf] em'7\7f Joxf]/fsf] l/6 z'? gjnk/f;L lhNnf cbfntdf lgj]bsx¿n]bfo/
lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ egL jx; k|:t 't ug'{ eof] . u/s
] f]lgif]wf1f d'2fdf ldlt @)&!.#.@$ df ePsf]ldl;n
ljåfg clwjQmfx¿n]ug'{ ePsf]pko'{Qm adf]lhdsf] ;+nUg cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk x]bf{ /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfsf]
jx; lhsL/;'gL k|:t't d'2fsf]ldl;n cWoog u/L ldlt @)&).!!.!@ sf]lg0f{o pk/pTk|] if0f o'Qm
lgj]bssf] dfu bfjL adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ k/dfb]z dfu u/L >L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jndf d'2f
xf]jf xf]Og ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{b]lvg cfof]  . g+= )&)–wo–)!)) sf]/L6 lgj]bg bfo/ePsf]b]lv+bf
OG;fkm tkm{ ljrf/ubf{, o;df lgj]lbsf g'dsnf kf08] pQm lgj]bgdf clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf ;Ddsf nflu
;d]tn] xfdL lgj]bsx¿n] sfg'g adf]lhd t/sf/Lsf] lgj]bLsfx¿sf]Jofkf/Joj;fodf s'g}klg Jojwfg jf
Jofkf/Joj;fo u/ L cfPsf] df ljgf s'g}cfwf/ df xfgL gf]S ;fgL ug]{sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf
ljkIfLx¿n]pQm Jofkf/Joj;fo gug'{ egL xfdLx¿sf] gfpFdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvof]  .
t/sf/L sAhf u/L wfswDsL lbPsf]n] xfdLx¿sf] k]zf ca / fdu|fd gu/ kflnsfaf6 ldlt @)&).!!.!@ df

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

6 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
;j{blno a}7s a;L u/]sf]lg0f{o sfg'g cg's"n 5 tkl;n
jf 5} g eGg];Gbe{df ljrf/ubf{, gful/ s clwsf/  dfly OG;fkm v08df n] lvP adf] lhd / fdu|fd
P]g, @)!@ sf]bkmf ^ sf]v08 -^_ df ;DklQ cfh{g gu/kflnsfsf] a}7sn] ldlt @)&).!!.!@ df
ug]{, ef]
u ug]{, a] rlavg ug] { /v08 -&_ df s'g} u/]sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ;d]t e}
k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u jf Jofkf/ ug]{ sfg'gL clwsf/ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf]n] ;f] sf] hfgsf/L
gful/snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] clwsf/af6 ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' =========================================================================================!
aGb]h ug]{ u/L /fdu|fd gu/kflnsfsf] ldlt @)&).!!.!@  o; OG;fkmdf lrQ ga'em]d  f #% lbgleq >L ;jf]{Rr
sf] ;j{blno a}7ssf] lg0f{o gful/s clwsf/ P]gn] cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' elg ljkIfL /fdu|fd
gful/snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ sfg'gL gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no k/f;L, gjnk/f;L /
clwsf/sf] efjgf ljk/Lt b]lvg cfof]  . pQm gu/ kflnsfsf]sfo{sf/ L clws[tsf gfpFdf
;fj{hlgs hUuf jf ;8s k]6 Ldf cJojl:yt Joj;fonfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L ug'{ ==========================================================!
;DalGwt gu/ kflnsfn]Jojl: yt ug{, lgoGq0f ug{  ;/f]sf/jfnn] gSsn dfu u/]df lgodfg';f/ nfUg]
sfg'gn] /fs
] nufPsf] kfOGg . t/, JolQm ljz]ifsf] lghL b:t'/lnO{ gSsn lbg' ======================================================================!
xs ef]u / :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 3/ hUufdf :jtGq ?kn]  k| :t ' t d' 2 fsf] bfo/L sf] s6\ 6 f u/L ldl;n
Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ kfpg]gful/ssf]xs clwsf/nfO{ lgodfg';f/clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' ====================!
s'07Lt ug]{clwsf/k|rlnt sfg'gn]gu/kflnsf Pjd\
;j{blno a}7snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOFb}g . -k|sfzrGb| uh'/]n_
t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/sf/0f /k|df0faf6 t/sf/L GofofwLz
k;nsf]xsdf lghL 3/tyf ef8fsf];6/df ;d]t pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
ug{ gkfpg]u/ L gu/ kflnsfsf]gu/k|d'v tyf -jL/]Gb| s'df/ s0f{_
sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] ;j{klIfo a}7sn] GofofwLz
ldlt @)&).!!.!@ df u/]sf]lg0f{o sfg'g ljkl/tsf]
b]lv+bf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ctM Ohnf; clws[t M s[i0f k|;fb kf08]
lgj]bsx¿n]ef8fdf lnPsf];6/k;n, 3/jf lghL sDKo'6/M /]vf yfkf zfxL
jf ef8fsf]hUufdf t/sf/L k;n ;+rfng ug{ /f]s O{hnf; g+ #
nufpg], xfgL gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg]nufot s'g} sfo{ gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn sflt{s dlxgf # ut]/f]h @
hf/L x'g]7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ . df z'ed\ ================= .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 7
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}+8f
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/s'df/ kf]v/]n
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;l/tf zdf{

cfb]z
bfo/L g+= )&!–WO–)#)(
/lhi6«]zg g+= )*–)&!–)$#^@
lg0f{o g+= ^&!

d'2fM lgif]wf1f k/dfb]z .

lhNnf dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g+= $ zlQm Pkm=Pd= rf]s l:yt O{= l/S;f >lds
;+3sf ;Nnfxsf/ uf]l jGbk|;fb ltdlN;gf ==========================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
la?4
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8f =========================================================================================================================================================================!
gf/fo0fL oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{no, gf/fo0fL jL/u~h ;jf/L ===============================================================================================================!
oftfoft Aoj:yf ;]jf sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8f ==================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8f ======================================================================================================================================================!
x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8f ========================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ cg';f/ o;} l/S;fx¿df btf{ g+= ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}+g .
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt o:tf do"/L, ;f/yL, nfnLu'/fFz gfds O{= l/S;fx¿
tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M ;8sdf u'l8/xFbf ;]jfu|fxL ofq'x¿n] l/S;fsf] btf{,
tYo v08 >]:tf eP gePsf] / rfnsn] rfns cg'dltkq lnP
!= d l g j ]b s l h N n f d s j f g k ' /, x ]6 f }8 f glnPsf] ;f]wvf]h u/]/ ;jf/L k|of]u ug]{ cj:yf
pkdxfgu/ kflnsf, j8f g+= $ zlQm Pkm=Pd= ;fdfGotM /xFb}g . o; kl/l:yltn] ;~rfngdf
rf]sl:yt O{= l/S;f Aoj;foL ;+3, dsjfgk'/ /x]sf O{= l/S;fx¿ sbflrt s'g} b'3{6gfdf k/]sf]
gfds ;+:yfsf] ;Nnfxsf/sf] x}l;otn] sfo{/t cj:yfdf ;]jfu|fxL ofq'x¿sf] hLp wgdf Iflt x'Fbf
5' . d}n] ljB'tLo l/S;f ;~rfkng ub}{ cfPsf] ;f]sf] e/kfO{ ug]{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ x'Fbg} . To;df
/ O{= l/S;fx¿sf] sfg"g;Ddt Aoj:yfkgdf k|ToIf klg ;jf/ L rfns cg'dltkq gePsf rfnsx¿
;/f]sf/ /fVg] g]kfnL gful/s x'F . dsjfgk'/ :jfefljs ?kd} c;Ifd, cbIf x'g] / pgLx¿n]
lhNnf cGtu{t x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf rnfPsf] l/S;fdf cfjt–hfjt ug{' ljns'n}
;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf do"/L, ;f/yL hf]lvdo'Qm x'G5 . c;Ifd rfnssf] ;~rfngdf
cflb gfdsf ljB'tLo l/ S;fx¿ ahf/ df oqtq ;]jfu|xLsf] hLjg ;w} hf]lvdo'Qm /xG5 . ;jf/L
b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] oL l/Szfx¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !$ n]
hgtnfO{ l56f]b"/Ldf  cfjt–hfjt ug{ ;xh s'g} klg ;jf/LwgLn] ljb]zaf6 k}7f/L u/L NofPsf]
ePsf] 5 . t/ oL l/S;fx¿ dWo] sltko ljB'tLo jf s'g} Aojxf/n] vl/b u/]sf] ;jf/L ;fwg vl/b

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

8 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ldltn] !% lbgleq clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf / o:t f ;jf/L ;fwgx¿df lbgfg' l bg a[ l 4
btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ clgjfo{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fb}cfP kZrft\ ljjflbt aGb}uO{ oftfot
/ To;/L btf{ ePkl5 P]gsf] bkmf !^ n] ;jf/L Aoj: yf sfof{nodf btf{ ug{'kg]{lg0f{o eO{ xfn
btf{sf] k|df0fkq lng'kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . pkdxfgu/kflnsfaf6 ePsf] btf{ vf/h ] u/L ;Dk"0f{
To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf #! n] ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq O{–l/S;fx¿nfO{ oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{nodf btf{
gjLs/0f u/fpg' kg]{ eGg]t sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . u/L ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 gDa/, ;jf/L btf{ lstfa
;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf Pj+ af6f]Ohfhtkq nufotsf sfuhft k|fKt u/L
!%% n] oftfoft Aoj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo pQm O{= l/S;fx¿sf] ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|fKt
/ clwsf/ lglb{i6 u/L bkmf !%% sf] b]xfo bkmf u/]/ dfq rnfpg] egL ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 ePsf]
-r_ n] cfkm\gf] If]qleq oftfoft ;]jf ;'Jojl:yt lg0f{o cg';f/ ;a} ;~rfngdf cfPsf O{= l/S;fx¿
?kdf ;~rfng ug{ cGo cfjZos sfd sfo{jfxL ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Aoj:yf P]g, @)$( cg';f/
ug]{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] / bkmf !%)- oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{noaf6 btf{ k|s[of k"/f u/L
3_ adf]lhd rfns kl/rfnssf] cg'dltkq x]g]{ gDa/lnO{ ;jf/L btf{ lstfa Pj+ af6f]Ohfht
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L gDa/ lnPsf rfnsx¿n] dfq
zf;g P]g, @)%% sf]bkmf (^ sf]pkbkmf ^ sf] rnfpg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf], r]lsªsf] qmddf ;f]
b]xfo bkmf -#_ df gu/ If]qleq ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ afx]s km]nf k/]df sfg"gL sf/afxL ul/g] g} x'Fbf
l/S;f nufotsf] clwstfsf] xb tf]Sg] Joj:yf 5 . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og .
sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljkl/t ;~rfngdf /x]sf O{= l/S;f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
;~rfng Joj:yfkg sfo{df lgodgsf/L lgsfosf ljkIfL lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L sfof{no, dsjfgk'/sf]
?kdf :yflkt lakIfLx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo lnlvt hjfkm .
kfng gul/Psf] cj:yfdf lgod ljkl/t sltko $= ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( df
O{= l/S;fx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;jf/L btf{ / Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] ;~rfng
rfns cg'dlt gePsf O{= l/S;fx¿nfO{ ;~rfngdf / Aoj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L oftfoft Aoj:yf ljefu
/fs
] nufpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z / oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{nox¿nfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
;lxt lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ;DalGwt oftfoft sfof{nox¿sf] dftxtdf /xL
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq . tf]lsPsf sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug{ oftfoft Aoj:yf ;]jf
@= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu sfof{nox¿ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . To;}cg'?k o;
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf], xf]Og < lgj]bssf] sfof{no klg oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{no jL/u~hsf]
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} dftxtdf /x]sf] sfof{no xf]  . o; sfof{nosf]
cfwf/, k|df0f / sf/0f eP ;f] ;d]t v'nfO{ Dofb tfn's sfof{no oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{no gf/fo0fL
;"rgf tfd]n ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s xf], h;nfO{ o; d'2fdf ;d]t ljkIfL agfOPsf]
!% lbgleq k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no, 5 . tfxfFaf6}o; ;DaGwdf hjfkm k|fKt x'g]g}
x]6f}+8f dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{'xf]nf egL 5 . oftfoft Aoj:yf ljefuåf/f tf]lsPsf ;Lldt
ljkIfL g+= !, @, #, $ sf]xsdf !% lbg]Dofb sfdx¿ o; sfof{noaf6 ;Dkfbg e} /x]sf 5g\ .
;"rgf hf/L ug]{ / ljkIfL g+= % sf] xsdf cfkm}+ jf tfn's sfof{nox¿af6 nufP cx|fPsf sfd g}o;
cfkm\gf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t lnlvt sfof{nosf]d'Vo sfdx¿ x'g\ . hxfF;Dd btf{ g}
hjfkm k]z ug{'xf]nf egL cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] gePsf O{= l/S;fx¿ x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf
k|ltlnkL ;d]t ;fy} /fvL !% lbg] Dofb ;"rgf rln/xs ] f tyf rfns cg'dltkq lagf g} rnfOPsf
hf/L ug]{ . cGtl/d cfb]z dfu u/]sf] ;Gbe{df b'a} eGg] ljifodf o; sfof{nodf cf}krfl/s hfgsf/L
kIfnfO{ /fvL 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug' pko'Qm gcfPsf] tyf oftfoft Aoj:yf ljefu / oftfoft
b]lv+bf ldlt @)&@.@.& ut]sf] k]zL tf]sL ;"rgf Aoj:yf sfof{no gf/fo0fLsf] lgb]z { gfg';f/ cg'udg
k|ToyL{x¿nfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug{" eGg] x'g] Aoxf]/f ;d]t cg'/f]w ug{ rfxG5' . l/6 lgj]bg
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)&@.)!.@( sf] cfb]z . vf/h] u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] ljkIfL oftfot
#= do"/L, ;f/yL nufotsf O{= l/S;fx¿ ;'?df Aoj:yf ljefu / oftfoft Joj:yf ;]jf sfof{nosf]
x]6 f}+ 8 f ahf/d f ;~rfngdf cfpF b f x]6 f}+ 8 f lnlvt hjfkm .
pkdxfgu/kflnsfaf6 btf{ eO{ ;~rffng ePsf] %= lgj]bsn] bfjL lnP adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 9
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ug{' kg]{ gkg]{ ;DaGwdf x]bf{, lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg &= o; x]6f}+8f pk–dxfgu/kflnsfdf ljB'tLo l/S;f
/x]sf t:jL/x¿ Pj+ x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] gu/kflnsf If]qdf lelqPsf] nfdf] ;do ePsf]
;DalGwt kqsf k|ltlnlkx¿ ;d]taf6  ;fljsdf 5}g . o; pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] o; If]qdf ljB'tLo
x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfaf6 btf{ ePsf dfgj l/S;f ;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf tTsfn Aoj:yf
zlQmaf6 rNg] l/S;fx¿s} gDa/ /fvL s]xL O{= ug] { sfo{ cGtu{t 6«flkms Aoj: yfkg, ?6 tyf
l/S;fx¿ ;~rfng ePsf / s]xLn] s'g} gDa/ g} ef8fb/ lgwf{/0fsf ;fy} ljB'tLo l/S;f ;~rfng
g/fvL ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] ug{ ;lsg];+Vof lgwf{/ 0fsf nflu ;j{kIfLo
xfnsf] l:yltdf O{= l/S;fsf] klxrfg, ;'–Joj:yf e]nfaf6 ul7t sfo{bn -;ldlt_ sf] k|ltj]bg /
Pj+ ;DalGwt ofq'sf] ;'/Iff ;d]tsf] b[li6af6 ;f];DaGwdf k|fljlws ljifox¿sf]cWoog tyf
lgj]bssf] dfu dWo] gf/fo0fL oftfoft Joj:yf k}8n l/S;f k|lt:yfkgsf] nflu sfol{jlw lgdf{0f
sfof{noaf6 btf{ gDa/glnO{, a] btf{sf ?kdf u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . sfg"gtM :yfgLo
/x]sf jf ;fljsdf x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfaf6 :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf (^ sf] ^ sf]
lnOPsf btf{ gDa/sf cfwf/df dfq ;~rfngdf b]xfo # n] gu/If]qleq ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ l/S;f
cfPsf O{–l/S;fx¿nfO{ ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf nufotsf] clwstd xb tf]Sg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf]
P]g, @)$( Pj+ ;Dj4 lgodn] tf]lsPsf zt{x¿ k"/f 5 . h;df oftfoft Joj: yf sfof{no gf/fo0fL
gu/];Dd dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf O{= l/S;fx¿ aL/u~hnfO{ ldlt @)&!.!.& df sfof{nodf a;]sf]
;~rfng ug{ u/fpg /f]s nufpg' egL k'g/fj]bg ;j{kIfLo e]nfsf] lg0f{o adf]lhd o; gu/kflnsf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]lgod ##s-!_ If]
qleq xfnnfO{ s'n @!) ljB'tLo l/ S;fx¿
adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿ dWo]sf  lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ePsf] /
dsjfgk'/ Pj+ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no dsjfgk'/ o; cl3 tby{ Joj:yfkg cGt/ut ;~rfngdf
tyf lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L sfof{no x]6f}8+ fsf gfpFdf /x]sf !!@ yfg l/S;fx¿ ljj/0f ;lxt btf{ u/L
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . k|:tt' cfb]zsf] ;~rfngsf nflu ldlt @)&!.*.# d r=g+= %)$%
hfgsf/L oyfzL3| ljkIfL sfof{nox¿nfO{ lbO{, ;a} af6 oftfoft Aoj:yf sfof{nonO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf]
ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm k/kl5 ] jf cjlw Joltt 5 . ljkIfLn] dfu u/]sf] sfo{x¿ o; gu/kflnsf
ePkl5 clGtd cfb]zsf nflu lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z sfof{non] ;Dkfbg / Aoj:yfkg ub}{ cfPsf]df
ug{'xf]nf eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)&@.)@.& sf] a]btf{sf l/S;fx¿ ;~rfng ePsf]df To;sf] lgodg
cfb]z . ug]{ sfg"gL bfloTj / clwsf/ o; sfof{nonfO{
^= o; x]6f}8+ f gu/ If]qdf xfn} dfq ;~rfngdf cfPsf g/x]sf] / j]btf{sf] l/S;f ;~rfngdf cfPsf] eGg]
ljB'tLo l/S;fx¿sf] btf{ g+= / rfns Ohfhtkqsf] ph'/L ;d]t kg{ cfPsf] cj:yf 5}g . o:tf]df
;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ lgj]bsn] ;/f]sf/jfnf Aoj;foL tyf dhb'/sf
oftfoft Joj:yf zfvf sfof{no, x]6f}+8f dfkm{t k|ltlglwd'ns ;+:yfpk/ bfjL ph'/L lng ;d]t
ePsf] xf]  . pQm ljB'tLo l/S;fx¿ btf{ g+= lagf / g;s]af6 k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
rfns Ohfht kq lagf ;~rfng ePsf]egL s'g} ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] lakIfL x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
klg ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿af6 cfkm'nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] sfof{nosf]lnlvt hjfkm .
egL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, ;'/Iff lgsfo nufot
;Da4 lgsfox¿df ph'/L u'gf;f] ;d]t u/s ] f] v'Ng 7x/ v08
cfPsf] 5}g . pQm ljB'tLo l/S;fsf] ;~rfngn] *= lgodfg';f/lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k] z
oftfoft ;]jfdf yk d2t k'u]sf] Aoxf]/f cfd x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n
pkef]Qmfx¿af6 hfgsf/L e}/x]sf] 5 . ofq' ;]jf / cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg
;'/Iffdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 yk kxn sbdL x'g] clwjQmf >L s]zjk|;fb sfkm\n]tyf ljkIfL lhNnf
g} 5 . o; sfof{noaf6 cfd pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLp, k|zf;g sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg
wgsf] zflGt ;'/Iffdf s'g} klg sdL sdhf]/L gxf];\ pkGofoflwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb e§n] / lakIfL
egL tt\ tt\ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿df cfjZos pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg
lgb]{zg lbOFb} cfO/x]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] clwjQmf >L d'sG' bk|;fb clwsf/Ln] ug{e' Psf] ax;
;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] lakIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, ;'lgof]  .
dsjfgk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . (= o;df ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$(

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

10 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 sf] bkmf !$ n] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] btf{ ug{'kg]{, bkmf k|:t't ug{'eof]  .
!^ n] ;jf/L btf{sf] k|df0fkq lng'kg]{ / bkmf #! !!= ;du| ldl;n cWoog Pj+ b'a}tkm{af6 pkl: yt
n] ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq gjLs/0f ug{'kg]{ sfg"gL ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ug{e' Psf] ax; ;d]tsf
Aoj:yf ePsf]df x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qleq cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
;~rfngdf cfPsf sltko O{= l/S;fx¿n] btf{ / lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] jf
gjLs/0f gu/L u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ;~rfng u/L xf]Og < eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  .
;f]P]gsf]
 bkmf $% df rfns cg'dltkq k|fKt !@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf
gu/s
] f] JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/Lsf] rfnssf] sfd p7fPsf] ljifosf] k|s[ltaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/
nufpg gx'g] /bkmf ^# adf]lhd  rfns cg'dltkq lglxt /x]sf] b]lv+bf d'n'sL P]g, c=a+= !) g+=
glnO{ ;jf/L rfnssf] sfd ug{ gx'g] eGg] sfg"gL adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . l/6
Joj:yf lakl/t ;~rfngdf /x]sf O{= l/S;fx¿sf] lgj]bg Joxf]/f tyf lakIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm
;~rfng Joj:yfkg sfo{df lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] ;d]taf6 o; x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf laB'tLo
?kdf :yflkt lakIfLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo O{= l/S;f ;~rfng ePsf]df lajfb 5}g . ;f] ;jf/L
k"/f u/]sf] gb]lv+bf P]g lgod lakl/t ;jf/L btf{ ;fwg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ePsf]n] ;f]df ofqf ug]{
/rfns cg'dlt k|fKt gu/L ;~rfngdf cfPsf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ o;af6 Psflt/ nfeflGjt eO{ /xs ] f]
O{= l/S;fx¿nfO{ ;~rfngdf /f]s nufpg' egL ljifo t 5Fb}5, sy+sbflrt ;jf/L b'3{6gf ePdf
lakIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ofq'x¿n] sfg"g adf]lhd kfpg] Ifltk"lt{ tyf pkrf/
hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]5 . vr{ kfpg ;s]gg\ eg] ;f] ljifo lrGtfhgs x'g]
!)= lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfn] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g . ;jf/L ;~rfng ug{sf]
o; x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qleq do"/L, nflu ;jf/Lsf] btf{ k|df0fkq x'g' tyf ;jf/L
;f/yL, nfnLu'/fFz gfds O{= l/S;fx¿ cTolws rnfpg] rfns cg'dltkq x'g' cfjZos s'/f g}
?kdf ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf]df ;jf/L tyf oftfoft xf]  . To;}n] O{= l/S;fsf] klxrfg, ;'–Joj:yf Pj+
Joj:yf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodx¿ lakl/t y'k|} O{= ;DalGwt ofq'sf] ;'/Iff ;d]tsf] b[li6af6 o;/L
l/S;fx¿ ;jf/L btf{ k|df0fkq / ;jf/L rfns ;~rfngdf cfPsf O{–l/S;fx¿nfO{ ;jf/L tyf
cg'dltkq glnO{ ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf]n] u}/sfg"gL oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( Pj+ ;Dj4 lgodn]
?kdf u'l8/x]sf o:tf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] sfg"gL tf]lsPsf zt{x¿ k"/f x'g'kg]{ g} b]lvG5 .
Joj:yfkg x'g' cfjZos ePsf] x'Fbf o;/L pQm !#= o; ;DaGwdf ;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g,
P]gsf] bkmf #! / $% ;d]tsf] lakl/t ;jf/L btf{ @)$( sf] @-s_ x]bf{, æ…;jf/LÚ eGgfn] oflGqs
/rfns cg'dlt k|fKt gu/L ;~rfngdf cfPsf zlQmaf6 ;8sdf rNg];jf/L ;fwg ;Demg' kb{5Æ
O{= l/S;fx¿nfO{ ;~rfngdf /f]s nufpg' egL eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] kl/R5]b
lakIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z # n] ;jf/L btf{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;
hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; ug{e' of]  . o;}u/L cg';f/bkmf !# sf]pkbkmf -!_ df æljb]zaf6
ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;d]tsf]tkm{af6 ;jf/L k}7f/L ug]{ JolQm, kmd{ jf sDkgLn] To:tf]
pkl:yt ljåfg pk–GofoflwjQmfn] pQm ljB'tLo ;jf/L g]kfnleq k|j]z ug]{ :yfgdf /x]sf] k|x/L
l/S;fx¿sf] btf{ k|df0fkq / ;jf/L cg'dltkqsf] sfof{nodf To:tf] ;jf/Lsf] k|j]z btf{ ug{sf] nflu
;DaGwdf oftfoft Joj: yf sfof{noaf6 sfg"g b/vf:t lbg' k5{Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / pkbkmf
adf]lhd ul/Psf], btf{ k|df0fkq, Ohfhtkq / -!_ df æpkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|jz ] btf{ u/fpgsf]
;jf/L cg'dltkq lnP/ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf nflu b/vf:t k/]df k|x/L sfof{non] To:tf] ;jf/L
eO{ /x]sf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L v/Lb u/]sf] lg:;f / ;DalGwt sfuhftx¿sf]
x'g'kg]{ xf]Og egL tyf lakIfL pkdxfgu/kflnsf hfFra'em u/L To:tf] ;jf/LnfO{ kGw| lbgsf] lglDt
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfn] k|jz ] btf{ u/L To:tf] ;jf/L k}7f/L ug]{ JolQm,
O{= l/S;fsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ePsf], o;cl3 tby{ kmd{ jf sDkgLnfO{ k|j]z btf{sf] lg:;f lbg' k5{ /
Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf l/S;fx¿ To:tf] ;jf/Lsf] ljj/0f oyfzL3| ;DalGwt oftfot
ljj/0f ;lxt btf{ u/L ;~rfngsf nflu oftfoft Joj: yf sfof{nodf k7fpg' k5{Æ eGg]sfg"gL
Aoj:yf sfof{nonO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] x'Fbf k|:t't k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvof]  . To;}u/L ;f] P]gsf] bkmf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] ax; #! n] btf{sf] k|df0fkq (Blue book) sf] gjLs/0f

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 11
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;DaGwdf af]n]sf] 5 . ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf ! df @= of] cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
æ===btf{sf] k|df0fkqdf n]lvPsf] Dofb gf3]sf] tLg sf]bkmf (-!_-s_ adf]lhd d'ns ' L P]g, c=a=+ !(# df
dxLgfleq btf{sf] k|df0fkq gjLs/0f u/fO{ ;Sg' lglb{i6 Dofb k}tL; lbgleq ;Ddflgt >L ;jf]{Rr
k5{Æ eGg] pNn]v /xs
] f] b]lvof]  . ;f] P]gsf] kl/Rb]b cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{'xf]nf egL lakIfLx¿sf]
$ n] rfns cg'dltkq ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L ;f]sf] gfpFdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L ug{'xf]nf .
bkmf $% df æs'g}klg JolQmn]rfns cg'dltkq #= k|:t't cfb]z ;km\6j]o/df cknf]8 u/]/ bfo/Lsf]
k|fKt gu/L s'g} klg ;jf/L rnfpg x'Fb}gÆ egL nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{
ljgf rfns cg'dltkq ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg /f]s lbg'xf]nf .
nufPsf] b]lvof]  .
!$= pko{'Qm ljj]rgfaf6 lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt O{= l/S;f
;jf/L tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ========================================================
@-s_ adf]lhd ;jf/Lsf kl/efiffleq k/s ] f]n] To:tf -xl/s'df/ kf]v/]n_
;jf/L ;~rfng ubf{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhd GofofwLz
btf{ u/fpg' kg],{ bkmf #! adf]lhd btf{sf] k|df0fkq pko{'Qm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 .
gjLs/0f u/fpg' kg]{ / bkmf $% adf]lhd rfns ========================================
cg'dlt k|fKt JolQmn] dfq ;jf/L rnfpg' kg]{ -;l/tf zdf{_
nufotsf sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lv+bf x]6f}+8f GofofwLz
pkdxfgu/kflnsf If]qleq ;~rfngdf /x]sf O{=
l/S;fx¿nfO{ pk/fQ] m sfg"gL k|fjwfg nufot ;jf/L km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{M
P]g tyf lgodn] tf]s]sf] zt{ k"/f u/L ;~rfng Ohnf; clws[åo uf]ljGbk|;fb l3ld/] / jT;/fh
ug{' u/fpg' egL lakIfLx¿ ljz]iftM lakIfL g+= @, sf]O/fnf
# / $ g+= sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] gf=;'M d'lQmgfy Gof}kfg] / sDKo"6/ ck/]6/M 6fh{g s'Fj/
7x5{ . cGo s'/fdf  tk;Ln adf]lhd ug{'xf]nf .
O{lt ;+jt\ @)&@ ;fn c;f/( ut]/f]h $ z'ed ======.
tk;Ln v08
!= cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L lakIfLx¿nfO{ lbg'xf]nf .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

12 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L afa'/fd /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L o'j/fh ;'jb] L

cfb]z
bfo/L g+= )&@–WO–))&$
/lhi6]«]zg g+= )*–)&@–)!!)(
lg0f{o g+= !$&

d'2f k/dfb]z

d'=P]g c=a+= !) g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lnO{ lhNnf dsjfgk'/x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt
dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r kl/of]hgf sfof{no x]6f}+8fsf sfo{qmd clws[t nlntf >]i7 ========================! lgj]b s
lj?4
x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8f ================================================================================================================================!
:yfgLo ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt, dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f p=d=g=kf= sf]sfof{no l:yt ==============================!
;fdflhs ;'/Iff lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f, lh=lj=;=sf]sfof{no dsjfgk'/l:yt ====!
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f ===========================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ cg';f/o;} kg]{tyf ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfn]klg
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf] eO{ lgj]bgkq bfo/ tf]lsP adf] lhd kl/rokq agfO{ lbg' kg]{eGg]
x'g cfPsf]k|: t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o; Joj:yf ePsf]df ljkIfL g+= ! /o; g+= cGtu{tsf
k|sf/ 5M j8f ;ldltx¿af6 o:tf ;]jfu|fxLx¿n]sfo{ljlwdf
tYo v08 tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cg';"rL ^-r_ adf]lhdsf] egL
!= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^( ;DalGwt pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] cfkm\g} tl/sfn] tof/
adf]lhd ljwjf gful/sx¿nfO{ ;f]sfo{ljlwsf]g+= u/]sf] b/vf:t kmf/fd eg'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
# sf]–3_ adf] lhd eQf, j[QL, cg'bfg kfpg] / ;f] lgj]bg kmf/fddf lgj]bssf] pd]/ v'n]sf]
JolQmx¿ dwo]ljwjf dlxnf klg o; k|sf/ sf] gful/ stfsf]k|df0fkqsf ;fy kltsf]d[To' btf{
;'ljwf kfpg]nlIft ju{df k/s ] f]df ljBdfg sfo{ljlw k|df0fkq, gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0f kqsf]k|ltlnlk /
adf]lhd o; k|sf/sf];'ljwf kfpg rfxg]of]Uo @ k|lt kmf]6f];+nUg /fVg' kg]{k|fjwfg /flvPsf]
gful/ sn];DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/ kflnsfaf6 5 . lgj]bs ljwjfx¿n]cfkm\gf]lgj]bg;fy gftf
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]kl/ro kq k|fKt ug'{ kg]{Joj:yf k|dfl0ft k|df0f kqsf]k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;fy /fvL
ePsf]/o;sf nflu o; sfof{ljlwdf Joj: yf lgj]b g ug{ g;Sbf ljkIfL g+= ! /ljkIfL cGtu{tsf
eP adf]lhdsf] cg';"rL ^-r_ adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd j8f ;ldltx¿n] o:tf lgj]bsx¿sf] lgj]bg ;d]t
;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/ kflnsfaf6 lgMz'Ns btf{ gu/L ljwjf dlxnf kl/ro kq lbg OGsf/
k|fKt u/L ;f] kmf/fddf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] k|fjwfg u/L /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ ljwjf dlxnfsf] k|df0f
cg';f/sf] sfuhft ;+nUg /fvL kmf/fd e/L kq d'ntM ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gn]k|bfg ul/Psf]
;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfdf b/vf:t lbg' ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cGtu{tsf]ljwjf eQf nufotsf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 13
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{k|of]hgsf nflu xf]/kltsf]d[To' b/vf:t kmf/fd btf{ ug'{ /cfkm" cGtu{tsf j8f
btf{ k|df0fkqaf6 lgj]bs kTgLsf]klt;Fusf]gftf ;ldlt sfof{nox¿nfO{ klg ;f]xL adf]lhd btf{ ug{
;DaGw v'Ng hfg]/lgh ljwjf ePsf]tYo ;d]t nufpg' egL /o; ;DaGwdf cfjZos lg/LIf0f
:yflkt x'g]cj:yf /xG5 eg];f]ljifo cGoyf lgb]z { g lbg]nufot cfjZos sfo{ ug'{ egL ljkIfL
k|dfl0ft geP;Dd o; k|of]hgsf nflu cGo gftf g+= @, # /$ sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf]cfb]z  hf/L
k|dfl0ft k|df0f kq b/vf:t kq;fy ;+nug /fVg' u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
kg]{ s'g} k|of]hg /x]sf] kfOFb}g . o:tf] ;d:of @= o;df s]s;f]ePsf]xf] < lgj]b g dfu adf]lhd
o; lhNnfsf ;a}ljwjfx¿ h;n]sf/0fj; gftf cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < To:tf] cfb]z
k|dfl0ft k|df0fkq k|fKt gu{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ pgLx¿n] hf/L x'g' gkg]{s'g}sf/0f /cfwf/eP ;f];d]t
cfkm\gf]gful/stf /kltsf]d[To' btf{sf]k|df0fkq pNn] v u/ L ;"rgf Dofb tfd] n ePsf]ldltn]
k]z u/s
] f] cj:yfdf gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0fkq gePsf] af6f]s  f]Dofb afx]s !% -kGw|_ lbgleq cfkm}+jf
egL pgLx¿sf]o; k|sf/sf]lgj]bg ljkIfL g+= ! cfkm\gf]sfg'g adf]lhdsf k|ltlglw dfkm{t lnlvt
/ljkIfL cGtu{tsf j8f ;ldltx¿n]btf{ gug] { hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL lgj]bg /cfb]zsf]k|ltlnlk
/pgLx¿nfO{ ljwjf dlxnf kl/ ro agfO glbO{ ;d]t ;fy}/fvL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf ;"rgf Dofb
pgLx¿n]sfg'g adf] lhd kfpg];fdflhs ;'/Iff hf/ L u/ L tfd]n u/ fO{ Dofbleq lnlvt hjfkm
eQfaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ ljd'v ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] k/]jf kg]{cjwL ;dfKt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/u/L
/ ;f] ;DaGwdf o:t} k|sf/sf] ;d:of k/L o; k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntsf]ldlt @)&@.^.% sf]
lhNnf dsjfgk'/x]6 f}8+ f pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ cfb]z .
!) a:g] lgd{nf >]i7n] o; kl/of]hgfdf cfjZos #= x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfg'gåf/f ul7t Ps
sfg'gL ;xof]u u/L kfpF egL ldlt @)&@.%.!# ut] :jfoQ lgsfo xf] . :yfgLo zf;g k4lt dfkm{t
lgj]bg ;d]t u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . dfly k|s/0fdf :yfgLo lgsfosf]b}lgs cfjZostf /hghLjgdf
pNn]v eP adf]lhd ljkIfL g+= ! tyf ljkIfL g++ c;/kg] { s'/ f lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]sfg'gåf/ f
! cGtu{tsf]j8f ;ldltx¿n]ljwjf dlxnfx¿n] ul7t lgsfo xf] . o;n]sfg'gn]lglb{i6 u/]sf
cfkm\gf]gful/stfsf]k|df0fkq /kltsf]d[To' btf{ sfof{Eof; ug'{kg]{ sfd ug{ slxNo} OGsf/ u/]sf]
k|df0fkq ;d]t k]z u/L ljwjf dlxnf kl/ro kq 5}g /ub}{g . t/sfd ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjzos
dfu ubf{ oL k|df0fx¿af6 lgj]bs ljwjf ePsf]/ k|s[of clgjfo{ k"/f ug'{kg] { x'G5 . ljkIfL l/ 6
lgh d[tssf] kTgL ePsf] s'/f v'n]sf] b]lvPs} lgj]bsn];j{dfGo lgod /sfo{ljlw Civil rule and
cj: yfdf klg cgu{n ?kdf 5'§}gftf k|dfl0ft practice cg';f/;Dalgwt lgsfodf dfu u/ ]sf]
k|df0fkq ;d]t lgj]bg;fy k]z ug'{k5{ egL cTtf] /gu/kflnsf sfof{non]sfg'gL bfloTj k"/f ug{
yfkL ljwjf dlxnfx¿sf]lgj]bg btf{ ug{ OGsf/ OGsf/ u/]sf] egg] j:t'l:ylt cfwf/ b]vfO{ l/6
ug'{sf]cnfjf o: tf ljwjf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljwjf lgj]bg u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g sf] s;sf] xsdf
dlxnf kl/ rokq lbg OGsf/u/ L pgLx¿nfO{ ljkIfLx¿n] lgj]bg u/]sf] xf] / ;Dk"0f{ cj:yfdf
;+ljwfg, P]g sfg'g tyf pNn] lvt sfo{ljlwn] ljwjf eQfsf]sf8{ lgdf{0f x'g g;s]s f]eGg]
tf]s
]sf]ljwjf eQf k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt u/ L dfu bfjL klg xf]Og . x'g klg ;Sb}g . g]kfn
pgLx¿sf] df}lns xs ;d]t xgg u/]sf] / ;f] ;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf
;DaGwdf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf ?kdf /xs ] f ljkIfL pNn]lvt p2]Zo dWo];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f
g+= #, g+= $, g+= % n]klg cfkm'nfO{ pNn] lvt k|0ffnLsf]kf/ blz{tf sfod ug] { ljleGg cfofd
sfo{ljlwn] tf]s]sf] st{Jo tyf clwsf/Lsf] k|of]u dWo kl/ro kq ljt/0f sfo{df kf/blz{tf csf]{
kfngfaf6 ljrlnt ePsf]x'Fbf /o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ /clgjfo{ tTj cGtu{t klxrfg
ph'/L lbg]cGo s'g}ljsNk gePsf]x'Fbf of]l/;6 ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ clwsf/Ln] dfu u/]sf] gftf
cbfntdf k]z u/]sf]5' . ljkIfL g+= ! ;d]tnfO{ k|dfl0ft sfuh b]vfpg gkg]{egg]lgj]bg bfjL
ljwjf dlxnf kl/ro kq k|fKt ug{ rfxg]ljwjf ;f] p2]ZonfO{ gh/cGbfh ug]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
dlxnfx¿n] cfkm\gf] pd]/ v'n]sf] gful/stfsf] cfjlws ?kdf gofF kl/rokq k|fKt ug{sf nflu
k|df0fkq, kltsf]d[To' btf{ k|df0fkq /kmf]6f]@ rfn' cfly{s jif{sf]d+l;/!% ut];Dddf &) jif{
k|lt ;d]t k]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghx¿;Fu yk pd]/ gk'us ] f h]i7 gful/ssf] rfn' cf=j= sf] cfiff9
gftf k|dfl0ft kqsf]k|ltlnlk dfu gu/L lghx¿sf] d;fGtleq &) jif{ pd]/k'Ug]ePdf pQm JolQmn]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

14 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 gofF kl/ ro kq k|fKt ug{ b/ vf:
t lbg ;Sg] xf]  . o:tf ckjfbsf ljifonfo{ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn]
5 eGg]k|fjwfgn]k|To]s cf=j= leqdf kl/ro kq ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ljrf/ ug{ ;Qm5 . k/dfb]zsf]
agfpg' kg]{;fofjlw /xs ] f]/;f];Fu ;+nUg ug'k{ g]{ cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf lgj]bsn] b]vfpg
sfuh k]z  ug{ ;do cefj ;d]t g/xg]cj:yfdf ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5
s]jn d[tssf gftf b]vfpg]kq ljgf g}cfkm\gf] egL ax; ug'{ eof] .
kl/ro kq kfpg' kg]{ eGg] lgj]bgdf lgb]{lzsfsf] ^= pko'{Qm adf]lhd ljåfg clwjQmfx¿n]ug'{ ePsf]
!#–#_ adf]lhd ha/h:tL dfun] lgb]{lzsfsf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog ubf{, Psn dlxnf lgd{nf
p2]Zo k"/f ug{df c;xhtf Nofpg], s'g};]jfu|fxL >]i7n];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf]nflu k|df0fkq
cfh;Dd kl/rokq gkfP/ dsf{df k/]sf] u'gf;f] / agfpg] l;nl;nfdf x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf
ph'/L gk/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljkIfLn] P]gn] ;fj{hlgs lgj]b g lbg hfFbf pQm pkdxfgu/kflnsfaf6 tof/
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo;Dd p7fO{ lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{dfq kfl/Psf]kmf/fddf gftf k|dfl0ftsf]k|df0fkq ;d]t
cfb]z ug]{ cfwf/ gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/h] u/L kfpF ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ 9fFrf /x]sf] t/ lgh lgd{nf >]i7n]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] klt;Fusf]gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0fkq agfpg g;s]sf]
sfof{no, dsjfgk'/sf]tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm . /lgh;Fu kltsf]d[To' btf{sf]k|df0fkq dfq ePsf]
;f]xL d[To' btf{ k|df0fkqsf]cfwf/df ljwjf k|df0fkq
7x/ v08 agfO{ lbg' kg]{df pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] kmf/fdg}
$= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]z  L ;"rLdf r9L k]z lng OGsf/u/]sf]x'Fbf lgh lgd{nf >]i7 /lgh
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bssf ;/xsf Psn dlxnf;Fu gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0fkq
tkm{af6 /xg'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L nlntf ljgf g}kmf/fd a'emL k|df0fkq agfO{ lbg k/dfb]zsf]
>]i7 />L k'is axfb'/yfkf If]qLn]lgd{nf >]i7 cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF egL lgh lgd{nf >]i7 /lgh
eGg]JolQm cfzfsfhL >]i7sL kTgL x'g\ . kltsf] ;/xsf cGo dlxnfsf] xsdf ;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/sf]
d[To' kZrft\ d[To' btf{ k|df0fkqsf]k|ltlnlk ;lxt ljifo eGb}cbfntsf]cg'dtL lnP/dlxnf, sfg'g
ljwjf dlxnfn]kfpg];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|fkt /ljsf; d~rsf tkm{af6 lgj] bg kg{ cfPsf]
ug{sf nflu kmf/ fd eg{ hfFbf ljkIfL x] 6f}
+8f b]lvG5 .
pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] agfPsf] kmf/fddf d[ts;Fusf] &= ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo eGb} l/6 lgj]bg kg{
gftf k|dfl0ftsf] k|df0fkq ;d]t rflxg] Joxf]/f cfPsf]eP tfklg o; k|sf/sf];d:of s]slt
pNn]v ePsf] x'gfn] kmf/fd lng OGsf/ u/]sf] ;+Vofsf dlxnfn] em]Ng kl//x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
cj:yf 5 . lgd{nf >]i7 h:tf w]/} ljwjf dlxnfnfO{ s'g} tYof+s l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
cgfjZos ?kdf gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0fkqsf]gSsn kfOFb}g . pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] agfPsf] kmf/fdsf]
kmf/fd ;fy a'emfpg kg]{eGg]Joj:yf cgfjZos 9fFrfdf /flvPsf]gftf k|dfl0ft k|df0fkqsf]k|ltlnlk
em~em6 xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng lgj]bg;fy ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ eGg] Joxf]/f ;fdflhs
sfo{ljlwdf cfjZos kg]{lnvt cGtu{t g/flvPsf] ;'/ Iff ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)^( ;Fu aflemPsf]
gftf k|dfl0ftsf]sfuhft k]z  ug{ nufOPsf]sfo{ x'Fbf pQm kmf/fdsf] Joj:yf ;Rofpg k/dfb]zsf]
pQm sfo{ljlwsf]ljk/ Lt 5 . lgj] bssf]dfu cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ eGg] cfzo l/6 lgj]bssf]
adf]lhdsf]cfb]z hf/L x'gk' 5{ egL ax; ug'e{ of]  . b]lvG5 . s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{
%= To;}u/L ljkIfL x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfg'gåf/ f lgwf{l/t st{Jo kfngf ug{ OGsf/
tkm{af6 / xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L d's'Gb ubf{ jf To: tf]st{Jo kfngfdf cfn6fn u/ sf]
]
k|;fb clwsf/ Ln]lgd{nf >] i7 eGg]Pshgf sf/0faf6 s;}sf]sfg'g k|bQ clwsf/df k|lts"n
JolQmnfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] c;/ k/]sf] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf ePdf k/dfb]zsf]
ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . o; k|sf/ sf ;d: of c? cfb] z hf/L x'g ;Sb5 . k|:t't l/ 6 lgj]bgdf
ljwjf dlxnfnfO{ k/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf / ljkIfL agfOPsf
gu/ kflnsfnfO{ 5} g . @)^% ;fnb]lv cleGg cGo ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldltsf tkm{af6
?kdf ul/cfPsf]cEof; ljgf sf/0f x6fpg]k|Zg} s]s:tf]sfg'gL st{Jo lgj{xg gePsf]xf]eGg]
cfpFb}g . JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]g cGtu{t s;}sf] s'/f :ki6 gu/L lgd{nf >]i7n] cfk"mnfO{ k/]sf]
lgj]bg k/ df gftf k|dfl0ftsf]k|df0f kq ;xh}
] ;d:ofsf]ufF7f]km'sfpg dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf;
k|bfg ug{ ul/G5 . lgd{nf >]i7sf]ljifo ckjfb d~r kl/of]hgf sfof{no x]6f}+8f;Fu ;xof]u dfu

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 15
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 u/]sf] ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg (= t;y{, l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]
kg{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zaf6 cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gx'Fbf l/6
pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ljsf; u//]  k|rngdf NofPsf lgj]bg vf/h
] x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bgdf cfzfsfhL
kmf/ fddf s]ljifo / xg' kg] { jf s]ljifo / xg >]
i7sf]d[To'btf{ k|df0f kq ;lxt lghsL kTgL
cfjZos 5} g egL To;tf lgsfoaf6 agfOPsf lgd{nf >]i7n] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=
kmf/fd ;Rofpg]ljifodf d2t x'g ;Sb}g . cfkm"n] !) df ljwjf eQfsf]nflu lbPsf]lgjbg btf{
agfPsf kmf/fdsf] 9fFrf cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] u/L k|s[ofdf n}hfg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf]
cfwf/ df hgtfnfO{ ;'ljwf x'g]u/ L kl/dfh{g ;Gbe{ agfPsf]kl/ k|]
Iodf lgh lgd{nf >] i7 :j+
x'g g;Sg]x'Fb}g . cfjZostf cg';f/kl/dfh{g cfzfsfL >]i7sf]kTgL eGg]s'/f d[To' btf{ k|df0f
ug'{kb{5 . pkdxfgu/ kflnsf h: tf ;fj{hlgs kqsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvO{ /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgh
lgsfon]s'g rflx+ sfg'gn]lglb{i6 u/ sf]s'g
] lgd{nf >]i7sf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L sf/jfxLdf n}hfg]
rflx+ st{Jo k"/f gu/]sf] eGg] s'/f / To;/L st{Jo Joj:yf ldnfpg x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
lgjf{x gubf{ JolQmsf]sfg'gL xs xgg ePsf]eGg] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/ x]6f}8+ fnfO{ lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z
s'/f :yflkt x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf k/dfb]zsf] hf/L ul/lbPsf]5 . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sb}g . Pshgf dlxnfnfO{ k/s ] f]
;d:ofn];fj{hlgs dxTjsf]:yfg u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] tkl;n
klg b]lv+b}g .  o;df lrQ ga'em]#% lbgleq ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf
*= hxfF;Dd lgd{nf >]i7 :j= cfzfsfhL >]i7sf]kTgL k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL lgj]bsnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf]
x'g eGg]s'/f d[To' btf{ k|df0fkqaf6 :yflkt eO{ Dofb lbg' ==============================================================================================================!
/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgh lgd{nf >]i7n] d'n'sn] Psn  lgd{nf >]i7sf] lgj]bg btf{ u/L sf/jfxLdf n}hfg]
dlxnfsf]lxtsf nflu k|bfg u/s ] f];fdflhs ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
eQf k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{Psn dlxnf sfof{no dsjfgk'/ x]6f}8+ fnfO{ lgb]z { gfTds cfb]z
k|df0fkq lbg]k|of]hgsf]nflu lgj]bg g}btf{ ug{ hf/L x'g] 7x/]sfn] ;f] adf]lhd lgj]bg btf{ u/L
gkfPsf]eGg]k|Zg 5, hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg sf/jfxLdf n}hfg] Jjo:yf ldnfpg' egL km};nfsf]
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] pkdxfgu/kflnsf h:tf] k|ltlnlk ;lxt hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' =========@
hgpQ/bfoL lgsfon]s'g}JolQmnfO{ kg{ uPsf]  k|:tt ' km};
 nf ljB"tLo k|0ffnLdf cknf]8 u/L bfo/L
dsf{ / ljifoj:ts ' f] k|s[lt x]/L :jljj]s k|of]u u//]  nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/u/L clen]v
JolQmsf]lk/dsf{df cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg]d{ f zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" =================================================================================#
kmf/fddf pNn]v ePsf ;a}sfuhftnfO{ clgjfo{
zt{sf] ?kdf cufl8 ;f/]/ lgd{nf >]i7sf] lgj]bg -afa'/fd /]UdL_
g}btf{ gug]{eGg]s'/f ljj]s  ;Ddt b]lvg cfPg . GofofwLz
;fdflhs kl/j]z / kl/jf/hgsf] c;xof]usf pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
sf/ 0f d[ts klt cfzfsfhL dxh{g;Fu gftf -o'j/fh ;'jb] L_
k|dfl0ftsf] k|df0fkq agfpg sl7gfO{ k/]sf] eGg] GofofwLz
s'/fsf]hfgsf/L k|fKt ePkl5 ckjfb s}?kdf /
;a}Psn dlxnfsf]xsdf k/Dk/f sfod gx'g]u/L km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{M
lgd{nf >]i7sf] ;d:of ;'Nemfpg pkdxfgu/kflnsf Onhf; clws[t M /fhs'df/lg/f}nf, lzjk|;fb aGhf/f
h:tf] lgsfon] sGh':ofO ug{ x'bF g} . lgd{nf >]i7n] gf=;'= M g]qk|;fb kf}8]n
/fHosf tkm{af6 kfpg ;Sg];'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] sDKo'6/ ug]{ 6f=gf=;'= s]bf/dfg >]i7
Joj:yf ldnfpg x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
bfloTjleq k/];/x s}ljifoj:t' dfGg' kb{5 . Olt ;Djt @)&@ ;fn kf}if * ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\ = = = = = = = = = = = .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

16 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L gfu]Gb|nfe s0f{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;/f]hk|;fb uf}t d

cfb]z
bfo/L g+= )&@–WO–))#)
d'2f /lhi6«z
] g g+= )*–)&@–))!@@
lg0f{o g++ $%

d'2f M k/dfb]z

dsjfgk'/lhNnf x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ a;g];l/tf >]i7 ==============================================================================! lgj]bs 

lj?4
x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f =================================================================================================================================! k|ToyL{

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} kxn ul/lbg' x'g egL dsjfgk'/lhNnf x]6f}+8f
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ cGt{ut kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt pkdxfgu/ kflnsf j8f g+ $ a: g];l/ tf >]i7
tYo Pj+ 7x/lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf]5M ;d]tsf]dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r kl/of]hgfdf
lgj]bg k/]sf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf o; kl/of]hgfaf6
tYo v08 :ynut lg/LIf0f ;d]t ul/Psf]df egfO{ ;To
!= ljkIfL x]6 f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn]j8f g+= !) df ePsf] kfOPsf]n] pQm t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n bf]sfg
t/ sf/ L Pj+ kmnkm"n Joj;fosf nflu ;Mz'Ns x6fO{ tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n
6x/ f ;d]t lgdf{0f ul/ lbPsf];Gbe{df sltko bf]sfg ;~rfng u/fpg]tkm{ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg
t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n Joj;foLx¿n] ;f]xL :yfgdf ul/ lbg' x'g egL ;DalGwt Joxf] /fv'nfO{ o;
t/ sf/ L tyf kmnkm"n vl/ b laqmL Joj;fo kl/of]hgfn] cg'udgsf avt lvr]sf] kmf]6f]sf
;~rfng ul/cfPsf] / o:tf] Joj:yfsf sf/0f 5fofF k|lt ;d]t /fvL ljkIfL pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf
cfkm"nfO{ rflxg]t/ sf/ L tyf kmnkm"nx¿ Ps} o; kl/of]h  gfsf]r=g+= %@ ldlt @)&@.)#.#! sf]
:yfgdf pknAw x'Fbf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ ;xh /;/n kqaf6 kqfrf/ul/ Psf]
df ;f]kqsf ;DaGwdf
?kdf t/sf/L / kmnkm"nx¿ pknAw eO/fv]sf] pQm pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ;f] kqnfO{ pNn]v u/L
t/o;}pkdxfgu/ kflnsf cGtu{t j8f g+ $ ldlt @)&@.)$.)! df ljkIfL pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf
sf] vf]k]uNnLsf] ;8sdf klg s]xL Jofkf/Lx¿n] ;=gf=lg >L s]Gb| uf]ljGb hf]zLnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L
cJojl:yt ?kdf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nx¿ Jofkf/ vf]k]uNnL nufot d'Vo ahf/ If]qleq b}lgs
u/]sf] sf/0f af6f]df lx+8\g] cfkm" nufotsf cg'udg ug]{sfo{ ug{ u/fpg;Dd egL ;f]:yfgsf]
a6'jfx¿nfO{ afwf kg{ uPsf]/;f]:yfgsf]af6f] t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ahf/Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf
;fF3/' f] ePsf]t/ahf/If]q x'Fbf ToxfFaf6 7"nf tyf df}g /xL kq;Dd n]vL o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;d]t
;fgf ;jf/Lx¿ u'8\g]eO{ ;fFemsf];dodf af6f]df af]wfy{ lbg] sfo{ ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] af]wfy{ kq
a6'jfx¿ /;jf/Lsf]3'OFrf]a9\g hfFbf ;f]xL avt ljkIfLn]o; kl/ of]h gfdf ldlt @)&@.)$.!) df
af6f]sf] lsgf/fx¿ 9flsg] u/L yflkPsf t/sf/L dfq a'emfPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] / o;kl5 ;f] t/sf/L
tyf kmnkm"n bf]sfgsf sf/0f ;8s b'3{6gf x'g] tyf kmnkm"n ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/
k|jn ;Defjgf a9]s f]/;f]ljifo ;fj{hlgs ePsf]/x5 ] t egL P]= !@ ut]o; kl/of]hgfaf6
;/f]sf/sf] ePsf]n] ;f] sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu k'gM cg'udg ubf{ ;f]bf]s  fgx¿ ;fljs adf]lhd

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 17
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 g} c:tJo:t cj:yfdf g} ;+rfngdf /x]sf] kfOPsf] pkdxfgu/ kflnsf sfof{nosf ;'/ Iff k|d'vnfO{
/ sd km/flsnf] / w]/} ;fgf] 7"nf ;jf/L tyf lgb]{zg ul/Psf] / lgb]{zg adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;fdfg v/Lb ug]{nufotsf a6'jfx¿ le8ef8l;t x'Fb} cfO{ /x]sf]d f lgj]bssf] dfu h:tf] lg/k]If
lx+8\g] lkr ;8ssf] lsgf/fx¿df ;d]t Jofkf/Lx¿n] ?kdf ahf/sf] uNnL, uf}+8f ;d]tdf t/sf/LhGo
cgflws[t ?kdf hyfefjL 7] nf tyf 8f] sf]x¿df kbfy{ ls;fgn]g}laqmL ug]{s'/fnfO{ lgif]w ug'{
/e'OFdf ;d] t cJojl: yt ?kdf t/ sf/L tyf jf~5lgo /pko'Qm klg x'Fbg} . sfof{non]laxfg
kmnkm" Jofkf/ u/]sf] sf/0f b'3{6gfsf] ;Defjgf a]n'sf ahf/sf]rfk sd ePsf]cj:yfdf s[lifhGo
clxn]klg k|jn ?kdf g}b]lvPsf]/o;n] kbfy{ cGtu{t t/sf/L nufotsf j:t' k|ToIf cj/fw]
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f kfg{sf] cnfjf ahf/sf] ;'Gb/tfdf gug]{ u/L laqmL ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{ cfPsf] Joxf]/f
;d]t k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] cg'/f]w ub}{ lgj]bsn] dfu u/] adf]lhd lgj]bgsf]
5 . ljkIfL pkdxfgu/ kflnsf cGtu{tsf ahf/ cfb] z hf/ L x'Fbf cfd pkef]Qmf, ;fgf ls;fg
;d]tsf Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf ;DalGwt x]6f}+8f Pj+ c: yfO{ ;fgf t/ sf/L, kmnkm"n Joj;foLsf]
pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] ePsf] cj:fydf pQm lgsfon] lhjLsf]kfh{gsf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ ubf{ ;f]
cfk\mgf] st{Jo k"/f gu/L a]jf:tf u/L cfwf/e"t sfo{n] ahf/ If]qdf tflTjs c;/ gkf/]sf] x'Fbf
dfgj clwsf/df ;d]t cf3ft kfg]{sfo{ u/]af6 k|:t't /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t
d nufot o; pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf /xg] a:g] Joxf]/fsf] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvt
hgtfsf]xs clwsf/xgg\ x'g uPsf]/g]kfn hjfkm .
kIf ePsf]cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf ;d]t ljk/Lt
ePsf]n] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf gfpFdf pQm 7x/ v08
j8f g+= $ vf]k]uNnLdf cJojl:yt ?kdf /x]sf] %= lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf
t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ahf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:fykg r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z  x'g cfPsf]k|:t't
ug{ nufpg" egL k/dfb]zsf]cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF d'2fsf]lgj] bg ;lxtsf]ldl;n ;d] t cWoog
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;l/tf >]i7sf] lgj]bg . ul/of]  .
@= o;df /L6 lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf]ljifosf]k|s[ltaf6 ^= o;df, ljkIfL pkdxfgu/ kflnsf cGtu{t ahf/
;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/ lglxt /xs
] f] b]lv+bf d'ns
' L P]g, ;d]tsf Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf ;DalGwt x]6f}+8f
c=j+= !) g+= adf]lhd lgj]bg btf{sf nflu cg'dtL pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] ePsf] cj:yfdf pQm lgosfn]
k|bfg l/Psf]5 eGg];d]t o; cbfntaf6 ldlt cfkm\gf] st{Jo k'/f gu/L a]jf:tf u/L cfwf/e"t
@)&@.)$.!& df ePsf]cfb]z . dfgj clwsf/df ;d]t cf3ft kfg]{sfo{ u/]af6
#= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg d nufot o; pkdxfgu/kfnsfdf /xg] a:g]
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og < hgtfsf]xs clwsf/xgg x'g uPsf]/g]kfn
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{s'g}cfwf/, sf/0f /k|df0f kIf ePsf]cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf ;d]t ljk/Lt
eP ;f];d]t v'nfO{ Dofb ;"rgf tfd] n ePsf] ePsf]n] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf gfpFdf pQm
ldltn]af6f]sf]Dofb afx]s  !% lbgleq cfkm}jf j8f g+= $ vf]k]uNnLdf cJojl:yt ?kdf /x]sf]
sfg'g adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw dfk{mt lnlvt hjfkm t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ahf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf
k]z ug'{xf]nf egL of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ug{ nufpg" egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L /L
;d]t ;fy}/fvL k|ToyL{sf]gfpFdf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs ;l/tf >]i7sf]
u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]jf cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgj]bg bfjL tyf lgj]b gsf]cfb]z  hf/L x'Fbf cfd
lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt pkef]Qmf, ;fgf ls;fg Pj+ c:yfO{ ;fgf t/sf/L,
@)&@.)$.!* df ePsf]cfb]z . kmnkm"n Joj;foLsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t
$= x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L dWogh/ubf{ ;f]sfo{n]ahf/If] qdf tflTjs
ahf/lgdf{0f u/ L a;kfs{ If]qdf kmnkm"n tyf c;/ gkf/]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L
t/sf/L ahf/ Joj:yfkg ul/cfPsf] s'/f lgj]bsn] kfpF egg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ToyL{sf] lnlvt hjfkm
tYodf v'nfpg' ePs}5 . laxfg a]n  'sfsf]ahf/ /xs
] f] k|:tt' d'2fdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'
If]qdf rfk sd ePsf];dodf ahf/sf]uNnLleq ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L nlntf >]i7 /ljåfg
Ifl0fs Joj;fo ug] { t/
sf/ LhGo tyf kmnkm"n clwjQmf >L k'is axfb'/yfkf If]qLn];fj{hlgs
Joj;foLnfO{ k|efjsf/ L lgodg ug{ o; x] 6f}
+8f :
yfgdf cJojl: yt ?kdf Jofkf/Joj;fo x'Fbf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

18 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;j{;fwf/0fsf]xs clwsf/xgg\ x'g k'Ubf klg ljjfbsf] lgK6f/f ub{5 eg] Tof] Public interest
lgodg ug]{ lgsfo x]6f}8+ f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] cfkm\ litigation xf] .
gf] st{Jo k'/f gu/]sf]n] pQm lgsfonfO{ st{Josf] (= t;y{, lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifoj:t' s] s:tf] 5,
kfngf ug{ u/fpg k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{ To;sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/;Fu ;/f]sf/
egL tyf k|ToyL{sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf /fVg]k|Zg ;lGglxt 5, 5}g eGg]s'/f klxNofpg'
ljåfg clwjQmf >L d's'Gb k|;fb clwsf/Ln]k|:t't kg]{ x'G5 . æ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] klxrfg
ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb g} x}g . ;Lldt ubf{ s'g}ljjfb vf; JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf]xs jf
7fpFsf]ljjfb tyf ;fgf ls;fgsf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s
s'/fnfO{ ;d]t x]bf{ ;f] sfo{n] ahf/ If]qdf tflTjs jf hg;d'bfosf];fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu 5
c;/ kf/]sf] 5}g . oL lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't lgj]bg eGg]s'/f x] g'{kg]
{Æ -g]sfk @)^*, c+s (, lg=g+=
lbg] xsb}of g} 5}g . lgj]bsn] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf *^*), k[= !$&(_, æ;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/sf]ljjfbdf
nflu af}l4s k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf lbPsf] k|:t't /L6 cGo d'2fx/sf] k|s[lt h:tf] k|lt4GtfTds rl/q
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL k|:t 't ug'{ ePsf]ax; x'Fbg} . o;df lgj]bs, ljkIfL /cbfntsf]klg
;d]t ;'lgof]  . ;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ a9fjf lbg]p2]Zo cGtlg{lxt
&= ca, k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfucg';f/ x'G5 . To;}n] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ sfo{sf
cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og < / lgj]bssf] lgj]bg ;DaGwdf / fHo /o;sf cjojx¿ cfkm"nfO{
lhls/k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g < ;f]xL ;DaGwdf ljrf/ lglb{i6 ul/ Psf ;+j} wflgs /sfg'gL st{Josf]
ug'k{ g]{x'Fbf d'VotoM lgDg k|Zgx¿df ljj]rgf ug'k{ g]{ kl/kfngfdf uDeL/ x'g}kg]{Æ -g]sfk @)^*, c+s
b]lvof] M %, lg=g+= *^!^, k[= *!@_ egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
s_ k| :t ' t d' 2 fdf lgj]b sn] p7fPsf] ljifo ePsf]kl/k|]Iodf o; Ohnf;df cfh ljrf/flwg
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ljifo xf], xf]Og < of]ljjfb s]s'g k|s[ltsf]/x]5 eGg];DaGwdf
v_ lgj]bs dfu adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ljrf/ ubf{, x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 a9f]Q/L
hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf], x}g < eO{ x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ePsf]
*= ldl;n ;+nUg lgj] bg kq, lnlvt hjfkm tyf kl/k|]Iodf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;/n ?kdf cfjthfjt
ljåfg clwjQmfsf ax; a'Fbf ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL ug{ kfpg] , ;kmf jftfj/ 0fdf hLjg ofkg ug{
klxnf]k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ubf{, d"ntM ;fj{hlgs kfpg] aGbf]a:t x'g'kg]{df pQm vf]k]uNnLdf ePsf]
xs / ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] sfg'gL cJojl: yt ?kdf jftfj/ 0fdf g}k|lts"n k|efj
k|Zgsf]lg/f]k0fsf nflu jf To:tf ;fj{hlgs xs kg]{ ;Ddsf] sfo{ tTsfn /f]sL Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{
/ ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} s'/fdf hf];'s} klg eGg' lgj]bssf] lghL ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]Og .
cbfntdf k|jz ] ug{ kfpg]dfu{ eg]sf]g}Public o;k|sf/ hg;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ljjfbsf
interest litigation xf] . ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtfsf]lxt ;DaGwdf ;fy{s ;DaGw (Meaningful relation)
;+/If0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] / ;f]sf] ;+/If0fsf] ePsf JolQm jf ;+:yfn]cbfntdf k|jz ] ug{ kfpg]
nflu cbfntdf bfo/ul/g]ljjfb (The litigation g} x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf
filed in a court of law for the protection of the ljrf/ ubf{ klg x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] j8f
interest of the public in general) g};fj{hlgs g+= !) df t/ sf/ L tyf kmnkm"n Joj;fosf
;/fs
] f/ ljjfb xf]  . k/Dk/fut ljlwzf:qlo dfGotf nflu :yfgsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] tfklg j8f
cg';f/h;sf]h'g s'/ fdf xs k'Ub5 (Locus g+= $ l: yt vf] k]uNnLdf sltko Joj;foLx¿n]
standi) p;} n]dfq cbfntsf]9f]sf 9S9Sofpg cJojl: yt ?kdf ;8s lsgf/ df Joj;fo ug]{
kfpF5 eGg]xf]t/clxn]o;sf]bfo/fdf Jofkstf u/]sf]df pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] To;sf] Joj:yfkg
cfPsf] 5 / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt gu/]sf], h;sf sf/0fn] jftfj/0f k|lts"n k|efj
ljifosf ljjfb cbfntx¿df a9f]Q/L eO/x]sf] 5 . kg{ uPsf] egg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg lnO{
;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/sf] ljjfbn] cbfntnfO{ ;s[o / cbfnt ;dIf cfPsf]b]lvG5 . ;f];DaGwdf oL
/rgfTds e"ldsf (pro–active and creative role) lgj]bs ;l/tf >]i7 ;d]tsf] dlxnf, sfg'g /
lgjf{x ug] { dfu{ k|z: t ub{5 . o;/ L cbfntn] ljsf; d~r kl/of]hgfdf lgj]bg k/]sf] / To;sf]
xsb}ofsf]pbf/JofVof ub}{ljjfb lg?k0fsf nflu Joj: yfkg ug{ egL k|ToyL{ pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf
;dGofo /Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtsf]dfWodaf6 kqfrf/ ;d]t u/s ] f] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . plNnlvt

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 19
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 :yfgdf ahf/Joj;fo Joj:yfkg ug{ egL ul/Psf o'Qm, lzIff, v] ns"b ;DaGwL ;fwg /: yfgn]
oL k|of;x¿ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] vflt/ g} /x]sf] ;';lHht, dlxnf, afnaflnsf, j[4, c;xfosf
b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ lgj]bg dfunfO{ oL lgj]bsn] d}qL, cfw'lgs ;fwg />f]tn]el/k"0f{ Ps ;d[4
cfkm\gf]lxt jf :jfy{ jf kmfObfsf nflu of]lgj]bg jftfj/0fd}qL If]q dfq ;xL cy{df gu/sf] ?kn]
lbPsf]geO{ ;j{;fwf/ 0fsf]lxtsf nflu lbPsf] kl/ lrt x'g ;Qm5 . log}s'/fx¿ ;j{;fwf/ 0f
cj: yf x'Fbf oL lgj] bsnfO{ k|:t't lgj] bg lbg] hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ afrf /fHon] u/]sf] 5 /
xsb}of g} 5}g, lgj]bsn] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu ;f]afrfnfO{ ;fy{stf k|bfg ug'{ gu/ kflnsfsf]
af}l4s k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf of] lgj]bg lbPsf /x]5g\ st{Jo xf]  . o; lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] ;'Jojl:yt
egL dfGg ldNg]b] lvPsf]o; cj: yfdf k|:
t't ?kdf Jofkf/Joj;fo ;+rfng ul/ kfpg x] 6f}
+8f
ljjfbsf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb /x] pkdxfgu/ kflnsf j8f g+= $ l: yt vf] k]
uNnLdf
ePsf] g} b]lvof]  . Joj:yfkg ul/ kfpg dfu u/]sf] kfOof]  . dfly
!)= ca bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ x]bf{, nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] g}pNn]v ul/P em}+:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n]
P]g sfg'g dfkm{t ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ lbg];'v gu/kflnsf If]qdf jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg] sfd
;'ljwfsf] afrf u/]sf] x'G5 / ;f] afrf cg';f/sf] ug'{, Jofkf/tyf jfl0fHosf]ljsf;sf nflu sfd
sfo{ ug{ / fHo ;b} j tTk/x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ug'{, ahf/cflbsf]Joj: yfkg ug'{ ;DalGwt
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f #%-%_ df, æ/fHon] gu/kflnsfsf] st{Joleq} kg]{ u/L Jojl:yt u/]sf]
jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . 5 . o;/ L To;}klg gu/ If]
q leq jftfj/ 0fLo
hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf ===Æ Joj:yfkg ug'{ gu/kflnsfsf] st{Jo g} xf]  .
a9fpg]h:tf sfo{ ug]{gLlt lng]/fHon]afrf To;df x]6f}8+ f dxfgu/kflnsf pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf
u/]sf] 5 . ;f] afrf cg';f/sf] sfo{ Jjoxfl/s :t/j[l4 ePsf] o; cj:yfdf o;sf] sfo{ If]q /
?kd} ug]{ s'/fsf] Pp6f aGbf]j:t :yfgLo :jfoQ bfloTj cem clej[l4 ePsf]5 . To;} n]o;n]
zf;g P]g , @)%% cGtu{t gu/kflnsf ;d]t dfkm{t cfkm\gf]Ifdtfdf cem clej[l4 ug'{kg] { afWotf
ug]{ u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g klg 5 . k|ToyL{ x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
P]g, @)%% sf]bkmf (^-!_-`_-%_ df, æJofkf/tyf lnlvt hjfkmdf pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]j8f g++ $
jfl0fHosf] ljsf;sf] nflu sfd ug]{Æ P]= P]gsf] l:yt vf]k]unnL ;8sdf kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L
bkmf (^-!_-`_-!*_df, æxf6, ahf/d]n  f cflbsf] ahf/ /x]sf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5
k|aGw ug]{ u/fpg]Æ egL gu/kflnsf If]qleq :jR5 eg]jftfj/ 0fdf k|lts"n k|efj gkg] { u/ L pQm
jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ u/fpg]bfloTj /fHon] ahf/sf] ;'Joj:yfkg u/]sf] eGg] tfls{s hLls/
gu/kflnsfsf] dfWodaf6 lnPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f lng ;s]sf] klg b]lv+b}g . pGglt / ljsf;sf]
;+/If0f P]g , @)%# sf]bkmf &-@_ df, æ===s;}n]s'g} cGTo slxNo} x'Fb}g . Rome was not build in
sfo{ u/ L jftfj/ 0fdf pNn] vgLo k|lts"n k|efj a day eg]em}+ ljsf;sf] sfo{ klg /ftf/ft x'g]
kf/]sf] b]lvPdf ;DalGwt lgsfon] tt\ ;DaGwdf xf]Og . To; s'/fsf]x]Ssf o; Ohnf;nfO{ klg
cfjZos zt{x¿ tf]Sg jf To:tf]sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] 5 . tfklg xfnsf]dfkg /kl/sNkgf cg'?ksf]
u/L /f]s nufpg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] ljsf;sf] vf]hL ug'{ c3]{NofO{ x'Fb}g . sfg'gn]
5 . /fHon] u/]sf] ;f] afrf cg';f/sf] st{Jo k"/f ;d]t lglb{i6 u/]sf] gu/kflnsfn] ug'{kg]{ Jofkf/
ug{ gu/kflnsf -pkgu/kflnsf_ afWo 5 . o; Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] rfxgf
;DaGwdf >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6, æ=== hg;/f]sf/sf ;d]tnfO{ pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ leqs} xf] eGg] dfGg'
ljifodf sfg'gdf ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿ sfg'gdf dfq kg]{x'G5 . oL lgj]b s ;d]taf6 plNnlvt :yfgdf
;Lldt /xg]sfuhL v]>f dfq geO{ kl/0ffdd'vL Joj;fo Joj:yfkg ug{ egL k|ToyL{nfO{ kqfrf/
?kdf nfu" ug}{kg]{oyfy{ sfg'g x'g eGg]d f ljdlt u/]sf], ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ /fvL k|of; u/]sf]
/xg g;Sg]Æ -g]sfk @)^*, c+s #, lg=g+= *%*%, k[= ldl;n ;+nug sfuhftaf6 b] lvG5 eg]sfg'g
%@@_ eGg]l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf]kfOG5 . adf]lhd pQm sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] lgsfo,
!!= cfw' l gs nf]s sNof0fsf/L gu/s f] dfGotf x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] lnlvt hjfkmdf pQm
leq Pp6f jftfj/0fd}qL, z'4, :jR5, x/fe/f, tYo :jLsf/ u/L ;fgf ls;fgsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
:jf:Yjw{s gu/sf] :yfkgf xf]  . gu/ eg]sf] s'/f ;d]tsf sf/0fn]Joj;fo lgif]w ug'{ jf~5lgo
e"uf]n dfq x}g, z'4, :jf:Yojw{s, ljsf;n] x'Fb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

20 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 gu/kflnsf leq s]s'g 7fpFdf, s]s;/L Joj;fo ;8s :yfgdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf]cfjfudg x'g];8s
ug]{ u/fpg] h:tf Joj:yfkgsf lhDd]jf/L k|ToyL{ af6f]df /x]sf] kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L ahf/df
lgsfodf /x]sf] o; cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;j{;fwf/0f lx+8\g cj/f]w gk'Ug] u/L ahf/
pbf;Lg /xL ;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/nfO{ pk]Iff ug{ ldNg] Jojl:yt ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{Joj:yf ldnfpg' egL
;d] t gx'Fbf, pQm vf] k]
uNnL : yfgdf ;fj{hlgs k|ToyL{nfO{ o; cfb]z  sf]hfgsf/L lbg' = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =!
:jfy{nfO{ dWogh/ub}{plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{ k|ToyL{  of]cfb]z df lrQ ga'em]Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$*
lgsfosf]st{Jo b] lvg cfpF5 . ctM JolQmut sf]bkmf (-!_-s_ adf]lhd >L ;jf] {Rr cbfnt,
:jfy{eGbf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;/f]sf/sf] :jfy{nfO{ sf7df8f} +df k'g/fj]
bg ug{ hfg" egL k|ToyL{sf]
k|fyldstf lb+b}o; ;DaGwdf hf]h]Joj:yfkg gfddf #% lbgsf]k'g/fj]b gsf]Dofb lbg" =================@
ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ug'{ g}  ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfb]zsf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf
kg]{ eGg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] /f]xdf lgj]bssf] lgodfg';f/u/L gSsn lbg' ======================================================#
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf  k|:
t't cfb]z  ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf cknf]8 u/ L
j8f g+= $ l:yt vf]k]uNnL ;8sdf kmnkm"n tyf bfo/Lsf]nut s§f ug"{ /ldl;n lgodfg';f/o;
t/sf/L ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu k/dfb]zsf] cbfntsf]clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' =====================$
cfb]z hf/L x'g] g} b]lvof]  .
!@= t;y{, dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/Pj+ sf/0faf6 x]6f}+8f -;/f]hk|;fb uf}td_
pkdxfgu/kflnsfl:yt j8f g+= $ sf] vf]k]uNnL GofofwLz
;8sdf kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L ahf/ /x]sf] eGg]
tYonfO{ ljkIfLn]lnlvt hjfkmaf6 ;d]t :jLsf/ pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
u/s
] f] b]lv+bf pQm :yfgdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfjfudg -gfu]Gb|nfe s0f{_
x'g] ;8s af6f]df /x]sf] kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L GofofwLz
ahf/df ;j{;fwf/0f lx+8\g cj/fw] gk'Ug] u/L ahf/
Jojl: yt ?kdf ;~rfng ug] { Joj:yf ldnfpg] cfb]z tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{M
u/L ljkIfL sfof{nosf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z Ohnf; clws[t M wgLk|;fb rkfO{, j;Gt k|;fb d}gfnL
hf/L x'g]7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug"{ . / /fhs'df/ nfld5fg]
l87\7f M s]zj x'dfufO{
tkl;n sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ M gldtf s'Fj/ If]qL
 dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvP adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] ;d]t 7x/]sf]n] pQm x]6f}+8f Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn c;f]h )^ ut]/fh
] $ z'ed = = = = .
pkdxfgu/kflnsf l:yt j8f g+= $ sf]vf]k]uNnL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 21
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 >L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k'?iff]Q
 d e08f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L pd]z  s'df/l;+x

cfb]z
lgj]bg g+= )&)–WO–)@%!
/lhi6«zg g+= )*–)&)–)@%%@
lg0f{o g+= #

ljifo M k/dfb]z

lhNnf dsjfgk'/gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r kl/of]h  gf sfof{no
dsjfgk'/x]6f}+8fsf tkm{af6 /cfkm\g}tkm{af6 ;d]t lhNnf sfo{qmd clws[t clwjQmf nlntf >]i7
-k|=k=g+= %(#$_ ===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs

la?4
>L vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{, sfo{sf/L ;ldlt, dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f ==================================================================================================!
>L vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ dsjfgk'/ x]6f}+8fsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ============================================================================================!
>L x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f ============================================================================================================================!
>L If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q, x]6f}+8f ====================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o; eGg]pkef]Q mfsf tkm{af6 egfO cfPsf]eGg]pNn]v 
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] ePsf] kfOof] eg] ;f] u'gf;f]sf ;DaGwdf o:tf] s'g}
k|:t't lgj]bgsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5M u'gf;f] gcfPsf] elg vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{sf
lgldQ sfof{no k|dv ' ;'bz{g 9sfnsf]egfO{ /xs ] f]
tYo v08 elg k|sfzg ePsf]kfOPsf]lyof] .
!= xfn udL{sf]ofd z'? ePsf]sf/0f x}hf, 6fOkmfO8, @= o:t}k'gM ef]lnkN6 @)&! ;fn h]i7 * ut];f]xL
hl08; h:tf /fu] x¿sf] j[4L x'g] ;Defjgf al9/xs ] f] x]6f}+8f ;Gb]z  b}lgsdf ævfg]kfgLdf skfn xf]Og
cj:yf 5 eg]xfndf o; x]6f}8+ f dxfgu/kflnsfsf n]p Æ zLif{sdf x]6f}8+ f ahf/df skfn ldl;Psf]kfgL
pkef]Qmfx¿n] lkpg] kfgL ;fd/L vf]nsf] d'xfg e} cfPsf] elg u'gf;f] cfPsf]df af]8{n] wf/f wf/fdf
x]=g=kf= @ l:yt kfgL 6\of+sLdf e/]kZrft\ gu/sf k'u]/ x]bf{ skfn km]nf gk/]sf] / ;f] kfgLdf n]psf
pkef]QmfnfO{ vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ dsjfgk'/n] /]zfx¿ eg] b]vf k/]sf] / xfn udL{sf] sf/0f kfgL
ljt/0f ul/ cfPsf] vfg]kfgLdf s]xL lbgb]lv k|jfx sd x'g] ePsf]n] n]p ;txdf cfpg] u/]sf]
lhjsf /f}+x¿ nufot n]p ;d]t b]vf k/]sf] / ;a} kfgL lkmN6/ ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf]n] n]p b]vf
cj:yf /x]sf] eGg] gu/df hgu'gf;f] cfO{/x]sf] k/]sf] xf] / pkef]QmfnfO{ kfgL ljt/0f ug{ eGbf
cj:yf lyof]  . o;} qmddf x]6f}+8f ;Gb]z  gfds cfwf 306f cuf8L Snf]l/g /fVg] u/s ] f] x'Fbf ljt/0f
:yfgLo b}lgs klqsfdf ut @)&! ;fn h]i7 & ul/Psf] kfgL ;kmf / :jR5 /x]sf]n  ] 9'Ss;Fu
ut] ævfg]kfgLdf n]bf] cfof]Æ eGg] zLif{sdf x]6f}+8f kfgL k|of]u ug{ egL af]8{sf lgldQ sfof{no k|d'v
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ jf;'bj] dfu{ cGtu{t ;[li6 ;'bz{g 9sfnn] atfpg' eof] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]
6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfdf s]xL lbgb]lv wf/fdf uGxfpg] kfOof] . o; kZrft\ ;f]pn]lvt s'/f gelgPsf]
n]bf] cfpg yfn]sf] / o:tf] kfgLsf sf/0f pkef]Qmf eGg]s'/f lgh lgldQ sfof{no k|d'v nufot
lj/fdL k/]sf] eGg] ;d]t :yfgLosf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] s'g} klg ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 st} pNn]v ;d]t

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

22 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o; l:yltdf xfnsf] sfo{ u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ :jR5 lkpg]kfgL pknAw
a9\bf] udL{ df};dsf] cj:yfdf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg u/ fpg tyf o; ;DaGwdf ;"rgfx¿ k|efjsf/ L
af]8{n] ljt/0f u/]sf] kfgLdf n]p ldl;Psf] s'/f dfWodx¿af6 k|jfx u/ L ;DalGwt pkef]QmfnfO{
o; cGtu{tsf lgldQ sfof{no k|d'vsf]egfOaf6 hfgsf/L u/fpg ;d]t elg vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg
;d]t lglj{jfb ?kdf b]lvg cfPsf]/o; k|sf/sf] af]8{nfO{, pkef]QmfnfO{ :jR5 kfgL pknAw u/fpg]
n]p ldl;Psf] kfgLsf] sf/0f kfgLsf pkef]Qmfx¿ tkm{ sfg'g adf]lhd Joj:yfkg ug'{, u/fpg' elg
;d]t lj/fdL k/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ tyf ;f] lgsfox¿n]
;DalGwt vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ dsjfgk'/n] ;f] cfkm\gf] lhDdfsf] sfo{ u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg ;d]t
kfgLsf]j}1  flgs lkmN6/Ifdtf a9fpg tkm{ s'g} u/L cfjZos eP sfg'g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ;d]t
sfo{ gug'{sf]cnfjf ;f]kfgL lkpg of]Uo xf]xf]O g ug'{ elg If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ k/dfb]z  jf
eGg] tkm{ j}1flgs hfFr ;d]t u/fPsf] / o:tf] hf]rflxPsf]cf1f cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L u/L kfpF
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt eGg]ldlt @)&!.@.!@.@ ut]sf]lgj]bg kq .
pkef] QmfnfO{ s'g}klg ;"rgfsf dfWodx¿af6 $= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu
lbOPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] af]8{ ;d]tn] adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og < cfb]z
hgtfsf] :jf:Yodf k/s ] f] k|lts"n c;/ k|lt a]jf:tf hf/L x'g' gkg]{s'g}cfwf/, sf/0f /k|df0f eP
ug's { f] cnfjf ;f] ;DaGwdf x]6f}8+ f dxfgu/kflnsfn] ;f];d]t v'nfO{ Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ePsf ldltn]
klg hgtfnfO{ : jR5 lkpg]kfgL ljt/ 0f ug] { af6f]s  f]Dofb afx]s
 !% lbgleq ljkIfL g+= $ sf
;DaGwdf s'g} rf;f] g/flv a]jf:tf u/]sf] / ;f] xsdf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no, x]6f}+8f
ljifodf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ?kdf :yflkt lhNnf dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{xf]nf egL of]cfb]z
k|zf;g sfof{no dsjfgk'/x]6 f}+8f nufot If]lqo / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnk ;d]t ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿sf]
k|zf;g sfof{no x]6f}+8f dsjfgk'/ ;d]t df}g gfpFdf Dofb ;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]
/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . jf cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ eGg]
#= ctM g] kfnsf]cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]wf/ f o; cbfntsf]ldlt @)&!.@.!#.# ut]sf]cfb]z .
!)&-@_ adf]lhd lgDgfg';f/ cfb]z hf/L u/L %= lgj]bsn] hxfF;Dd vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{
kfpF . dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ P]g, @)^# sf]bkmf ^-s_-v_-u_-3_-ª_-r_-5_
o; gu/kflnsfsf gful/sx¿n] lkpg] kfgLdf -em_-7_-8_ ;d]tsf] sfg'gn] ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L
:jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] n]bf] tyf n]p ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fOPsf]5 jf] 8{ sfg'gåf/ f
cvfB kbfy{x¿ ldl;Psf]/o:tf]kfgL vfg]kfgL :yfltk Ps :jfoQ ;+:yf /x]sf] gful/ssf]
Joj: yfkg af] 8{n]ljt/ 0f ubf{ ;f]kfgL vfO{ b}lgs cfjZostfsf] vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{, ;/;kmfO{
:yfgLo hgtfx¿ lj/ fdL kg{ uPsf];d] t x'Fbf /u'0f: t/Pj+ kof{Kttfsf]nflu bL3{sflng Pj+
o:tf] cj:yfdf pko'Q{ m lgsfox¿n] pko'Q{ m adf]lhd cNksflng of]h  gfsf ;fy b}lgs pkef]Qmf clwsf/
;+ljwfg tyf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] ;d]tsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ gful/s ;r]tgf / u'0f:t/
sfg'gL st{Jo k'/f gu/L a]jf:tf u/L cfwf/e't sfod /fVb} sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfkm"df x:tfGt/0f
dfgj clwsf/df ;d]t cf3ft kfg]{sfo{ u/]af6 ePsf]Ps jif{sf]cjlwdf hgljZjf; l;h{gf u/L
d nufot o; gu/kflnsfdf /xg] a:g] hgtfsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg k|of]udf NofPsf] Snf]l/gsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf wf/f !^ tyf @& n] dfqf sdj];  L x'g glbg pkef]Qmfsf]3/3/af6
k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xs tyf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f kl/ If0f sfod u/ L z'4tf sfod ul/ Psf]5 .
P]g, @)%$ sf]bkmf ^-!_ sf]-s_ b]lv -r_ n] lgoldt d'xfgsf];kmfO{ /z'4tfnfO{ sfod
k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ xgg x'g uPsf] / g]kfn /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] ljifodf s'g} k|sf/sf] gful/s
kIf ePsf]pko'{Qm adf]lhdsf]cGt/ f{li6«o ;lGw u'gf;f]sfof{nodf btf{ x'g ph'/ L kg{ cfPsf]
;Demf}tf ;d]t ljkl/t ePsf]n] pko'{Qm ljkIfLx¿ 5}g . vfg]kfgL h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf ;r]ttf
dWo] vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ tyf ;f] af]8{sf] k"j{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{u/]sf];f]ljZj;gLotfnfO{
sfo{sf/L ;ldlt dsjfgk'/nfO{ pkef]QmfnfO{ ljt/0f sfod / fvL u'0f:
t/Lo kof{Kt kfgL ljt/ 0f ug{
ug] { kfgL cTofw'lgs d] zLgaf6 j} 1flgs ?kdf af]8{ ;b} j nflu/xg]5 kq klqsfdf k|sflzt
lkmN6/u/fO{ ;f]kfgLnfO{ ;DalGwt k|ljlw dfkm{t tYo ljlxg v08Lt ;dfrf//cfjZos kl/If0f
pRr :t/Lo hfFr u/fO{ kfgL ljt/0f ug{ u/fpg / jf:tljs tYox¿ s] xf] pNn]v} gu/L j}slNks
tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf P]gn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfGo pkrf/sf] af6f] ;d]t a]jf:tf u/ af}l4s

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 23
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ljnfl;tf / cfkm\gf] kl/rosf] nflu bfo/ /L6 *= If]
qLo k|zf;g sfof{nosf]gfpFdf hf/ L ePsf]
lgj]bg hf/ L x'g g;Sg]x'Fbf vf/ h u/
] L kfpF Dofb ;"rgfdf lnlvt hjfkm glkm/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >L vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{, a;]sf]  .
sfo{sf/L ;ldlt dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8fsf clVtof/
k|fKt lgldQ sfo{sf/L clws[t ;'bz{g 9sfnsf] 7x/ v08
ldlt @)&!.@.@@.% ut]s  f]lnlvt hjfkm . (= lgod adf] lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}  l gs k] zL
^= lgj]bsn] cfk\mgf] lgj]bsdf lgj]bg dfu ug]{ ;"rLdf rl9 k] z x'g cfPsf]k|: t't lgj]
bgdf
;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q / lgj]bssf]tk{maf6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmfåo
lgj]bg aLr sfg'gL cfwf/b]vfO{ lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg' >L s]zj sfkm\n] / >L nlntf >]i7n] x]6f}+8f
ePsf]5} g . k|: t't l/6 lgj] bg Gofo k|zf;g dxfgu/kflnsfsf gful/sx¿n] lkpg] kfgLdf
P]
g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ePsf] :jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] n]bf] tyf n]p ;d]tsf
xf]Og . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod cvfB kbfy{x¿ ldl;Psf]kfOPsf]/o:tf]kfgL
#3 adf]lhd lgj]bg dfu bfjL g}5}g . g]kfnsf] vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{n] ljt/0f ubf{ :yfgLo
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f !)&-!_ /-@_ hgtfx¿ lj/fdL k/L :jf:Yodf ulDe/ c;/ kg{
adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dfu ul/Psf] 5 . hfg]x'Fbf hgtfsf]df} lns xs tyf pkef] Qmf
h'g ;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ sf]bkmf ^-!_ sf]-s_ b]lv
xf] . gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ åf/f k|bQ s'g} -r_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] xs clwsf/ ;d]t ljkl/t
clwsf/df s;}n] cf3ft kf/s ] f]df jf kfg]{ ;Defjgf ePsf]b]lvG5 . pkef]QmfnfO{ :jR5 kfgL pknAw
ePdf P]= bkmf !^ sf]-!_-@_ adf]lhdsf]cfb]z dfu u/fpg] tkm{ ljkIfL x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfn] s'g}
ug{ ;Sg]/cf3ft k/ sf]eP P]gsf]bkmf !&
] sfo{ u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo If]qLo
adf]lhdsf]Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t dfu ug{ ;Sg]sfg'gL k|zf;g sfof{no, x]6f}+8f ;d]t df}g /xL a;]s  f]
Joj:yf / /L6 lgj]bg pk/ ;j{k|yd xsb}ofsf] b]
lv+bf ljkIfLx¿sf]gfpFdf lgj] bg dfu adf]lhd
k|Zg p7\g]x'Fbf d'n'sL P]g c=j++ !) g++ sf]cg'dltn] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{ egL ug'{ ePsf]
dfq c=j+= *@ /*# g+= adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs lxt ax; / ljkIfL vfg]kfgL Jjo:yfkg af]8{ / x]6f}+8f
jf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] ljifosf] lgj]bg xf] egL xsb}of dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg
:yflkt ug{ ;lsg]x'G5 . ;f]bfjL ug{ ;s]sf] clwjQmf >L d's'Gb clwsf/Ln] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
cj:yf 5}g . xsb}of Pj+ clwsf/ If]qsf] cefjdf ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f !)&-!_ /-@_ adf]lhdsf]
/L6 lgj]bg sfod /xg ;Sb}g vf/]h u/L kfpF k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dfu ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;jf]{Rr
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >L vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{, cbfntnfO{ dfq ePsf]n] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg
sfo{sf/L ;ldlt dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8fsf clVtof/ vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;d]t ;'lgof]  .
k|fKt lgldQ sfo{sf/L clws[t ;'bz{g 9sfnsf] !)= o;df x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfsf gful/sx¿n]
ldlt @)&!.@.@@.% ut]s  f]lnlvt hjfkm . lkpg] kfgLdf :jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] n]bf] tyf
&= lgj]b ssf] lgj]b g cGtu{ t ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f n]p ;d] tsf cvfB kbfy{x¿ ldl;Psf]kfOPsf]
!)&-!_-@_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z dfu ul/Psf] 5 . / o:tf] kfgL vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{n] ljt/0f
;f] adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ;Ddflgt ubf{ : yfgLo hgtfx¿ lj/ fdL kg{ uPsf]x'Fbf
cbfnt leqsf]kb}{g . ;Ddflgt cbfntn]Gofo gu/kflnsfdf /xg] a:g] hgtfsf] df}lns xs
k|zf;g P]g @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ cGtu[t If]qflwsf/ tyf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ sf]bkmf ^-!_
u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]xf] \ . k'g/ fj]bg cbfntdf l/ 6 sf] -s_ b]lv -r_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ ;d]t
lgj]bg lbbf d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !), *@ /*# g+= sf] ljkl/t ePsf]n] ljkIfLx¿dWo] vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg
h;sf]h'g s'/fdf xs k'U5 ;f]s'/fdf l/6 lbg'kg]{ af]8{ tyf ;f] af]8s
{ f] sfo{sf/L ;ldlt dsjfgk'/nfO{
afWofTds sfg'gL Joj: yf xf] . k|: t't sfg'gL pkef]Q mfnfO{ ljt/0f ug]{kfgL cTofw'lgs d]l;gaf6
Joj:yfsf] bfjL / cbfntsf] cg'dlt;Dd lgj]bsn] j}1
 flgs ?kdf lkmN6/u/fO{ ;f]kfgLnfO{ ;DalGwt
lng ;s]sf]cj: yf 5}g . t;y{ k|yd b[li6 d} k|ljlw dfkm{t pRr :t/Lo hfFr u/fO{ kfgL ljt/0f
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL x'Fbf vf/]h u/L ug{ u/ fpg tyf ;f];DaGwdf P]gn]tf] lsP
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfsf] adf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ :jR5
lnlvt hjfkm . lkpg]kfgL pknAw u/ fpg tyf o; ;DaGwdf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

24 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;"rgfx¿ k|efjsf/L dfWodaf6 k|jfx u/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs ;+ljwfgn]
pkef]QmfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg ;d]t egL vfg]kfgL k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL hg:jf:Yo;Fu
af]8{nfO{, pkef]QmfnfO{ :jR5 kfgL pknAw u/fpg] k|ToIf ?kdf hf]l8Psf]/dfgj hLjgsf]cToGt
tkm{ sfg'g adf]lhd Joj:yfkg ug{ u/fpg egL ;Dj]bgzLn / ckl/xfo{ ljifo ePsf]n] :jf:Yodf
x]6f}+8f dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ tyf ;f] lgsfox¿n] ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ bfloTj /fHosf]
cfkm\gf] lhDdfsf] sfo{ u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg ;d]t xf] . /fHosf]bfloTj k"/f ug{ /fHodf lqmofzLn
u/L cfjZos eP sfg'g adf]lhd sfo{jfxL ;d]t ;a}cËsf]st{Jo /bfloTj ePsf]s'/fdf låljwf
ug'{ egL ljkIfL dWodf~rn If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, x'g ;Sb}g . gu/ kflnsf If] qdf vfg] kfgL tyf
x]6f}+8fnfO{ k/dfb]z jf hf] rflxPsf] pko'Qm cfb]z ;/;kmfO{ ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt, Jojl:yt, u'0f:t/o'Qm
ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf hf/L u/L kfpF eGg]d'Vo lgj]bg / ;'ne agfO{ To:tf] If]qsf afl;GbfnfO{ e/kbf]{
lhls/ePsf]kfOG5 . ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ u/fpg] plrt / k|efjsf/L Joj:yf
!!= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]z cfb]z hf/L x'g' ug]{k|d'v p2]Zosf ;fy vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{
kg]{ xf]Og . vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ Ps :jfoQ P]g, @)^# hf/L ePsf]kfOG5 . ;f]P]gsf]bkmf #
;+:yf /x]sf], gful/ssf] b}lgs cfjZostfsf] df g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ ;/;kmfO /u'0f:t/Pj+ kof{Kttfsf u/L of] P]g k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt s'g} ;/sf/L
nflu bL3{sflng Pj+ cNksflng of]hgf ;fy b}lgs lgsfo jf ;+:yfgn] ;+rnfg ul//x]sf] avt s'g}
pkef]Qmf clwsf/ ;d]tsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cfkm'df ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;+:yfgn] ;+rfng ul//x]sf]
x: tfGt/ 0f ePsf]Ps jif{ cjlwdf hgljZjf; Ps jf PseGbf a9L gu/ kflnsf If] qsf];] jf
l;h{gf u/L u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg k|of]udf NofOPsf] k|0ffnL tyf ;]j fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng tyf
Snf]l/gsf] dfqf a];L x'g glbg pkef]Qmfsf] 3/ Joj: yfkg ug{ u/ fpg ;DalGwt gu/ kflnsf;Fu
3/af6 k/LIf0f u/L vfg]kfgLsf] z'4tf sfod k/fdz{ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] / vfg]kfgL h:tf] ;Da]bgzLn ljifodf af]8 { u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 egL pNn]v ePsf]/;f]
u'0f:t/Lo kfgL ljt/0f ug{ af]8{ ;b}j nflu /xg] Joj:yf cg';f/ x]6f}8+ f gu/kflnsfleq vfg]kfgLsf]
x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF egL vfg]kfgL b'?kof]u /f]Sg] tyf vfg]kfgL k|b'lift x'g glbg],
Joj:yfkg af]8 { /P]= sf sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]lnlvt vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t ljt/0f tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwdf
hjfkm ePsf], To:t} gu/kflnsfn] gu/af;Lsf cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf ;j]{ If0f ug]{ u/ fpg]
:jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] ljifonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :yfgLo h:tf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ ;f] P]gn] vfg]kfgL
;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ub}{ gful/sk|ltsf] bfloTj Joj:yfkg af]8{nfO{ tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] cg';f/
jxg ub} { cfPsf]5 . vfg] kfgL k|b"lift ePsf] :jR5 vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] lhDdf lnPsf] vfg]kfgL
hgu'gf;f] jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t x'Fbf ;'wf/sf] Joj:yfkg af]8{ x]6f}8+ fn] gu/kflnsfsf] vfg]kfgLsf
If]qdf gu/kflnsf ;b}j ;r]t ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 pkef]QmfnfO{ lgoldt ?kn]:jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw
hf/L x'g' kg]{xf]Og egL lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf]/ u/fpg' kg]{st{Jo /bfloTj x'g hfG5 . ;f]st{Jo
If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qn] / bfloTj cg';f/ x]6f}+8f vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{
lnlvt hjfkm glkm/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L a;]s  f]kfOof]  . / P]= sf k|d'vn] cfkm\gf] P]gn] tf]s]sf] st{Jo k"/f
!@= ca lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]z cfb]z hf/L u/] gu/]sf] tkm{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf x]g'{ kg]{
x'g' kg]{xf]jf xf]Og < ;f]xL ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' b]lvPsf] 5 .
kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  . !$= vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ x]6f}+8fn] ljlegg :yfgLo
!#= o;df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] klqsfdf vfg]kfgLdf n]p e]l6Psf] egL ;dfrf/
ljifodf dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r kl/of]h  gf k|sfzgdf cfPkl5 af]8{sf lgldQ sfof{no k|d'vn]
sfof{no dsjfgk'/s  f]tkm{af6 bfo/x'g cfPsf] udL{ofddf kfgLsf]k|jfx sd x'g]ePsf] n]n]
p
b]lvG5 . x]6f}+8f gu/leq :jR5 vfg]kfgL pknAw ;txdf cfpg]/;a}kfgL lkmN6/ug] { Ifdtf
u/fpg' kg]{df k|b'lift n]bf] / n]p ldl;Psf] kfgL gePsf]n] n]psf] /];f kfgLdf b]vf k/]sf] egL
ljt/0f x'g uPsf]sf/0faf6 k|b'lift kfgL ljt/0f k|d'vnfO{ pb[t ub}{x]6f}+8f ;Gb]z  b}lgsdf ldlt
gug{ /: jR5 kfgL ljt/ 0f ug{ u/ fpg dfu @)&!.@.& df ;dfrf/k|sfzgdf cfPkl5 x]6f}+8f
/fvL lgj]bg btf{ x'g cfPsf]kfOof] . :jR5 / vg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ x]6f}+8fn] u|fxs ju{df
z'4 vfg] kfgLsf]s'/ f ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] cg'/f]w u/L ;dff/k|lt Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] /
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] xs;Fu hf]l8Psf] s'/f xf]  . k|To]s pkef] Qmfsf]lghL kfOksf sf/ 0f kfgLdf cvfB

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 25
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 j:t' ldl;g ;Sg]/cvfB j:t' e]l6Pdf sfof{nodf ug{ nufO{ g]  k fn ;/ s f/ ;dIf
tTsfn ;Dks{ ug{ ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]kfOG5 . k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ / ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf x'g]
ljkIfL vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ x]6f}+8fsf lhDd]jf/ ck/flws lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf
JolQm P] = sf k|d'vsf]egfO{ k|lt s'g};"rgf :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg
glbO{ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] n]p vfg]kfgLdf cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg]
gkfOPsf]egL eGg ;s]sf]cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . 5_ cfkm\gf]If]qleqsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf al9
vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ P]g , @)^# sf]bkmf # / lhNnfx¿ aLr sfod / xs] f l;dfgf,
bkmf ^ adf]lhdsf]sfd st{Jo /bfloTj k"/f ug{ af6f], s'nf], k}gL, vfg]kfgL cflb
;s]sf] gb]lvO{ z'4 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf cfk;L
nflu k|efjsf/L sfo ug{ u/fpg ;s]sf]cj:yf dte]b jf ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ;DalGwt
b]lvg cfPg . kIfx¿ /fvL lg/fs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos
!%= To:t}:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* sf]bkmf $s n] Joj:yf ug]{
k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf Pp6f If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no h_ b}jL k|sf]k, dxfdf/L, ef]sd/L h:tf
/xg] / ;f] sf] k|d'v k|zf;lso clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf ljifo kl/l:ylt lgoGq0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqfl°t ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg]
ljlzi6 >]0fLsf]Pshgf If] qLo k|zf;s lgo'lQm em_ cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf sf/fuf/x¿sf] lgoldt
ug]{Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf]bkmf $v df If]qLo lg/LIf0f u/L ;';+rfngsf] cfjZos
k|zf;gsf]sfd st{Jo /clwsf/b]xfo adf]lhd Joj:yf ldnfpg] / s}bLx¿sf] s}b
tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . dfkmLsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{,
!= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt / lgb]{zg cg'?k `_ ljsf; If]qleq /fli6«otf clej[l4 u/L
;dGjofTds tl/sfn] cfkm\gf] If]qleq ;fdfGo g]kfnL hgtfaLr d]nldnfk /cfk;L
k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ u/fpg] If]qLo k|zf;ssf] ;b\efjåf/f Pstf sfod ug{ cfjZos
pQ/bfloTj x'g]5 . kg]{ sfo{x¿ ug]{
@= If]qLo k|sfzssf]cGo sfd, st{Jo /clwsf/ 6_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf lbPsf
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M cfb]z tyf lgb]{zgcg';f/cGo sfd
s_ cfkm\gf] If]qleq zflGt ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yf sf/jfxL ug]{, u/fpg] tyf To;sf]
sfod /fVg], /fVg nufpg] cg'udg ug]{.
v_ cfkm\ g f]  If]  q leq lhNnf k| z f;g !^= P]gn] tf]s]sf] pNn]lvt Joj:yfcg';f/ cfkm\
sfof{nox¿sf] sfo{ ;=rfngdf /]vb]v gf]If]qleq zflGt Joj: yf sfod / fVgsf]nflu
/ ;dGjo ug]{, hg:jf:YonfO{ k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofpg] vfg]kfgL h:tf]
u_ cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf] If]qLo tyf lhNnf ;Dj] bgzLn ljifodf vfg] kfgLnfO{ :jR5 /z'4
sfof{nox¿sf] sfdnfO{ ;]jfd'vL / /fVgsf]nflu If]qLo k|zf;ssf]e"ldsf cxd x'g
ldtJooL agfpg tyf l9nf;' :  tL hfg] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] If]qleq / dftxtsf g]kfn
nfk/ jfxL, e|i6frf/cflb x'g glbg ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] ;a} ;DklQsf] /]vb]v
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{, u/fpg] dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ ug{ nfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt
3_ cGo sfg'gdf Joj: yf ePsf] df ;f]
xL /lgb] {zg cg'?k ;dGjofTds tl/ sfn]cfkm\
adf]lhd x'g] u/L ;f] afx]s cfkm\gf] gf]If]qleq ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{u/fpg]
If]qleqsf] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj If]qLo k|zf;gsf] /x]sf]df b'O{dt x'g
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, /]vb]v tyf dd{t, ;Sb}g . vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg If]qdf /x]sf ;/sf/L
;+ef/ ug]{ u/fpg] ;DklQsf]b'?kof]u x'g glbO{ To;af6 x'g ;Sg]
ª_ cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf] zflGt ;'/Iff ;DaGwL k|b"if0f k|lt klg If]lqo k|zf;s ;r]t /xg' kg]{
j:t'l:yltsf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L lgoldt cj:yf b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] If]lqo k|zf;g
?kdf g]k fn ;/s f/n fO{ pknAw sfof{no, x] 6f}8fnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ l/ 6 lgj] bg
u/fpg], lbPsf]df lgj]bg bfjL :jLsf/u/L lnlvt hjfkm
r_ ;DalGwt k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ Laf6 ;d]t glkm/fO{ a;]sf] b]lv+bf vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmfn]
cfkm\ g f] If]q leq hf]l 8Psf] ljb]z L ;~rf/dfWoddf p7fPsf hgu'gf;f]k|lt Wofg
d'n'ssf] l;dfgfsf] cfjlws lg/LIf0f glbO{ cfkm\gf]sfd st{Jo /pQ/bfloTj k"/f ug{

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

26 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;s]sf] geO{ z'4 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yfdf k|rng ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 dfq x]g{ ldNg]eGg]
plrt / k|efjsf/L sfo{ u/fpg ;s]sf] cj:yf k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f !@ b]lv #@
b]lvg cfPg . ;Dd pNn]lvt df}lns xs pNn+3g ePdf To;sf]
!&= To:t} x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsf If]qdf vfg]kfgL / ;+j}wflgs pkrf/wf/f !)& cg';f/k|fKt x'g]eGg]
9n lgsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]tyf Joj:yf b]lvG5 . ;+jw} flgs pkrf/ g} cGtu{t
To;sf];+rfng /dd{t ;Def/ug]{u/fpg]sfo{ wf/f !)& sf]pkwf/f -@_ df ;fj{hlgs xs tyf
gu/kflnsfsf] xf]  . gu/kflnsf If]qdf x'g] hn ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] ljifodf ;+jw} flgs pkrf/
k|b"if0f lgoGq0f u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{sfo{df k|fKt ug{ k/dfb]zsf] l/6 hf/L x'g ;Sg] / ;f] l/6
;xof]u ug]{ / u/fpg] sfo{ klg gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t kg]{ Joj:yf
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] tf]s]sf] eP klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]P]g lgodfjnL ;+zf]w g
kfOG5 . ;f]  sfo{ cg' ; f/ gu/ If]  q leqsf u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntx¿nfO{ ;d]t k/dfb]zsf]
vfg]kfgLsf pkef]QmfnfO{ z'4 vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf l/6 x]g{ ;Sg] If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]af6 k'g/fj]bg
;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg]{ bfloTj x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsfsf] cbfntn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg x]g{ ;Sb}g eGg]
ePsf]d f låljwf 5}g . ha;Dd :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ljkIfLx¿sf]lnlvt hjfkm;Fu Ohnf; ;xdt x'g
;dGjosf/L e"ldsfaf6 kfgLsf]d'xfg If]q /kfgL ;s]g .
ljt/0f sfo{ :jR5 x'g ;Sb}g ta;Dd gu/af;LnfO{ @)= t;y{, o;df hgtfsf]z'4 kfgL lkpg kfpg]
:jR5 kfgL pknAw x'g ;S5 eGg]sNkgf;Dd clwsf/ /x]sf]d f ;DalGwt lgsfon] z'4 kfgL
ug{ ;Sb}g . ;f] tkm{ x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsfn] plrt Jojl:yt u/L ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] b]lv+bf
/ k|efjsf/L k|of; u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . x]6f}+8f z'4 kfgL ljt/0f ug]{u/fpg]tkm{ plrt Joj:yfkg
gu/ kflnsfn]jflif{s of] hgf cGtu{t 9n tyf u/fpg]Jj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' elg ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf
vfg] kfgLnfO{ dd{t tyf lgdf{0f sfo{ of] hgfa4 k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n
?kn] ub}{ cfPsf] egL eg]klg x]6f}8+ f gu/leq n]bf] adf]lhd ug'{ .
/ n]p ldl;Psf] kfgL cfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . s]
sf/0fn] vfg]kfgLdf n]bf] / n]p ldl;O{ cfPsf] xf] tkl;n
eGg] tkm{ x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsfn] s'g} rf;f] b]vfPsf]  dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvP adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]
kfOFb}g . lghn] lkm/fPsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf cfb]z hf/L x' g ] 7x/] s f]n ] ;f]s f] hfgsf/L
vfg]kfgL k|b"lift ePsf] hgu'gf;f] jf:tljstfdf ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' =========================================================================================!
cfwfl/t ePsf] egL :jLsf/ u/L /x]sf] b]lv+bf  of]OG;fkmdf lrQ ga'em]>L ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf
x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsf sfof{non] plrt / k|efjsf/L k'g/ fj]
bg ug'{ egL ljkIfL vfg] kfgL Joj: yfkg
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . af]8,{ sfo{sf/L ;ldlt dsjfgk'/, P]=af]8s { f sfo{sf/L
!*= o;/L x]6f}+8f vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{n] x]6f}+8f lgb]{zs tyf x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no
gu/jf;LnfO{ vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] lhDdf lnPsf] dsjfgk'/nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' =============================!
/ x]6f}+8f g/leqsf vfg]kfgLsf pkef]QmfnfO{  k|: t't d'2fsf]bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n
:jR5 / k|b"if0f/lxt vfg]kfgL ljt/0fdf lghsf] lgodfg';f/u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' = = = = = = =!
k|d'v bfloTj x'Fbf ;f]bfloTjaf6 x]6 f}+8f vfg]kfgL
Joj:yfkg af]8{ klG5g ldNg] b]lv+b}g eg] If]qLo -k'?iff]Qd e08f/L_
k|zf;g sfof{non] cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf] hgtfsf] Gofoflwz
zflGt / ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] /]vb]v
/ hg:jf:Yo ;d]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
bfloTjaf6 klG5g ldNg]klg x'Fb}g . ljkIfL x]6 f}+8f -pd]/s'df/ l;+x_
gu/ kflnsf vfg] kfgL k|b'lift ePsf hgu'gf;f] GofofwLz
jf:tljstf ePsf]egL r'k nflu a;]sf]b]lvPaf6
lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd vfg]kfgLdf km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{
n]bf] / n]p ldl;Psf] eGg] tYodf pk/f]Qm cfwf/ zfvf clws[t M s]z/gfy cof{n
k|df0faf6 ;dly{t x'g cfPsf]b]lvg cfof] . sDKo'6/6fOk ug]{s=c=M jfª nfdf 5'dL
!(= csf]{ tkm{ ljkIfLx¿n] p7fPsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/ f !)&s-!_ /-@_ sf] Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn >fj0f !$ ut]$ /fh
] z'ed\ = = = = .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 27
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 >L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s'df/k|;fb kf]v/]n
dfggLo GofofwLz >L l8NnL/fh cfrfo{

cfb]z
lgj]bg g+= )&!–WO–)!(%
/lhi6«zg g+= )*–)&!–)@#@#
lg0f{o g+= ##%

ljifo M lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z

lhNnf dsjfgk'/gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r kl/of]h  gf sfof{no
dsjfgk'//cfkm\g}tkm{af6 ;d]t lhNnf sfo{qmd clws[t clwjQmf nlntf >]i7 =================================================! lgj]bs
la?4
x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f ==============================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v ===========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *–@_ adf]lhd o;} zf}r fnosf]sDtLdf klg ahf/L If]q /x]sf j8f g++
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt @, #, ! ;d]tdf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf]Joj:yfkg
tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5M ug{ /;f]sf]kof{Kt Joj: yf gx'Gh]n sf nflu
s]xL 3'DtL zf}rfnosf ;d]t Joj:yfkgsf nflu h]
tYo v08 hf]rflxg]cfjZos ljlQo ;fwg ;|f]tsf]Joj:yf
!= gu/sf] :jR5tf sfod /fVg / d lgj]bs u/ L u/ fO{ o; sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{,
nufot gu/jf;L ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yodf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{
k|lts"n c;/gkg] { u/
L ;'Jojl:yt ;fj{hlgs u/L dfgj clwsf/sf];+/If0f x'g,] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{
zf}rfnox¿sf] ;~rfng ug]{ bfloTj ljkIfLx¿sf] u/fpg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF
/x]sf] 5 . gu/If]qleq hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ tyf eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r
b'u{Gw ;d]tdf /f]s nufO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf kl/of]hgf sfof{no dsjfgk'/ / cfkm\gf] tkm{af6
k|lts"n c;/gkfg]{, Wjlg, w"nf], w'jfF, kmf]x/b'u{Gw ;d] t lhNnf sfo{qmd clws[t clwjQmf nlntf
/lxt t'Nofpgsf]nflu plNnlvt s[ofsnfkx¿ >]i7sf]ldlt @)&!.!).^ sf]lgj]bg kq .
;a} lgoGq0f u/L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yo k|lts"n @= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
c;/x'g glbg]u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{kbLo lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < To:tf]
bfloTj kfngf ug'k{ g]{ljkIfLsf]st{Jo xf]  . ;f]sfo{ cfb] z hf/ L x'g gkg]{s'g}cfwf//k|df0f eP
ljkIfLx¿af6 gePsf]x'Fbf, ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf dfgj ;f];d]t pNn]v u/L sfg'g adf]lhd ;"rgf Dofb
hghLjgdf k|lts"n c;/kg]{plNnlvt sfo{x¿ tfd]n ePsf]ldltn]af6fsf]Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq
x'g glbg', gug'{ gu/fpg' egL lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z ljkIfL g+= @ sf xsdf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn
hf/L u/L d lgj]bs nufot dfgj hghLjgsf] sfof{no x]6f}+8f dfkm{t /ljkIfL g+ ! sf xsdf
:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/gkg]{u/L, ljkIfL g++ ! cfkm}+jf cfkm\gf]sfg'g adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw dfkm{t
sf]sfof{nosf]v'nf lb;fd'Qm lhNnf 3f] lift lnlvt hjfkm k]z  ug'{ xf]n f egL ljkIfLx¿sf
u/]sf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s ?k lbO{, ;fj{hlgs gfddf of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnk ;fy} /fvL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

28 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;"rgf Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]jf cjlw ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ ubf{ :jLs[t ah]6sf] kl/lwleq
gf3]k l5 lgodfg';f/k]z ug"{ egL o; cbfntaf6 /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{sfg'gL lgsfo xf]eGg]
ldlt @)&!.!).)* df ePsf]cfb]z . s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5
#= ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg xr'jf, cfTdk/s / tYosf] jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg]xs 5 /To;sf]k|rng
cgb] vf u/ L bfo/ePsf]5 eGg]s'/ f o; ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f ug]{ u/fpg] s'/fdf Tolts}
sfof{non] x]6f}+8f $ l:yt af;'b]j ;efu[x /x]sf] dxTj / k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df / ;+jb] gzLntf
:yfgdf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno jL/]Gb|gu/ 6f]n ;fy sfg'g adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf]n] g]kfn
ljsf; ;+: yfsf]Joj: yfkgdf ;+rflnt 5 eg] ;/sf/sf] jftfj/0fsf b[li6n] :jR5 zx/ 3f]if0ffdf
x]6f} +8f a;kfs{ /af;'b] j dfu{df / x]
sf @ j6f k|yd eO{ k'/:s[t ;d]t ePsf]5 . of];a}Ps
;fj{hlgs zf}rfno cfbz{ 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfsf] lbg /Ps jif{sf]k|of;n];+ej ePsf]xf] Og
Joj: yfkgdf ;+rflnt 5 . x]6f} +8f ! rfO{gf ;fy} o;sf] lg/Gt/tf sfod} 5 . gu/kflnsfsf]
Sjf6/;Fu}! ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno ;+rflnt 5 eg] sfo{qmd ljlgof]h  g ah]6sf kl/lwleq /xL ;+rflnt
x]6f}+8f !) l6l;Pg /f]8 t/sf/L ahf/;Fu} /x]sf] /x]sf]d f xr'jf ?kdf hgr]tgf / ;r]t u/fpg
;fj{hlgs zf}rfno lg/Gt/ ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . zf} rfnodf zf} r ug{ ;"lrt ul/ Psf]
nfO{ kbLo
a;kfs{df yk zf} rfno lgdf{0fsf]of] hgfdf k/ L bfloTj jxg gu/]sf] cfwf/ lnO{ lgj]bg bfo/
ljlgof]lht ah]6 adf]lhd 7]Ssf cfJxfg eO{ sfd ubf{ ah]6 /sfo{qmd kfl/t ubf{ gu/kflnsfsf]
cufl8 a9]s  f]5 . eLdkm]b L a;kfs{;Fu};fj{hlgs j8f :t/Lo of]hgf th'{df kZrft\ gu/ kl/ifb\n]
zf}rfno ;~rfngdf /xs ] f] 5 eg] dsjfgk'/ pBf]u kfl/ t ubf{ tt\–tt\ j8fn]cfkm\gf k|fyldstfsf]
jfl0fHo ;+3 kl/ ;/ df yk ;fj{hlgs zf} rfno cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ubf{ ljkIfLn] dfu u/]s} 3'DtL
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg eO{;s]sf] 5 . zf}rfnosf] l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf] ;d]t cj:yf
lhNnfnfO{ g}v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm 3f]if0ff u/L To;sf] gx'Fbf Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 9Ën] P]gn] lglb{i6
lg/Gt/tsf]nflu k"0f{ ;/;kmfO{ k|j4{g sfo{qmdsf u/]sf] cfly{s, ef}lts jftfj/0f, lzIff, ;+:s[lt,
nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg eO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/+b} oftfoft, :jf:Yo, ;dfh sNof0f, pBf]u, ko{6g
cfPsf] 5 . gu/kflnsfsf] sfo{qmd ljlgof]hg h:tf ljifodf ul/Psf] ;Gt'lnt ah]6 ljlgof]hg
ah]6sf] kl/lwleq /xL ;+rflnt /x]sf]df xr'jf sfo{;Dkfbg eO{ cfPsf]n] ;/;kmfO{sf] Joj:yf
?kdf hgr]tgf / ;r]t u/fpg zf}rfnodf zf}r lg/Gt/ gePsf] eGg] tYo ;:tf] nf]slk|otf Pj+
ug{ ;"lrt ul/Psf]nfO{ kbLo bfloTj jxg gu/]sf] af}l4s k/LIf0fsf]?kdf cbfntdf k|:t 't ePaf6
cfwf/lnO{ lgj]bg bfo/ubf{ ah]6 /sfo{qmd ljkIfLsf] /L6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t
kfl/t ubf{ gu/kflnsfsf] j8f :t/Lo of]hgf a]xf]/fsf] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{nosf
th'{df kZrft\ gu/kl/ifb\n]kfl/t ubf{ tt\–tt\ lg= sfo{sf/ L clws[t jL/ s[i0f dxh{gsf]ldlt
j8fn]cfkm\gf k|fyldstfsf]cfwf/df l;kmfl/; ubf{ @)&).!!.# sf]lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLn] dfu u/]s} 3'DtL zf}rfnosf] l;kmfl/; eO{
cfPsf] ;d]t cj:yf gx'Fbf Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 7x/ v08
9Ën] P]gn] lglb{i6 u/s ] f] cfly{s, ef}lts jftfj/0f, %= lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z  x'g
lzIff, ;+:s  [lt, oftfoft, :jf:Yo, ;dfh sNof0f, cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fdf dsjfgk'/lhNnf v'Nnf
pBf]u, ko{6g h:tf ljifodf ul/Psf];Gt'lnt ah]6 lb;fd'Qm lhNnf 3f]lift ePsf];Gbe{df x] 6f}
+8f
ljlgof]hg sfo{;Dkfbg eO{ cfPsf]n] ;/;kmfOsf] pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf ;fj{hlgs zf}r  fno j8f g+=
Joj:yf lg/Gt/ gePsf] eGg] tYo ;:tf] nf]slk|otf $ /!) df ul/# j6f dfq 5g\ . To;df klg
Pj+ af}l4s k/ LIf0fsf]?kdf cbfntdf k|: t't k|of]u nfos ge}s'g} zf}rfno nfu" cf}if b'Jo{;gLsf]
ePaf6 ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] c8\8f ag]s  f]5 eg]clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno
;d]t a]xf]/fsf] x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{No, k|of]ustf{n] k|of]u ug{ hfg g;Sg] kmf]xf]/ b'u{Gw
x]6f}+8fsf]ldlt @)&).!!.! sf]lnlvt hjfkm . cfpg] ePsf] sf/0fn] cf;kf;df k]zf Joj;fo
$= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gåf/f ul7t o; x]6f}+8f ;~rfng ul/cfPsf bf]sfGbf/ / ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;d]t
pkdxfgu/k flnsfsf] hghLjg;F u hf]l 8Psf :jf:Yodf k|ToIf c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . o;/L dfgj
ljleGg ljifox¿df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ P] gn] hg:jf:Yodf / jftfj/0fdf ;d]t k|lts"n c;/
lglb{i6 u/]sf] / gu/ kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog kfbf{ ;d]t ;f]sfo{ lgoGq0f ug]{lhDd]jf/L lnPsf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 29
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 lgsfo /kbflwsf/LnfO{ k6s k6s cg'/f]w ubf{ af}l4s k/LIf0fsf] ?kdfÆ cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf]n]
klg ;/;kmfOsf]g t Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]5 g lgj]bg vf/]h} x'g'kb{5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] hjfkm
t /f]Sg g}nufOPsf]5 . o;/L v'nf lb;fd'Qm lbPsf] kfOof]  . d"ntM ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/fs ] f/sf]
lhNnf 3f]if0ffsf]efjgfnfO{ cf3ft k'u] sf]5 . ljjfb ;dfj]z  ePsf] sfg'gL k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0fsf
To;y{ slDtdf ahf/ L If]
qdf / x]sf j8f g+= @, nflu jf To: tf ;fj{hlgs xs /;/ f]
sf/
;Fu
#, ! sf ;fj{hlgs zf}r fnosf]Joj: yfkg ;DalGwt s'g}s'/fdf hf];'s}klg cbfntdf k|j]z
geP;Ddsf nflu s]xL 3'DtL zf}rfnosf]Joj:yfkg ug{ kfpg] dfu{ eg]sf] g} Public interest litigation
ug{ ;d]t k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] xf] . ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtfsf]lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu
lgj]bg Joxf]/f / :jLs[t ah]6sf] kl/lwleq /xL ;/f]sf/ /fVg] / ;f]sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cbfntdf
gu/ kl/ifb\n] k|fyldstf tf]s]sf] ljleGg :yfgdf bfo/ ul/g] ljjfb (The litigation filed in a court
;fj{hlgs zf}rfno lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ eg]sltko of law for the protection of the interest of the
zf}rfno ljleGg ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+rflnt public in general) g} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb
5g\ . gu/kflnsf ah]6 kfl/t ubf{ ljkIfLn]dfu xf]  . k/Dk/fut ljlwzf:qLo dfGofcg';f/ h;sf]
u/]sf] 3'DtL zf}rfnosf] l;kmfl/; e}cfPsf] klg h'g s'/fdf xs k'Ub5 (locus standi) p;}n] dfq
5}g . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] zf}rfno agfpg] s'/f cbfntsf]9f]s  f 9S9Sofpg kfpF5 eGg]xf]t/
/ ;f]sf] ;/;kmfO{sf] s'/f lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] 5 . clxn o;sf]bfo/ fdf Jofkstf cfPsf]5 /
lgj]bsn] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf] nflu k|:t't ljg]bg ;fj{hlgs ;/ f]
sf/
;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf ljjfb
lbPsfn] vf/h ] u/LkfpF eGg] b'j} k|ToyL{x¿sf] ;+oQ' m cbfntx¿df a9f]Q/L eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
lnlvt hjfkm ePsf]k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj] bs ;/fs ] f/sf] ljjfbn] cbfntnfO{ ;lqmo / /rgfTds
dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~rsf tkm{af6 ljåfg e"ldsf (pro–active and creative role) lgjf{x ug]{
clwjQmf uf]kfnk|;fb cfrfo{n] gu/kflnsfn] cfkm\ dfu{ k|z:t ub{5 . o;/L cbfntn] xsb}ofsf]
gf] st{Jo k"/f gu/]sf sf/0fn] cfh gu/jf;Ln] pbf/JofVof ub}{ljjfb lg?k0fsf nflu ;dGofo
b'u{Gwdf a:g' k/ sf]5, Ps t kof{Kt rkL{ g}
] /Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtsf]dfWodaf6 ljjfbsf]
5}gg\, ePsf rkL{ klg kmf]xf]/5g\, To;y{ lgj]b g lgK6f/f ub{5 eg] Tof] Public interest litigation
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t / xf]  .
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf d's'Gb clwsf/Ln] &= To;y{ lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifo j:t' s] s:tf] 5,
cfkm\gf] ax;df gu/kflnsf of]hgf cg';f/ rng] To;sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/;Fu ;/f]sf/
;+:yf xf] of]hgfdf k/] cg';f/sf] sfd o;n] u/]s} /fVg]k|Zg ;lGglxt 5 5}g eGg]s'/fsf]klxNofpg'
5 . sltko zf}r  fno ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] klxrfg ubf{
;/ ;kmfO{sf]lhDdf lbOPsf]5 . 3'DtL zf} rfno s'g}ljjfb vf; JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf]xs jf
xfn gu/kflnsfsf] sfo{of]hgfdf 5}g . of]hgfdf ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s
kf/ L ;f]klg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg];d]t pNn] v jf hg;d'bfosf];fd'lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu 5
ug'{eof]  . To;} u/L k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn eGg]s'/f x]g'{kg]{-g]kfn sfg'g klqsf, @)^* c+s
sfof{no x]6f}8+ fsf ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb (, k[= !$&! lg=g+= *^*)_ egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
e§n]cfkm\gf]ax;df, lgif]wf1f s]sf nflu df ePsf]kl/kI]| odf o; Ohnf;df cfh ljrf/flwg of]
u/]sf] xf] ;f] v'Nb}g, sxfF sxfF zf}rfno rflxPsf] ljjfb s]s'g k|sl[ tsf]/x5 ] /of]ljjfb ;fj{hlgs
xf] ;f] v'Nb}g, 3'DtL zf}rfno sxfF /fVg] xf]  < ;f] ;/fs ] f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 5}g eGg];DaGwdf ljrf/
v'Nb}g, xr'jfsf] e/df lgj]bg cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{, dsjfgk'/lhNnf v'nf lb;f d'Qm If] q
lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ eof]  . 3f]if0ff ePsf] / x]6f}+8f gu/kflnsfaf6 a9f]Q/L eO{
^= pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] tYo /x]sf] lgj]bg tyf lnlvt x]6f}+8f pkdxfgu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf
hjfkm ;lxtsf]ldl;n cWoog u/L b'j}tkm{af6 ;j{;fwf/0fn];/n ?kdf, 7fpF 7fpFdf, ;kmf 7fpFdf
ljåfgx¿n]k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;d]t ;'gL ca lb;f lk;fa ug]{ km]g]{ 7fpFsf] aGbf]a:t x'g'kb{5
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ eGg' lgj]bssf] lghL ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]Og .
ldNg]gldNg]s]xf] < eGg];DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; d~r kl/of]h  gf lgj]bs
kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lnlvt eO{ k|:t't ljjfb o; cbfnt ;dIf NofOPsf]5 .
hjfkmstf{n], of] lgj]bg æ;:tf] nf]slk|otf / o; ;+:yfn] k|:t't ljifo h:t} cGo hg;/f]sf/sf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

30 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ljleGg lgsfodf o:tf lgj]bg Nofpg] u/]sf] / sfof{no, ;d]t g] kfn sfg'g klqsf @)&)
cbfntx¿af6 klg ;f];DaGwdf ;Daf]wg klg x'g] c+s !@ k[= !&## lg=g+= *(@^_
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . u_ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cGo d'2fx¿sf]
*= >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 JolQmljz] if jf ;+:yfsf k|sl[ t h:tf]k|lt4GbfTds rl/q x'bF g}] . o;df
tkm{ a f6 bfo/ ul/ P sf sltko ;fj{ h lgs lgj]bs ljkIfL /cbfntsf]klg ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿df ;Daf]wg u/L cfb]zx¿ ePsf lxtnfO{ a9fjf lbg]p2]Zo cGt/lglxt x'G5 .
5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M -gljGb|/fh hf]zL lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
s_ lgj]bsx¿ sfg'gsf] If]qdf sfo{/t sfg'g ;d]t ljifo M k/dfb]z
Joj;foLsf]cnfjf dfgj clwsf//sfg'gL g]kfn sfg'g klqsf, @)^* c+s % k[= *!@
/fHo ;DaGwdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] u}/;/sf/L lg=g+= *^!^_
;+:yfdf cfa4 /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg n]vaf6 3_ ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGgfn]
b]lvG5 . b]zsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf dlxnfsf] s'g}vf; JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf]JolQmut xs
nflu ckof{Kt /x]sf] eGg] ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] jf ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt ePsf]ljjfb geP/
ljifodf lgj]bsx¿nfO{ cle?rL /rf;f] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g}
x'g' c:jfefljs b]lv+b}g . /L6 lgj]bgdf hg;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu
p7fOPsf]ljifodf lgj]bsx¿sf]JolQmut jf ;DalGwt ePsf]ljjfbsf]af]w x'G5 .
lghL xslxtsf]k|Zg gb]v  fO{ dlxnfx¿sf]c+z -clwjQmf /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj= dlGqkl/ifb\,
xssf];DklQ / Iff;Fu nufotsf ljifo;Fu ;lrjfno ;d]t
;DalGwt b]lvbf To:tf] ljifodf ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfn sfg'g klqsf, @)$* c+s !@ k[= *!)
;a}sf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /xg hfg] x'G5 . lg=g+= $$#)_
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] k|:t't ljifosf] (= o;k|sf/ hg;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ljjfbsf
lg/ f]
k0fsf nflu sfg'g Joj;foLsf]?kdf ;DaGwdf ;fy{s ;DaGw (Meaningful relation)
/xs] f lgj]bsx¿nfO{ cbfnt k|jz ] ug{ xsb}of ePsf JolQm jf ;+: yfn]cbfntdf k|j]z  ug{
g/xs ] f]eGg ldn]g . -dlxnf, sfg'g /ljsf; kfpg] g} x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'sf
d~r /cfkm\gf]tkm{af6 ;d]t clwjQmf dL/f ;DaGwdf ljrf/ubf{ klg ;'Jojl:yt ;fj{hlgs
9'u+ fgf ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\ zf}r
 fnosf]lgdf{0f /;+rfng u/fO{ kfpg /;f]
sf]sfof{no ;d]t ljifo M k/dfb]z, g]kfn geP ;Ddsf nflu 3'lDt zf}rfnosf]Joj:yf ug'{
sfg'g klqsf @)^( c+s !@ k[= !&*^ lg=g+= kg]{ dfu u/]sf]nfO{ oL lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] lxt jf
*(@*_ :jfy{ jf kmfObfsf nflu of]lgj]bg lbPsf]geO{
v_ g]kfnL ;]gf k|dv ' nfO{ cjsfz lbg]dlGqkl/ifb\ ;j{;fwf/ 0fsf]lxtsf nflu lbPsf]cj: yf x'Fbf
sf]lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;j{;fwf/0fsf] oL lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of g}
rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /xg'nfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg 5}g, lgj]bsn] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu af}l4s
ldNb}g . -k|s/0f – $_ k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf of] lgj]bg lbPsf /x]5g\ eGg]
To:tf] ljifodf lgj]bsx¿n] b]vfPsf] rf;f] / dfGg ldNg]b]lvPg .
;/f]sf/nfO{ pgLx¿sf] lghL xs / :jfy{;Fu !)= nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] P]g sfg'g dfkm{t
hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] cj:yf klg 5}g . === o:tf] ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtfnfO{ lbg];'v ;'ljwfsf]afrf
ljifodf Goflos lg?k0f x'g'kg] { egL dfgj u/]sf] x'G5 / ;f] jfrf cg';f/sf] sfo{ ug{ /fHo
clwsf/sf] If]qdf s[oflzn sfg'g Joj;foLsf] ;b}j tTk/ x'g'kb{5 . xfd|f] klg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
?kdf /x]sf] lgj]bsx¿nfO{ lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/ f #%-%_ df, æ/ fHon]
xsb}of /x] ePs} x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 .
ljifo xf]Og /xsb}ofsf]cefj 5 eGg]ts{;uF hg;fwf/0fsf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgfÆ
of]Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;Sg]cj:yf ePg . a9fpg]h:tf sfo{ ug]{gLlt lng]/fHon]jfrf
-OGx'/8] OG6/gz ] gn ;d]tsf tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L u/]sf] 5 . ;f] jfrf cg';f/sf] sfo{ Jojxfl/s
lgb] {zs clwjQmf s[i0f ;'jb]L ;d]t lj?4 ?kd} ug]{ s'/fsf] Pp6f aGbf]a :t :yfgLo :jfoQ
/fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, /fi6«kltsf] zf;g P]g, @)%% cGtu{t ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt,

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 31
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dfkm{t ug]{u/L -%_ n] gu/kflnsf If]qdf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Joj:yf ug'{ ;DalGwt gu/kflnsfsf]st{Jo leq
!!= o; P] gsf]bkmf (^ sf]b] xfo -v_-#_ df kg]{ u/L Jojl:yt u/]sf] 5 .
ægu/kflnsf If]qdf vfg]kfgL /9n lgsf; ;DaGwL !%= o;/L To;} klg gu/If]q leq zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{tyf To;sf];+sng /dd{t ug'{ gu/kflnsfsf] st{Jo g} xf]  . To;df x]6f}+8f
;Def/ ug]{ u/fpg]Æ P]= -%_ df, ægu/If]qdf ljleGg gu/kflnsf pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf :t/j[l4 ePsf]
7fpFdf ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf fug]{ u/fpg]Æ, o; cj: yfdf o;sf]sfo{ If] q /bfloTj cem
P]= b]xfo -u_-!_ df ægu/If]qdf /x]sf vf]nfgfnf, clej[l4 ePsf]5 . To;}n]o;n]cfkm\gf]Ifdtfdf
s'jf, Ogf/, kf]v/L, tnfp, 9'Ëw] f/f cflbsf] ;+/If0f cem clej[l4 ug'{kg{ afWotf klg 5 .
u/L ;b'kof]u ug]{, u/fpg]Æ P]=-^_ df gu/kflnsf !^= olt dfq x}g , dsjfgk'/lhNnfnfO{ v'nf lb;f d'Qm
If]qdf ;/;kmfO{sf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ u/fpg] P]= If]q 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] pNn+3g ug]{nfO{
-&_ df, ækmf]xf]/dn
} f ;+sng 9'jfgL tyf tx nufpg] hl/jfgfsf];hfo x'g]s'/fsf];"rgf 7fpF 7fpFdf
;DaGwL ;+rfng /Joj:yfkg ug]{u/fpg]Æ egL k|jfx ul/Psf] 5 . Psflt/ zf}rfnosf] plrt
gu/kflnsf If]qleq :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf gug]{ csf]l{ t/ hyfefjL zf}r ug]n { fO{ ;hfo
u/fpg] bfloTj /fHon] gu/kflnsfsf] dfWodaf6 ug]{oL b'O{ lgtfGt ljkl/t sfo{ x'g\ . zf}r Tofu
lnPsf]5 . x/s] hLjn] clgjfo{ ?kn] ug}{ kg]{ k|fs[lts cj:yf
!@= /fHon] u/]sf] ;f] afrf cg';f/sf] st{Jo k"/f xf]  . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'sdf cGo hLjhGt'n] zf}r ug]{
ug{ gu/ kflnsf -pkdxfgu/ kflnsf_ afWo 5 . u/fpg] lglZrt :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f geP klg dflg;n]
o; ;DaGwdf >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t o;/L eg]zf}r  fnodf zf}r ug'{ kb{5 eGg]dfGotf xf] .
af]lnPsf]5 – æ=== hg;/f]sf/sf ljifodf sfg'gdf o;/L k|fs[lts ?kn]g}clgjfo{ ePsf]/nfdf]
ul/ Psf Joj: yfx¿ sfg'gdf dfq l;ldt / xg] ;do;Dd /f]s]/ a:g klg g;lsg] zf}r sfo{sf
sfuhL v]>f]dfq geO{ kl/0ffdd'vL ?kdf nfu" ug]{ nflu plrt /7fpF 7fpFdf zf} rfnosf]Joj: yf
kg]{oyfy{ sfg'g x'g eGg]df ljdlt /xg ;Qm}g . gul/+bf afWotfjz dflg;n]hxfF txfF zf}r ug'{kg]{
hgtfsf]: jf: Yo, ;'ljwf /lxt;Fu ;DalGwt l:yltsf] ;[hgf x'g] / p;n] ;hfosf] efuL eO/xg'
ljifodf ahf/af6 x'g ;Sg]b'lift sfo{x¿ / fs
] L kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . kmntM /fHos} lgsfosf]
;dfhnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg cu|;/ /xg'kg]{ ;/sf/sf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0fn] ;dfhnfO{ ck/flws/0f tkm{
st{Jo Pjd\ bfloTj x'gk' g]d{ f ;/sf/L ;+oGq To:tf] n}hfg]sfo{ x'g hfG5 . To;sf/0f klg lgj]b ssf]
bfloTjaf6 klG5g kfpg]xf]OgÆ -g] kfn sfg'g dfunfO{ hfoh xf]egL dfGg' kg]{x'G5 .
klqsf, @)^* c+s # k[= %@!, lg=g+= *%*%_ !&= k|ToyL{ gu/kflnsf ;d]t tkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmfn]
!#= cfw'lgs nf]s sNof0fsf/L gu/sf] dfGotfleq cfkm\ g f]  ax;df gu/ I f] 
q sf ljleGg 7fpF d f
Pp6f z'4, :jR5, x/fe/f, :jf:Yoaw{s gu/sf] ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno /xs ] f, sltko 7fpFdf lgdf{0fsf]
:yfkgf xf]  . gu/ eg]sf] e"uf]n dfq x}g z'4, of]hgf /x]sf] eGg] JofVof ub}{ log} sf/0fn] of]
:j f:Y oaw{ s , ljsf;n] o' Q m, lzIff v]n s" n gu/kflnsf :jR5 zx/3f]if0ffdf k|yd eO{ g]k fn
;DaGwL ;fwg /: yfgn];';lHht, dlxnf, ;/sf/åf/f k'/:s[t klg ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ug'{
afnaflnsf, j[4, c;xfosf d}q L, cfw'lgs ;fwg ePsf] ;d]tsf] sf/0faf6 o; gu/sf] bfloTj cem
/>f]tn]el/k"0f{ Ps ;d[4 If]q dfq ;xL cy{df a9\g uPsf]s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . gu/kflnsfaf6
gu/sf] ?kn] kl/lrt x'g ;Qm5 . log} s'/fx¿ pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf :t/f]Gglt x'g', :jR5 zx/sf]
gu/jf;LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ jfrf /fHon] u/]sf] 5 / pkdf k|fKt ug'{, v'nf lb;f d'Qm lhNnf 3f]if0ff
;f]jfrfnfO{ ;fy{stf k|bfg ug'{ gu/ kflnsfsf] x'g' ;d] tsf cfwf/ df o; gu/ sf]bfloTj klg
st{Jo xf] . :jtM a9\g uPsf]t 5 g}, cem pkdxfgu/kflnsf
!$= o; lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] ;'Jojl:yt zf}rfnosf] 3f]lift x'Fbf ylkg uPsf]If]qkmnsf sf/0fn]klg
lgdf{0f / ;+rfng ul/kfpg / ;f]sf] oyf]lrt ca o; cl3sf s[ofsnfk /bfloTjdf clej[l4
geP;DdnfO{ ahf/L If]qsf j8f g+= @, # /! df g}x'g uPsf]5 . ctM o;n]cfkm\gf]Ifdtf, ;f]r,
3'DtL ;fj{hlgs zf}r fnosf]Joj:yf ul/kfpg dfu sfo{tl/sf cflb Jofkstf ckgfpg h?/L 5 .
u/]sf] kfOof]  . dfly g} pNn]v ul/P em}+ :jfoQ !*= zf}rfno eGgfn] zf}r ug]{ :yfg eGg] dfq
zf;g P]g , @)%% sf]bkmf (^ sf]b]xfo -v_ sf] a'lem+b}g . o;af6 :jf:Yos/, ;kmfOo'Qm zf}rfno

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

32 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 xf]eGg]a'lemG5 . zf}r kl5 xft w'g];fwg ;lxt cg';Gwfg u/L u/fO{ ;"rgf ;+sng u/L cfjZos
kof{Kt kfgLsf]plrt Joj: yf ;lxtsf]zf}r fno of]h gf th'{df ug'{ kg]{x'G5 . o; ljjfbdf klg
g}jf:tljs cy{df zf}rfno xf] . gePsf]7fpFdf k|ToyL{n] 3'DtL zf}r  fnosf af/d] f cgle1tf g}JoQm
zf}rfnosf]lgdf{0f hlt cfjZos 5, Tof]eGbf a9L u/L j8faf6 l;kmfl/; eO gcfPsf], ljlgof]lht
:j:ys/ zf}rfnosf] aGbf]a:tLsf] b/sf/ kb{5 . of]hgfdf gk/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOPaf6 g}
zf}rfno aGg' t/ plrt :ofxf/sf] aGbf]a :tL gx'g] ;j{k|ydM o;sf];DefJotf ;DaGwdf g}cWoog
xf]eg]Tof]cfkm}+b'lift b'ul{ Gwt eO{ kmf]xf]/fno aGg x'g h?/L b]lvof]  . To;tkm{ gu/kflnsfsf] Wofg
uO{ jl/kl/ a:g} g;Sg], lx+8\g} g;Sg] x'g hfg] cfsif{0f x'g5 ] eGg]s'/fdf of]Ohnf; ljZj: t
x'G5 . oxL g}/f]u lgDTofpg];fwg aGg hfG5 . 5 .
!(= lgj]b sn] lgj]b g;fy k]z u/] s f] tl:j /a f6 @#= t;y{ dfly ljj]r  gf ul/Pcg';f/ :jR5 / :j:y
gu/sf ljleGg 7fpFdf zf}rfnox¿sf] b'/fj:yf gu/sf]Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'{ u/fpg'
b]Vbf zf}rfno lgdf{0f;Dd s/ ann] ug' k/] egL k|ToyL{ gu/ kflnsf ;d] tsf gfddf Gofo
klg lgdf{0f;DdnfO{ cfkm\gf]bfloTj lgjf{x u/ L k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd k/dfb]z
;f]sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|ToyL{n] cToGt a]jf:yf u/]s} hf/L x'g]7x5{ .
b]lvof]  . o;/L ;/;kmfO{oQ' m :j:Yos/ zf}rfnosf] s_ k|To]s  j8fdf slDtdf Ps ;fj{hlgs zf}r  fno
Joj:yfkgsf]lgtfGt vfFrf]dx;'; eof] . kg]{u/L of]h gf lgdf{0f u/L ;f]sf]oyfzL3|
@)= k|ToyL{sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 gu/kflnsfåf/f sfof{Gjog ug]{.
lgld{t sltko ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] lhDd]jf/L v_ lnlvt hjfkm ;d] taf6 xfn klg s] xL
ljleGg 6f]nljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf]eGg]b]lvP ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno ;+rfngdf /xs ] f] b]lv/xs
] f]
klg ldl;naf6 tL 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltåf/f klg x'Fbf hg3gTjsf] cfwf/df yk zf}rfnosf]
:jR5, :j:Yos/ zf}rfnosf] aGbf]a :tL x'g ;s]sf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/ L lgdf{ 0 f ug] {
gb]lvPsf]o; cj:yfdf oL 6f]n ;'wf/;ldlt;Fu u/fpg]  .
ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/, æzf}rfno k'glg{df{0f, u_ xfn ;+rfngdf / x]
sf ;fj{hlgs zf} rfno
cfoJoosf] xl/lx;fa, joj:yfkg cflbsf] cg'udg Pj+ kl5 aGg]zf} rfnosf]plrt ;/ ;kmfO
d"Nof+sgsf] lhDd]jf/LÆ gu/kflnsfsf] x'g]5 eGg] / ;+rfngsf] nflu k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf]
Joj:yfsf] kl/kfngf :jod\ gu/kflnsfaf6 x'g k|aGw ug'{ u/fpg' .
;s]sf] kfOPg\ . 3_ :y foL :j ?ksf] ;fj{ h lgs zf}r fno
@!= gu/leqsf] hg;+Vofsf] lbgfg'lbgsf] a9f]Q/L lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg]t/;fj{hlgs zf} rfno
eO/xg] k|s[ltnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL hg3gTjsf] cfjZos /x]sf] 7fpFdf 3'DtL zf}rfnosf]
cfwf/df /slDtdf k|To]s j8fdf Ps zf}rfnosf] ;DefJotf /cfjZostfsf]klxrfgsf nlfu
lgdf{0f x'g' Jojxfl/s x'G5 . pGglt /ljsf;sf] cWoog sfo{bn u7g u/L ;f]sf]k|ltj]bg
cGTo slxNo}x'Fb} g . tfklg xfnsf]dfkg / sfof{Gjogsf]Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' .
kl/sNkgf cg'?ksf] ljsf;sf] vf]hL ug'{ c3]N{ ofO ª_ jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] klg cfw'lgs gu/sf]
x'Fb}g . sfg'gn] ;d]t lglb{i6 u/]sf] gu/kflnsf kl/sNkgf cg'?k :jR5 gu/sf]nflu yk
leq xl/of] If]qsf] lgdf{0f, ;/;kmfO ug]{, dxfdf/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ u/fpg' .
tyf ;+qmfds /f]usf] /f]syfdsf] Joj:yf ug]{ r_ gu/jf;LnfO{ :j:y jftfj/0fdf a:g kfpg]
u/fpg] sfo{sf] Joj:yfkgsf] gu/jf;Lsf] rfxgfnfO{ clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu gu/sf] lgoldt
pgLx¿sf]clwsf/leqs}xf]eGg]dfGg' kg]{x'G5 . ;/;kmfO{sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ /
@@= Rome was not build in a day eg]e m}+ ljsf; nfdv'§] h:tf /fu] lgDTofpg] ls6f0f' lgoGq0f
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ klg /ftf/ft x'g] xf]Og . To; s'/fsf] ug]{ h:tf :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwL sfo{
x]
Ssf o; Ohnf;nfO{ klg 5 . t/ljsf;sf ug'{ u/fpg' .
nflu of]hgf th'{df ug'{ k"j{ ;f]cg';f/sf];xL @$= ca lgif]wf1f cfb]zsf]dfusf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ubf{
/ ;sf/fTds ;f]r (Vision) sf ;fy ;f]s'/fsf] lgif]wf1f tkm{ s] s'/fsf] dfu lnP/ of] lgj]bg
;DefJotfsf]cWoog cg';Gwg x'g h?/L x'G5 . cfPsf] xf] ;f] s'/f lgj]bgaf6 v'Nb}g . lgif]wf1fsf]
o; cl3 cfkm"n] g;f]r]sf] gu/]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] dfu g} :ki6 gePsf] cj:yfdf s'g} cfb]z hf/L
dfu cfpF5 eg]klg ;f]af/];DefJotfsf]cWoog x'g ;Sg]x'Fb}g . ctM : ki6 bfjLsf]cefjdf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 33
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 dfu cg';f/sf] lgif]wf1f hf/L u/L /xg' k/]g, ;f]  k|:
t't cfb]z
 ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf cknf]8 u/ L
xb;Ddsf] k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] ;d]t 7x5{ . k'g/
fj]
bg bfo/
Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n o;
c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ . cbfntsf]clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = $

tkl;n -s'df/k|;fb kf]v/]n_

 dfly 7x/ v08df nlvP adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] GofofwLz
cfb]z hf/L x'g] / lgif]wf1ftkm{sf] lgj]bg vf/]h pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
x'g] 7x/]sf]n] of] cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] Gofo k|zf;g -l8NnL/fh cfrfo{_
P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd #% lbgleq GofofwLz
>L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/ fj] bg ug'{ xf] nf elg
lgj]bs tyf ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k'g/fj]bgsf]Dofb cfb]z tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{
hf/L ug'{ ==================================================================================================================! Ohnf; clws[tåo M wgLk|;fb rkfO{, j;Gt k|;fb
 k|:tt ' cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk ;d]t ;fy} /fvL k'g/fj]bg d}gfnL
;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no x]6f}+8fnfO{ cfb]zsf] gfoj ;'Aafåo M u'Xo]Z j/L kf]v/]n, /fhs'df/ nfld5fg]
hfgsf/L lbg' ====================================================================================================@ sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ M gldgf s'Fj/ If]qL
 ;/f]sf/fjfnfn] cfb]zsf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf
lgodfg';f/u/L gSsn lbg' =======================================================# Olt ;Dat @)&! ;fn kmfu'g @) ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\ = = = = = .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

34 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 df]/· lhNnf cbfnt
b]jfgL Ohnf;
cltl/Qm lhNnf GofofwLz bLks'df/bfxfn

km};nf
;Djt\ @)&! ;fnsf]b]=g+= @&–)&)–)@$^& (070–CP–1233)
lg0f{o g+= $&&

d'2f M ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod

jfbLsf]gfd, y/, jtg

lbgf kf;jfgsf] 5f]/f, lhNnf df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g++ !* a:g] xl/rGb|
kf;jfg ===================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lj?4
k|ltjfbLsf]gfd, y/, jtg
:j= uf]jw{gsf] 5f]/f, lhNnf df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g++ !^ a:g] dflqsf k|;fb
/fhj+zL ==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
:j+ /fh]Zj/sf] kTgL, P]= P]= a:g] k"0fL{b]jL /fhj+zL ====================================================================================================================================================!
dflqsfk|;fbsf] 5f]/f, P]=P]= a:g] k|efs/ /fhj+zL =======================================================================================================================================================!

Gofo k|zf; P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf & adf]lhd bfo/x'g ;d]tsf] a]xf]/fsf] lkm/fbkq .
cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o;k|sf/5 M k|ltjfbL dflqsfk|;fb / fhj+zL, k"l0f{b]
jL /
fhj+zL /
d lkm/fbLsf gfddf btf{ /x]sf] lhNnf df]/ª, av/L k|efs//fhj+zLsf]gfddf o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
#-s_, ls=g+= @)*@ sf]h=lj= )–)–%–@ hUuf d] /f] #) lbg]Otnfogfdf Dofb ldlt @)&!.$.# df tfd]n 
Psnf}6L xs ef]u btf{sf]hUuf xf]  . pQm hUuf 38]/L ePsf]df lghx¿n] k|ltpQ/kq glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb}
k|of]hgsf] nflu Knl6ª u/L lgsflnPsf] af6f] x]/L u'hf/L a;]s  f]  .
vl/b u/]sf]pQm hUufdf hfg]cfpg]ug{ tyf To; ldlt @)&@.!.@$ df ;DalGwt :yndf eO{ cfPsf gS;f
If]qsf dflg; j:t'efp lgsf; cflb ug{ ls=g+= %)! d'r'Nsf nufpsf] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf]  .
;d]tsf hUufdf /x]sf] af6f] d ;d]tn] pkef]u u/L
cfPsf lyof}+ . ls=g+= $^!, $^&, $&), $&%, $*@, $*(, cbfntsf] 7x/
$( /%)! sf]hUufx¿df dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/ªsf] lgod adf]lhd k]z ePsf]k|:t 't d'2fsf]ldl;n cWoog
ldlt @)&).!).@( sf]lg0f{on];fj{hlgs af]6f]sfod u/L jfbLsf tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf e/taxfb'/yfkfsf]
ePsf] xf]  . d ;d]tn] 3/ agfpg 38]/L k|of]hgsf jx; ;'gL bfjL adf]lhd af6f]lgsf; v'nfO{ jfbLn]
nlfu pkof]u ug]{tyf lx+8\g]af6f]lgdf{0f ug{ k6s rng kfpg]xf], xf]Og eGg];DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
k6s cldg;d]t lnO{ hfFbf af6f]vGg cj/ f]
w u/ L b]lvof]  .
l;dfgf 5'6\ofpg glbO{ czflGt dRrfPsfn]lhNnf o;df, jfbLn]ls=g+= $^!, $^&, $&), $&%, $*@, $*(,
k|zf;g sfof{no df]/ª  df zflGt ;'/Iff u/L af6f]lgdf{0f $( /%)! sf]hUuf ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod ul/kfpF
u/LkfpF egL lgj]bg lbO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg egL bfjL u/s] f]df k|ltjfbLx¿n] z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf]
cbfntdf lgif]wf1f d'2f bfo/u/L af6f]pkef]u ug{ b]lvof]  . o;};fy k]z ePsf] leidk|;fb ;fksf]6fn]
tyf lx+8\g jlGrt u/ sfn]pQm hUufx¿ ;fj{hlgs
] log}k|ltjfbLsf pk/df lbPsf]d'2f g+= @$^$ sf]d'2fdf
af6f]sfod u/L lgsf; v'nfO{ rng;d]t kfpF eGg] ls=g+= $^!, $^&, $&), $&%, $*@, $*(, $( /%)! sf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 35
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
hUufx¿ ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod eO{ rng rnfpg]7x/L  jfbLn] lkm/fb;fy /fv]sf] sf]6{ lkm ?= @)).
km};nf ePsf]5 . o; d'2fdf plNnlvt ls=g+= $( sf] k|ltjfbLx¿af6 e/fO{ lng kfpg]x'Fbf e/fO{ kfpFm
hUuf ldl;naf6 ljjflbt :yfgdf gb]lvPsf]eP klg egL sf] 6{ lkm P] g, @)!& sf]bkmf !%-!!_ sf
cGo hUufx¿ /nufpsf]d'2fdf plNnlvt hUufx¿ Dofbdf jfbLn] b/vf:t lbP s]xL b:t'/ glnO{
Pp6} b]lv+bf ;f]xL d'2fsf] km};nfdf plNnlvt cfwf/ pQm sf]6 { lkm /sd k|ltjfbLx¿af6 jfbLnfO{ e/fO{
sf/0faf6}o; d'2fsf]xsdf klg plNnlvt ljjflbt lbg' = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =@
hUuf ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod e}To;df ePsf]cj/f]w  k|ltjfbLx¿n]z'? Dofb}u'hf/ L a;L k|ltpQ/
x6fO{ lgsf; v'nfO{ jfbLn]rng;d]t kfpg]7x5{ . glkm/fPsf]n  ] c=a+= @)* g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf]
c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug"{ . Dofb lbO{/xg k/]g ====================================================================================#
 k|:tt' d'2fsf]bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v
tkl;n zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' ====================================================================================$
 dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd jfbLn] bfjL u/s ] f]
lhNnf df]/ª av/L #-s_ sf]ls=g+= $^!, $^&, cltl/Qm lhNnf GofofwLz
$&), $&%, $*@, $*(, $( /%)! ;d]tsf hUufx¿
;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod x'g] 7x/e};fj{hlgs sfod Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn h]i7 @% ut]/fh
] @ z'ed\ = = = = = = .
ePsf]af6f]df ePsf]cj/f]w x6fO{ lgsf; v'nfO{
jfbLn] rng;d]t kfpg] ePklg log} jfbLn] lbPsf] l6kf]6 ug]{ M gf=;'= OGb|/f h kf]v/]n
d'2f g++ )@$^^ sf] d'2fsf] km};nfaf6} 7x/adf]l hd sDKo'6/6fOk M ltns >]i7
pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ g} x'Fbf o;df s]xL ul//xg k/]g kmfF6 M b]jfgL -v_
=================================================================================================================================================!

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

36 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 df]/· lhNnf cbfnt
b]jfgL Ohnf;
cltl/Qm lhNnf GofofwLz bLks'df/ bfxfn

km};nf
;Djt\ @)&! ;fnsf] b]=g+= @&–)&)–)@$^& (070–CP–1230)
lg0f{o g+= $&#

d'2f M ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod

jfbLsf] gfd, y/, jtg

rqmkf0fLsf] 5f]/f, lhNnf df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !# a:g] leidk|;fb
;fksf]6f ===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lj?4
k|ltjfbLsf] gfd, y/, jtg
:j= uf]jw{gsf] 5f]/f, lhNnf df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf, j8f g++ !^ a:g] dflqsf k|;fb
/fhj+zL ==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
:j+ /fh]Zj/sf] kTgL, P]= P]= a:g] k"0fL{b]jL /fhj+zL ====================================================================================================================================================!
dflqsfk|;fbsf] 5f]/f, P]=P]= a:g] k|efs/ /fhj+zL =======================================================================================================================================================!

Gofo k|zf; P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf & adf]lhd bfo/x'g 3/agfpg 38]/L k|of]h  gsf nflu pkof]u ug]{tyf
cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o;k|sf/5 M lx+8\g]af6f]lgdf{0f ug{ k6s k6s cldg;d]t lnO{
lkm/fbLsf gfddf btf{ /x]sf] lhNnf df]/ª, av/L hfFbf af6f]vGg cj/f]w u/L l;dfgf 5'6\ofpg glbO{
#-s_, ls=g+= $(( sf]If] qkmn )–!–%–@ hUuf d]/f] czflGt dRrfPsfn]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no df]/ªdf
Psnf} 6L xs ef] u btf{sf]hUuf xf] . pQm hUufdf zflGt ;'/ Iff u/
L af6f]lgdf{0f u/ LkfpF egL lgj]
bg
hfg] P]= P]= ls=g+= %)! ;d]tsf] hUufdf /x]sf] af6f] lbO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgif]wf1f d'2f
;d]t 5 . d]/f] ls=g+= $(( sf] hUuf ;|]:tfdf df]xL bfo/u/L af6f]pkef]u ug{ tyf lx+8\g jlGrt u/]sfn]
b]lvPsf]n] hUuf ghf]Tg] df]xLsf] nut s§f u/L kfpF pQm hUufx¿ af6f]lgsf; v'nfO{ rng;d]t rnfO{
egL ljkIf dflqsfk|;fb /fhj+zL pk/df]xL nut s§f kfpF eGg] ;d]t sf] a]xf]/fsf] lkm/fbkq .
d'2f bfo/u/ sf]lyPF . lgh;Fu ldlt @)^*.!@.@!
] k|ltjfbL dflqsfk|;fb / fhj+zL, k"l0f{b]jL /
fhj+zL /
df pQm hUufsf]df]xL k|ltzt jfktsf]hUufdf k/sf] k|efs//fhj+zLsf]gfddf o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
af6f]hUuf ;d]tsf]cfwf x'g]df]xL k|ltzt hDdf ?= #) lbg]Otnfogfdf Dofb ldlt @)&!.$.# df tfd]n 
@,%),))).– lnO{ lbO{ df]xL nut s§f u/L ldnfkq ePsf]df lghx¿n] k|ltpQ/kq glkm/fO{ Dofb} u'hf/L
ePsf] lyof]  . d;d]tsf hUufwgLx¿n] vl/b u/L a;]sf]  .
lnPsf] 38]/L hUuf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;fljs b]lvPs} af6f] ldlt @)&@.!.@$ df ;DalGwt :yndf eO{ cfPsf gS;f
/lx/x]sf]ls=g++ $^!, $^^, $&), $&%, $*@, $*(, $(^ d'r'Nsf nufpsf] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf]  .
/%)! sf lsQfx¿ af6f]sfod ug{ ;fljs hUufwgL
;f]eg g]kfnn] dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/ªdf g]kfn cbfntsf] 7x/
;/sf/sf] gfddf bflvn vf/]h u/L kfpF egL lgj]bg lgod adf]lhd k]z
 L ;"rLdf r9L k]z
 ePsf]k|:tt' d'2fsf]
lbO{ ldlt @)&).!).@( df lg0f{o eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/df ldl;n cWoog u/L jfbLsf tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf
btf{ eO{ ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod ePsf]xf] . d;d]t n] e/taxfb'/yfkfn]ug'{ ePsf]jx; ;d]t ;'gL jfbLn]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 37
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
af6f]lgsf; v'nfO{ lng kfpg]xf], xf]Og eGg];DaGwdf hUuf ;d]tsf] df]xLn] df]xL efu klg lnOP;s]sf] eGg]
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]  . b]lv+bf af6f]sf]?kdf b]lvPsf hUuf ca hf]sf]xL
o;df ljkIfL dflqsfk|;fb / fhj+zpk/ls=g++ $(( JolQm ljz]ifn]lghL ?kdf bfjL ug{ /tL hUufaf6
sf]hUufsf]df] xL nut s§f d'2f bfo/u/ L ldlt lx+88'n ug{ cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ cj/fw] ug{ ;Sg]cj:yf
@)^*.!@.@! df ;f]hUufsf]df]xL k|ltzt jfkt /;f] x'Fbg} . k|ltjfbL lghn]klg bfjL ug{ ;Sg]b]lv+b}g .
hUufdf k/]sf] af6f]sf] hUuf;d]tsf] cfwf x'g] df]xL t;y{, jfbLn]bfjLnfO{ k|ltjfbL cfkm}+n]Dofb a'em]/ klg
k|ltzt lbO{ ldnfkq ePsf], ;fljs hUufwgL ;f]dg v08g ug{ g;s]sf]/jfbL bfjLsf ls=g+= $^!, $^^,
g]kfnn] dfnkf]t sfof{no df]/ªdf ;fljsb]lv af6f] $&), $&%, $*@, $*(, $(^ /%)! sf hUuf af6f]sf]
/
lx/ x]sf]ls=g++ $^!, $^^, $&), $&%, $*@, $*(, ?kdf /xs ] f]eGg]b]lv+bf pQm hUufx¿ ;fj{hlgs af6f]
$(^ /%)! sf hUufdf af6f]sfod ug{ lgj]bg lbO{ sfod eO{ tL af6fsf]hUufdf ePsf h'g;'s}k|sf/sf
ldlt @)&).!).@( df lg0f{o ePsf], ljkIfL k|ltjfbLn] cj/f]w /sAhf x6fO{ lgsf; v'nfO{ rng rnfO{ lbg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgif]wf1f d'2f bfo/ u/L af6f] ;d]t 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
pkef]u ug{ tyf lx+8\g jlGrt u/]sfn]pQm hUufx¿
;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod u/L rng rnfO{ kfpg cbfntL tkl;n
aGbf]j:tsf]dxnsf]!) g+= adf]lhd cg'dlt lnO{ lkm/fb  dfly 7x/v08df n] lvPadf] lhd jfbL bfjLsf
u/]sf] b]lvof]  . k|ltjfbLx¿n] z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] ls=g+= $^!, $^^, $&), $&%, $*@, $*(, $(^ /
b]lvG5 . o; cbfntaf6 d'2f g++ )@$^@ sf]log} %)! sf hUufx¿ ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod eO{ tL
k|ltjfbL pk/ljjfbLt hUuf ;fj{hlgs af6f]sfod af6f]sf] hUufdf ePsf h'g;'s} k|sf/sf cj/f]w /
ul/kfpF egL dw'dtL ;fksf]6f clwsf/Ln]lbPsf]d'2fdf sAhf x6fO{ lgsf v'nfO{ rng rnfO{ lbg]7x/
ldlt @)&@.!.@$ df eO{ cfPsf]gS;f d'r'Nsf x] bf{ ePsf]n] pQm af6f]sf] hUufdf /x]sf] cj/f]w /
g=g++ ^ sf]ls=g+= $*@, g=g+= # sf]ls=g+= $^!, g=g+= @ sAhf x6fO{ lgsf; v'nfO{ rng rnfO{ kfpF egL
sf]ls=g+= $^!, sf]k|ltjfbLsf]-dflqsfsf]_ sAhfsf] P]gsf Dofbleq jfbLn] b/vf:t lbP sfg'gadf]lhd
hUuf, g=g++ ( sf]ls=g+= $*(, g=g+= !) sf]ls=g+= $^^, nfUg]b: t'/lnO{ plNnlvt hUufx¿ ;fj{hlgs
g=g+= !( sf]ls=g+= $(^, g=g+= !* sf]ls=g+= $&), g=g+= af6f]s f]?kdf sfod u/L To;df cj/f]w eP ;f]
#) sf]ls=g+= %)! /g=g+= @( sf]ls=g+= $&% sf]hUuf x6fO{ lgsf; v'nfO{ rng rnfO{ lbg' =======================!
aff6f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .  jfbLn] lkm/fb;fy /fv]sf] sf]6{ kmL ?= @))
k|df0fsf]?kdf k|fKt k|ltjfbL dflqsfk|;fb /fhj+zLn] k|ltjfbLx¿af6 e/fO{ lng kfpg]x'Fbf]e/fO{ kfpFm
oL jfbL leidk|;fb ;fksf]6fpk/k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf egL sf] 6{ lkm P] g, @)!& sf]bkmf !%-!!_ sf
bfo/ u/]sf] lgj]bg g++ )&)–WO–)@!( sf]l/ 6 g++ Dofbdf jfbLn] b/vf:t lbP s]xL b:t'/ glnO{
)!@() sf]lgif] wf1fsf]lgj]
bgdf ;fljs ls=g+= $(( pQm sf]6 { lkm /sd k|ltjfbLx¿af6 jfbLnfO{ e/fO{
sf] hUufaf6 ;d]t af6f] lgsfNg nfu]sfn] df]xLofgL lbg' ==================================================================================================================================@
xs x/0f x'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf]d f pQm hUufsf]  k|ltjfbLx¿n]z'? Dofb}u'hf/ L a;L k|ltpQ/
df]xLefu afkt /sd lng'lbg' u/L ldnfkq eO{ df]xLsf] glkm/fPsf]n  ] c=a+= @)* g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf]
nut;d]t s§f eO;s]sf]eGg];d]t pNn]v eO{ ldlt Dofb lbO{/xg k/]g =====================================================================================#
@)&!.$.!( df lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]7x/L lg0f{o ePsf]  k|: t't d'2fsf]bfo/ L nut s§f u/ L ldl;n
b]lvG5 . o;sf];fy};f]eg g]kfnn]ls=g+= $&), $&%, lgodadf]lhd clen]v  zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' ==================$
$^!,$^^, %)!, $(^, $*(, $*@ sf hUufx¿ ;fljs /
xfn;d]t af6f] /x]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs af6f] -cltl/Qm lhNnf GofofwLz_
sfod u/L kfpF egL ldlt @)&) ;fn dfu{ #) ut]
lgj]b g lbO{ tt;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/jfxL eO{ dfnkf]t Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn h]i7 @% ut]/fh
] @ z'ed\ = = = = = = = .
sfof{no df]/ªaf6 plNnlvt hUufx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
gfddf af6f]sfod u/L lbg]u/L ldlt @)&).!).@( df l6kf]6 ug]{ M gf=;'= OGb|/fh kf]v/]n
lg0f{o ePsf];DalGwt k|df0fsf]lg0f{o ldl;naf6 ;d]t sDKo'6/ 6fOk M ltns >]i7
b]lvG5 . o;/ L ljjfbLt hUufx¿ gS;f d'r'Nsfaf6 kmfF6 M b]jfgL -v_
klg af6f]s} ?kdf b]lvPsf] / cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6
klg af6f]g}sfod x'g]u/L lg0f{o eO;s]sf]/tL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

38 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/ kf}8]n
dfggLo GofofwLz >L zflGt l;+x yfkf

cfb]z
;Djt\ @)&! d'2f g+= )&!–WO–)@$(
lg0f{o g++ M )!

d'2f M k/dfb]z

d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !) g+= adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/df cbftnsf]cg'dtL lnO{ lhNnf df]/ª
lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf @)^* df3b]lv @)^( c;f/;Ddsf];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf gkfPsf]
;Dk"0f{ c;xfo, czQm, ckfË, Psn dlxnf Pj+ Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf tkm{af6 tyf cfkm\gf]xsdf
;d]t :j+ ljn6 df]rLsf 5f]/L :j= gy'gL df]rLsL kTgL P]= j8f g++ !# k|ltef rf]s a:g]&( sL
ls:gL df]rL =====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
:j= gs5]bL kf;jfgsL 5f]/L :j= dflgs kf;jfgsL kTgL P]= j8f g+= !# k|ltef rf]s a:g]jif{ ^&
sL snfjtL kf;jfg ==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ ==================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no, df]/ª =============================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o; ljt/0f u5f}{+eGg]u/]sf]ljkIfL g++ ! /@ sfof{nosf
cbfntdf bfo/eO{ k]z  x'g cfPsf]k|:t 't lgj]bssf] sd{rf/Lx¿ xfdL;Fu ljleGg axfgf agfO{ ;xh af]Ng
;+lIfKt tYo o; k|sf/5M g?rfpg], em0eml6nf] af6f] b]vfpg] / cGTodf yfs]kl5
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf leq a;f]af; ug]{ 5'6 eQfsf]dfu 5f8\g ljjz agfpg]k|of;df 5g\ .
nlIft ju{sf];fdflhs ;'/Iff eGgfsf]/ sd ljt/ 0f d l/ 6 lgj]bsn]/ fHo k|bQ ;'/ Iff eQf kfpg]d
ug] { bfloTj ljkIfL g+= ! sf]eP klg lj/ f6gu/ ;d]tsf]c;xfo, czQm, ckfË, j[4, Psn dlxnf
pkdxfgu/kflnsfleq a;f]af; ug]{nlIft ju{nfO{ @)^* Pj+ h]i7 gful/sx¿sf]/fHo k|bQ xs /clwsf/df
;fn df3 dlxgfb] lv @)^( ;fn c;f/d;fGt;Dd ljkIfLx¿af6 hfghfg ult/f]w k}bf u/L ljt/0f gubf{
hDdf ^ dlxgf cjlwsf];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f d ;d]tsf]gful/ s clwsf/xgg ePsf]x'Fbf h] i7
sfo{ xfn;Dd u/]sf] 5}g . 5'6]sf] /sdsf] s'/f ubf{ gful/s ;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf]bkmf @$ tyf gful/s
jf:t} gug]{ u/]sf] xfn;Dd To;sf] lrQ a'em\bf] hjfkm clwsf/P]g @)!@ sf]bkmf #, %-s_, ^-5_ ljk/Ltsf]
;d]t glbPsf], g t ljkIfLx¿ dWo]s;}n]v]b g}k|s6 sfo{ ePsf]x'Fbf ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vfk9L cg'/f]w
u/]sf 5g\ . 5'6]sf] /sd slxn];  Dd kfpg] xf] eGg nufot h]hf]ug'{ kg]{xf]u/L @)^* df3b]lv @)^(
g;s]sf]cyjf ca kfOFb}g cf; gug'{;\ gwfpg'xf];\ c;f/;Ddsf]ljt/0f ug{ 5'6 ;'/Iff eQf /sd ;DalGwt
klg eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljkIfL g+= @ lhNnf ljsf; ;a}nfO{ pknAw ug"{ u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
;ldlt df]/ªn] ck'u /sd k7fPsf] sf/0f ljt/0f gu/L tyf cfjzos /pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF
lkmtf{ k7fPsf];DalGwt lgsfodf eQf ljt/0f gePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ls:gL df]rL / snfjtL kf;jfgn]
hfgsf/ L u/ fP klg / sd lgsf;f gePsf]sf/ 0f ;+o'Qm ?kdf lbPsf]lgj]bg .
ljt/ 0f gul/ Psf]egL ljkIfL g+= ! n]eGb}cfPsf] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{
slxn] ;Dd cfpF5 eGg g;s] sf]cfpg]lalQs}xfdL xf]xf]O g < cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{eP cfb]z  hf/L x'g

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 39
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
gkgf{sf]cfwf//sf/0f v'nfO{ P lnlvt k|df0f ;d]t axfb'/ yfkf / >L ldgf lu/Ln] lgj]bsx¿ ;d]tsf]
;fy} /fvL af6fsf Dofb afx]s  !% lbgleq}cfkm}jf 5'6s \ f];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf]/sd pknAw u/fpgnfO{
sfg'g adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ljkIfL lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no /lhNnf
ug'{ elg of]cfb]z /lgj]bgsf]k|ltlnlk ;fy}/fvL ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no df]/ªn] kxn gu/]sf] pQm
ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf ;"rgf hf/ L u/ L lnlvt hjfkm 5'6]sf] /sd pknAw u/fpgnfO{ ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf
k/]sf] cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]zsf]cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF egL ax; k|:t't ug'{
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&@.)@.!$ df ePsf]cfb]z  . eof]  . o;} u/L ljkIfL lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] o; sfof{noaf6 sfof{nosf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L l8NnL
nlIft ;d"xdf ljt/0fsf nflu nu]sf] k]:sL km5\of}{6 axfb'/sfsL{n]hfgL hfgL nfk/jfxL u/L ;fdflhs
gu/]sf] / /sd dfu ;d]t gu/]sf]n] s'g} klg /sd ;'/Iff eQfsf] /sd pknAw gu/fPsf] xf]Og . lhNnf
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ k7fpg g;lsPsf] ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no df]/ªn] /sd pknAw
xf]  . To;kl5 pQm zLif{s cGtu{tsf]/sd dGqfnoaf6 gu/fPsf] sf/0fn] /sd ck'u ePsf]n] ljt/0f gePsf]
l;w} pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] g} a'em\g yfn]sf] xf]  . /sd xf]egL jx; ug'{ eof] . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
k7fpg] dGqfnoaf6 /sd gcfpg] / cfPsf] /sdsf] sfof{no, df]/ª  sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt jf= clwjQmf >L
k]:sL km5\of}{6 ;d]t lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] af;'bj] 9sfn ;d]t 5nkmndf ;xefuL eO{ wf/ 0ff
gug]{ u/]af6 s]xL c;xh kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] /fVg' eof]  .
xf] . /sdsf]Joj:yf ug]{sfd o; sfof{nosf]geO{ pk/f ]Q mfg' ; f/s f] ax; lhls/ ;' g L lgj]b sx¿
;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 cfPsf]/sd o; lhNnf ljsf; ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg, ljkIfLx¿af6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt
;ldlt sfof{no dfkm{t eO{ /sd ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= tyf hjfkm;lxtsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ cWoog
pkdxfgu/ kflnsfnfO{ pknAw;Dd u/ fO{ lbg]sfd u/L x]bf{ lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfleq a;f]af;
dfq o; sfof{nosf]x'Fbf cfkm\gf]sfd k|lt ;r]t /xL ug]{nlIft xfdL lgj]bs ;lxtsf ju{nfO{ @)^* df3
OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfo{ u/]sf]x'Fbf o; sfof{nosf]xsdf dlxgfb]lv @)^( ;fn c;f/d;fGt;Dd ^ dlxgf
s'g} cf1f cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf]Og l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h cjlwsf];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f sfo{ clxn];Dd
efuL 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ePsf]5} g pQm ;fdflhs ;'/ Iff eQf ljt/ 0f ug'{
sfof{no df]/ªsf]lnlvt hjfkm . egL lj/ f6gu/pkdxfgu/ kflnsf /lhNnf ljsf;
lgj]bsn]oyfy{ tYo k|lt cgle1 /xL lgj]bs nufot ;ldltsf] sfof{no df]/ªsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L
h]i7 gful/ s tyf Psn dlxnfn]@)^* df3b] lv u/ L kfpF egL lgj]bsx¿ ;d]tsf]tkm{af6 lgj]bg
@)^( cfiff9;Ddsf];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|fKt gx'g'df kg{ cfPsf]df lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] o;
o; sfof{no pk/bf]if nufP tfklg ;f]lg/y{s / sfof{noaf6 nlIft ;d"xdf ljt/0f ug{ nu]s  f]/sdsf]
cfwf/xLg /g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt k]:sL km5\of}{6 gu/]sf] / /sd klg dfu gu/]sf]n]
sfof{no df]/ª  dfkm{t ;f]/ sd pknAw ePdf o; /sd pknAw u/fpg g;'s]sf]xf]egL lhNnf ljsf;
sfof{noaf6 pxfFx¿nfO{ k|bfg gug'{ kg]{s'g}sf/ 0f ;ldltsf] sfof{no df]/ªn] / h]i7 gful/s tyf Psn
5}g . ljkIfLn]czQm ckfËsf]xsdf ;d] t k|:t't dlxnfn]@)^* df3b]lv @)^( cfiff9;Ddsf];fdflhs
lgj]bg bfo/ug'{ ePsf]5 ;f]cf}lrToxLg 5, o; ;'/Iff eQf k|fKt gx'gd' f ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 pQm /sd
sfof{noaf6 k"0f{ ckfË, blnt, kl/jf/sf % jif{ d'lgsf pknAw gu/fpg'n] xf] ;f] afx]s /sd pknAw gu/fpg'
afnaflnsfnfO{ pQm cjlwsf]/sd ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] s'g} sf/0f 5}g egL lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf
sfof{no dfkm{t tTkZrft\ g}ljt/0f ul/Psf]xf], ;f] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't
afx]s  cGo ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf /sd g}ck'u ePaf6 l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]zsf]
ljt/0f gePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL lj/f6gu/ cfb]z hf/L x'g]xf]xf]O g < eGg]ljifod lg0f{o ug'{kg]{
pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no lj/f6gu/ df]/ªaf6 k]z b]lvg cfof]  .
ePsf]lnlvt hjfkm . ;f];Gbe{df x]bf{, lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg gful/ stf
k|df0f kq /j[4 eQfsf]sf8{sf]5fofF k|ltaf6
cbfntsf] 7x/ lgj]bLsfx¿ ls:gL df]rL / snfjtL kf;jfg lj/f6gu/
lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L pkdxfgu/ k flnsfleqsf jfl;Gbf eO{ pNn]  l vt
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:tt' d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bs gful/stf k|df0fkq /j[4 eQf sf8{df pNn]v ePsf]
ls:gL df]rL ;d]t sf tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmfåo e/t lghx¿sf] pd]/sf] cfwf/df lghx¿ /fHoåf/f lgwf{l/t

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

40 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfpg]nlIft ;d"x leqsf gful/s t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 lgj]bsx¿n]
b]lvG5g\ . lghx¿sf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgj]bgdf pNn]v  ug'{ ePsf]@)^* df3 b]lv @)^(
lghx¿ ;lxtsf nlIft ;d"x leqsf gful/ sx¿n] c;f/d;fGt ;Ddsf];fdflhs ;'/ Iff eQf / sd
@)^* df3 b] lv @)^( cfiff9;Ddsf];fdflhs lgsf;f gePsf] sf/0fn] e'QmfgL ug{ afFsL /x]sf] eGg]
;'/ Iff eQf gePsf]eGg]tYonfO{ ljkIfL lj/ f6gu/ ljkIfLx¿sf] :jLsf/o'Qmk"0f{ lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t /x]sf]
pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no /lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] b]lv+bf ;fj{hlgs ;f/]sf/sf] k|:t't ljifodf /fHoaf6
sfof{no df]/ªn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] b]lv+bg} . o;af6 kfpg' kg]{;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf pknAw u/fpg]tkm{
lgj]bs nufotsf nlIft ;d"xsf JolQmx¿n]pQm h]hf]ug'{kg]{xf]tbf?stfsf ;fy u/L e'QmfgL lbg
cjlwsf];fdflhs ;'/ Iff eQf gkfPsf]eGg]s'/ fdf afFsL cjlwsf];fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf lgj]bs nufot
ljjfb b]lvPg . ljkIfL sfof{nox¿sf]lnlvt hjfkm ;DalGwt ;a}n  fO{ oyf;So rfF8f]pknAw ug'{ u/fpg'
a]
xf]
/f /lnlvt hfjkm;fy ;+nug sfuhftx¿af6 egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
cf=j @)^*÷)^( sf]clGtd ^ dlxgfsf]nflu ;fdflhs 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
;'/Iff eQfsf] /sd sd lgsf;f ePsf] a]n}df /sd
dfu gePsf]n] / /sd pknAw ePsf]n] ljt/0f ug{ tkl;n
g;s]sf] eGg] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsx¿ ;d]tsf  dfly cfb] z  v08df pNn] v  eP cg' ; f/
c;xfo czQm ckfËtf ePsf, Psn dlxnf Pj+ ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no df]/ ª
h]i7 gfu/sx¿n] /fHoåf/f ljtl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / lj/f 6gu/ pkdxfgu/k flnsfsf] sfof{ n o
eQfsf]/sd olt nfdf];dosf]cGt/fn kl5;Dd klg lj/f6gu/sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
gkfpg' lg;Gb]x lj8Dagfk"0f{ l:ylt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 7x/]sfn] o; cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ug'{ x'g Pj+
ljkIfLx¿af6 k|:t't lnlvt hjfkmsf] a]xf]/faf6 Pp6} pQm cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em]P]g sf Dofb #% -k}+lt;_
dGqfno cGtu{tsf b'O{ lgsfox¿n]Ps csf{nfO{ b]vfO{ lbgleq >L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt sf7df8f}+df k'g/fj]bg
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L :jLsf/ gul/g' / k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug'{ egL cfb]z  sf]k|ltlnlk ;fy}/fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{
gu/]sf], lx;fa ga'emfPsf], s]Gb|af6 sd lgsf;f k|fKt k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' ======================================================================!
ePsf] eGg] h:tf sf/0f;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+bf o;  k|: t't d'2fsf]bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n
tkm{ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;gsf];d]t ulDe/Wofgfsif{0f x'g kg]{ lgodfg';f/a'emfO{ lbg' ======================================================================@
ljifo b]lvof]  . ;/fs
] f/jfnf JolQmx¿n] /fHoaf6 pknAw
;fdflhs ;'/Iff jfkt kfO/xs ] f /sd s]xL ;dofjlwsf] -s]bf/ kf}8]n_
gkfPsf], ;f] ;dofjlweGbf cuf8Lsf] / To;kl5sf] GofofwLz
eg] kfO/x]sf] / o;sf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df
af/Daf/ cg'/f]w ubf{ klg s'g} sf/jfxL gePsf] egL pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
pNn]v u/]sf] b]lv+bf cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s sf/0f hgfO{ -zflGt l;+x yfkf_
/fHo k|bQ ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 jlGrt ul/g' pko'Qm dfGg GofofwLz
;lsg] b]lvPg . /fHoåf/f pknAw ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
eQf pknAw u/fO{ kfpF egL k/]sf]lgj]bgdf ljkIfL km};nf n]vgdf ;xof]u ug]{M
sfof{nox¿af6 cfk;L ;dGjo sfod u/L h'g lgsfon] zfvf clws[t ;f}/e sf]O/fnf
sfg'g adf]lhdsf]h]h:tf]e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{xf] sDKo'6/ tLy{ axfb'/ yfkf
u/L lgj]bs nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] kfpg afFsL
/x]sf] cjlwsf] eQf pknAw u/fpg' Gofosf] /f]xdf Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn efb| )& ut]/fh
] @ z'ed\ = = = = = = = .
cfjZos b]lvG5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 41
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz 8f= >L cfgGbdf]xg  e§/fO{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /d]zs'df/ kf]v/]n

cfb]z
d'2f g+= )&!–WO–)))#
lg0f{o g+= M &$

d'2f M k/dfb]z

lhNnf df]/ª lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ ltgk}gL a:g] clwjQmf ;'lgns'df/ s0f{ ======== ! lgj]bs
lj?4
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, df]/ª ========================================================================================================================================================!
k"jf{~rn l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ ===========================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ =======================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ ===========================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g,  @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd  o; ug]{, ;/;kmfO{sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, u/fpg\,
cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng, 9'jfgL tyf tx nufpg ;DaGwL
o; k|sf/ 5M sfdsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{, u/fpg] sfd,
lj/f6gu/ b]zs} bf];|f] zx/ / k|:tfljt dxfgu/kflnsf st{Jo ljkIfLx¿sf] /x]sf] / ljkIfLx¿n] cfkm\gf] st{Jo
xf]  . of] zx/ Jofkfl/s Pj+ cf}Bf]lus zx/sf] ?kdf Pj+ bfloTj lgjf{x gu/]sf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
kl/lrt eP klg oxfFsf ;8s, ;8s 5]psf gfnfx¿ ljifodf c=j+= !) g+= adf]lhd  cg'dlt lnO{ lgj]bg ug{
hL0f{ eO{ ;8sdf vfN8f], gfnfdf kmf]xf]/ y'lk|P/ cfPsf] 5' . sfof{nox¿nfO{ sfg'gsf] kl/kfngf ug'{,
zx/jf;Lx¿n] :jR5 / :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ gkfO{ sfg'gL bfloTj / st{Jo k"/f ug'{ u/fpg', sfg'gn]
ljljw /fu] sf] lzsf/ x'g kl//xs] f] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{ gug'{, gu/fpg', lgj]bs a;f]af;
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f !@-@_, -#_ -ª_-r_ tyf wf/f u/]sf] lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt
!#-!_ åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs, gful/s clwsf/ P]g, b]jsf]6f af]l8{Ë :s"nsf af6f] tyf gu/kflnsfsf cGo
@)!@ sf] bkmf #, bkmf ^-%_-^_-&_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] xs leqL ;8s ;d]tsf] dd{t ;Def/ / rfF8f] lkr ug'{,
xgg x'g uPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-!_ df k|To]s 9n lgsf;sf]plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{, lkr geP;Dd
JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs 5 . To;}u/L dd{t ;def/u/L kfgL hDgaf6 lgoGQ0f ug'{, dfgj
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-h_ df ;a} gful/ssf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yosf] Vofn ug',{ jftfj/0fLo k|bi' f0f Pj+ kmf]xf]nd}nf
:jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfB, ;Dk|e"tf h:tf s'/fdf x'gaf6 /f]s nufpg', dfgjn] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf :j:y
gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt x'g] u/L /fHosf gLlt / tl/sfaf6 afFrg kfpg] k|b'if0f/lxt vfB Pj+ pkef]Uo
bfloTj tf]lsPsf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% j:t'sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] / a]rlavg ug]{ Joj:yf
sf] bkmf (^-!_-v_-#_ gu/kflnsf If]qdf vfg]kfgL / ldnfpg' egL ljkIfL sfof{nox¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
9n lgsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{tyf To;sf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
;~rfng ug]{, To;sf] dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ u/fpg] sfd o;df lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
/ st{Jo gu/kflnsfdf lglxt /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL x'g' kg]{ xf], xf]Og, cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] eg] cfb]z
P]gsf] bkmf (^-!_-u_-$_-^_-&_ df gu/kflnsf If]qdf hf/L x'g' gkgf{sf cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{ eP k]z
x'g] hnjfo' k|b'if0f lgoGq0f u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug'{ egL of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

42 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf ;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/] sfof{no g+= # sf]tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
jf cjlw Joltt ePkl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; lhNnf k|zf;g sffo{no, df]/Ën]Dofbdf lnlvt hjfkm
cbfntsf] ldlt @)&!.)$.)$ sf] cfb]z . glkm/fO{ u'hf/L a;]s
 f]  .
lgj]b s lj/f 6gu/ pkdxfgu/k flnsf a;L eO{
lj/f6gu/sf ;8ssf] oyfy{ lrq0f u/L ;fj{hlgs cbfntsf] 7x/
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo agfO{ ;xh ?kdf lrq0f ug'{ ePsf] lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
x'Fbf o;df ljkIfL e} cfkm\gf] dt hfx]/ ug'{eGbf klg Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] ;8s lgdf{0f tyf dd{tsf lgj]bs tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L ldgf lu/L Pj+
sfd o; lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, df]/Ësf] lgj]bs >L ;'lgns'df/s0f{n]gu/If]qdf ;8s, 9n
If]qflwsf/ leq gkg]{ ePsfn] c;fGble{s ljifodf lgdf{0f ug]{, lgdf{0f ePsf ;8s tyf 9nx¿sf]dd{t
ljkIfL agfPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;Def/ / ;/;kmfO{ ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ljkIfLx¿sf] xf]  .
Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, df]/Ësf] ljkIfLx¿n]cfkm\gf]bfloTj cGtu{tsf]ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . sfo{ / ;/;kmfO{ dd{t ;Def/ gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 gu/
ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf; lgdf{0f tkm{ gu/kflnsfn] If]qdf kmf]xf]/ d}nf hDdf ePsf], 9nsf] plrt Joj:yfkg
of]hgfa4 9+un] jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L gu/ gu/]sfn] ahf/df x}hf nufotsf /f]uJofwL km}lnPsfn]
kl/ifb\af6 ;f] sfo{ tyf ;f]sf] nflu ah]6 ;d]t kfl/t lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ;8s /9n lgdf{0f u/L plrt
u/L ;f]xL cg'?k qmda4 9+uaf6 sfdsf/jfxLx¿ ug'k{ g]{ Joj: yfkg ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/ dfb]
zsf]
cj:yf /xG5 . of]hgf th'{df ubf{ k|To]s j8fsf 6f]n cfb]z  hf/ L x'g'kb{5 eGg];d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
ljsf; ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw Pjd\ :yflgo hgtfx¿sf] ;d]t ljkIfL k"jf{~rn l8lehg ;8s sfof{no, df]/ Ësf
;xeflutfaf6 k|:tfjx¿ dfu u/L, ;f] k|:tfjdf 5nkmn tkm{af6 pkl:yt k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn] sfof{no,
u/L 5nkmnaf6 k|fyldstfdf /x]sf of]hgfx¿nfO{ lj/f6gu/sf ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L dgf]h  cfrfo{sf]
gu/kflnsfdf k]z u/L gu/kl/ifb\n] gu/kflnsfsf] gu/If]q leqsf];8s, 9n lgdf{0f ug]{If]qflsf/;8s
cfly{s ;fwg, >f] t, ;DefJotf, k|fljlws, pko'Qmtf sfof{nosf]gx'Fbf o; sfof{nosf]xsdf l/ 6 hf/ L
h:tf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL To:tf of]hgfx¿ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof]  . To;}u/L lhNnf
5gf}6df kf/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu kfl/t u/L ljsf; ;ldlt, df]/Ësf tkm{af6 pkl:yt >L jf;'bj]
;fj{hlgs?kdf k'l:tsf ;d]t k|sflzt u/L cfPsf] 9sfnn] lgj]bg dfu bfjL adf]lhd gu/If]qsf] ;8s
5 . lgj]bsn] b]vfpg' ePsf] If]qdf xfn of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ug]{sfo{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
gk/]sf] x'Fbf tTsfn lgj]bssf] dfu ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sg] sfo{ If]qleq gkg]{x'Fbf lgj]b g vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
cj:yf ljBdg g/x] klg lgj]bsn] p7fpg' ePsf] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof]  . lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf
:yndf lgj]bsn] dfu u/] adf]lhdsf] ;8s, 9n, gfnf tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L l8NnLaxfb'/
OToflbsf] k|aGw / Joj:yfkgk|lt gu/kflnsfsf] ;/fs ] f/ sfsL{n] lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] :yfgdf ;8s tyf
x'Fbf ;fwg >f] tn]EofP;Dd ;f]sfd sf/ jfxL ug{ 9n lgdf{0f tyf dd{t ;Def/ug]{bfloTj gu/kflnsfsf]
gu/kflnsfn] ljdlt /fVg' kg]{ cj:yf klg gePsf] / ePsf] / lgj]bsn] b]vfpg' ePsf] If]qdf xfn of]hgf
gLltut ljifo Goflos lg/f]k0fsf]ljifoj:t' x'g g;Sg] gk/]sf] x'Fbf tTsfn lgj]bssf] dfu ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sg]
ePaf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cj:yf ljBdfg g/x] klg lgj]bsn] p7fpg' ePsf]
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 kg{ :yndf lgj]bsn] dfu u/] adf]lhdsf] ;8s, 9n,
cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . gfnf OToflbsf] k|aGw / Joj:yfkgk|lt gu/kflnsfsf]
lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{, dd{t ;Def/ ;/f]sf/ x'Fbf ;fwg >f]tn] EofP;Dd ;f] sfd sf/jfxL
ug]{sfo{ Pj+ ;fj{hlgs xslxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfo{sf] ug{ gu/kflnsfn] ljdlt /fVg' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bg
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{;d]t sf sfo{ o; sfof{nosf]:jLs[t bfjLsf]ljifo gLltut ljifo ePsf]/gLltut ljifo
sfo{qmd / sfo{If]q leq gk/]sf] / :yfgLo :jfoQ Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g g;Sg] ePaf6 lgj]bg
zf;g P]g, @)%% /;fj{hlgs ;8ssf]Joj: yfkg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'{eof]  .
lbUbz{g ;d]t sf cfwf/df pQm ;8ssf]:jfldTj ;d]t lgj]bs
 tyf ljkIfLx¿sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg sfg'g
o; sfof{nosf] gePsf] g/x]sf] x'Fbf o; sfof{nosf] Joj;foLx¿sf]jx; ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿
xsdf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ b]xfosf k|Zgx¿sf]
x'g' kg]{xf]Og eGg]Joxf]/fsf]k"jf{~rn l8lehg ;8s lg/f]k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 43
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
!= lj/f 6gu/ pkdxfgu/k flnsfn] ug' { k g]{ egL >f]t ;fwgsf] cefj b]vfO{ æ;8s, 9n, gfnf OToflbsf]
p7fOPsf ljifodf lgj]  bg lbg kfpg]  xs k|aGw / Joj:yfkg k|lt gu/kflnsfn] ljdlt /fVg'kg]{
lgj]bsnfO{ 5 jf 5}g < cj:yf klg gePsf] / gLltut ljifo Goflos lg/fk] 0fsf]
@= lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljifox¿ o; cbfntn] x]g{ ljifo x'g g;Sg]Æ eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] kfOof]  . o;af6
;S5 jf ;Sb}g < ljkIfL gu/kflnsf cfkm\gf] sfg'gL bfloTj af/] :ki6 x'g
#= lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] g;s]sf] b]lvof]  . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
jf xf]Og < sf]bkmf (^-!_ sf]v08 -v_ sf]b]xfo -#_ cGtu{t
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ug'{kg]{ egL p7fOPsf gu/kflnsf If]qdf vfg]kfgL / 9n lgsf; ;DaGwL
ljifo lgj] bg lbg kfpg]xs lgj] bsnfO{ 5 jf of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf To;sf] ;~rfng / dd{t
5}g eGg] klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ x]bf{, lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] ;Def/ ug]{, u/fpg] To:t} u/L v08 -u_ sf] b]xfo
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ -$_ cGtu{t hnjfo' tyf WjgL k|b'if0f lgoGq0f u/L
sf]bkmf #, bkmf ^-%_-^_-&_ åf/f k|Tofe"t xsx¿sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, b]xfo -%_-^_-&_ df jg jg:klt /
sfof{Gjogsf]ljifo p7fpFb}oL ljifox¿ ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, ;/;kmfO / kmf]x/d}nf ;+sng u/L
lxt / ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿ x'g\ egL d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod ug]{, To:t} v08 -r_ sf] b]xfo
!) g+= sf] cg'dlt lnO{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dfu ub}{ -!_ df ;8s d"n sNe{6sf]lgdf{0f, dd{t ;Def/ug]{,
lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvof]  . ;f] ug]{ qmddf lgj]bsn] ljif]z To:t} u/L v08 -^_ df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL bfloTjx¿
u/L lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf cGtu{t j8f g+= @ ;'lDkPsf] kfOG5 . oL bfloTjx¿sf] kl/kfngfdf >f]t
l:yt b]jsf]6f af]l8{Ë :s"nsf] af6f] tyf gu/kflnsf ;fwgsf]pknAwtf Pp6f tTj x'g ;S5 t/oL >f]t
leqsf cGo ;8ssf]kLr x'g'kg]{, 9n lgsf;sf]plrt ;fwgsf] cefj b]vfO{ klG5g ldNg] ljifo xf]Ogg\,
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, dfgj :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f g t >f] t ;fwgn]EofP;Dd sfof{Gjog ub} { hfG5'
x'gk' g],{ k|bi' f0f/lxt vfB kbfy{ pknAw x'gk' g]{cflb dfu eGg ldNg]ljifo x'g\ . lsgeg]oL bfloTjx¿ dfly
/fVb} ljkIfL pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] plNnlvt ;Ddfgk"0f{ lhGbuLsf]xs /;f]cGtu{t ;kmf
cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t dfu u/]sf] kfOof]  . ;8s, gfnL, :jR5 vfg]kfgL / ;kmf jftfj/0fdf /xg
oxfF lgj]bsx¿n] c=j+= !) g++ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs lxt kfpg]xs;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿ x'g\ . xs clwsf/x¿
/ ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo p7fOPsf], lgh j8f g+= @ sf] / ljz]iftM cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿ , ltgsf]
lgjf;L clwjQmf ;d]t /xs ] f]af6 oxfF p7fOPsf] ljifodf sfof{Gjogdf cfly{s, dfgjLo /k|fljlws >f]t ;fwgx¿
lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DaGw /x]sf] g} kfOFbf ;f] ljifodf pknAw 5}g egL sfof{Gjog gx'g] jf >f]t ;fwgsf]
lgj]bg lbg kfpg] xs lgj]bsnfO{ ePs} b]lvof]  . pknAwtf;Fu ;§f–k§f (Trade off) x'g] ljifo xf]Ogg\ .
ca lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf ljifox¿ o; cbfntn] x]g{ olb /fHon] clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t u5{ eg] To;sf] k|rng
;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] bf];|f] k|Zg tkm{ x]bf{, lgj]bsn] x'g,] pkef]u x'g] pko'Qm k|aGw klg ug}{ k5{ . of] pgsf]
p7fPsf ljifox¿ ;Ddfgk"0f{ lhGbuLsf]xs;Fu hf]l8Psf g}lts dfq ge} sfg'gL bfloTj klg xf]  . /fHosf] Pp6f
5g\ . gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf ^ cGtu{t lgsfo (Instrumentality of the State) ePsf] sf/0f
k|Tofe"t ælgjf; tyf 3/hdsf] clwsf/, ;DklQ ef]Ug], ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn] klg of] bfloTjaf6 klG5g ldNb}g .
k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{Æ clwsf/x¿ klg ;Ddffgk"0f{ hLjgsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] k}rng Pj+ sfof{Gjogdf
xs;Fu ;DalGwt xsx¿ g}x'g\ . lgjf;, ;DklQ, k]zf /fHo / o;sf] ;xfos lgsfo;Fu Pp6f of]hgf x'g}k5{
;DaGwL xs ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgsf]xs cGtu{t g}kg]{ / Go"gtd clwsf/x¿ jf ;f/e"t clwsf/x¿sf] p;n]
/ ;f] xs clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/ ;d]t x'Fbf :jR5 ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ . ljkIfL gu/kflnsfsf]lnlvt hjfkm
tyf :j:y jftfj/0f, :j:y vfB kbfy{sf xsx¿nfO{ x]bf{ cfkm\gf] sfg'gL bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ tTk/ g/xL
;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgsf] xs cGtu{t g} /fvL x]g'{kg]{ x'g pbfl;g /x]sf] kfOof]  .
cfof]  . cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/x¿sf] k|rngdf of] ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn] eg] h:t} ;8s kLr ug]{ s'/f
cbfnt k|lta4 x'bF f dfly plNnlvt xsx¿sf]k|rngsf] gfnf lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ ug]{ s'/f jf :jR5 jftfj/0f
ljifonfO{ klg gful/s clwsf/ P]gsf] s'g} bkmfdf sfod ug]{ s'/f gLltut ljifo x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ eGg]df
gkg]{ egL o; cbfntn] gful/ssf] xs k|rng ug]{ g} oxfF cGof]n /x]sf] b]lvof]  . t/ To;af/]df o;
bfloTjaf6 klG5g ldNg] b]lvPg . cbfntsf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f s] 5 eg] dfly pNn]v eP
oxfF ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ lgj]bsn] p7fPsf cg';f/oL ljifox¿ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/x'Fbf oL
s'/fx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ gu/] klg gLltut ljifo xf]Ogg\ . s;/L >f]t ;fwg k|fKt ug]{,

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

44 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
k|fKt >f]t ;fwgsf] s'g If]qdf s] s;/L pkof]u ug]{ t;y{ lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ljifox¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf
eGg]s'/f;Dd gLltut ljifo x'g ;S5g\ . ;8s, gfnf, of]hgf / cfjZos >f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf u/L
:jR5 vfg]kfgL / :jR5 vfBfGg jf :jR5 jftfj/0f gu/kflnsf leqsf] lgj]bgdf plNnlvt ;8s dd{t
sfod ug]{ gu/kflnsf;Fu of] o:tf] of]hgf 5 / olt ;Def/ ;'wf/ u/L 9n lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yf u/L
cjlwleq ;f]of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{sfo{qmd 5 eGg jftfj/0fsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f ug'{ egL ljkIfL lj/f6gu/
;lsg] cj:yf 5 / tL ts{;u+ t b]lvG5g\ eg] cbfntn] pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
To;df x:tIf]k ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g . a? sfo{kflnsL x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hgfp ;lxt o; cfb]zdf lrQ
lgsfosf] a'l4dtf (Executive wisdom) df ljZjf; u/L ga'em] #% lbgleq ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL
s]xL xb;Dd cbfntn] lg/fjnDaL wf/0ff (Indifferent ljkIfL lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf]
approach) / fVg' klg pko'Qm x'G5 . t/hxfF s'g} Dofb lbO bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
of]hgf jf sfo{qmd g} 5}g, clwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' .
;f]r g} 5}g eg] cbfntn] o:tf] pbfl;gtfnfO{ 6'n6' 6' n'
x]/]/ a:g ;Sb}g . oxfF ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf -cfgGbdf]xg e§/fO{_
h'g pbfl;gtf k|s6 ePsf] 5, ;f] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] d'Vo GofofwLz
ljkIfLnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] bfloTj cg's"n b]lv+b}g . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
ca lgj]bssf] lgj]bgsf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L -/d]zs'df/ kf]v/]n_
ug'{kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] t]>f] k|Zg tkm{ x]bf{ lgj]bsn] GofofwLz
p7fPsf ljifox¿ ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgsf]xs;Fu ;DalGwt
b]lvPsf x'Fbf tL xsx¿sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] kl/l:ylt km};nf n]vgdf ;xof]u ug]{M
sfod ug'k{ g]{ bfloTj ljkIfL gu/kflnsfsf] x'gd] f ljjfb zfvf clws[t M uf]kfn yfkf
b]lvPg . lj/f6gu/ h:tf] P]ltxfl;s tyf cf}Bf]lus sDKo'6/M tLy{axfb'/yfkf
zx/sf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t /xg' kg]{ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
;8s, 9n, vfg]kfgL h:tf cfwf/et" ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn d+l;/!% ut]/f]h
 )@ z'ed\ = = = = .
u/fpg] tkm{ c;+jb] gzLntf k|bz{g ug{ ldNg] b]lv+bg} .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 45
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lszf]/ l;njfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/ kf}8]n

cfb]z
d'2f g+= 071-WO-0284
lg=g+= @*

d'2f M lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]z

lhNnf df]/Ë lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g++ !% l:yt k"j{ g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3sf]
cWoIf tyf sf]=!v= #*^* g+= sf];jf/L wgL P]=P]= a:g]/fh]g If]qL s8]n ============================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfof{no, df]/Ë ========================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t ============================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *–@_ adf]lhd o;} !((^ sf]wf/f #, ^ adf]lhdsf]cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:tt' d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo ;f+:sl[ ts clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ ;dfg clwsf/ / wf/f
/ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 . !@ adf]lhdsf] jftfj/0fLo tyf cf}Bf]lus ;/;kmfOsf]
lhNnf df]/Ë lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !% clwsf/tyf gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ sf]^-^_-&_
l:yt a;kfs{df ljleGg a; Joj;foL ;+3 cGtu{tsf åf/f k|Tofe"t clwsf/s'l07t u/] ePsf]x'Fbf a;kfs{df
b}lgs #)) j6f a;x¿ rNg]a;kfs{ xf] . o; /x]sf] kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{, cfufdL jif{df
a;kfs{sf]k|of]u b}lgs nfvf}+dflg;x¿n]a; r9\g ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/L a;kfs{df sfnf]kq] ug'{ u/fpg'
/ cf]n{gsf nflu ub{5g\ . b]zs} bf];|f] 7"nf] zx/ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf lgif]wf1f tyf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
lj/f6gu/sf] olt Jo:t a;kfs{sf] cj:yf eg] c;fWo} hf/L u/L kfpF eGg];d]tsf]lgj]bg kq .
gfh's /xs ] f]5 . a;kfs{ lxnfDd]5, a;kfs{sf]lxnf]df cfkm\gf]ePsf];Dk"0f{ a]x f]/f v'nfO{ eP k|df0f sfuhft
uf8L km:g] u/]sf], ofq'x?sf] uf]8f;Dd lxnf] cfpg] ;d]t ;fy}/fvL lnlvt hjfkm ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf
x'Fbf ofq'x¿nfO{ a; r9\g÷cf]n{g ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] Dofb hf/L ug'{ ;fy}lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f
5 . d lgj]b s sf]=!v= #*^* sf]a; o; a;kfs{af6 g+= !% l:yt lj/f6gu/a;kfs{sf];'Jojl:yt ;~rfng
ef]hk'/sf nflu rNg] u/]sf] x'Fbf plNnlvt ;d:ofaf6 ug'{, oxfF /x]sf] kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] ;+sng / 9'jfgL ug{
d :jo+ k|efljt /x]sf]/a;kfs{sf cGo pkef]Qmfx¿ tyf ;/;kmfO /jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ ;d]tsf nflu
a; Joj;foL, a; rfns, ;x–rfns, ofq' x ¿ k|fljlws sd{rf/ L ;lxtsf]6f] nL v6fO{ a;kfs{sf]
k|ToIf k|efljt / x]
sf 5g\ . a;kfs{sf]o: tf]gfh's ef}lts cj:yf / l:yltsf] hfFra'em u/L k|ltj]bg lnO{
cj:yfsf] af/]df ljkIfL lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg nufot a;kfs{sf] ;d'lrt
sfof{nodf k6s k6s uO{ ljkIfL k|d'v sfo{sf/ L tj/af6 ;~rfngsf nflu h]hf]ug'k{ g]{cfjZos dd{t
clws[t;Fu s'/f /fVbf ;DalGwt cj:yf ;'wf/ug]{tkm{ ;Def/;d]tsf]sfo{ ! dlxgfleq ug'{ u/fpg' /;f]
a]jf:tf u/]sf], ljkIfLsf] o:tf] Jojxf/n] plrt tj/n] sf]k|ult ljj/0f !%÷!% lbgdf o; cbfntdf k]z ug'{
cfkm\gf]k]zf Joj;fo u/L afFRg kfpg]clwsf/df cf3ft egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf hf/L ePsf]cGtl/d cfb]z  .
k/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f !^ sf]:jR5 la/f6gu/a;kfs{df dd{t ;Def/sfo{ o; sfof{noaf6
jftfj/ 0fdf afFRg kfpg]clwsf/ , cfly{s, ;fdflhs k|To]s jif{ eO{ cfPsf]5 . cf=j= @)&)÷&! df pkef]Q mf
tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, ;ldlt u7g u/ L dd{tsf]sfd ePsf]xf] . cf=j=

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

46 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
@)&!÷&@ df klg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t dd{tsf]sfo{ lgj]bg bfjL /xs ] f] kfOof]  . o;df, a;kfs{sf] ;/;kmfO
ug{ nfut cg'dfg ul/Psf]df lgj]bs ;+of]hs /x]sf] dd{t ;Def/nufotsf]sfo{ k|To]s jif{ eOcfPsf]5 .
pkef]Q mf ;ldlt ;Demf}t fsf]nflu gcfPsf]x'Fbf ;Demf}t f cf=j= @)&)÷&! df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g u/L dd{tsf]
x'g ;s]g . xfn o; lj/f6gu/a;kfs{sf]:yfoL ?kdf sfd ePsf]xf] . xfn cTofw'lgs /u'0f:t/Lo 9Ën]
bL3{sflng Joj:yfkg u/L ;DalGwt ;~rfngsf nflu bL3{sfn;Dd ;~rfng x'g ;Sg]a;kfs{ lgdf{0fsf]
lj:t[t of]hgf tof/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo 9Ën] :t/f]Gglt sfo{ cl3 al9;s] sf]cj: yfdf a;kfs{ ;~rfngdf
ug]{of]hgf /x]sf]5 . h'g oxL ldlt @)&@÷)$÷!^ pbfl;gtf b]vfPsf] egL lnPsf] bfjL vf/]h u/LkfpF
ut]sf]sflGtk'/b}lgs klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf]5 . egL ljkIfLn]lhls/lnPsf]kfOof] .
cTofw'lgs /u'0f:t/Lo 9Ën]bL3{sfn;Dd ;~rfng b'j}kIfaf6 pkl: yt ljåfg sfg'g Joj;foL ax;
x'g ;Sg]a;kfs{ lgdf{0fsf]sfo{ cl3 al9;s] sf] lhls/;'gL pQm a;kfs{sf];DaGwdf eO/x]sf]sfo{
cj:yfdf a;kfs{ ;~rfngdf pbfl;gtf b]vfPsf]egL k|ult ljj/0f nufotsf ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L
lgj]bssf] bfjL em'7f x'Fbf vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]tsf] lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ubf{, o;df lgj]bg dfu adf] lhd
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 tyf lj/f 6gu/ a;kfs{ s f] Jojl:y t ;~rfng tyf
cfkm\gf] ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 P]]= sfof{nosf k|d'v sfo{sf/L cfw'lgsLs/ 0fsf nflu ljkIfLsf gfpFdf lgif] wf1fo'Qm
clws[t uf]kfnk|;fb /]UdLsf]lnlvt hjfkm . k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf
a;kfs{ dd{t ;Def/sfo{sf]k|ult ljj/0f !%÷!% lbgdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{b]lvg cfof] .
cbfntdf k]z  ug'{ egL ldlt @)&@.)#.#! df ePsf] lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
cGtl/d cfb]z adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f k]z ePsf] gb]lv+bf lj/f6gu/ a;kfs{sf] cj:yf gfh's / bogLo /x]sf]
cfb]zfg';f/ s] slt sfo{ u/] ePsf] xf] ;f] sf] k|ult / afWotfjz k|of]u ug'{kl//x]sf] s'/f lgj]bg ;fy k]z
ljj/0f kq kfPsf]ldltn]# lbgleq k]z  ug{ nufpg' ePsf lj/f6gu/ a;kfs{sf] kmf]6f] ;d]taf6 b]lvG5 .
egL ldlt @)&@.)%.)& df ePsf]cfb]zfg';f/ljkIfL kmf]6f] tyf lgj]bg n]vaf6 a;kfs{df kfgL hd]sf],
gu/kflnsfaf6 k|ult ljj/0f k]z ePsf] gb]lv+bf ;f] uf8L tyf dflg;sf] k|of]usf] sf/0faf6 lxnf] ePsf],
;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf lgldQ k]zLsf lbg Ohnf;;dIf htf;'s} kmf]xf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf a;kfs{ tyf cf;kf;sf]If] qdf b'u{Gw km}lnPsf]/
sfo{sf/ L clws[tnfO{ n]v  L k7fpg' o; cbfntaf6 kmf]xf]/sf sf/0f cGo ;d:of ;d]t ;[hgf x'g] hfg]
ldlt @)&@.)&.#) df ePsf]cfb]z . b]lvG5 . o;/L lj/f6gu/af6 5'6\g] nfdf] tyf 5f]6f]
b'/Lsf a;x¿sf] Ps dfq a; :6\of08sf] ?kdf /x]sf]
cbfntsf] 7x/ lj/f6gu/ a;kfs{sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf]d f
lgodadf]l hd Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljjfb b]lvPg . a;kfs{sf]ef}lts cj:yf ;'wf/tyf
lgj]b s tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L e/taxfb'/ lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
yfkf tyf ljkIfL lj/f6gu/pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no /xs
] f] b]lvG5 . a;kfs{sf] ;/;kmfO tyf dd{tsf] sfo{
tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L l8NnLaxfb'/ pkef]Qm ;ldlt dfkm{t x'g]u/]sf]df cf=j= @)&!÷&@ df
sfsL{sf]ax; lhls/;'gL pQm pkdxfgu/ kflnsf pkef] Qmf ;ldlt ;Demf} tfsf]nflu gcfPsf]x'Fbf ;f]
sfof{nosf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t >L uf]kfnk|;fb ;d]t x'g g;s]sf] eGg] gu/kflnsf :jo+sf] lnlvt
/]UdLn] Ohnf;;dIf pkl:yt eO{ k]z ug'{ePsf] sfo{ hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf]kfOG5 .
k|ult ljj/0f ;d]t cWoog ul/of] . a;kfs{sf] ;'Jojl:yt ;~rfng ug{, ToxfF /x]sf]
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{nosf] lhDdf /x]sf] kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] ;+sng / 9'jfgL ug{ tyf ;/;kmfO /
P] = !% g+= j8fdf cjl: yt lj/ f6gu/a;kfs{ lxnf] , jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ ;d]t sf nflu k|fljlws sd{rf/L
kmf]xf]/ / cJojl:yt /xL cToGt gfh's cj:yfdf ;lxtsf] 6f]nL v6fO{ a;kfs{sf] ef}lts cj:yf /
/x]sf] x'Fbf ;/;kmfO tyf plrt /]vb]vsf] nflu l:yltsf] hfFra'em u/L k|ltj]bg lnO{ kmf]xf]/d}nfsf]
ljkIfL gu/ kflnsfnfO{ k6s k6s cg'/ f]
w ubf{ Joj: y fkg nufot a;kfs{ s f]  ;d' l rt tj/ a f6
;d] t a;kfs{sf]plrt Joj: yfkg ug]{ tkm{ ljkIfL ;~rfngsf nflu h]hf]ug'{kg]{cfjZos dd{t ;Def/
gu/kflnsf pbfl;g /x]sf] x'Fbf a;kfs{sf] plrt ;d]tsf]sfo{ ! dlxgfleq ug'{ u/fpg' /;f]sf]k|ult
Joj:yfkg ug'{ /cfufdL jif{df ah]6sf]Joj:yf u/L ljj/ 0f !%÷!% lbgdf cbfntdf k] z ug'{ egL o;
a;kfs{df sfnf]kq]ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf]gfpFdf cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf]df ;f]
lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] sfof{nosf sfo{sf/L clws[t Ohnf;;dIf tt\;DaGwL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 47
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxL tyf lj/f6gu/ a;kfs{sf] t;y{, lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd lgif]wf1fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf]
gj–lgdf{0fsf]nflu ePsf]sfo{ k|ultsf]ljj/0f;lxt cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lv+bf o;
5nkmndf pkl:yt eO{ k]z u/]sf] Terminal building cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&@.#.#! df ePsf]cGtl/d cfb]z
;DaGwL sfuhftaf6 gofF a;kfs{ lgdf{0fsf]nflu lgis[o eO{ k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]7x5{ .
gS;f°g, l8hfOg nufotsf] sfd eO/x]sf] eGg] ;fy} k| :t ' t ;fj{ h lgs ;/f ]s f/s f] ljifo eO{
b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftfsf]5gf}6 eO{ gu/ :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO tyf jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f;Fu ;d]t
ljsf; sf]ifdfkm{t cfly{s ;|ft] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ug]t{ km{ ;/fs
] f/sf] ljifo b]lv+bf lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn]
;d]t sfo{ eO/x]sf]kfOof]cjZo klg gofF a;kfs{ tt\;DaGwdf ;'wf/ug{ lnPsf]sfo{ of]hgfsf]k|ult
lgdf{0f, dd{t ;'wf/ePkZrft\ a; ;~rfngs tyf ljj/ 0f sfo{ ;DkGg geP;Dd k|To]s  ^÷^ dlxgfdf
ofq'x¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] ;d:of tyf cK7\of/fx¿ ;dfwfg ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf]dfWodaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L
x'g] / kmf]xf]/dn
} fsf] ;d:of;d]t ;dfwfg eO{ jftfj/0fLo ug]{u/ fpg]ug'{ egL pQm pkdxfgu/ kflnsfnfO{
;'wf/x'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg]b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd hfgsf/L ;d]t lbg' . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
eP u/s ] f sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ a;kfs{ ;'wf/
/;/;kmfOtkm{ ;DalGwt pkdxfgu/kflnsf pbfl;g tkl;n
/x]sf] eGg] gb]lv+bf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ljkIfL  o; cfb]z  df lrQ ga'em]#% -k}+tL;_ lbgleq >L
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf gfpFdf lgif]wf1f tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, sf7df8f} +df k'g/ fj]bg ug'{ egL
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . lgj]bsnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg' ====================================!
tyflk, a;kfs{ ;fj{hlgs :yn /x]sf] / hf] sf]xLn]  k|:t't d'2fsf]bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n
klg k|of]u ug]{ x'Fbf o:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/sf] ljifodf clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg' ===========================================================@
lgj]bsn] cg'dlt lnO{ lgj]bg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] a;kfs{sf] dd{t ;Def/ / -lszf]/ l;njfn_
kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo cfd dflg; / GofofwLz
:jf:Yo;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo klg x'g\ . a;kfs{sf] pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
gofF Terminal building lgdf{0fsf] qmddf /xs ] f] sfo{sf/L -s]bf/ l;njfn_
k|dv ' af6 d'2f ;'gj' fOsf]qmddf gS;f ;d]t sf sfuhft GofofwLz
k]z u/]sf]af6 b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] a;kfs{sf] lgdf{0fsf] ljifo cfd ;j{;fwf/0f Ohnf; clws[tM ;Gtf]if kf]v/]n
hgtfsf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo;d}t x'Fbf ;f] sDKo'6/ M l;hg /]UdL
;DaGwdf ePsf k|ult cfjlws ?kdf hfgsf/L kfpg'
cfd hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ /xg' klg :jfefljs b]lvG5 / Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn dfu{ @! ut]/f]h @ z'ed\ ================
;DalGwt lgsfon]gful/ s k|ltsf]bfloTjsf]?kdf
;d]t u|x0f ug'{kg]{df klg ljjfb b]lvPg .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

48 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fhs'df/jg
dfggLo GofofwLz >L eLd s'df/cf]emf

cfb]z
d'2f g+= 071-WO-0024
lg=g+= #(

d'2f M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{ b]jgf/fo0fsf] 5f]/f lhNnf ;'g;/L rfFbj]nf uflj;
jf8{ g++ ( a:g]/fh]Gb| /fhwfdL ==========================================================================================================================================================================================================!
;Togf/f0fsf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] r]tgf/fo0f eGg] lbk]zs'df/ ;]g ==========================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO of]hgf lj/f6gu/ ==================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= cGtu{tsf]b'xjL ;j l8lehg b'xjL, ;'g;/L ========================================================================================================================================================!
hn pkef]Qmf ;ldlt l;tfu+h zfvf, cf}/fagL -gx/rf}s_ ;'g;/L =============================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} gEofpg]cj:yf eO{ cGo l;+rfOsf]ljsNk klg gx'Fbf
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq /xL bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l;+rfOsf]plrt k|aGw ul/of];  egL lnlvt, df}lvs
d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5 . tf/tfs]tf ubf{ ljkIfLaf6 lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/Psf]df
xfdL lgj]bs ;'g;'/ L df]
/
Ë l;+rfO of] hgf cGtu{t xfd|f]dfOg/ df cj/ f]
w x6fO{ l;rfOsf]k|aGw t'?Gt
l;tfu+h zfvfsf]rfFba]nf uflj; l:yt a5f}j{ f SS9DT3 ul/of];
 \ egL ljkIfL g+= # df lgj]bg ;d]t ubf{ s'g}
dfO{g/-gx/_ sf pkef]Q mf ls;fg xf}+ . kfgL kf]t a'emfO{ ;'g'jfO{ gePsf]n] xfd|f] SS9DT3 dfO{g/df l;+rfOsf]
cfPsf 5f}+. sf]zL gbLsf]hn>f]t l;+rfOsf]lglDt k|aGw gu/L cj/fw] ;d]t gx6fpg]ljkIfLaf6 cGofok"0f{
pkef]u ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] JolQmsf] hUuf clwu|x0f lg0f{o cfb]z eO xfdL ls;fgx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{;Ddsf]
u/L gx/lgdf{0f u//] rt/f, em'Dsf d'n gx/dfkm{t o; sfd, Jojxf/ ePsf]n] To:tf] lje]bk"0f{ lg0f{o sfod
cufl8b]lv ;'g;/L / df]/Ë lhNnfdf l;+rfOsf] k|aGw /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L a5f{}jf
u/]sf] 5, To;}nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, ls;fgx¿sf v]tdf SS9DT3 dfO{g/ df kof{Kt l;rfO{sf]Joj:yf ug'{ egL
kfgLsf]k|aGw eO{ hUuf cfjfb ug{ plrt tl/ sfn] ljkIfLsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L cab]lv
gx/df kfgL k|jfx ug]{;d]t k|of]hgsf nflu ljkIfL g+= v]tLofd eGbf cuf8Lg} dfOg/sf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/L
! / @ g+= ;d]tsf] u7g ul/Psf] xf]  . xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] u/fO{ Jojl:yt l;rfO{sf] k|aGw ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf]
SS9DT3 dfO{g/n] rfFba]nf, cf}/fagL / ;Q]emf]/f ;d]t ljkIfLsf]gfpFdf lgb]z { gfTds cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF ;fy}
# uflj;sf v]tL of]Uo xhf/f+} x]S6/ hUufnfO{ rlr{Psf] k|:t't d'2f lsgf/f x'g ;do nfUg]eO{ Tolt~h]ndf
5 . o;kfln dWo jif{ dlxgf laTg nfUbf klg cfsf;] wfg /fk] fO{sf]l;hg ;d]t ;dfKt eO{ l;rfOsf]cefj
kfgL gk/]sf], Psdfq xfd|f]hUufdf l;+rfOsf]dfWod wfgafnL ;d]t 87L dg] { cj:
yf x'Fbf ljkIfLn]xfd|f]
SS9DT3 dfO{g/eO{ ;f] af6 ljkIfL g+= ! /@ n]xfd|f dfOg/df kfgL tTsfn}g5f8\g]cfz+sf ePsfn]hUuf
hUuf;Dd k'Ug] u/L dfO{g/df kfgLsf] k|aGw gu/]sf], cfjfb x'g];Ddsf]Joj:yfsf lglDt kfgL 5f8\g' egL
ljut % jif{b]lv dfO{g/ ;kmf gu/]sfn] df6f]n] k'/L ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf hf]rflxg]cGtl/d cfb]z u/L kfpF
kfgL cfpg]af6f]kg aGb ePsf], xfd|f];|f]t, ;fwgn] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 49
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bsx¿sf] lgj]bg dfu cbfntsf] cfb]z
adf]lhd pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs Pjd\ cfhsf]b} lgs k]zL
x'g gkg]{xf] < cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{cfwf//sf/0f ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k] z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't
eP ;f]sf];a't k|df0f ;d]t ;fy}/fvL Dofb ;"rgf d'2fdf lgj]bg kq ;lxtsf]ldl;n cWoog u/lgj]b s
kfPsf]ldltn]af6fsf]Dofb afx]s !% -kGw|_ lbgleq tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L dfwj/ fh
ljkIfL g+ ! /@ n]k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no cfrfo{, >L e/ t axfb'/yfkf, >L d0fL/ fh b'nfn,
lj/f6gu/dfkm{t /ljkIfL g+ # n]cfk}m jf sfg'g >L ldgf lu/L /ljkIfL ;'g;/L df]/Ë  l;+rfO of]hgf
adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL lj/f6gu/ tkm{af6 pkl:yt k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn
of]cfb]z /lgj]b g kqsf]k|ltlnlk ;fy}/fvL Dofb sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /f]ifg
;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/jf cjlw Joltt uh'/]nn] ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof]  .
eP kl5 lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ . cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{, xfd|f] hUufdf l;+rfOsf]dfWod
dfu u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfL ;'g;/L df]/Ë SS9DT3 dfO{g/eO{ ;f] af6 ljkIfL g+= ! /@ n]xfd|f
l;+rfO of]h gf cGtu{tsf]gx/ df l;+rfO k|of] hgfy{ hUuf;Dd k'Ug] u/L dfOg/df kfgLsf] k|aGw gu/]sf],
kof{Kt kfgL lbO/x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bssf] lgj]bgdf ljut % jif{b]lv dfOg/ ;kmf gu/]sf]n] df6f]n] k'/L
pNn]lvt SS9DT3 dfO{g/;f]xL l;+rfO of]h  gf cGtu{t kfgL cfpg]af6f]klg aGb ePsf], xfd|f]>f]t ;fwgn]
kg{] b]lvPsf x'gfn] pQm dfOg/ gx/df s'g} cj/f]w eP gEofpg]cj:yf eO{ cGo l;+rfOsf]ljsNk klg gx'Fbf
x6fO{ wfgjfnL nufpg];do ;d]t ePsf]x'gfn]of] l;+rfO{sf]plrt k|aGw ul/of];\ egL lgj]bg ubf{ s'g}
cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L kfPsf] ldltn] @$ -rf}la;_ 306fleq ;'g'jfO{ gePsf]n] xfd|f] SS9DT3 dfO{g/df l;+rfOsf]
lgj]bg dfu ePsf]gx/If]qdf l;+rfO{ k|of]hgsf lgldQ k|aGw gu/L cj/fw] ;d]t gx6fpg]ljkIfLaf6 cGofok"0f{
kof{Kt kfgL cfk"lt{sf]k|aGw ug'{ elg ljkIfLx¿sf lg0f{o cfb]z eO{ xfdL ls;fgx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{;Ddsf]
gfpFdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$* sf]lgod sfd, Jojxf/ ePsf]n] To:tf] lje]bk"0f{ lg0f{o sfod
##-s_-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L a5f}{+jf
cfb] zsf]hfgsf/ L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ cljnDa lbg' eGg] SS9DT3 dfO{g/ df kof{Kt l;+rfOsf]Joj:yf ug'{ egL
ldlt @)&!.$.#).^ df ePsf]o; cbfntsf]cfb]z  . ljkIfLsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L cab]lv
o; sfof{nosf] s'g ldltn] s] s:tf] lg0f{o pTk|]l/t v]tofd eGbf cuf8L g} dfOg/sf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ u/L
ul/ dfu]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f g} bfjLdf pNn]lvt 5}g . u/fO{ Jojl:yt l;+rfOsf] k|aGw ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf]
of]sfof{non]s'g P]gsf]s'g bkmf adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ ljkIfLsf]gfpFdf lgb]z { gfTds cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg]
sfo{ gu/]sf]n] u/fpg of] l/6 ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]d f of] sfof{non]
g}bfjLdf pNn]lvt 5} g . of]bfjLsf]gx/ df kfgL pknAwtfsf]cfwf/df d"n gx/df kfgL lbg]sfo{ ;w}+
Jojl:yt ug]{ lhDdf g]kfn ;/sf/l;t ;Demf}tf u/L hn u/L cfPsf]5 . bfjLsf]zfvf gx/df ;DalGwt hn
pkef]Qmf ;+:yf l;tfu+hn] lnPsf] xf]  . ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ tYonfO{ n'sfO{
a]nfa]nfdf gx/ ;kmf ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ P:sfe]6/ klg o; of] sfof{nosf] lhDd]jf/L leq} gkg]{ s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf
sfof{non]r=g=+ $ ldlt @)^*.$.! sf]kqaf6 x:tfGt/0f l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
ul/;x]s  f] 5 . gx/sf] kfgL k|of]u ug{ hUufjfnfn] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsx¿sf]
;DalGwt pkef]Qmf ;+:y  fdf l;+rfO z'Ns a'emfpg'k5{ . lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
of]sfof{non]pknAwtfsf cfwf/df d"n gx/df kfgL hf/L x'g' kg]{gkg]{s]xf] < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'
lbg]sfo{ ;w}+ub}{cfPsf]5 . bfjLsf]zfvf gx/df kg]{ b]lvof]  .
;DalGwt hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bsx¿n] xfd|f] SS9DT3
xf]  . ;f] tYonfO{ n'sfO{ of] sfof{nosf] lhDd]jf/L leq} dfO{g/df l;+rfOsf] k|aGw gu/L cj/f]w ;d]t gx6fO{
gkg]{ s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 ls;fgx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{;Ddsf]sfd, Jojxf/ePsf]n]
lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;'g;/L To:tf] lje]bk"0f{ lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
df]/Ë l;+rfO{ of]hgfsf]lnlvt hjfkm . a5f}j+{ f SS9DT3 dfO{g/df kof{Kt l;+rfOsf]Joj:yf ug'{
ljkIfL dWo]s  f]hn pkef]Qmf ;ldlt l;tfu+h zfvf, egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z  sf]cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF
cf}/fagL -gx/rf}s_ ;'g;/Lsf gfddf o; cbfntaf6 egL dfu u/]sf]df ljkIfL dWo]s  f]hn pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
hf/L eO{ @)&!.$.#) df tfd]n ePsf]tfd]nL Dofbdf l;tfu+h zfvfn]lnlvt hjfkm glkm/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L
lnlvt hjfkm gk/L Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] . a;]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO of]hgf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

50 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
lj/f6gu/n]cfkm' cGtu{tsf]b'xjL ;j l8lehg b'xjL cj:yfdf lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt SS9DT3 dfO{g/ ;f]xL
;d]tsf]tkm{af6 k]z  ePsf]lnlvt hjfkmdf bfjLsf] l;+rfO{ of]hgf cGtu{t kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] x'gfn] pQm dfOg/
zfvf gx/df ;DalGwt hn pkef]Qmf ;+:y  fn]kfgLsf] gx/df s'g} cj/f]w eP x6fO{ lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf dfu
Joj:yf ug{ tYonfO{ n'sfO{ of]sfof{nosf]lhDd]jf/L u/]sf gx/If]qdf l;+rfO k|of]hgsf]lgldQ kof{Kt kfgL
leq} gkg]{ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 eg] ;f]xL cfk"lt{sf]k|aGw ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
lnlvt hjfkmdf of]sfof{non]pknAwtfsf]cfwf/df cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{
d"n gx/df kfgL lbg]sfo{ ;w}+u/L cfPsf]5 eGg] lbO{ of]cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em]#% -k}+tL;_ lbgleq >L
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . oL lgj]bsx¿ ;'g;/L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt sf7df8f}+df k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL
df]/Ë l;+rfO of]hgf cGtu{t l;tfu+h zfvfsf]rfFba]nf ljkIfL ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{ of]hgf lj/f6gu/nfO{
uflj; l:yt a5f}{+jf SS9DT3 dfO{g/-gx/ _ sf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L u/L k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf]
pkef]Qmf ls;fg ePsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lv+bg} . /fHon] nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{lbg' .
;/sf/L :t/af6 To; If]qsf hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu
pknAw u/fPsf];]jf ;'ljwf ;dfg /Gofof]lrt ?kdf -eLds'df/ cf]emf_
ljt/0f ug'{ klg p;sf]st{Jo /bfloTj leq kb{5 . GofofwLz
o;/L gx/sf] pkef]Qmfsf x}l;otn] ;f] If]qsf hUufdf pQm cfb]z
 df d ;xdt 5' .
l;+rfOsf];'ljwf k|fKt ug'{ klg oL lgj]bsx¿sf]clwsf/ -/fhs'df/ jg_
xf]eg]l;+rfO{sf];'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf]st{Jo GofofwLz
/bfloTj x'bF f ;/sf/åf/f sfg'g adf]lhd :yflkt ljkIfL Ohnf; clws[t M s]bf/ k|;fb uf}td
;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO of]hgf lj/f6gu/n] ;f] st{Jo / sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ M zDe's'df/ zfx
bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg]cj:yf /xFb}g .
t;y{M ljkIfL ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO of]hgf cGtu{tsf] Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn c;f]h ^ ut]/fh
] @ z'ed\ = = = = = .
gx/ df l;+rfO k|of] hgfy{ kof{Kt kfgL lbO{ / x]
sf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 51
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L eLds'df/ cf]emf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]bf/ kf}8]n

cfb]z
d'2f g+= 071-WO-0179
lg=g+= $!!

d'2f M lgif]wf1f

r'lenfnsf] 5f]/f lhNnf df]/Ë j/8Ëf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( a:g] b'vgnfn l;+ ugufO{ =========================================!
P]= sf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] z°/k|;fb l;+x ===================================================================================================================================================================================!
uxgnfn ugufO{sf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] wgktnfn ugufO{ ==================================================================================================================================!
wtktnfnsf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] k|df]bs'df/ l;+x ugufO{ =====================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
zDe'k|;fbsf] 5f]/f lhNnf df]/Ë j/8Ëf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( a:g] ;lrgfgGb l;+x ======================================================!
g]?jf l;+xsf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] dbg]Zj/ l;+x =================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] b]jLk|;fb l;+x ======================================================================================================================================================================================!
;Dktnfn l;+xsf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] s'df]bk|;fb l;+x ============================================================================================================================================!
emK6'k|;fb l;+xsf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] Zofdk|;fb l;+x ===============================================================================================================================================!
P]= sf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] b]jL a}zfv' l;+x =================================================================================================================================================================================!
x/snfn l;+x ugufO{sf] 5f]/f P]= P]= a:g] dxfb]jk|;fb l;+x =====================================================================================================================!
afa'sf] gfd yfxf gePsf] P]= P]= j8f g+= @ a:g] lhK5f dxtf] ===================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} nflu lznfGof; ;d]t u/L af6f] df:g] p2]Zon] ;f]
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:tt' d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo sf] klZrd lbzfdf / k"j{df ;d]t kf]v/L agfpg] egL
/ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]5M of]hgf agfO{ of] sfo{ yfngL z'? u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
xfdL lgj]bsx¿ lhNnf df]/Ë j/8Ëf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ;fj{hlgs af6f]sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df 7"nf]
( df :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbf / k|ltjfbLx¿ ;d]t of]ubfg /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs af6f]af6 xfdL ufpF3/sf
;f]xL j8fsf ufpFaf;L x'g'x'G5 . ljkIfLx¿n] k/fk"j{ dflg;x¿ ufO{j:t'sf] lgsf;fsf ?kdf pkef]u ug]{
sfnb]lv lx+8L cfPsf] j/8Ëfb]lv r'lgdf/L sNof0fk'/ cfkm\gf]nufPsf]afnL gfnL p7fpFbf jf c? ;dodf
hfg] u|fe]n 6«s 6«ofS6/ ;d]t u'8\g] d'n ;8s af6f]df ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 9'jfgL cfjthfjt ug]{ glhssf] zx/
lx+8g\ lbb}gf}, j:te' fp ;d]t lx8fpg lb+bg} f}, of] hUufdf ahf/df hfg] cfpg] sfo{ ul/G5 . plNnlvt sfo{af6
dlGb/ agfpg k5{ elg eg]sf]n] ufpF ;dfhsf eb| xfdL lgj]bsx¿ / ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfodf ;d]tsf] xsdf
enfbdL a;L of] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv lx+8L cfPsf] rln c;/ k'uL hUuf cfjfb ug]{sf] # / $ g+= ljkl/t sfo{
cfPsf] af6f] /f]Sg' x'Fbg} eGg] 5nkmn ePsf]df ;f] af6f] u/L gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #, ^-^_,
/fs
] 5]s u/s
] f lyPgg\ . xfn cfP/ ldlt @)&!.!!.)! -&_ adf]lhd
 lgj]bg nufot Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
ut]sf lbgb]lv k'gM of] af6f]af6 sf]xL lx+8\g kfpFb}gf}, sf] bkmf -@_ adf]lhd of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
j:t'efp lx+8fpg ;d]t kfpFb}gf} egL pQm ;fj{hlgs t;y{ ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf j/8Ëf r'lgdf/L sNof0fk'/
af6f]df dlGb/agfpg egL $ j6f afF;sf]Wjhf uf8L d"n ;8ssf] hUufdf dlGb/ tyf kf]v/L gagfpg',
aLrdf Pp6f Wjhf / 9'Ëf /fvL dlGb/ agfpgsf] agfpg gnufpg' egL lgif]wf1ffsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

52 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
kfpF . ;fy} tTsfn cGtl/d cfb]z gePdf ljkIfLx¿n] /x]sf] ;f] ;fj{hlgs hUufaf6 xfn sfod /x]sf] af6f]
dlGb/ kf]v/L agfO{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo gx'g] ;8snfO{ s'g} cj/f]w gu/L To:tf] ;fj{hlgs hUuf
ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g adf]lhd s'g} ;fj{hlgs
##s adf]lhd j/8Ëf r'lgdf/L sNof0fk'/ d"n ;8ssf] lxt, wd{ ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df ;+/If0f, /]vb]v / pkef]u
hUufdf dlGb/ tyf kf]v/L gagfpg' agfpg gnufpg' ug{ kfpg]x'G5 . pQm ;8s lgdf{0f ug{ df]/ Ë lhNnf
egL k|:t't d'2fsf] 6'Ëf] gnfu'~h]n;Dd cGtl/d cfb]z ljsf; ;ldlt dfkm{t ;f+;b ljsf; sf]if nufotsf]
hf/ u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t a]xf]/fsf] lgj]bs b'vgnfn ljsf; ah]6 kl/rfng u/L :t/f]GgtLsf] sfo{ eOx]sf]
l;+x uGufO{sf] ldlt @)&!.!!.@ sf] l/6 lgj]bg . 5 . xfdL :jo+ pkef]Qmf /x]sf] ;f] af6f] lgdf{0f ug{
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu xfdL nflu/x]sf] x'Fbf xfdL ljsf; lj/f]wL xf]Ogf}+ . ctM
adf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf]  < k|:t't lgj]bg xsb}ofljlxg x'Fbf / xfdLx¿n] af6f]
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f eP ;f] /f]Sg] jf aGb ug]{ sfo{ gu/]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bgdf
sf] ;a'b k|df0f;d]t ;fy} /fvL Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n cbfntaf6} :ynut cjnf]sg u/L j:t'l:ylt a'emL
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% -kGw|_ lbgleq ljkIfLsf] em'7f lgj]bg bfjL vf/]h u/L Gofo OG;fkm
ljkIfLx¿n] cfkm}+ jf cfkm\gf] sfg'g adf]lhdsf] k|ltlglw kfpF eGg] a]xf]/fsf] ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] ldlt
dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of] cfb]z / lgj]bg @)&!.!!.@( sf]lnlvt hjfkm .
kqsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf Dofb
;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf cjlw Joltt cbfntsf] cfb]z
ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t lgodadf]lhd Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|;t't
dfu ePsf];Gbe{df b'j}kIf /fvL 5nkmn ug'{ pko'Qm lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfåo
b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf] lglDt ldlt @)&!.!!.!( ut] pkl:yt >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf / >L ?k]z sf]O/fnfn] ljkIfLx¿n]
x'g / ;f] ldlt;Dd ljjflbt :yfgdf dlGb/ kf]v/L ;fj{hlgs af6f]df cfjthfjt ug{ cj/f]w u/L k/fk"j{
nufot s'g} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f gug'{ egL cfb]z hf/L sfnb]lvsf] lgsf;sf] ?kdf /x]sf] af6f]df dlGb/
ul/Psf] 5 . cfb]zsf] hf/L ljkIfLnfO{ lbg' eGg] ldlt agfpg] egL ;j{;fwf/0f ;d]tdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] sfo{
@)&!.!!.!# sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . u/]sfn] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ egL ax;
;j{k|yd ljkIfL lgj]bsnfO{ k|:t't ph'/L ug]{ xsb}of k|:t't ug'{eof]  . o;}u/L ljkIfLx¿sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt
5}g . lglj{jfb xsb}of :yflkt gePdf lgif]wf1fsf] ljåfg clwjQmf >L lzjk|;fb cfrfo{n];fj{hlgs
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . j/8Ëfb]lv r'lgdf/L hUufdf lgj]bsx¿n] g} ds} afnL nufpg], k/fnsf]
sNof0fk'/ hfg] ;8s !^ lkm6 af6f] rngrNLsf] 6fnL agfpg]sfo{ u/L ;fj{hlgs hUufdf lghL pkef]u
af6f] xf]  . pQm af6f]df xfdLn] s'g} cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf] u/]sf 5g\ . pQm ;8ssf] jf:tljs pkef]Qmf xfdL g}
5}g . csf]{tkm{ pQm ;8ssf] pQ/df ljkIfL b'vgnfn xf}+ . k/fk"js
{ fnb]lv /xs
] f] ;fj{hlgs af6f] :t/fG] gtLsf]
l;+xsf] ls=g+= &&( sf] hUuf /x]sf] / ;f] hUuf;Fu sfo{ eO/x]sf]df afwf k'¥ofpg] lgotn] lbPsf] lgj]bg
le8fO{ blIf0f tkm{af6 /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ljkIfL vf/]h x'g'kg]{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof]  .
b'vgnfnn] ds} afnL nufPsf] / k/fnsf] 6fnL ;d]t pko'{Qmfg';f/sf] ax; lhls/ ;'gL lgj]bg tyf lnlvt
nufO{ pkef]u ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}u/L ljkIfL hjfkm ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf
k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] lghsf] gfdsf] ls=g+= #%! sf] lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
hUufsf cfwf/af6 blIf0fdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs hUuf xf], xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  .
sl/ j !)) lkm6 hlt afnL nufO{ lghL k|of] u ul/ lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf]
cfPsf] 5 . xfdLx¿sf] pQm ;8sdf hf]l8Psf] s'g} !) g+= sf] cg'dlt lnO{ k/]sf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf
gDa/L hUuf g/x]sf] x'Fbf jf:tljs pkef]Qmf / ;+/Ifs lgj]bsx¿n] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv lx+8L cfPsf] ;fj{hlgs
xfdL xf}+, cbfntnfO{ u'd/fxdf kf/L ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ af6f]df ljkIfLx¿n] af6f] df:g] p2]Zon] dlGb/ lgdf{0f
JolQmut pkef]u ug]{ ljkIfLsf] lgot cbfntaf6 ug]{ sfo{sf] lznfGof; u/L ;f] sf] k"j{df kf]v/L
:ynut cjnf]sg ubf{ j:t'l:ylt a'em\bf cjut x'g] ;d]t agfpg nfu]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] eGg] d'Vo lhls/
g} 5 . ldlt @)@$ ;fnsf] ;e]{ gfkLdf sfod /x]sf] lnPsf]n] ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt
af6f] lglj{jfb ?kdf rngrNtLdf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL hjfkmaf6 ;fj{hlgs af6f]nfO{ cj/f]w gx'g] u/L
af6f];Fu hf]l8P/ ljkIfLsf] hUuf ;fd'Gg] blIf0fdf sl/j To:tf] dlGb/ / kf]v/L lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] eGg] pNn]v
klZrdtkm{ *% lkm6 /k"j{tkm{ !@) lkm6 hUuf ;fj{lgs ePsf] b]lv+bf ljjflbt lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ nfu]sf] eGg]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 53
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
lgj]bssf] egfO{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/s ] f] b]lvof]  . ;fj{hlgs w]/} ePsf] / lgdf{0f sfo{n] tL dflg;x¿ k|ToIf df/df
;DklQ -hUuf_ vfnL /xL k|of]uljlxg cj:yfdf /x]sf] kg]{ s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg ldlt @)&!.!!.)( ut]sf] j/8Ëf
eP ;DalGwt lgsfosf] :jLs[ltdf ;f] sf] pkef]u uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( l:yt u'kmL rf}sdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf]
u/L ;Dkbfsf] ljsf; ug'{ /fd|f] s'/f xf]  . t/ pQm lg0f{oaf6 klg k|i6 b]lvof]  .
;Dkbfx¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ k/fk"j{ sfnb]lvsf] lgsf; lgj]bsn] lgj]bg;fy k]z u/]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg ldlt
cj?4 gx'g] u/L x'gk' b{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|of]usf] af6f]df @)&!.!!.)( ut] ePsf] :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] e]nfn] lgh
cj/ f]
w k'¥ofpg' jf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf afnL gfnL ljkIfLx¿n] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rln cfPsf] af6f]df dlGb/
nufpg], lghL sfo{df k|of]u ug]{ h:tf s'/f s;}af6 kf]v/L ;d]t lgdf{0f ug{ egL lznfGof; ug{ nfu]sf]n] ;f]
eP u/]df plrt sfg'gL pkrf/ hlxn];'s} klg pknAw sfo{ tTsfn /fs ] L af6f] oyfl:yltdf /fVg / ;f] af6f];uF
/x]sf] x'G5 . ca, ljjflbt lgdf{0f ;fj{hlgs ;8sdf hf]l8Psf] hUufwgLn] ph'/ u/L /f]Ssf ug{ u/fpg egL
x'g nfu]sf] xf] jf ;fj{hlgs af6f]df cj/f]w gk'Ug] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx¿n] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf]
lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] xf] egL x]bf{, lgj]bsx¿n] h'g klg b]lvPg . o; cj:yfdf ljkIfLx¿x¿af6 k/fk"j{
7fpFdf lznfGof; eO{ ;Dkbf lgdf{0fsf]sfo{ z'? ug{ sfnb]lv k|of]udf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs af6f]df cj/f]w
yflnPsf] 5, Tof] lghx¿n] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv k|of]u ub}{ k'Ug] u/L plNnlvt lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ nfluPsf] dfGg'kg]{
cfPsf] ;fj{hlgs af6f] /xs ] f] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] eg] b]lvg cfof]  .
ljkIfLx¿n] ;8ssf] pQ/df b'vgnfn l;+xsf] ls=g=+ &&( t;y{, pko'{Qmfg';f/sf cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 lgj]bssf]
sf] hUuf /x]sf] / ;f] hUuf;Fu le8fO{ blIf0f tkm{af6 lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs pkef]udf /xs ] f] j/8Ëf
/x]sf] ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ljkIfL b'vgnfnn] ds} afnL r'lgdf/L sNof0fk'/ d'n ;8ssf] hUufdf dlGb/ tyf
nufPsf] / k/fnsf] 6fnL ;d]t nufO{ ljkIfLn] sl/j kf]v/L gagfpg', agfpg gnufpg' egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf
!@) lkm6 rf}8f ;fj{hlgs hUuf lghL pkef]u u/]sf] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . k|:t't cfb]zdf
/ ljkIfL k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] lghsf] gfdsf] ls=g+= #%! lrQ ga'em]#% lbleq >L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt sf7df8f}+df
sf] hUufsf] blIf0fdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs hUuf sl/j k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb
!)) lkm6 hlt afnL nufO{ lghL k|of]u u/L cfPsf lbg' . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf]
5g\ . egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvof]  . nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf
ldl;n ;+nUg gS;faf6 ljkIfLn] lhls/ lnP cg';f/ a'emfOlbg' .
b'vgnfn l;+xsf] hUuf ls=g+= &&( / k|df]bs'df/
l;+xsf] hUuf ls=g+= #%! n] ;fj{hlgs hUuf cf]u6]sf] -s]bf/ kf}8]n_
gb]lvPsf] / pQm hUufx¿sf] blIf0fkl§ k|i6 ?kdf GofofwLz
gS;f+sg ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs af6f] /xs ] f] b]lvof]  . o:tf] pQm cfb]zdf
 ;xdt 5' .
;fj{hlgs af6f]df s'g} ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ -eLds'df/ cf]emf_
pQm sfo{sf] k|efj w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ kg{ hfG5 . pQm GofofwLz
af6f]sf] k|of]u ufO{ j:ts' f] af6f] lgsf;sf ?kdf pkof]u
ug],{ cfkmgf]nufPsf]afnL gfnL p7fpFb jf c? ;dodf Ohnf; clws[t M cljwfg ;fksf]6f
;jf/L ;fwgaf6 9'jfgL cfjthfjt ug]{, glhssf] sDKo'6/ M l;hg /]UdL÷d'gf s§]n
zx/ ahf/df cfjZos sfo{sf] lgldQ cfjthfjt ug{
cfjZos kg'{ :jfefljs g} xf]  . pQm af6f]sf] k|of]ustf{ Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fn h]i7 $ ut]/f]h
 @ z'ed\ =======.

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

54 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnfz
dfggLo GofofwLz >L s'df/ k|;fb kf]v/]n
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /d]z s'df/ kf]v/]n

cfb]z
070-WO-0230
lg0f{o g+= %

d'2fM— lgif]wf1f

dcf}lnof d7 rt/f / a/fxIf]q :yfgsf] tkm{af6 dxGt lhNnf eQmk'/ jfu]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= #
3/ eO{ xfn lhNnf ;'g;/L rt/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! a:g] d's'Gb k|;fb ef/tL===============================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf sfof{no, lj/f6gu/==================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, ;'g;/L===========================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no ;'g;/L ================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
k"jf{~rn ;8s l8lehg sfof{no df]/Ë ==================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd btf{ ;'g;/L rt/f j8f g+= @ -v_ ls=g=+ % sf]h=lj=@—%—!#
x'g cfPsf]k|:t 't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo lgDg k|sf/5 . hUufsf]blIf0f tkm{ /x]sf]u'7L ;+:y  fg :jLs[t lnO{
k|flrg wfld{s, ;f: s[lts, k'/ ftfTjLs, P]
ltxfl;s a;]sf 3/ yfg—!$ ?v, au}rf, e}/j :yfg, dlGb/,
ko{6sLo dxTj af]ss ] f]pQm cf}lnof d7 rt/f sDkfp08 sfnL:yfg dlGb/, lzjfno dlGb/, cf}lnof afaf dlGb/,
;lxtsf]hUufdf ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf leq ;tn yfg @, u0f]z dlGb/, led;]g dlGb/, /fwfs[i0f
k5{ egL gfk gSzf u/L lrgf nufpFb}ljkIfL g+= ! dlGb/, af]njd wd{zfnf ;lxt pQm Pl/ofdf nfu]sf
n]ls=g+= % df ePsf d7 dlGb//blIf0ftkm{ agfPsf &!÷@ lkm6 cUnf]kvf{n ;d]t cflb geTsfpg', eTsfpg
3/;d]t ldlt @)&!.#.!) ut]eTsfOb} 5 eg] sf / gnufpg', eTsfpg]sfo{df ;xof]u gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
cGo ljkIfL g+= @,# n];'/Iff lbO{ 3/sDkfp08, d7 ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp
dlGb/, ;Dk"0f{ /cGo ljIfL g+= @,# n];'/Iff lbO{ 3/, eGg]lgj]bg kq .
sDkfp08, d7 dlGb/, ;Dk"0f{ klZrd tkm{sf]sDkfp08 o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
jfnsf]klZrd blIf0ftkm{ !% lkm6 ljr g+= !) lkm6 / cfb]z lsg hf/ L x'g gkg]
{ xf] < cfb] z hf/ L x'g
pQ/klZrd O6fsf b/n]c+= !)÷!@ lkm6 eTsfO{ / gkg]{s'g}cfwf/sf/0f /k|df0f eP ;f];d]t ;fy}
blIf0f klZrd /xs ] f]3/df ;d]t lrgf]nufO{ eTsfOFb} 5 /fvL Dofb ;"rgf tfd]n ePsf]ldltn]jf6fsf]Dofb
egL hfgsf/L lbO{ uPsfn]pQm rt/f d7 Pl/of btf{sf] jfx]s !% lbg leq k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn sfo{no
pQm ls= g+= % rt/f d7 dlGb/Pl/of sDkfp08 leqsf] lj/f6gu/dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of]cfb]z
hUuf, ju}r  f, d7 dlGb/, ;tn -wd{zfnf_ P]ltxfl;s / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnkL ;d]t ;fy} /flv ljkIfLx¿sf
/ls=g+= % leq /x]sf u'7L ;+:yfgåf/f :jLs[t 3/x¿ gfddf ;"rgf hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/]jf cjwL
;d]t d lgj]b s nufot cfd lxGb" wdf{jnDjL ;Dk"0f{ gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ .
hg;d'bfosf] xslxt ;/fs ] f/sf] ljifo ePsfn] gful/s lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t dfu u/]sf] b]lvbf
xs ;+/Ifgfy{ gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ sf]bkmf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g]gx'g];DaGwdf b'j}kIf /flv
#,%,^,&,(,!) ;d]t åf/f k|bQ xsdf s'l07t ug]{k|jn 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug' dgfl;j b]lvg cfPsf]x'Fbf
cfz+sf ePsf]n] rt/f d7 Pl/of gfd btf{ /xs ] f]lhNnf ldlt @)&!.#!@ df cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwL 5nkmndf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 55
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
pkl:yt x'g cfpg' elg ljkIfLx¿nfO{ hgfp lbO{ pQm hUuf egL cflwsfl/s gSzfsf]cfwf/df l;df+sg ul/
ldlt;Dd lgj] bgdf pNn] lvt rt/ f d7 Pl/ of gfd lbPsf] gx/If]qsf] hUuf cltqmd0f u/L c?n] agfPsf]
btf{sf]ls=g+= % df /x]sf 3/yfg !$, ?v, ju}r  f, 3/ 6x/f cflb eTsfOPsf]  . gx/If]qsf] hUuf jfx]s 
e}/j :yfg dlGb/, sfln:yfg dlGb/, /fwfs[i0f dlGb/, c? s'g}hUufdf s'g}sf/jfxL ul/Psf]5}g . of]bfjL
af]nad wd{zfnf ;lxt pQm Pl/ ofdf / x]
sf kvf{n c=g+= !) g+= sf]ljkl/t, xsb}o f laxLg x'Fbf vf/]h u/L
;d] t geTsfpg', eTsfpg gnufpg' egL k'g/ fj]
bg kfpF eGg] ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{ of]hgf lj/f6gu/sf]
cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$* sf]lgod ## s adf]lhd lnlvt hjfkm .
clGtd cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf]5 eGg]ldlt @)&!.#.(
df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]cfb]z . cbfntsf] cfb]z
ljkIfLn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm :yfgdf o; lgod adf] lhd ;fKtflxs tyf cfhsf]b}lgs k] zL
sfof{nosf]tkm{af6 d7 dlGb/kvf{n eTsfpg]jf ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't lgj]bgsf];'g'jfO{df
ju}rf x6fpg] s'g} klg sfo{qmd g/x]sf], gePsf] / lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L e/ t
;f]eTsfpg]x6fpg]sfo{ o; sfof{noaf6 gul/ g] axfb'/yfkf /clwjQmf >L ldgf lu/Ln]rt/f d7sf]
x'Fbf ljkIfL lgj]bssf]s'g}klg xs clwsf/df o; btf{sf]hUuf leqsf]d7 dlGb/, wd{zfnf;d]t ljkIfL
sfof{noaf6 cf3ft gk'¥ofOPsf]/gk'¥ofOg]x'Fbf o; g+= ! n]eTsfpg]k|jz ] cfz+sf ePsf]x'Fbf ;f]d7
sfof{nosf]xsdf pQm /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF dlGb/tyf 3]l/Psf]kvf{n ;d]t geTsfpg, eTsfpg
eGg]k"jf{~rn l8lehg ;8s sfof{no lj/f6gu/sf] gnufpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf]gfpFdf lgif]wf1f cfb]z hf/L
lnlvt hjfkm . u/L kfpF egL ug'{ ePsf]jx; /ljkIfL ;'g;/L df]/Ë
o; sfof{nosf]tkm{af6 s;} sf]gfddf btf{ sfod l;+rfO{ of]hgfsf]tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmf
hUufdf jg]s f ;+/rgf eTsfpgsf nflu ;'/ Iffsf] >L dfwj/fh cfrfo{n] tyf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn
Joj: yf ldnfOPsf]geO{ rt/ f d"n gx/ sf]Ifdtf sfof{nosf ljåfg pk GofoflwjQmf >L /fjg uh'/]nn]
claj[l4 ug{ gx/sf b'j}l8ndf jg]sf 3/6x/fx¿ rt/f gx/sf] hUufnfO{ cltqmd0f u/L JolQmn] 3/
X6fpg]sfo{sf nflu ;'/IffsdL{ kl/ rfng u/ L kfpF 6x/fx¿ agfO{ a;]sf x'Fbf pQm 3/6x/fx¿ eTsfOPsf]
egL ;'g;/ L l;+rfO{ of]
hgf lj/ f6gu/sf]r=g+= %)! xf]rt/f d7 dlGb/wd{zfnf cflb eTsfOPsf]5}g egL
sf]kqaf6 cg'/f]w eO{ cfPsf], ;f]xL ;Gbe{df l;+rfO{ ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;d]t ;'lg lgj]bg ;lxtsf]ldl;n
dGqfnosf]r=g+= !%#( sf]kqåf/f u[x dGqfnonfO{ cWoog u/L x]l/of]  .
;d]t cg'/f]w eP adf]lhd cfjZos ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf o;df lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ldnfpg x'g egL u[x dGqfnosf]r+=g=+ !*@$ sf]kqaf6 x'g ;S5 ;Qm}g eGg]ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{b]lvg
k|fKt cfb]z jdf]lhd ;f]gx/sf l8ndf agfOPsf]3/ cfof]  .
6x/fx¿ X6fpg]l;nl;nfdf s'g}clk|o 36gf gxf];  ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lhNnf ;'g;/L rt/f jf8{
eGg]p2]Zosf ;fy ;f]sfo{df cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ g+= @-v_ ls=g+= % sf]h=lj= @—%—!# hUufdf pkl:yt
lbg x'g egL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no ;'g;/L /;z:q cf}lnof d7 / j/fxIf]q b'j} :yfgdf d7df /x]sf
k|x/L l;df ;'/Iff jn ;'g;/Ldf kqfrf/ ul/Psf] xf]  . dlGb/x¿, wd{zfnf ;lxt pQm Pl/ofdf nfu]s  f]kvf{n
t;y{ lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] s;}sf] gfddf btf{ ;d]t nufot ef}lts ;+/r gf eTsfO{ ;'g;/L l;+rfO{
sfod hUuf leq jg]s  f ;+/r
 gf eTsfpgsf nflu o; cfof]hgfn]hUuf sAhf ug]{cfz+sf /x]sf]x'Fbf pQm
sfof{noaf6 s'g}cfb] z glbPsf]/To: tf sfo{nfO{ d7 dlGb/kvf{n geTsfpg', eTsfpg gnufpg' egL
;xof]u klg gul/Psf] x'Fbf lgif]wf1f cfb]z hf/L x'g] ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF
xf]Og . vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no eGg] lgj]bg lhls/, ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf]
;'g;/Lsf]lnlvt hjfkm . ;/sf/L hUufdf cltqmd0f u/L ha/h:tL 3/, 6x/f
lgj]bg bfjLsf]rt/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ v ls= g+= % agfO{ a;f]a f; ug]x{ ¿nfO{ l;+rfO{ of]h
 gfn]x6fpg]qmddf
sf] @—%—!# hUuf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] zflGt ;'/ Iffsf]nflu pkl: yt ;Dd ePsf]xf] , o;
5 . ls=g+= % sf]hUuf ;Fu}klZrdlt/o; of]hgfn] sfof{noaf6 u}/sfg'gL tj/n] s'g} d7 dlGb/ kvf{n
x]g{ gx/;d]t ePsf];/sf/L hUuf k5{ . ;f]hUufdf gx6fOPsf x'Fbf / L6 lgj]bg vf/ h u/
] L kfpF eGg]
cltqmd0f u/L ljleGg JolQmn]3/6x/f agfO{ a;]s  f] lh=k|=sf= ;'g;/ Lsf]lnlvt hjfkm, ljkIfLn]pNn] v
x'Fbf gx/Pj+ ;/sf/L hUufdf cltqmd0f x6fpg]qmddf ug'{ ePsf]pk/fQ]m :yfgdf o; sfof{nosf]tkm{af6
k"j{ ;"rgf hf/L u/L gfkL zfvf ;'g;/Ln]gx/If]qsf] d7 dlGb/kvf{n eTsfpg]jf ju}rf x6fpg]s'g}klg

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

56 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
sfo{qmd g/x]sf] gePsf] / ;f] eTsfpg] x6fpg] sfo{ b]lvbf ls=g+= % sf]h=lj= @—%—!# hUuf gx/If]qsf]
o; sfof{noaf6 gu/Lg] x'Fbf /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L geO{ rt/f d7sf]gfddf btf{ ePsf]/;f]sf]sDkfp08
kfpF eGg]k"jf{~rn l8lehg ;8s sfof{nosf]lnlvt leq ljleGg kljq b]jfno, lzjfno, dlGb/x¿ ;d]t
hjfkm Joxf]/f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L ;'g;/L df]/Ë lgdf{0f eO{ ;a} gful/ssf] ;/f]sf/sf] /x]sf] x'Fbf gfkL
l;+rfO{ cfof]h  gfsf]kqaf6 cg'/f]w eO cfP adf]lhd zfvfn] l;df°g ul/lbPsf] ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{
o; sfof{noaf6 lh=k|=sf= /;z:q k|x/L l;df ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] gx/If]qsf] hUufsf] sDkfp08—jfn ;d]t
jn ;'g;/LnfO{ gx/sf l8ndf agfOPsf 3/6x/fx¿ eTsfpg], eTsfpg]nufpg]h: tf sfo{ ug{ ldNg]
x6fpg]l;nl;nfdf ;'/Iffsf]sfo{df cfjZos ;xof]u b]lvg cfPg . rt/f d7sf] hUufsf] btf{ >]:tf k"hf{sf]
k'¥ofO{ lbg x'g egL kqfrf/ul/Psf]xf] . lgj]bgdf cfwf/df cflwsfl/s ?kdf l;df°g u/L gx/If]qleq
pNn]v u/] h:tf] s;}sf] gfddf btf{ sfod hUuf kg]{hUufdf ePsf]cltqmd0f x6fpg]jfx]s  wfld{s d7
leq ag]s  f ;+/r gf eTsfpgsf nflu o; sfof{noaf6 dlGb/sf]gfddf /xs ] f]hUuf tyf ;f]hUufdf jgfPsf
s'g}cfb]z glbPsf]/To:tf sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u klg d7, dlGb/, b]jfno, lzjfnox¿sf];+/If0f ;+jw{g ;a}
gul/Psf] eGg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;'g;/Lsf] gful/sx¿n] ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  .
lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/ faf6 b]lvg cfpF5 eg]gfkL zfvf t;y{ cf}lnof jfjf d7sf]gfpFdf btf{ ePsf]lhNnf
;'g;/Ln] gx/ If]qsf] hUuf egL cflwsfl/s gSzfsf] ;'g;/L rt/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @-v_ sf]ls=g+= % sf]
cfwf/df l;df+°g ul/lbPsf] gx/If]qsf] hUuf cltqmd0f hUufdf ag]agfPsf ;+/r gfx¿ eTsfpg', eTsfpg
u/L c?n]agfPsf 3/6x/f cflb eTsfOPsf]xf] . gnufpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z
gx/If]qsf]hUuf jfx]s c? s'g}hUufdf pQm sf/jfxL hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;ndf n]lvP jdf]lhd ug'{ .
ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] ;'g;/L df]/Ë l;+rfO{ cfof]h  gfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm kqaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . tkl;n
lg0f{o tkm{ x]b f{ lhNnf ;'g;/L rt/f j8f g+= @ -s_  dfly OG;fkm v08df n] lvP adf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf]
ls=g+= % sf]h=lj= @—%—!# hUuf rt/f d7sf]gfddf cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/]sfn] rt/f uf=lj=;= j8f
btf{ ePsf]h=w=k|df0f k"hf{af6 b]lvG5 . ;f]hUufsf] g+= @-v_ sf]ls=g+= % sf]@—%—!# hUufdf jg]
sDkfp08 leq cf}lnof d7, rt/f / j/fxIf]qsf] :yfgdf agfPsf ;+/r  gfx¿ geTsfpg', eTsfpg gnufpg'
ag]sf d7—dlGb/ wd{zfnf cflbsf] wfld{s k/Dk/f egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L k7fpg'========================================!
;+:s[lt cg';f/sf]kj{ k'hf kf7 /;+/If0f ;Djw{g ug{  of]cfb]z  df lrQ ga'em]#% lbg leq ;jf]R{r cbfnt
u/fpgsf] nflu u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] /sd sf7df08f}+df k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{
;d]t pknAw u/fO{ d's'Gb k|;fb ef/tLnfO{ dxGtdf k'g/fj]bg Dofb lbg'====================================================================================@
lgo'lQm u/L lghn]pQmfg';f/sf]sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{  bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf
ePsf]ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuhx¿af6 b] lvG5 . a'emfO{ lbg'==================================================================================================================#
k|flrg kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv g} :df/s d7 dlGb/x¿
:yfkgf eO{ wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f cg';f/ -/d]z s'df/ kf]v/]n_
lgoldt kf7 k"hf ug]{kljq :yfg ls=g+= % sf]hUuf GofofwLz
leqsf] d7 dlGb/nfO{ k|x/L kl/rfng u/L u}/ sfg'gL pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
ta/n] x6fOPsf] 5}g gx/ If]qsf] hUufdf cltqmd0f -s'df/ k|;fb kf]v/]n_
u/L agfOPsf]3/6x/fx¿ Dfq x6fOPsf]xf]eGg]cGo GofofwLz
k|ToyL{x¿sf]lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v  ePsf]kfO+bf / Ohnfz ;xfosM— gf=;'= ;"o{ k|;fb bfxfn
;'g;/L df]/Ë of]hgfsf]lnlvt hjfkmdf gfkL zfvf sDKo'6/—?lSd0fL >]i7
;'g;/Ln] gx/ If]qsf] hUuf cflwsfl/s gSzfsf]
cfwf/df l;df+sg ul/lbPsf] gx/ If]qsf] hUufsf] Olt ;+jt\ @)&! ;fn >fj0f !( ut]/f]h @ z'ed========= .
cltqmd0f lgoldt ?kdf x6fpg]eGg]pNn]v ePsf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 57
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lab"/aqmd yfkf
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;Todf]xg hf]z L yf?

cfb]z
)&!–wo–))@@*
lg=g+= !^^
Ohnf; g+=#

ljifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

8Da/ aNnesf] 5f]/f df]/Ë lhNnf lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! a:g] clwjQmf
sdnk|;fb vgfn==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
v]dgfy lg/f}nfsf] 5f]/L P]=P]= a:g] clwjQmf lgd{nf lg/f}nf -cof{n_======================================================================================================!
ef]nf d08nsf]5f]/f P]= j8f g+= ^ a:g]clwjQmf xl/z+s/d08n==========================================================================================================!
ledaxfb'/e§/fO{sL P]= j8f g+= # a:g]clwjQmf sdnf e§/fO{==================================================================================================================!
hd{g /fhj+zLsf] 5f]/f P]= s6x/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g] clwjQmf v8\uaxfb'/ /fhj+zL================================ ! lgj]bs
lj?4
df]/Ë
 lhNnf 6ª\sLl;gjf/L uf=lj=;= sf]sfof{no, 6ª\sLl;gjf/L===========================================================================================================!
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no df]/ª,======================================================================================================================================================================================@
df]/ª
 lhNnf 6ª\sLl;gjf/L uf=lj=; j8f g+= ^ uf]s'jf rf]s l:yt eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«h k|f=ln=====# ljkIfL

!= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿nfO{ kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] gug'{, gu/fpg", ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hg:jf:Yo lxt
;+lIfKt tYo /7x/o; k|sf//x]sf]5M– k|lts"n x'g]u/ L b'u{Gw gug'{, s]
ldsn, cvfB
@= ljkIfLdWo]s  f eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l: 6«h k|f=ln=n] j:t' gkmfNg", kmf]xf]/sf] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg ug'{
pTkfbg u/ L afFsL / x]
sf]gi6 ug'{kg] { cvfB, / ;f]sf] l/kf]6{ #÷# dlxgfdf cbfntdf hfgsf/L
s]ldsno'Qm kbfy{, ljls/0f, ;8]un]sf tTjx¿ u/fpg" egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf pTk]|if0f nufot
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ 9n, gfnfdf kmfnL b'u{Gw k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] clwjQmf
lgsfnL h}ljs, hg;fwf/0f, xfdL lgj]bsx¿ tyf sdnk|;fb vgfn ;d]tsf]lgj]bg kq .
lhjhGt'sf :jf:Yodf c;/ k/L :jf:Yo k|lts"n x'g] #= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bgsf] lgj]bg dfu
sfo{ ul//x]sf]df ;f]sf] /f]syfd ug]{ sfo{ :yfgLo adf]lhdsf] pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
:
jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n]uf=lj=;= /lhNnf x'g'kg]{ xf], xf]Og\ < cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] eg]
ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf]d f ;f]df /fs ] nufpg]sfo{ cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkgf{sf cfwf//sf/0f v'nfO{
gu/L ;+ljwfg /jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL sfg"g / eP lnlvt k|df0f;d]t ;fy}/fvL af6fsf Dofb
cGt/fl{ i6«o dxf;lGwx¿sf] k|lts"n sfo{ ul//xs ] f]n] jfx]s !% lbgleq cfkm}jf sfg"g adf]lhdsf]
tTsfn pQm :yfgdf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:tx' ¿sf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k] z ug'{ egL of]
kmf]xf]/gkmfNg', kmfNg]sfo{ gug'{, ljkIfL g+= ! / cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /flv ljkIfLx¿sf
@ n]ljkIfL g+= # n]xfn km\ofFls/x]sf]:yfgdf gfpFdf ;"rgf hf/ L u/ L lnlvt hjfkm k/ ]jf
kmfNg lbg]u/L s'g}lr¶L k"hf{, l;kmfl/;, lg0f{o cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/k] z ug"{ ;fy}
u/]sf] eP ;f]nfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L k|:t't lgj]bg hgtfsf] lhp / :jf:Yo tyf :jR5

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

58 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvO{ ;f] ljifosf] l56f] 6'Ëf] jftfj/ 0f clws[tsf];+o'Qm 6f]n LnfO{ pQm
nfUg' cfjZos b] lv+bf cu|flwsf/lbO{ k] z ug"{ pBf]udf uO{ cWoog u/L & lbgleq k|ltj]bg
eGg]ldlt @)&@÷@÷# sf]o; cbfntsf]cfb]z  . k]z ug{ nufpg] .
$= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g , @)%# sf]bkmf & k|lts"nsf] v_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ªsf]lnlvt hjfkmsf]
sf/jfxLdf P]= bkmf !*-@_ adf]lhdsf] tf]lsPsf] k|s/0f -%_ df plNnlvt lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f
clwsf/Ln] hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /xs ] f]df l/6 dGqfnosf jftfj/0f clws[t ;d]tsf] ;d"xn]
If]qflwsf/ cjnDag x'g] cj:yf 5}g . ljkIfLn] eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«h k|f=ln= af6 kmf]xf]/
pNn]v u/]sf] tTj o; pBf]ufa6 lgisfzg / kfgLsf] gd"gf k/LIf0fsf nflu nu]sf] b]lv+bf
lj;h{g ul/Psf]xf]O g . eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«h pQm k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg lh=lj=;= df]/ª  dfkm{t\ &
sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{ / xL pBf]
u ljefuaf6 lbgleq lemsfpg] .
:jLs[lt lnO{ cf}B  f]lus Joj;fo P]g , @)$( sf]bkmf u_ lh=lj=;= df] /
ªsf]jftfj/ 0f zfvfaf6 ldlt
!! adf]lhdsf] zt{x¿sf] kfngf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . @)&!÷!÷!% df OG8l:6«hsf] lg/LIf0f u/L
cGo pBf]ux¿n] km\ofFs]sf] kfgL tyf ljsL/0fnfO{ lbPsf] Recommendation sf]a'Fbf g+= # df
o; pBf]uaf6 lg:s]sf]egL bfjL lnOPsf]5 . plNnlvt k|b"if0f lgoGq0f / f]
Sgsf]nflu ^
o; pBf]udf kfgLsf] k|of]u gx'g], jftfj/0f ;+/If0f dlxgfleq agfO{ k]z  ug'{kg] { Plan of Action
lgodfjnL, @)$% sf]lgod !@-%_ adf] lhd agfO{ k]z u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk lh=lj=;=
æc:yfoL k|b"if0f lgoGq0f k|df0f–kqÆ k|fKt u/]sf] df]/ªaf6 & lbgleq lemsfpg] .
x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg]eujtL sfaf{O8 *= k|:tt' d'2f ;fj{hlgs ;/fs ] f/;uF ;DalGwt /xs ] f] /
OG8l:6«hsf]lnlvt hjfkm . o; cbfntsf]cfb]zfg';f/sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ldlt
%= uf=lj=;= sf] sfof{no 6ª\sLl;gjf/L df]/ªn] s'g} klg @)&@÷#÷@) df k|:t 't ePsf]k|ltj]bgsf]a'Fbf g+=$
pBf]u sn sf/vfgfnfO{ :jf:Yodf xfgL k'¥ofpg] df eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«h k|f=ln= af6 lgisflzt
s'g}klg kbfy{ pBf]u aflx/kmfNg egL geg]sf], x'g] kmf]x/ kfgLsf] gfnf ;f]xL pBf]usf] kl/;/df
;xdlt glbPsf]x'Fbf uf=lj=;= sf]sfof{nosf]xsdf /x]sf] eujtL ;f]k k|f=ln=af6 lgisflzt x'g] kmf]x/
l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpmF eGg]uf=lj=;= sf]sfof{no kfgLsf]gfnf;Fu} ldl;P/Pp6}gfnf eO{ kmf]x/
6ª\sLl;gjf/L df]/ªsf] lnlvt hjfkm . kfgL lgisfzg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] eGg] pNn]v
^= zt{ k" /f u/L g;s]s f]n ] eujtL sfaf{ O 8 ePsf] b]lvof]  . o; kl/k]|Iodf pQm eujtL ;f]k
OG8l: 6«hnfO{ xfn o; sfof{nosf]jftfj/ 0f k|f=ln= ;d]t;Fu kmf]x/ kfgL lgisfzg eP u/]sf]
zfvfaf6 c: yfoL k|df0fkq dfq lbPsf]5 . ljifodf a'em\g'kg]{b]lv+bf pQm k|f=ln=nfO{ & lbgleq
pQm pBf]uaf6 :yfoL k|df0fkqsf]nflu bfjL ug{ cfkm\gf]cflwsfl/s k|ltlglw k7fOlbg' egL Dofb
cfPsf]cj:yf 5}g . ldlt @)&!÷!÷!% df pBf]u hf/L u/L To:tf]k|ltlglw pkl:yt ePkl5 a'em\g
snsf/vfgfn] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] :jf:Yodf c;/ kfg]{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z  ug"{ eGg]ldlt @)&@÷$ @% sf]
u/L s'g} sfo{ u/s
] f]5, 5}g < egL eujtL sfaf{8O o; cbfntsf]cfb]z .
OG8l:6«hsf] ;d]t lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5 . hgtfsf] (= eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«h /eujtL ;f]k k|f=ln=
k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fdf Pp6} kl/;/df /x]sf], b'j} pBf]uaf6 lgisfzg
;r]ttfsf ;fy sfd ul/x]sf]n] o; sfof{nosf] ePsf] kfgL Pp6} gfnf eO{ lg:sg] u/]sf]df pBf]u
xsdf s'g}lsl;dsf]cf1f cfb] z hf/ L x'g'kg]{ kl/;/leq} vfN8f] vgL hDdf u/L kmf]x/ kfgL
xf]Og\ eGg]lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ªsf]lnlvt k|zf]wg u/L kmf]x/ ;f]xL vfN8f]df hDdf /xg] /
hjfkm . yf]/} kfgL dfq gfnf dfkm{t\ aflx/ cfpg] u/]sf]
&= lgDg adf]lhdsf]sfo{ ;DkGg u/ L lgodfg';f/ xf]  . xfnsf] cj:yfdf kfgL pBf]u aflx/ cfpFb}g
k]z ug'{ eGg]ldlt @)&@÷#÷!$ sf]o; cbfntsf] eGg]a'lemPsf]eujtL ;f]k k|f=ln= sf]cflwsfl/s
cfb]z . k|ltlglwsf]aofg .
s_ eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«haf6 pTkfbg ul/g] !)= eujtL ;f]k k|f=ln=sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt l8NnLk|;fb
j:t', pTkfbgsf] k|lqmof Pj+ kmf]xf]/ lj;h{g ;'j]bLn]aofg ubf{ eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l: 6«h
Joj:yfkg / ko{j/0fLo :jR5tf;d]t dfkb08 k|f=ln=, eujtL ;f]k k|f=ln= Pp6} kl/;/df /x]sf]
cg'?k /x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf /b'j}pBf]uaf6 lg:sg]k|b"lift kfgL ;Dk"0f{ aGb
pk/lhi6«f/ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ªsf ul/Psf] egL pNn]v u/s ] fn] lgj]bsx¿sf] /fx] j/df

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 59
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;f]aofgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd k|bl" ift kfgL ;Dk"0f{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] xssf] k|rngsf] nflu wf/f !)&
aGb ePsf]5, 5}g < :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L ;f] -@_ cg';f/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ kg]{df
k|b"lift kfgL sDkgLleq}hDdf x'g]/;'s]/hfg] k'/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf], c=a+= !)
egL pNn]v u/]sf] :yn;d]t b]lvg u/L gS;f g+= adf]lhdsf] cg'dlt glnPsf], cf}Bf]lus Joj:yf
:
s]r u/ L k]
z ug'{ eGg]ldlt @)&@÷!)÷@% sf] P]g, @)$( sf]bkmf !! adf]lhdsf]zt{x¿sf]kfngf
o; cbfntsf]cfb]z . ub}{jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodffjnL, @)%$ sf]lgod
!!= cbfntsf]cfb]zfg';f/ldlt @)&@÷!@÷^ df ePsf] !@-%_ adf]lhd c:yfoL k|b"if0f lgoGq0f k|df0fkq
gS;f :s]r ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf]  . k|fKt u/]sf] / lgj]b sn] lhls/ lnPh:tf] k|b"if0f
gu/]sf] x'Fbf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
cbfntsf] cfb]z & ljkl/tsf] sfo{ gu/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
!@= lgodadf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf x'g'kg]{egL ax; k|:t 't ug'{eof] .
r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fdf !#= ljåfg\ sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf]ax; ;'gL ldl;n
lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L cWoog u/L x]bf{, lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
sdnk;fb vgfn, >L lgd{nf lg/f}nf -cof{n_, >L hf/L x'gk' g]{xf], xf]Og\ < eGg]ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
sdnf e§/fO{ />L xl/z+s/d08nn]ljkIfL g+= # b]lvg cfof]  .
n]pTkfbg u/L afFsL /x]sf]gi6 ug'{kg]{cvfB, !$= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ubf{, g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
ljls/0f, ;8]un]sf tTjx¿ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ 9n @)^# sf]wf/ f !@ /!^ n]k|Tofe"t u/ ]
sf]
gfnfdf kmfnL b'u{Gw lgsfnL h}ljs hg;fwf/0f clwsff/df k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L jftfj/0f
;d]tsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n x'g] sfo{ u/s
] f]df ljkIfL ;+/ If0f P]g, @)%# sf]bkmf & tyf jftfj/ 0f
g+= ! / @ n] /f]syfd gu/L ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf]n] ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf]lgod !% ljk/Ltsf]
;fj{hlgs :yfgdf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf] sfo{df : yfgLo : jfoQ zf;g P] g, @)%% sf]
kmf]x/gkmfNg" kmfNg]sfo{ gug"{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] bkmf @% @*, !*( ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g]u/L uf=lj=;=
gfddf pTk|]if0f nufot k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L sf]sfof{no /lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 eujtL
ul/g'kg]{ egL / ljkIfLdWo]sf 6ª\sLl;gjf/L sfaf{O8 OG8l: 6«hnfO{ pBf] uaf6 pTkfbg u/ L
uf=lj=;= sf]sfof{nosf]tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg lg:s]sf kmf]x/ ljiffQm s]ldsnx¿ ;fj{hlgs
clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd sf]O/fnfn] uf=lj=;=leqsf 9+un]s'nf]gfnfdf ld;fO{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{
pBf]u snsf/vfgfnfO{ :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s sfo{nfO{ g/f]s]sf] x'Fbf pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf]
s'g}klg kbfy{ pBf] u aflx/kmfNg geg] sf]/ kmf]
x/gkmfNg", kmfNg]sfo{ gug"{, gu/ fpg" egL
;xdlt klg glbPsf], pBf]uaf6 lg:s]sf] ljiffQm ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
kbfy{ ;d]t lgoGq0f ug{ pBf]ukltx¿nfO{ k6s– hf/L u/L kfpmF egL clwjQmf sdnf e§/fO{ ;d]t n]
k6s ;r]t u/fO{ cfPsf]x'Fbf uf=lj=;= sf]xsdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf
l/6 vf/ h x'g'gkg]
] { egL, ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; bfjL lnP h:tf] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{ sfo{ gu/]sf]
;ldltsf]tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L pBf]u /jftfj/0f ;DaGwL P]g , sfg"g, lgodfjnL
jf;'b]j 9sfnn] eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l:6«hn] / lgb]{zgx¿sf] kfngf u/]sf] eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf]
lh=lj=;= df]/ªsf] jftfj/0f zfvfaf6 tTsfn 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
c:yfoL k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf], ldlt @)&!÷!÷!% !%= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf]bkmf @ -s_ df
df lg/LIf0f u/]sf]/cf=j= @)&@÷)&# sf]nflu æjftfj/0f eGgfn]k|fs[lts, ;f+:s  [lts /;fdflhs
jftfj/0f k|df0fkq gjLs/0f gu/]sf] x'Fbf o; k|0ffnLx¿, cfly{s tyf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿
sfof{nosf]xsdf l/ 6 hf/ L x'g'kg]
{ xf] Og egL /logsf cjox¿ tyf tL cjojx¿sf]aLrsf]
/ljkIfL eujtL sfaf{O8 OG8l: 6«hsf]tkm{af6 cGt/ lqmof tyf cGt/;DaGw ;Demg' kb{5 .Æ
pkl:yt ljåfgclwjQmfåo >L l8NnLaxfb'/sfsL{ elgPsf]/tL s'/fx¿df c;Gt'ng Nofpg]lqmof
/>L 1fg]Gb| yfkfn]jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# jf tTjnfO{ lgoGq0fdf / fVg]Joj: yfkg cfkm\
sf]bkmf & k|lts"n sfd sf/jfxL ePdf P]= bkmf gf]If]qdf ug'{kg]{sfg'gL afWotf ljkIfL pBf]u /
!*-@_ adf] lhd ;fdfGo sfg"gL pkrf/ sf]dfu{ lgsfox¿nfO{ sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] cj:yf klg /x]sf]
canDag ul/g' kg]{df l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] dfu{ 5 . ljkIfL dWo]sf eujtL sfjf{O8 OG8l:6«hsf]
canDag ul/Psf], ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f #@ /!^ n] pTkfbg ;~rflnt cjl:ylt lj/f6gu/–w/fg hfg]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

60 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 cfpg] clt Jo:t /fhdfu{ 5]p glhs} cj:yfsf] g]kfnsf];+ljwfg @)&@ sf]wf/f !^-!_ /gful/s
/x]sf]n ] ToxfFaf6 lgl:sg] jf lg:sg ;Sg] kmf]x/ clwsf/P]g , @)!@ sf]bkmf !@ n]k|To]s ] JolQmnfO{
hGo kbfy{ jf b'u{Gwn]>[lht k|b"if0fn];f]/fhdfu{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]xs x'g] 5 egL df}
lns
/ ;f] If]qdf cft] hft] ug]{ lgj]bsx¿ nufot xs s}?kdf / fv]
sf]cj: yf 5 . afFRg kfpg]
hf];s ' } dflg;x¿ jf hLjhGt'nfO{ k|lts"n c;/kg{ xs (Right to life) eg]sf];f; wfGg];Ddsf]xs
hfg] kl/l:yltnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ldNb}g . k|b"if0f geO{ :jf:Yo /;Ddfgk"j{s hLjg ofkg ug{nfO{
eg]sf] jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] 3f]ts xf] eg] o;n] rflxg] ;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kn] :j:y
:
jR5 hLjg ofkgnfO{ k|efljt ug] { cjZoefjL /xg kfpg], :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg], :j:y
5 . k|b"if0fn]dflg;sf]zf/ Ll/
s Pj+ dfgl;s jftfj/ 0fdf sfd ug{ kfpg]tyf k|b"if0f / lxt
:
jf: YonfO{ dfq k|lts"n k|efj kfb} {g, To;n] jfo'df zf; km]g{ kfpg]h:tf clwsf/klg ;d]l6g]
jftfj/0f >f]t / dflg;sf] ;d]t pTkfbsTjdf b]lvG5 . o;sf]cefjdf afFRg kfpg]clwsf/nfO{
k|lts"n c;/kfb{5 . jftfj/ 0fLo x|f; ePsf] k"0f{ dfGo g;lsg]x'Fbf jftfj/0f /dfgj clwsf/
cj:yfdf jftfj/0fLo ;Def/df g}a9L Joef/ug'{ aLrsf]cGtlg{lxt ;DaGw ckl/ xfo{ 5 . : jR5
eO{ cGttM dflg;sf]u'0ffTds hLjg z}nL k|efljt jftfj/0fdf lhpg kfpg]xsdf s'g}klg k|ToIf jf
x'g hfg] x'gfn] g} jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ;jf{lws k/f]If c;/ k/]df Goflos pkrf/sf] ;fGble{stf
k|fyldstfsf] If]q eg]sf] k|bi" f0f lgoGq0fsf] If]qnfO{ /xg]x'gfn]o; xsnfO{ Gofodf kx'Frsf]xsaf6
dfGg] u/s ] f] kfOG5 . To;}n] jftfj/0fnfO{ ljsf;sf] cnu /xs ] f] ?kdf x]g{ ;s+bg} . ctPj, lgj]bsx¿
gfpFdf c;xfo /cu|fx dfqfdf k|lts"n ?kdf c;/ k|:t't lgj]bg Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf
kfg{ glbg sfg'gL Pj+ Jojxfl/s k|of;x¿ ug'{ k/s ] f] *-@_ n]ug{ kfpg]g}b]lvg cfof] .
xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . c;/sf] !&= lgj]bgn] k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] s'/f ljkIfLsf]
dfqf s jf a];L cj:yf cg';f/x'g ;Sg]x'G5 . lnlvt hjfkm /k|:tt' lgj]b gdf sf/jfxLsf qmddf
lgj]bsx¿ pQm /fhdfu{ eP/cfjthfjt ug]{k|a4 ' o; cbfntsf cfb]z  fg';f/a'lemPsf /sfo{ ;DkGg
ju{sf JolQm ePsf]n]lgj]bsx¿ hfFbf cfpFbfsf] eO{ k|fKt x'g cfPsf tYox¿ d"ntM o; k|sf/5 .
cj:yfdf ePsf] k|b"if0fn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s s= lgj]  b gdf plNnlvt eujtL sfjf{ O 8
c;/gkg]{ts{ ug{ gldNg]/pQm /fhdfu{ eP/ O08l: 6«h k|f=ln= ljleGg ;fOhsf]8«fO;]n 
dfG5]jf hLjhGt' eljidf lxl8/xg' gkg]{kl/sNkgf Jof6«L pTkfbg ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ g]kfn ;/sf/
;d]t ug{ ldNg] gb]lv+bf ;f] If]qsf] jftfj/0fLo pBf]u ljefuaf6 ldlt @)%@÷%÷#) df pBf]u
k|lts"ntfsf]ljifo lgj] bs nufot ;fj{hlgs btf{ eO{ ;~rfng ePsf]ldl;n ;+nUg ;f]
;/f]sf/sf] lxtsf] ljifo ;d]t ePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 pBf]u btf{ k|df0fkqsf]k|ltlnkLaf6 b]lvG5 .
lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] lghx¿sf] xs sfg'g;+ut /x]sf] ;f]pBf] usf]sDkfp08 leq eujtL ;f] k
s'/fdf vf;} ljjfb ug]{ l:ylt b]lvb}g . k|f=ln= ;d]t ;~rflnt /xs ] f]ldl;n ;+nUg
!^= lgj]b sn]sfddf ;8saf6 hft]cft]ubf{ :jR5 pk–/lhi6ªf/ e'jg lu/L ;d]tsf] lg/LIf0f
jftfj/0fsf] xfjf vfg kfpg] / jftfj/0fLo b'uG{ wn] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvbf ToxfF pBf]udf
x'g ;Sg]k|lts"ntfaf6 pTkGg x'g]uDeL/k|s[ltsf] eujtL sf/jfO8 O08l:6h « k|f=ln= af6 pTkfbg
/f]u cflbaf6 ;'/lIft /xg] hLjgsf] clwsf/ x'gg x'g];fdfgdf nfUg]/ ;fog tyf ljiffQm
x'g uPsf] eGg] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kbfy{x¿ Jojl:yt gu/Lsg v'Nnf ?kn]ToxfF
afFRg kfpg]clwsf/cyf{t\ hLjgsf]clwsf/ /fhdfu{sf] ;fd'Gg] vfnL 7fpFdf aufpg] u/]sf]
(Right to Life) nfO{ cfwf/ e"t dfgj clwsf/ /n'uf w'g];fa'g nufotsf j: t' pTkfbg
dflgG5 . dfgj clwsf/ sf]ljZjJofkL 3f] if0ff u/L pTkfbg kl5 lgl:sPsf kmf]xf]/, ljsL/0f
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948) /;fogx¿ gfnfdf aufO{ lbgfn]jftfj/ 0f
sf] wf/f # n] (Everyone has the right to life, b'u{lGwt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bgdf bfjL ePsf]df
liberty and security of person)egL tyf gful/s æn'uf w'g];fa'g pTkfbg u5{Æ egL lgj]bg
tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/ f{li6«o tYoxLg 5 egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v 
cg';Gwfg (ICCPR, 1966) sf]wf/f ^ n](Every u/]sf] s'/f ;fFrf] b]lvPg . cfOGbf o:tf]
human being has the inhernet right to life) egL of] c;To s'/ f lnlvt hjfkmdf gn] Vg ;r]t
clwsf/nfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbPsf]kfOG5 . jt{dfg u/fpg h?/L b]lvG5 . lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 61
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 dfgj /hLj hGt'nfO{ clxt x'g]u/L ljkIfL kfgL / 7f]; kmf]xf]/ /x]sf 5g\ . IEE/EIA sf]
pBf]uaf6 x'g]k|b"if0f lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg eP k|ltj]bg lkmN8 clkm;df /f]vsf] e]l6Pg .
gePsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ pBf]un] ljleGg j:t'x¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo
pTkfbg ug{]qmddf /;fogx¿ ldl>t b]lvg] sfg'g tyf dfkb08x¿sf]/ lhi6/v8f
kmf]xf]/ kfgL lj/f6gu/–w/fgsf] /fhdfu{ 5]pd} u/]/ /fv]sf] kfOPg . pBf]uaf6 lgisf;g
5/ki6 /x]sf] lgj]bg ;fy ;+nUg kmf]6f]x¿df x'g] 7f]; kmf]xf]/sf] Joj:yfkg ;Gtf]ifhgs
b]lvPsf] To:tf kmf]xf]/ hGo kfgL pBf]u xftf b]lvPg . kmf]xf]/nfO{ 5'§fpg] (segregation)
leqaf6 gfnf, lx\dkfO dfkm{t\ lgsf;f u/]sf] u/] s f] kfOPg . pBf]u kl/; /d ff s]x L
tL kmf]6f]x¿ ;d]taf6 b]lvG5 . To:tf kmf]xf]/ kmf]xf]/ cJojl:yt tl/sfn] /fv]sf] e]l6of]  .
Pj+ ljsL/ 0fo'Qm kfgL o; pBf] uaf6 geO{ pBf]uaf6 lgisf;g x'g]kmf]x/kfgLnfO{ ljgf
cGo pBf]uaf6 lg:s]sf] eGg] ljkIfL pBf]usf] k|zf] wg ;fj{hlgs gfnfdf lgisf;g ug]{
lnlvt hjfkmdff pNn]v  ul/ Psf]eP klg u/]sf] kfOof]  . pBf]uaf6 lgisfl;t kmf]xf]/
ToxfF lgj]bgdf bfjL ul/Psf] kmf]xf]/ Pj+ kfgLsf]gd"gf k|of] uzfnfdf k/ LIf0f ubf{
ljls/0f o'Qm kfgLn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f g/x]sf] Total Suspended soild, BOD, COD /Oil and
eGg ldNg];Ddsf] cj:yf /x]g5 . Grease dfkb08 aflx/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] eGg]
v= xfn ljkIfL eujtL sfjf{O8 O08l: 6«hnfO{ hfFr k|ltj]b gfa6 b]lvbf ;f]k|ltj]b gdf k|bi" f0f
k|b"if0f lgoGq0f c: yfoL k|df0fkq lbPsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf]kfOG5 .
egL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ªsf]lnlvt pQm ;'emfjx¿df pBf]usf];du| jftfj/ 0f
hjfkmdf pNn] v 5 . b'O{ bzseGbf a9L Joj:yfkg ;Gtf]ifhgs kfOPg . pBf]usf]
;dob]l v ;~rfngdf /x]sf] pQm pBf]unfO{ :ynut lg/LIf0f Pjd\ cg'udgsf] cfwf/df
:yfoL k|df0fkq lng]lbg]cj:yf lsg gePsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;'emfjx¿ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]
xf] ;f]tkm{ :ki6 s]xL v'nfOPsf] kfOb}g . 5 egL lgDg a'Fbf pNn]v u/]ePsf]kfOG5M
u= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ªsf]lnlvt hjfkm  IEE k|ltj]bgsf]k|ltlnlk t'?Gt ljefudf
;fy k]; ePsf] (Inspection Report) / k]z ug]{ / k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf k|bi" f0f
lj1fg tyf jftfj/ 0f dGqfnosf jftfj/ 0f lgoGq0fsf pkfo Pj+ k|ltj4tfx¿nfO{ x'–ax'
clws[t ;d] tsf];d"xn]eujtL sfj{O8 sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{.
O08l:6«h k|f=ln=af6 kmf]x/ kfgLsf] gd"gf  pBf]udf lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ jftfj/0fLo
k/LIf0f u/L lbPsf]k|ltj]bg, ldl;n ;+nUg clws[ t tf]s L pBf]u df jftfj/0 f
g]kfn jftfj/0fLo ;]jf s]Gb|sf] k|ltj]bg, Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog
g]kfn ;/s f/ jftfj/0 f ljefusf] ldlt ug'{kg]{ .
@)&@÷#÷!* sf]k|ltj] bg, o; cbfntsf]  g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f nfu" ul/Psf] dfk08x¿
pk/lhi6«f/ ;d]tsf] ldlt @)&@÷#÷@) sf] cWofjlw /flv ;f]sf]k"0f{?kdf sfof{Gjog
k|ltj]bg, ldlt @)&@÷!@÷^ sf]gS;f :sr ] ug'{kg]{ .
ljj/0f ;d]taf6 pQm pBf]u kl/;/ leq  lrDgL tyf h]g]/]6/af6 lgisg] w'nf] tyf
pBf]uaf6 lgisfzg x'g] kmf]x/ / kmf]x/ kfgLsf] w'jfFsf]sDtLdf aif{sf]Ps k6s k/LIf0f u/L
Joj:yfkg ;Gtf]ifhgs geO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dfkb08 cg'?k eP of gePsf]olsg u/L
lj1fg k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, jftfj/0f gePdf k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf yk pks/0fx¿
ljefusf]k|fljlws 6f] nLn]ljkIfL eujtL h8fg ug'{kg]{.
sfjf{O8 O08l:6h « sf]sDkfp08 leq ;~rflnt  pBf]uaf6 lgisflzt kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] sDtLdf
eujtL ;]fk O08l:6«hsf] cg'udg k|ltj]bg 5 dlxgfsf]Ps k6s k/LIf0f u/L dfkb08
tyf ;f] pBf]usf] kmf]x/ kfgLsf] gd"gf hfFr cg'?k gePdf k|zf]wg kZrft dfkb08leq
k|ltj]bg txfFsf]r=g+= &&@ ldlt @)&@÷#÷!* /xL dfq lgisf;g ug'{kg]{.
df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ªnfO{ k7fPsf]df  pBf]uaf6 lgisfzg x'g] kmf]x/nfO{ ;|f]tdf
;f] k|ltj]bg x]bf{ pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] d'Vo g} 5'§fO{ 7f]; kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
k|bi" f0fdf JjfOn/af6 lgisf;g x'g] w'jfF, l8h]n  ug'{ kg]{.
h]g/]6/af6 lgisf;g x'g] w"jfF / Wjlg kmf]xf]/  pBf]un] tTsfn Effluent Treatment Plant

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

62 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 (ETP) sf] Joj:yf u/L g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f jftfj/0f kg]{k|lts"n k|efj jf k|b"If0f Go"g ug]{
tf]lsPsf] dfkb08df /x]/ kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] pkfox¿ jf:tljs ?kdf canDag ug'k{ g]{ . :yflkt
lgisf;g ug'{kg]{. pBf]usf] sf/0fn] pBf]u cjl:yt If]qdf jftfj/0f
 dfly pNn]lvt ul/Psf a'bF fx¿sf]sfof{Gjog k|b"if0f x'g glbg' pBf] usf]k|d'v st{Jo tyf
oyflz3| u/L ;f]sf]k|ltj]b g #÷# dlxgfdf bfloTjdf kg]{. jftfj/0fsf];+/If0f k|ToIf ?kdf
jftfj/0f ljefudf k7fpg] . ;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;d'bfosf]nflu xf]eGg]oyfy{tf
eGg]pNn]v  ul/P cg'?k pQm l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ;Dk"0f{ cf} Bf]lus k|lti7fgsf ;~rfnsx¿n]x\
/ Plan of action klg ;d;fdlos ljkIfLx¿af6 boª\ud ug'{kg]{ . cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿n] cfly{s
sfof{Gjog gePaf6 sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] clwsf/sf] nfenfO{ dfq p2]Z o agfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf Wofg
lgb]{zg / sfg'g ;d]tsf] kl/kfngf gePsf] g} glbg]xf]eg];f]af6 :jo+ pBf]usf ;~rfns Pj+
b]lvg cfof]  . sfdbf/ sd{rf/L ;d]tnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg{hfg]
!*= lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] dflyNnf] k|s/0fdf s'/fnfO{ cToGt uDeL/ tfk"j{s lng'kb{5 . t;y{
plNnlvt ;d:of d"ntM ;[lht ;d:of xf]  . sfg'gL jftfj/0f k|b"if0f /f]Sg] sfo{df ljgf x]nrqm\ofO{
bfloTj k"/f gu/]af6 jftfj/0fLo ;d:of k|efjsf/L ;r]t /xg' x/]s pBf]u ;~rfnssf] sfg'gL dfq
lgoGq0fsf]nflu sfg'gn]lglZrt bfloTjx¿ klg geP/dfgjLo st{jo g}x'g cfpg]  .Æ egL l;4fGt
tf]lsPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%# sf] ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf]kfOG5 .
bkmf & df plNnlvt hghLjg /hg:jf:Yosf @)= ctM lgj]bssf]lgj]bg dfu ePsf]pBf]u ;~rflnt
nflu vt/f x'g ;Sg]lsl;dn]k|b"if0f ;[hgf ug{ If]q÷kl/;/df lgj]bs nufot ;j{;fwf/0f tyf
jf tf]lsPsf]dfkb08 ljk/Lt s'g}oflGqs ;fwg, lhjhGt'sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ tj/n]
cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg jf cGo 7fpFaf6 WjgL, tfk, lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnoåf/f ul7t
/]l8of]wdL{ ljls/0f tyf kmf]xf]/ d}nf lgisf;g ug{, k|fljlwsx¿sf] 6f]nLaf6 k|:t't :ynut lg/LIf0f
u/fpg x'Fbg} / ;f] ljkl/t /xs ] f] b]lvPdf ;DalGwt k|ltj]bgdf cf}NofPsf lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿sf]
lgsfon]tt\ ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;tx¿ tf]Sg jf sfof{Gjog ;d]t u/ L u/ fO{ k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf]
To:tf] sfo{ ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufpg ;Sg] kl/0ffddf b]lvg] u/L Joj:yfkg ug'{ u/fpg" egL
nufotsf sfg'gL Joj:yf eO/x]sf], ;f] cg'?k ljkIfLx¿ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df] /ª
 /ufpF
x'g ug{ jftfj/ 0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no 6+sLl;gjf/Lsf gfpFdf
lgod !%, !^, !* adf]lhd Plan of action ;lxt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd
jftfj/ 0f ljefusf];'emfj sfof{Gjog nufot k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . kmf]xf]/sf]
ljkIfL pBf]un]jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL k|rlnt ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg u/L pBf]u kl/;/ pBf]u
sfg'gadf]lhd ckgfpg' kg]{;a}pkfox¿ canDag jl/kl/ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf dfgj / hLjhGt'sf]
u/L pBf]u ;~rfngaf6 jftfj/0fdf kg]{k|lts"n :jf:Yo lxt k|lts"n x'g] u/L kmf]xf]/ tyf b'u{Gw
k|efj Go'lgs/0fsf]sfo{ u/L k|b"if0fhGo sfo{ ub}{ gug'{, s]ldsn /cvfB j:t' gkmfNg' egL ljkIfL
cfPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf]n] jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf] pBf]usf] gfpFdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g]
/fs] yfd tyf lgoGq0fsf]sfo{sf]k"0f{ bfloTj ljkIfL 7x5{ . ljkIfLx¿af6 u/] ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z
pBf]uaf6 k"/f u/] ePsf] b]lvg cfPg . ;fy} dfly hf/L ug'{ kg];
{ Ddsf] s'g} lg0f{o jf cfb]zsf] cl:tTj
k|s/0f k|s/0fdf plNnlvt s'/fdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f st}af6 b]lvg gcfPsf]n] pTk|]if0ftkm{ cfb]z hf/L
ug]{, jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'g glbg]nufot sfo{ ug{ ug'{ gkg] { 7x5{ . ;fy}k|b"if0fsf]lgoGq0f u/ ]
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%^ sf]bkmf !*( ePsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
n]ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ /P]=sf]bkmf ePsf]ldltn]klxnf]k6s # dlxgfleq /To;kl5
@% /@* n]ljkIfL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ sfg'g ^÷^ dlxgfdf @ jif{;Dd k|ltj]bg;lxt hfgsf/L
tf]s]sf] sfg'gL st{Jo / bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] eGg u/fpg" egL ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf gfpFdf
ldNg]b]lvg cfPg . lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
!(= o:td} f ;Ddflgo ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 g]skf @)^& cGodf tkl;nadf]lhd ug"{ .
c+s !) lg=g+= *$() k[i7 !&&# df æs'g}klg
pBf] u jf Jofj;flos k|lts"n k|efj gx'g]u/ L tkl;n
pBf] u ;~rfng ug'{kg] { . pBf] u ;~rfngaf6  pBf]u ;~rflnt If]q÷kl/;/df lgj]bg nufot

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 63
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;j{;fwf/0f tyf hLjhGt'sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n !(# g+= adf]lhd #% lbg leq >L ;jf]R{r cbfntdf
c;/gkg]{tj/n]lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f k'g/fj]bg nfUg] egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf]
dGqfnoåf/f ul7t k|fljlwsx¿sf] sfof{Gjog;d]t Dofb lbg" .=============================================================================================================#
u/L u/fO{ k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf] kl/0ffddf b]lvg] u/L  ;/f]sf/jfnfn] gSsn dfu u/] lgodfg';f/ gSsn
Joj: yfkg ug'{ u/ fpg" ;fy}k|b"if0fsf]lgoGq0f lbg' . ==========================================================================================================================$
u/] ePsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf of] cfb]zsf]  k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L lgodfg';f/
hfgsf/L ePsf]ldltn]klxnf k6s # dlxgfleq ldl;n clen]v ;+/If0f kmfF6df a'emfO{ lbg" . =========%
/To;kl5 ^÷^ dlxgfdf @ jif{;Dd k|ltj]bg;lxt
o; cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg" egL ljkIfLx¿ -;Todf]xg hf]zL yf?_
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ª gfpFdf cfb]z hf/L GofofwLz
ePsf]x'Fbf cfb]z  sf]k|ltlnlk ;lxtsf]hgfp lgh pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbg" .======================================================================================! -ljb"/laqmd yfkf_
 kmf]xf]/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg u/L pBf]u kl/;/ GofofwLz
/ pBf]u jl/k/L ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf dfgj /
hLjhGt'sf] :jf:Yo lxt k|lts"n x'g] u/L kmf]xf]/ km};nf n]vgdf ;xof]u ug]{M–
tyf b'u{Gw gug'{, s]ldsn /cvfB j:t' gkmfNg' Ohnf; clws[tM /fs]zdl0f pkfWofo
egL ljkIfL ejutL sfaf{O8 OG8l: 6«h k|f=ln=sf] sDKo'6/M tLy{ axfb'/yfkf
gfpdf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x/]sf]n]
;f]sf]hfgsf/L lgh pBf]unfO{ lbg" .=============================@ Olt ;+jt\ @)&@ ;fn r}t @@ ut]/fh
] @ z'ed\ = = = = = = = = = = .
 k|:tt' cfb]z pk/ d'ns ' L P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

64 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h
;+o'Qm O{hnf;
dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz >L ad s'df/>]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L od'gf e§/fO{

cfb]z
bfo/L g++=–)&)–WO–)!@(
/lhi6«]zg g+=!#–)&)–)!!*#
lg0f{o g+=#&

d'2fM– k/dfb]z .

lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+=!# a:g]clwjQmf nf]s  axfb'/zfx ============================================================!

lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * 3/eO{ ;"rgf /dfgj clwsf/cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf
cWoIf ljZjlht ltjf/L =====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= vf;sf/sfbf]uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g]clwjQmf an axfb'/rGb ===============================================================================================!
P]=P]= a:g] clejQmf ;'lbk s'df/ e§/fO{ ====================================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
e"dL ;'wf/sfof{no, g]kfnu~h afFs]===========================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v =================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
e'ld ;'wf/sfof{no alb{of ==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v =================================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ cg';f/o;} @^-3_# df pNn]lvt cjlw leq ;f]sf]6'Ëf]nufO{
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tsf] eO{ lgj]bg bfo/ ;Sg' kg{d] f clwsf+z d'2fx¿sf lg0f{o e};s]sf]/
x'g cfPsf]]k|:t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; ;f]xL k|s[ltsf s]xL d'2fdf xfn;Dd s'g}Goflos
k|sf/5 M– lg0f{o tyf cfb]z gu/L cgGtsfn;Dd tf/]vdf g}
/fVg] ul/Psf]af6 ;dfg sfg"gsf] c;dfg Jojxf/
tYo v08 x'g uPsf]n ]e"ld ;DaGwL P] g,@)@! sf]sfg"gL
!= df]xL afF8kmfF8 laifo ;+ljwfg sfg"g Gofo dfgj Joj:yfsf]clwgdf /xL df]x L xs afF8kmfF8 ul/kfpF
clwsf/;DaGwL clwsf/ ;+u ;Dalwt ;du| egL k/ sf lgj]bgdf oyfzSo l56f]lg0f{o ug'{
]
df]xLx¿sf] ;fd'lxs xs lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] laifo u/fpg' egL Gofo k|zf;g P]g ,@)$* sf]bkmf *-@_
xf] . Gofo sfg"g /dfgjclwsf/sf]jsfnt ug]{ adf]lhd lakIfLx¿df gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
xfdL lgj]b sx¿ nufot ;Da4 ;a}sf];f]laifodf ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgjb]g kq .
;fy{s ;DaGw / ;/fs ] f/ /xs] f] 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd @= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu
btf{ ePsf df]x L afF8kmf8 ;DaGwL d'2fx¿ ;flwsf/ adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L ug{' gkg{]
lgsfo /clwsf/L oL lakIfLx¿n]lg0f{o gu/L aiff}{ xf]  < cfb]z hf/L ug{' gkg{] s'g} cfwf/, sf/0f
b]lv tf/v
] df /fVg] u/s
] f] cj:yf 5 . e"ld ;DaGwL /k|df0f ePdf ;f];d]t pNn]v u/L Dofb tfd]n
P]g, @)@! sf]bkmf @^-3_ ! sf Dofbleq df]xL ePsf ldltn]af6fsf Dofb afx]s  !% lbgleq
afF8kmfF8sf nfuL lgj] bg lbPsf]cj: yfdf bkmf k'g/fj]bg ;/fsf/L jlsn sfof{no g]kfnu~h

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 65
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 dfk{mt lnvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of]cfb]z  / u/fpg rfxG5' . lakIfLx¿n] p7fP h:t} df]xLx¿sf]
lgj] bg kqsf]k|ltlnkL ;+nUg u/ L lakIfLx¿sf dfu oyf;So rfF8f];Daf]w g ug]{u/L e"ld ;DaGwL
gfddf ;"rgf Dofb hf/L u/L lgodfg';f/k]z ug{' P]
g, @)@! df cfjZos ;+zf] wgsf]nfuL e"ld
eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]]cfb]z . ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 ljw]ossf] d:of}bf
#= lgj]bsn] cu|flwsf/ dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ tof/kf/L sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dGqfnosf]
ubf{ o; lgj]bg pk/sfof{ljlwut k|s[of ;DkGg ;xdltsf nfuL g] kfn ;/ sf/dGqL kl/ ifbdf
ePkl5 k]z  Ldf hfg}g]x'Fbf cu|flwsf/lbO{ /xg' k]z e};s]sf] / pQm ljw]os Jo:yflksf ;+;bdf
k/]g . sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|:t't eO{ kf/Lt eP kZrft sfg"gsf]?k lnO{
cfb]z . sfof{Gjogdf cfpbf lgj]bssf]dfu ;Daf]wg x'g] g}
$= e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]bkmf @^-3_# df df]xL x'Fbf xfn k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo gePsf]n]
nfu]sf hUuf ;f]xL P]g adf]lhd hUufjfnf /df]xL vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] e"ld ;'wf/
aLr afF8kmfF8 ug{ tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] g]kfn sfof{no alb{of /e"ld ;'wf/clwsf/Lsf]lnlvt
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lsPsf]Dofbleq hjfkm .
6'Ëf]nufO{ ;Sg' kg]{k|fjwfg ePsf]kfOG5 .
ldlt @)^#÷@÷@( df k|sflzt g]kfn /fhkq efu 7x/ v08
# v08 %^ ;+Vof & -;ft_ df e'ld ;'wf/tyf ^= cfhsf]b} lgs k] zL ;'lrdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf
Joj:yf dGqfnosf];"rgf @ df df]xL nfu]s  f]hUUff k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf]tk{maf6
hUUffjfnf /df]xL aLr afF8kmfF8 ug]{sf/jfxL 6'Ëf] pkl:yt x'g ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ ;'lgn >]i7,
nufO ;Sg' kg] { cjlw @)^$ ;fn r}q d;fGt >L nf]s  axfb'/zfx, >L ljZjlht ltjf/ L, >L
tf]lsPsf]5 . cjlw yksf]nfuL o; sfof{nosf] an axfb'/rGb tyf lj4fg\ clejQmf >L ;'lbk
r=g+=!%$% ldlt @)^%÷@÷#) sf]kqaf6 e"ld ;'wf/ s'df/ e§/fO{n] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,@)@! sf]] bkmf
Joj:yfkg ljefudf cg'/f]w u/L n]vL k7fPsf]df @^-3_ ! sf Dofbleq df]xLn]df] xL afF8kmfF8sf
tL d'2f c=j+= !*@ g+=cg';f/ldnfkq ug{ pko'Qm nfuL lgj]bg lbPsf]cj:yfdf bkmf @^-3_ # df
x'g]egL ljefusf]r=g+=@# ldlt @)^%÷%÷#) sf] pNn]lvt cjlwleq d'2fsf]6'Ëf]nufO{ ;Sg' kg]{
kqaf6 lgb]{zg eO{ cfPsf]5 . o; sfof{nosf] sfg"gL bfloTj lakIfLx¿n]lgjf{x gu/]sf]/^÷^
sf/ 0faf6 d'2f km5\of}{6 ug] { sfo{df l9nf ;': tL aif{ b]lv df] xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf kIfx¿ Tff/ vdf
]
geO{ Dofb}yk gePsf]sf/ 0faf6 d'2f km5\of}{6 wfO{/xs ] f] x'Fbf l56f] 5l/tf] 6'Ëf] nufpg' egL lakIfL
x'g g;s]sf] xf]  . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] x¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF
Joxf]/fsf] e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no, afFs] / e"ld ;'wf/ egL /lakIfL e"ld ;'wf/sfof{no,afFs]/alb{of
clwsf/Lsf]lnlvt hjfkm . ;d]tsf]tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
%= l/6 lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]h:tf] k|:t't ljjfbsf] v8u axfb'/v8\sfn]df]xL xs df]x Lx¿sf];DklQ
laifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] laifo dfGg] xf] ;DaGwL lgtfGt JolQmut xs ePsf]x'Fbf dsf{ kg]{
eg]klg ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t P]gn] :ki6 u/]sf] kIfn]Goflos pkrf/vf]Hg' kg]{df csf{sf]xsdf
cj: yfdf sfg"gL bfo/ f gf3L Gofo k|bfg ug] { lgj]bsx¿n] bfjL ph'/L u/]sf] b]lv+bf c=j+=*@
gfddf :jljj]s k|of]u ug{ ldNb}g . tf]lsPsf] g++=adf]l hd xsb}of gePsf]n] laifoleq k|jz ] g}
Dofbleq hUuf jfnf /df]xLn]lbPsf lgj]bgx¿ gu/L l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF egL ug'{ ePsf]
dWo] sltkosf] 6'Ëf] nfuL ;s]sf] / sf/jfxLsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
6'Ëf]nufpg]Dofb ;dfKt ePsf d'2fx¿ clgl0f{t &= ljåfg\x¿sf]pNn]lvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o tk{m
cj:yfdf /xs ] f ePklg tT;DaGwdf e"ld ;DaGwLt ljrf/ ubf{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg]
P]g, @)@! sf];DaGwL bkmfdf ;+zf]wg x'g]g}x'Fbf dfu ePsf]df lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] lnlvt
xfn k|:tt' lgj]bssf] cf}lrTo 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/ hjfkm /x]sf]n] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
e"ld ;'wf/tyf Joj:yf dGqfno /e"ld clwsf/ xf]xf]Og ;f]xL laifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg{]b]lvof] .
d~r aLr e"ld ;DaGwL P]g ;+zf] wg ljw]osnfO{ *= o;df e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]bkmf @^-3_
Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kf/Lt u/fpg] kxn ug]{ # df df]xL nfu]sf]hUuf ;f]xL P]g adf]lhd df]xL
;xdtL e}wgf{ nufotsf ;a}la/f]wsf sfo{qmdf /hUufwgL aLr hUufsf]afF8kmfF8 ug{sf]nfuL
cGTo e};s] sf];Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ cjut clwsf/L tf]sL ;f]sf];do l;df @)^$ r}q d;fGt

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

66 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 tf]ssf] s'/f g]kfn ;/sf/ e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf @ k[i7 !**_ o;/L ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
dGqfnosf]ldlt @)^)÷@÷@( sf]/fhkqdf k|sflzt To; lsl;dsf] lg0f{o ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o ;d]tsf]
;"rgfaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . cfwf/af6 k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df dfu adf]lhd
(= tf]lsPsf]lg0f{o ug'{kg]{;Ldf cjwL ;dfKt ePkl5 k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yfsf]
lnlvt hjfkm k|:t 'tstf{ e"ld ;'wf/sfof{no,afFs] ljBdfgtf gb]lvPsf]n] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
;d]tsf tk{maf6 cjwL yksf]nfuL e"ld ;'wf/tyf ul/kfpF eGg] lgj]bsx¿sf] k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h
Joj:yfkg ljefudf cg'/fw] u/L k7fPsf]df ldnfkq x'g]7x5{ .
ug{ pko'Qm x'g]egL lgb]{zg k|fKt ePsf]n]Dofb !!= t/nfdf];do;Dd lg0f{o geO{ tf/ v wfO/
] xg'
yk gePsf]sf/0fn]lg0f{odf ljnDag ePsf]xf] kg]{ cK7]/f] ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ To; ;DaGwdf s]
eGg]s'/ f lnlvt hjfkmdf : ki6 pNn] v ePsf] ug{ ;lsG5 ;DaGwLt lgsfodf lgsfzsf]nfuL
kfOG5 . cg'/fw] u/L sfg"g cg'sn ' sf];dfwfg lgsfNg]tk{m
!)= To;}u /L e"ld ;'wf/sfof{no alb{of ;d]tsf]tk{maf6 cu|;/x'gsf]nfuL ljkIfL e"ld ;'wf/sfof{no afFs]
k|:t't ePsf]lnlvt hjfkmaf6 e"ld ;DaGwL /alb{of ;d]tsf gfddf lgb]{zgfTs cfb]z hf/L
;+zf]wg ljw]osnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 kf/Lt ul/lbPsf]5 . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug{' .
u/fpg] ;xdtL ePsf] eGg] s'/f klg pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . of]lgtLut ;d:of ePsf]s'/fdf ljjfb tkl;n
b]lvb}g+ . ;Ddflgt ;jf]R{r cbfntaf6 e"ld ;DaGwL != k|:tt' cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] P]gsf Dofb #% lbgleq
P]g, @)@! sf]bkmf @^3-!_ /@^-3_# ;+zf]wg >L ;jf{R] r cbfnt,sf7df08f}d+ f k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg'
ug]{ u/L hf/L ePsf] e'ld ;DaGwL 5}7f} ;+zf]wg egL lgj]bsx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf]Dofb lbg' .
cWofb]z  , @)^@ n]P]gsf]?k u|x0f ug{ g;sL @= gSsn dfUg] ;/fs ] f/jfnfnfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L
cWofob]z lg:qmLo x'Fbf df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf df]xL gSsn lbg' .
/hUufwgLsf]aLrdf afF8kmfF8sf nfuL lgj] bg #= bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
lbg] / hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg] af/]sf] ;+lIfKt clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{g' .
xbDofbsf] ;dfKtL e};s]sf] To;n] df]xL nfu]sf]
hUufdf /x]sf] å}w :JffldTj cGTo u/L df]xL nut -ad s'df/ >]i7 _
s§f ug]{/e"ldsf]pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug] { d'Vo GofofwLz
P]gsf] k'lgt p2]Zo xfl;n x'gdf cfPsf] cj/f]wsf
;fy} hUufjfnf / df]xLn] cf–cfkm\gf] xssf] hUuf pko'{Qm cfb]z
 df d ;xdt 5' .
afF8kmfF8 u/L lbgsf]nfuL lgj]bg lbg]/sfo{jfxL -od'gf e§/fO{_
ug]{qmddf cj/f]w cfpFbf hUUffwgL /df]xL aLrsf] GofofwLz
;d:of oyfjt /lx/xg] b]lvPsf]n] df]xL nfu]sf]
hUuf df]xL /hUufwgLsf]aLrdf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ k}m;nf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{–
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds Ohnf; clws[t >L z+s/k|;fb clwsf/L
cfb]z hf/L x'g]egL lgj]bs t'o' 8+uf]n la?4 sDKo"6/;]l6Ë ug]{M– >L /df >]i7
k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ ifbsf]sfof{no ;d]t
ePsf] pTk]|if0f k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o e}/x]sf] Olt ;Djt @)&! efb| @% ut]/f]h $ z'ed\ ================== .
;d]t b]lvG5 . -g]= sf= k= @)&) efu %% c+s

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 67
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h
;+o'Qm O{hnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L efg'eQm zdf{ Gof}k fg]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L od'gf e§/fO{

cfb]z
bfo/L g++=–)&!–WO–))%%
/lhi6«]zg g+=!#–)&!–))^)(
lg0f{o g+=!&#

d'2fM– lgif]wf1f, k/dfb]z

dlxnf sfg"g /ljsf; d~r (FWLD) sf]tkm{af6 tyf cfkm\gf]xsdf ;d]t lhNnf afFs]g]kfnu~h
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!^ a:g]clwjQmf >L ;'lgn >]i7 ======================================================================================================================!
dfgj clwsf/tyf ;"rgf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (IHRC) afFs]sf]cWoIf P]= j8f g+= * a:g]clwjQmf
>L ljZjhLt ltjf/L ===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf afFs]g]kfnu~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ a:g]k|=k=;+= ^#^$ sf]clwjQmf >L nf]s
axfb'/zfx ========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= P]= j8f g+= @$ a:g]k|=k=;=!@!)( sf]clwjQmf >L an axfb'/rGb =======================================================================================! lgj]bs 
lj?4
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afFs]=================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L =========================================================================================================================================================================================!
sf/fuf/ sfof{no afFs] ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v ============================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g,@)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ cg';f/o;} laifodf d'2f bfo/u/L k'k{If ug{ ;Sg]cj:yfdf
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tsf] eO{ lgj]bg bfo/ gePsf sf/0f lghx¿sf tkm{af6 lakIfLx¿sf gfddf
x'g cfPsf]]k|:t 't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; d'2f bfo/u/L d'2fsf]k'k{If ug{sf nfuL d'n'sL P]g
k|sf/5 M– c=j+= !) tyf *@ g+= adf]lhd xfdL lgj]bsx¿sf]
xsb}of k'Ub5 . sf/fuf/sfof{no afFsd]f k'?if
tYo v08 dlxnf u/L @%) hgf dfq y'gj' f, s}bL /fVg ;lsg]
!= xfdL lgj]b sx¿ sfg"g /Gofo If]qdf ;+nUg /x]sf Ifdtf ePsf]df $# hgf dlxnf, %)# hgf k'?if /%
x'bF f sf/fuf/df /xs
] f s}bL tyf y'gj' f gful/sx¿;+u hgf cfl>t gfjfns u/L %%! hgf gful/sx¿ eO{
xfdLx¿sf];  d]
t k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kdf ;fy{s Ifdtf eGbf bf]Jj/ y'g'jf s}bLx¿ /x]sf], sf/fuf/sf]
;DaGw /x]sf], lakIfL sf/fuf/ sfof{no afFs]df cj:yf hL0f{ /x]sf], y'g'jf s}bLx¿nfO{ lqkfn
Ifdtf eGbf a9L s}bL y'g'jfx¿ /fVg]ul/Psf]/ 6fFu]/ a;fpg] u/]sf], lztnx/sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
To;af6 s}bL, y'g'jfx¿sf];dfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg], ‰ofndf Knfli6s ;d]t gePsf], vfg]kfgLsf] ;d]t
:jR5f jftfj/0fdf :j:y /xg kfpg] ;+jw} flgs kof{Kt ;'ljwf gePsf sf/0f sf/fuf/df /x]sf
tyf sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/af6 jlGrt eO/x]sf], y'g'jf s} bL /cfl>t afnaflnsfx¿sf]gful/ s
lghx¿ cfkm\gf]xs clwsf/sf];+/If0fdf nfuL cfkm} clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL clwsf/,
;Ddflgt cbfntdf cfO ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] :jR5 /jftfj/0f ;DaGwL clwsf/, lzIff ;DaGwL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

68 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 clwsf/ ;d]t af6 jlGrt x'g' kl//x]sf] / pQm lakIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL,
s'/f lakIfLx¿;+u cg'/f]w ubf{ lakIfLx¿n];fwg @)$* sf]lgod ##s adf]lhd of]cGtl/d cfb]z
/ >f]tsf] cefjsf] sf/0f k'/f ug{ g;lsg] egL hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L
cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo Pj+ bfloTjaf6 klG5g] u/]sf] lakIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' eGg]ldlt @)&!.(.( sf]cfb]z .
sf/0f y'g'jf, s}bLx¿sf] sfg"g k|bQ clwsf/sf] $= o; sfof{no /sfof{no k|d'vaf6 sf/fuf/P]g
;+/If0f / k|rngsf vflt/ k|efjsf/L / j}slNkt lgod tyf Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;d]t aGbLn]kfpg]
pkrf/sf] af6f];d]t gePsf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwf ;/n /;xh ?kdf lbO{ cfO/x]sf]
;/fs ] f/sf] laifodf k|:tt' lgj]bgkq bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; sf/fuf/sf] ef}lts cj:yf / tTsfnsf
xf], oL lakIfLx¿sf gfpFdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* nfuL sfod ePsf]aGbL Ifdtfsf cfwf/df xfnsf]
sf]bkmf *-@_, gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ sf] ljBdfg hg;+Vof, ablnbf]kl/l:ytL, 36gfqmd,
bkmf !& /k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* d'2fsf]rfk, ;'=k= /d=k= If]qaf6 lj/fdL eO{ cfpg]
sf]lgod ##, ## s adf]lhd Ifdtf eGbf a9L aGbLsf] l/km/ ;]G6/ Pj+ xfn} sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf]
y'g'jf, s}bL sf/fuf/df g/fVg', /fVg gnufpg', k'/fgf] d'2fsf s}bLsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ k'/fgf]
Ifdtf eGbf a9L y'g'jf s} bL / fVg]sfo{ /
f]
Sg', ;+/rgfn]Joj:yfkg sfo{df s]xL sl7gfO{ dxz';
/fS]g nufpg', egL lakIfLsf gfpFdf lgif]wf1f / ePsf]xf]  . k'?if aGbL u[xdf # j6f xn /l6gsf]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z, lgoldt :jf:Yo pkrf/, :jR5 6x/f yk lgdf{0f ePsf], xKtfdf @ k6s :jf:Yo
vfg]kfgL, ;j{;'ne zf}rfnosf]plrt /kof{Kt hfFr ul/g] tyf la/fdL x'gf;fy :jf:Yo s]Gb|df
Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg', v'nf sf/fuf/, Jojl:yt / :
jf: Yo hfFr ug]{ul/ Psf]tyf @)%) ;fnaf6
;'ljwf ;DkGg sf/fuf/ afn;'wf/ u[x ;d]tsf] k|f=lj=:t/sf] k9fO{ eO/x]sf] 5 . aGbLsf] dfgj
lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfsf nfuL cfjZos kxn ug'{ clwsf/, ;]jf ;'ljwf, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;+rf/, e]63f6
u/ fpg' egL lakIfLx¿sf gfpdf cGtl/ d cfb]z nufot sfo{df s'g}afwf Jojwfg gePsf] , yk
nufot pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;'ljwf lj:tf/, ef}lts k"jf{wf/lgdf{0f sfo{sf nfuL
lgj]bg kq . ;sf/fTds /xL sfdsf] yfngL k|so[ fut ;'wf/fG] d'v
@= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf lgif]wf1f / k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
lgif]wf1f k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ hf/L ul/kfpF egL lbOPsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] s'g}
xf]  < cfb]z hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/, sf/0f cf}lrTo gePsf] b]lvbf vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg]
/k|df0f eP ;f];d]t pNn]v u/L Dofb tfd]n  Joxf]/fsf] sf/fuf/ sfof{no afFss
] f lgldQ sfof{no
ePsf ldltn]af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%-kGw|_ lbgleq k|d'v h]n/-zf=c=_ Zofdnfn nfld5fg]sf]lnlvt
k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no g]kfnu~h hjfkm .
dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k] z ug'{ ;fy}lgj]bsn] %= o; afFs] lhNnfsf] sf/fuf/df /xs ] f s}bL aGbLx¿sf]
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu u/]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ dfgj clwsf/;]jf, ;'ljwf, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;+rf/,
b'a}kIfnfO{ /fvL 5nkmn ug{ dgfl;j b]lvPsf] e]63f6 nufotsf sfo{df s'g}afwf cj/f]w geO{
x'Fbf ldlt @)&!÷(÷( ut]a'wjf/ sf]lbg !)M)) yk ;'ljwf lj:tf/, ef}lts k"jf{wf/lgdf{0f sfo{sf
ah]pkl:yt x'g egL lakIfLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ nfuL o; sfof{nosf k|=lh=c=n];sf/ fTds /xL
lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntsf]@)&!÷(÷^ cfkm\gf]kbLo bfloTjsf]lgjf{x /fd|f];+u ub}{cfO{
sf] cfb]z . sf/ fuf/;'wf/k|lt Pj+ a9L Ifdtfsf]If] qLo
#= o;df sf/fuf/sfof{no, afFsd] f Ifdtf eGbf a9L sf/fuf/ / v'nf sf/fuf/ rf8} lgdf{0f ug{ u/fpg
s} bL aGbLx¿ / x]
sf kof{Kt ;'ljwfx¿ gePsf]/ tkm{ nugzLn /xL k|s[ofut ?kdf sfdsf]ynfgL
a:g] sf]7f ;d]t ck'u e} kfn 6fu]/ a:g afWo eO{ ;'wf/f]Gd'v e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf lakIfL /L6
x'g' k/]sf]eGg]tYo ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ / lgj]bsx¿n] cf}lrTo g} gePsf] ;dodf l/6 lgj]bg
ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf]ax;af6 hfgsf/L x'g lbPsf x'g\ . ;f]l/ 6 lgj]bg adf] lhd lgif]wf1f
cfPsf]n] at{dfg lr;f] / l;tnx/sf] gsf/fTds k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L gu/L l/6 lgj]bg g} vf/h
]
c;/ af6 s}bL aGbLx¿nfO{ / Iff ug{ ;DaGwLt ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
sfof{nox¿;+u ;dGjo ug'{ kg]{eP u/L pnkJw afFs]/P]= sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf]lnlvt
ePsf /x'g ;Sg];fwg >f]tx¿sf]clwsTfd k|of]u hjfkm .
u/L aGbL s}bLx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg]egL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 69
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
7x/ v08 ;fwg / >f]tsf] cefjsf] sf/0f k"/f ug{ g;lsg]
^= k'g/ fj]
bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]lgod egL cfkmgf]sfg"gL st{Jo Pj+ bfloTjaf6 klG5g]
%!÷%@ adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf cfhsf]b}lgs k]zL u/]sf], sf/fuf/ P]g, lgod ;d]tsf] k"0f{ ?kdf
;"lrdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]s  f]x'Fbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g
;lxtsf]ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bssf tk{maf6 @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_, gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@
pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L ;'gLn >]i7, >L sf]bkmf !& adf]lhd Ifdtf eGbf a9L y'g'jf s}bL
ljZjhLt ltjf/L, >L nf]s axfb'/zfx, >L an sf/fuf/df g/fVg', /fVg gnufpg' / y'gj' f s}bLnfO{
axfb'/rGb /lghx¿sf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg sf/fuf/P]g lgod adf]lhd ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ egL
clwjQmf /fs]z s'df/zdf{ /clejQmf ;'bLk s'df/ lgif]wf1f k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t
e§/fO{ ;d]tn] sf/fuf/ sfof{no afFs]df Ifdtf Joxf]/fsf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
eGbf a9L aGbL tyf s}bLx¿ /x]sf], :jR5 lkpg] (= afFs]sf/fuf/sf ljleGg d'2fsf s}bL tyf aGbLnfO{
kfgLsf] Joj:yf gePsf], lgoldt :jf:Yo pkrf/ sf/fuf/ P]g, lgod cg';f/ kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf
gePsf], :jf:Yo jftfj/0f gePsfn] lghx¿sf] k|bfg ug{ l9nfO{ gul/Psf], afFs]sf] sf/fuf/ ejg
sfg"g k|bQ xs clwsf/df cf3ft e}xgg\ x'g lj=;=+ @))) ;fn lt/tTsfnsf aGbLx¿sf]Ifdtfsf
uPsf]x'Fbf Ifdtf eGbf a9L y'g'jf s}bL g/fVg cfwf/df ag]sf] pQm sf/fuf/ xfn k'/fgf] ePsf], /
;DalGwt lgsfodf kxn ug{ /:jR5 kfgL, :j:y ljleGg lhNnfaf6 o; sf/fuf/df k7fpFbf s}bL tyf
jftfj/0f nufotsf s'/fx¿df pknJw ;fwg >f]t sf] y'g'jfsf] ;+Vof a9L ePsf], xfn sf/fuf/ afFs]sf]
k|of]u u/L ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfddf Ifdtf a[l4 e}#)) hgf k'us ] f], s}bL tyf aGbLx¿sf]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L xf]; eGg] ug'{ ePsf] ax; xKtfdf @ k6s :jf:Yo hfFr x'g,] k|f=lj=:t /sf]k7g
/ljkIfLsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf kf7g x'g], hf8f]sf] nfuL bfp/fsf] ;d]t Joj:yf
>L lbgfgfy clwsf/Ln] afFs] sf/fuf/sf s}bL tyf ul/Psf], o; lhNnfdf #))) hgfsf]Ifdtf ePsf]
y'g'jfnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhdsf];'ljwf k|bfg ul/ +b} If]qLo sf/fuf/ agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/af6 afFs]
cfPsf], Ifdtf eGbf a9L s}bL tyf y'g'jf /x]sf]df gf}j:tf z;:q k|x/L tfnLd s]Gb|;u+ !)–)–) ljuxf
;f]sf] nfuL tTsfn s]xL Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] / hUuf k|fKt u/L sf/fuf/agfpg]tk{m k|s[of z'?
bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]Joj:yf ug{ ePsf] , ;fy}lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]gfddf
kxn u/L cfPsf] b]lvPaf6 lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd ugfk'/ uf=lj=;= btf{ /x]sf] hUufdf v'nf sf/fuf/
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]Og /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; lgdf{0f ug]{ k|sofdf /x]sf] 5 . sf/fuf/df /x]sf
egL ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;'lgof] . s}bL aGbLx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;]jf ;'ljwf, :jf:Yo,
&= pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf] ax; lhls/ ;'lg lgj]bg lzIff, ;+rf/, e]63f6 nufotsf sfo{df s'g}afwf
;lxtsf]ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhft cWoog u/L k|:tt' cj/f]w ge}yk ;'ljwf /ef}lts k"jf{wf/lgdf{0f
d'2fdf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ ug]{u/fpg]tk{m nugzLntf /xL k|s[ofut ?kdf
xf]xf]Og < eGg]ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{b]lvg sfdsf] yfngL eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf /L6 lgj]bg
cfof]  . adf]lhd lgif]wf1f k/dfb]z hf/L gu/L lgj]bg
*= lg0f{o tk{m ljrf/ubf{ ljkIfL sf/fuf/sfof{no vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] Ps} ldnfgsf]
afFsd] f k'?if, dlxnf u/L @%) hgf dfq y'gj' f s}b L 5'§f 5'§}lnlvt hjfkm k]z u/]sf]kfOG5 .
/fVg ;Sg]Ifdtf ePsf]df xfn $# hgf dlxnf, !)= sf/fuf/sfof{no afFs]df Ifdtf eGbf a9L y'g'jf
%)# hgf k'?if /% hgf cfl>t gfafns u/L s}bLx¿ /x]sf] Ifdtf eGbf a9L y'g'jf s}bL /x]sf]
%%! hgf eO{ Ifdtf eGbf bf]Aa/y'g'jf s}bL /xs ] f], sf/ 0faf6 lghx¿sf]hg hLjg b'MvbfoL Pj+
sf/fuf/sf] cj:yf hL0f{ /x]sf], y'g'jf s}bLnfO{ si6s/ aGb} cfPsf] y'g'jf s}bLx¿sf] ;Ddfg
lqkfn 6fFu]/ a;fpg] u/]sf] / lkpg] kfgLsf] k|ofKt k"j{s afFRg kfpg], :jR5 jftfj/0fdf /xg kfpg],
;'ljwf ;d]t gePsf]pQm sf/fuf/df Ifdtf eGbf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs clwsf/af6 a+lrt x'g
a9L s}b L y'g'jf /fVg]ul/Paf6 y'g'jf s}b Lx¿nfO{ k'u]sf] egL lgj]bsx¿n] lgj]bgdf bfjL lnPsf]
ljleGg b'Mv, si6 /oftgf eO{ /x]sf], s}bLx¿sf] b]lvof]  . pQm sf/fuf/df y'g'jf s}bLx¿sf] ;+Vof
;Ddfg k"j{s afFRg kfpg]/:j:5 jftfj/0fdf a:g lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]s} ePsf] s'/f sf/fuf/
kfpg];+j} wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsaf6 j+lrt x'g' sfof{no afFs] n]lgj] bs clwjQmf ljZjhLt
k/]sf] s'/f ljkIfLx¿;+u} cg'/f]w ubf{ ljkIfLx¿n] ltjf/ LnfO{ pknJw u/ fOPsf]r=g+=()# ldlt

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

70 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 @)&!.*.!$ sf]kqjf6 k'li6 x'g cfPsf]kfOof] . adf]lhd kfpg];'ljwf klg ;dodf k|of{Kt ?kdf
ljkIfLx¿n] cfkmgf] lnlvt hjfkmdf sf/fuf/ P]g, k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf]eGg]b]lv+bf ljkIfLx¿ Eff}lts
lgod adf]lhdsf];'ljwf y'g'jf s}bLx¿nfO{ k|bfg k"jf{wf/lgdf{0f ug{ nufot cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{df
ul/Psf], #))) hgf Ifdtf ePsf] If]qLo sf/fuf/ ;sf/fTds /xL cfkm\gf]sfg"gL st{Jo Pj+ bfloTj
lgdf{0f ug] { tk{m k|s[of z'? ePsf]/v'[Nnf k"/f ug{df ;fy{s k|of; u/L cfPsf]gb]lvPaf6
sf/fuf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ k|s[ofdf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvbf afFs] sf/fuf/sf y'g'jf s}bLx¿sf] xs clwsf/df
klg sf/fuf/k'/fgf]hL0f{ ePsf]@%) hgfsf]Ifdtf cf3ft k/]sf] b]lvbf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
ePsf] sf/fuf/df %%! hgf y'g'jf s}bL /flvPsf] b]lvof]  . k|:t't laifodf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L eO{
eGg]s'/f ljkIfLx¿n]cf–cfkmgf]lnlvt hjfkmdf cfb]z sfof{Gjog ;d]t e} ;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg
:jLsf/ u/]af6 sf/fuf/df y'g'jf s}bLx¿sf] rfk /xs
] f]n] lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]zsf] cf}lrTo gb]lv+bf hf/L
lbg k|ltlbg a9\b}uPaf6 y'g'jf s} bLsf]hLjg u/L /xg k/]g .
emg emg si6s//r'gf}tL k"0f{ /x]sf]kfOof] . !#= t;y{ sf/fuf/sfof{no afFs]df Ifdtf eGbf a9L
!!= afFs]sf/fuf/df Ifdtf eGbf bf]Aa/a9L y'g'jf s}bL s}bL, aGbLx¿ /x]sf], kof{Kt ;'ljwfx¿ gePsf]
/fVg] ul/Psf], y'gj' f s}bLnfO{ hf8f] ;dodf lqkfn eGg] lgj]bg dfu /x]sf]df ;f] s'/f lakIfLsf]
6fFu]/ a;fpg] u/]sf], sf/fuf/df /x]sf y'g'jf s}bL lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t af6 b]lvbf To; sfof{noaf6
/cfl>t afn aflnssfnfO{ vfg, a: g, lkpg] pknJw x'g ;Sg];'ljwf tTsfn k|bfg ug'{ xf]n f .
kfgL e]63f6, lb;f lkzfa nufot cGo ;'ljwfsf aGbLx¿sf] Ifdtf cg';f/sf] ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
s'/fx¿df ;d: of eO{ b'Mv, si6 /oftgf e} ug{sf nfuL ;DalGwt lgsfodf cfjZos kxn ug'{
/x]sf], ;f] sfo{af6 lghx¿sf] gful/s clwsf/, egL lakIfLsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
dfgj clwsf/, :jf:Yo ;DalGw clwsf/, :jR5 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
/:j:y jftfj/0f ;DalGw clwsf/, lzIff ;DaGwL
clwsf/af6 a+lrt x'g k/]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg tkl;n
/x]sf] b]lvof]  . o:tf] l:yltdf y'g'jf s}bLx¿n] != k|:tt' cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em] P]gsf Dofb #% lbgleq
sf/fuf/af6 kfpg];Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf ;xh ?kdf k|fKt >L ;jf{]
Rr cbfnt, sf7df08f} +df k'g/
fj]
bg ug{
u/L /xs ] f] eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] egfO{ ljZjf;nfos Pj+ hfg' egL lakIfLnfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf]Dofb lbg' .
kTof/nfos b]lvg cfPg . ;fy}ljkIfLn]#))) @= gSsn dfUg] ;/fs ] f/jfnfnfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L
hgf Ifdtf ePsf]If]qLo sf/fuf/lgdf{0f ug{ k|s[of gSsn lbg' .
z'? ePsf] / v'Nnf sf/fuf/ lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf /xs ] f] #= bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn] v u/ sf]kfOPtfklg
] clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{g' .
;f]lgdf{0f ug]{tk{m oL ljkIfLx¿sf];fy{s k|of;,
7f];
 sfo{ of] hgfsf]th'{df, ;f]ejgsf]gS;f -efg'eQm zdf{ Gof}kfg]_
lgdf{0f e}sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf]/of]olt ;do;Dd GofofwLz
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg e};Sg]eGg]s'/f pNn]v ug]{
egL 7f]; ?kdf eGg /pQm clwsf/Ls k|df0fx¿ pko'{Qm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
ldl;n ;fd]n /xs ] f] ePsf] gb]lv+bf o:tf] clglZrt -od'gf e§/fO{_
l:yltdf lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] cfwf/df GofofwLz
dfq Ifdtf cg';f/sf] sf/fuf/ ejg l56} aGg]
s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf b]lvPg . km};nf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{M
!@= ctM ljkIfLx¿n] afFs] sf/fuf/ sfof{nodf /x]sf Ohnf; clws[t >L tf]ofgfy pkfWofo
y'g'jf s}bLx¿nfO{ sd Ifdtf ePsf]k'/fgf]hL0f{ sDKo"6/;]l6Ë ug]{M– >L d~h' >]i7 .
ejgdf /fv]sf] sf/0faf6 lghx¿sf] hLjg:t/
si6s//oftgf k"0f{ ePsf], sf/fuf/P]g lgod Olt ;Djt @)&! Dff3 @! ut]/f]h $ z'ed\ ================== .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 71
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnuGh
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz >L ad s'df/>]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cawlaxf/L k|;fb l;Gxf

km};nf
bfo/LM )&)—wo—))!@
/lhi6«]zg g+= !#—)&)–)))($
lg0f{o g+= !)$

d'2fM k/dfb]z .

:j= gf/fo0f l;+xsf]5f]/f lhNnf afFs]g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf j8f !^ a:g]aif{ $% sf]clwjQmf

;'lgn s'df/ >]i7=========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lji0f' axfb'/s  f]5f]/f lhNnf afFs]g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !# a:g]jif{ $) sf]clwjQmf
nf]s axfb'/ zfx============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]====================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L=========================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt, d'sfd lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]=========================================================================================!
lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, afFs]==========================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v=================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf sfof{no, afFs]============================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of==============================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L=========================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt, d'sfd lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of===================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} u/L u/fO{ af9L, klx/f]/8'afgsf sf/0f ePsf
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ e} bfo/ x'g cfPsf] 3fOt] tyf la/fdLx¿sf] :jf:Yo pkrf/ tTsfn ug'{
k|:t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5M— u/fpg' / ;Defljt ;+qmldt /fu] af6 gful/sx¿nfO{
arfpg cfjZos /pko'Qm Joj:yf sbd rfNg'
tYo v08 egL oL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxt
!= ljkIfLx¿af6 af9L kLl8tnfO{ p2f///fxt ljt/0f pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/ kfcf}+ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
ug]{sfo{ eO/xs ] f]ePtf klg ;f]sfo{ k|efjsf/L lgj]bsx¿sf] lgj]bg kq .
gePsf] / p2f/, /fxt ljt/0f, cf}ifwL pkrf/, @= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bsx¿sf] dfu
/f]usf] k|sf]k h:tf cTofjZosLo / ;+j]bglzn adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L ug'{ gkg]{
ljifodf tTsfn uDeL/ tfsf ;fy s'g}7f] ; / xf] < cfb]z hf/L ug'{ gkg]{s'g}cfwf/, k|df0f /
pko'Qm sbd grflng]xf]eg]gful/ ssf]hLp sf/0f ePdf ;f];d]t pNn]v u/L Dofb tfd]n
wgsf]7"nf]Iflt x'g uO{ ck'/ 0fLo Iflt k'Ug ePsf ldltn]af6fsf Dofb afx]s  !% lbgleq
;Sg];Defjgf x'Fbf af9L kLl8tsf]p4f///fxt k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, g]kfnuGh
ljt/0fsf]sfo{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 oyfzSo l56f] dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k]z  ug'{ egL of]cfb] z

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

72 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 /lgj]bg kqsf]k|ltlnkL ;fy}/ fvL ljkIfLsf kLl8tsf JolQmx¿nfO{ tTsfnsf]nflu c: yfoL
gfddf ;"rgf Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm kg{ ?kdf emf]/f h+un xh/t ;fd'bflos jg If]q tyf
cfP jf ;do Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/k] z cGo kfgL gnfUg]7fpFdf xfn kLl8tx¿nfO{ a:g
ug'{ . lgj]bsx¿af6 cGtl/d cfb]zsf] ;d]t dfu nufOPsf] xf] / b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ ;ldltsf] k6s
ePsf];Gbe{df cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{jf gug]{ k6s a}7s a:b}cfO{ 8'afg If]q sf kLl8tx¿nfO{
ljifodf b'j}kIfnfO{ / fvL 5nkmn ug{ dgfl;j bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;'/lIft a;f]af; pRr :yfgdf
b]lvPsf]x'Fbf ldlt @)&!÷)%÷!! sf lbg lbgsf u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg]sfo{ /t6aGwsf]nflu
!!M)) ah]pkl:yt x'g' egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ g]kfn ;/sf/df cg'/f]w ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ug{ ePsf]
lgj]bsnfO{ ;f]xL lbgsf] tf/]v tf]sL lgofg';f/ lg0f{osfGjo e}hUuf vf]Hgsf nflu k|fljlws
k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&!÷)%÷)^ ;ldlt ;d]t u7g e} ;s]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
df ePsf]cfb]z . b}jL k|sf] k p2f/;ldlt Pj+ lhNnf k|zf;g
#= o;df lgj]bg dfu bfjL adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z sfof{no, afFs]sf]lnlvt hjfkm .
hf/ L ug'{ kg] { gkg]
{ ;DaGwdf ljrf/ubf{, kl5 ^= k|sf]k tyf dxfdf/ L x'g];Defjgf ePsfn]afFs]
a'em\b} hfFbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g] g} x'Fbf xfn} cfPsf] lhNnfdf cf/=cf/=l6= / lrlsT;s, :jf:YosdL{,
af9Laf6 pTkGg ljkQLaf6 ePsf]Iflt, a]k Qfx¿sf] cf}ifwL ;lxtsf]l6d tof/u/L ;f]xL lbg kl/rfng
vf]hL ;lqmotf ;fy u/ L xfn;Ddsf]Iflt / eO{ a]txgL, xf]lnof, p9/fk'/uf=lj=;=x¿df @@) hgf
p4f/sfo{sf]ljj/0f ;d]t ;fj{hlgs u/L o; la/fdLsf] lgMz'Ns cf}iflw pkrf/ u/L k|i] f0f e} cfPsf
cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/ L u/ fpg /cvfB j: t' lj/fdLx¿nfO{ e]/L c~rn c:ktfn / g]kfnu~h
;d] tsf k|of] u cflbaf6 x'g ;Sg]efjL ;DefJo d]l8sn sn]h  df lgMz'Ns cf}iflw pkrf/sf nflu
vt/fdf sfg"gL /dfgjLo st{Jo ;d]t oyf;So Joj:yf ldnfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf nflu lhNnf
;lqmotf ;fy kfng ug'{ /x'g ;Sg];DefJo hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, afFss ] f sfof{no k|dv ' lhNnf
xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g glbg pRr k|fyldstf ;ts{tf lhjg s'df/dNn (*$!%%&)(% sfo{qmd kmf]s ;
ckgfpg ;d] t egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf cGtl/ d k;{g /fdaxfb'/rGb (*%*)@!!&@ /x]N y 8]S ;df
cfb]z hf/ L ul/ lbPsf]5 eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ;d]t x6 nfO{g )*!%@^%&( gDa/sf df]afO{n /
ldlt @)&!÷)%÷!! Dff ePsf]cfb]z . kmf]gx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof]  . l/6
$= lhNnfdf Ps} rf]6L rf}tkmL{ af9L cfPsf] / af6f]3f6f] lgj]bs ;'lgn s'df/ >]i7 ;d]tn] cg'udg g}
tyf s}of}+ k'nk'n];fx¿ ;d]t 6'6km'6 e} s}of}+ ufpF, gu/L lbPsf] lgj]bg k/dfb]zdf s] s:tf] sf/0ffa6
6f]n / :yfgx¿sf] kf/:kfl/s ;DaGw ljR5]b o; sfof{noaf6 s'g ;] jf x'g g;s] sf]xf] <
ePsf] tyf af9Lsf] a]]usf] lta|tf / Jofkstfsf sxL st}+ pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g, k/dfb]zdf pNn]v
sf/ 0f ;a}af9L kLl8tx¿nfO{ Ps ;fy Ps ePsf s'/fx¿sf] af/]df o; sfof{non] sfof{no
;dodf Ps}lsl;dsf]k"0f{ /fxt ;fdfu|L tTsfn} k|d'vn]ldlt @)&!÷)$÷@( ut]sf /fltaf6 af9Lsf]
pknAw u/fpg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Go"gtfn] r'gf}tLk"0f{ k|sf]k eP kZrft ug'{kg]{s'g}klg dfgjLo sfo{x¿
sfo{ ePtf klg b}jL k|sf]k p4f/;ldlt /k|d'v tbf?stfsf ;fy ul//x ]sf]x'Fbf cgfjZos ?kdf
lhNnf clwsf/ L ;d] tsf]pRr st{Jo lgi7fsf o; sfof{no /sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
;fy ;Dk"0f{ zlQm kl/rfng u/L af9L kLl8tx¿nfO{ l/6 lhls/ u/]sf] k|:t't k/dfb]z vf/]h efuL
kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L tj/n] p4f/ / ;xof]u u/] x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf
s}xf] . xfn tYof+sdf cfwfl/ t eO{ 3/3/ df hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, afFs]sf]lnlvt hjfkm .
uO{ ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] /fxt /sd ljt/0f &= g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ctM x]nrqm\ofO{ nfk/jfxL P]g , cGtu{ t ul7t ;+ :y f ePsf]n ] :yfgLo
cyjf l9nf;':tL ePsf]5}g . l/6 lgj]bg ljNs'n :jfoQ zf;g P]g, lgodfjnL cg';f/ tf]lsPsf]
em'¶f xf] vf/h
] ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf sfo{ ug{]l;nl;nfdf gu/ kflnsfsf];Defljt
k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of Pj+ lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k 8'afg ;d:ofnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cleofgs}?kdf
p4f/;ldlt, alb{ofsf]lnlvt hjfkm . gu/kflnsf df}h'bf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{ k|of]u u/L
%= o; afFs] lhNnfsf]ljleGg uf=lj=;=x¿df aiff{ ofddf gfnfx¿ ;/ ;kmfO{ ug]{;/ ;kmfO{sdL{af6 ;Dej
;w}+ 8'afgdf kg]{ If]q xf]lnof, kmQ]k'/, u+ufk'/, gx'g]gfnfx¿ ;kmfO{ ug{ PS;fj]6/k|of] u u/ L
d6]lxof cflb o; jif{df klg 8'afg k/]sf af9L gfnfx¿ ;kmfO{ u/L kfgL lgsf;L ug]{egL o;

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 73
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 gu/kflnsfsf]jf]8{ ldlt @)&!÷)!÷@$ sf]lg0f{o ePsf ljkIfLx¿n]clj/n aiff{af6 afFs,] alb{ofdf
cg';f/;/;kmfO{ ug]{sfo{ ul/ Psf]/gfnf cfPsf]af9L 8'afgaf6 7"nf]hgwgsf]Iflt ePsf]df
lgsf;af6 kfgLsf]axfj hfg]qmddf clj/ n ljkIfLx¿af6 tTsfn k|efjsf/L p2f/ / /fxtsf]
aiff{sf]sf/ 0f s]xL : yfg hndUg eO{ 8'afg sfo{ gePsf]x'Fbf sfg"g adf]lhd k|efjsf/L p2f/
/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg gu/kflnsfsf] hgzlQmn] /k'g:yf{kgf ;d]tsf]sfo{ ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf
EofP;Dd ;Dk"0f{ k|oTg u/L lgsf; v'nfpg]p2f/ gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] lgj]bg bfjL
ug] { sfo{ ul/ Psf]x'Fbf lgj]bsx¿sf]dfu bfjL /x]sf] / ldlt @)&!÷)$÷@* b]lv alb{of lhNnfsf]
adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og\ pQ/L If]qsf]kxf8L lhNnfdf ;d]t Jofks kfgL
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w k/ ]
af6 : yfgLo aaO{, s0ff{nL tyf cGo gbL
5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf tyf P]=sf vf]nfx¿df cfPsf]af9Laf6 arfp /p2f/ug{sf]
sfo{sf/L clws[t nf]s axfb'/ ;'gf/sf] lnlvt nflu ;j{k|yd g]k fnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L /hgkb
hjfkm . k|x/ Lx¿ ;fy}ufpFdf tTsfn ;]jf lbg tof/
;+:yfx¿ p2f/sfo{df nfu]sf x'g\ . af9Lsf]a]u,
7x/ v08 lta|tf /Jofkstfsf]sf/0f ;a}af9L kLl8tnfO{
*= k'g/ f]
jbg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]lgod Ps;fy Ps}lsl;dn]k"0f{ /fxt ;fdu|L tTsfn
%!÷%@ adf] lhd ;fKtflxs Pj+ b} lgs d'2f k] zL pknAw u/ fpg r'gf} lt eP klg ;Dk"0f{ zlQm
;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't kl/rfng u/L kof{Kt / k|efjsf/L 9+un] p2f/ /
lgj] bg ;lxtsf]ldl;n cWoog u/ L lgj] bssf ;xof]u ePsf] xf]  . l/6 lgj]bg vf/h
] ul/kfpF eGg]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'lgn s'df/ ;d]t Joxf]/ fsf]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs] tyf
>]i7, >L ljZjlht ltjf/L, >L nf]saxfb'/zfx, P]=sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L Pj+ lhNnf k|zf;g
>L anaxfb'/rGb, >L /fdrGb| rf}w/L />L s]jn sfof{no, alb{of, /P]=sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf]
yf?n] af9L klx/f] / 8'afgdf k/]sf gful/snfO{ k[ys k[ys lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf]b]lvG5 .
p2f///fxtsf]sfo{ tTsfn k|efjsf/L ?kdf ug'{ !!= @)&!÷)$÷#) ut]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]df
kg]d{ f gu/s
] f]n] akIfLx¿sf gfddf k|efjsf/L ?kdf a}
7s a;L af9L tyf 8'afgsf]af/ df 5nkmn
]
p2f/ / /fxtsf] sfo{ ug{ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/ L kLl8tx¿sf]lgMz'Ns pkrf/ug{ c~rn
ul/kfpF egL /lakIfLx¿ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, c:ktfnaf6 tyf cg]s lzlj/ /fvL pkrf/sf
b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ ;ldlt g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf sfo{qmd rnfPsf]xf] . lgMz'Ns cf} ifwL ljt/ 0f
sfof{nosf sfo{sf/ L k|d'v n]
fs axfb'/;'gf/ , ul/Psf] ;d]t x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg]
lhNnf hg: jf: Yo sfof{no, afFs] sf tkm{af6 lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, afFs]/P]=sf k|d'v
k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, g]kfnu~hsf lhjg s'df/ dNnsf] lnlvt hjfkm /xs ] f] b]lvG5 .
ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L v8s axfb'/v8\sfn] !@= g]k fnu~h gu/k flnsfsf] @)&!÷)!÷!$ sf]
lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt af9L klx/f]sf] b}jL k/]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;/;kmfO{ u/L lgsf; ;d]t v'nfPsf]
cj:yfdf tTsfn ;]gf k|x/L /cGo ;+3 ;+:y f af9Lsf] sf/0f kfgLsf] lgsf; v'nfPsf] ;d]t
;d]t e} p2f/ ;lxtsf sfo{ eP u/]sf] xf]  . cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/h ] ul/kfpF eGg] g]kfnu~h
vfBfGg, nQf sk8f ;d]t ljt/0f u/]sf], x/fPsf gu/kflnsf sfof{no /P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v nf]s
dflg;x¿sf] vf]hL ul/Psf] ;d]tsf sfd eP u/s ] f] axfb'/ ;'gf/sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]b g vf/]h ul/kfpF egL ug'{ ePsf] !#= @)&! >fj0fsf]clGtdlt/ePsf]clj/n aiff{sf
ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . sf/0f cfPsf]af9Laf6 ljleGg uf=lj=;=x¿ k|efljt
(= o;df lgj]b g dfu bfjL adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf e}kLl8tx¿nfO{ p2f/ug{ tTsfn / fxt ;fdu|L
k/dfb]z cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5, 5}g < ljt/0f ul/Psf] xf]  . gu/ / tTsfn pknAw u/fO{
k/dffb]z hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og\ < eGg] g} lg0f{o lbg' a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg
kg]{ b]lvg cfof]  . adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf]Og vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg]
!)= o;df af9L, klx/f,] 8'afg h:tf]k|fs[lts k|sf]k af6 b}jL k|sf]k p2f/;ldlt, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,
kLl8t ePsf ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] p2f/ / afFs]sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
k'g{:y  fkgf u/L lghx¿sf]lhp wgsf];'/Iff ug'{, !$= o;df @)&! ;fnsf] >fj0f cGtl/t k/]sf] cla/n
km}lng ;Sg]dxfdf/Laf6 ;'/lIft ug'{ kg]{bfloTj aiff{sf sf/0f cfPsf]Jofks af9L k}/f]af6 kLl8t

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

74 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ePsf a'8fgdf k/]sf gful/sx¿sf] Ps;fy Ps} !^= ctM lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] k/dfb]z hf/L ug{
lsl;dn] p2f/ /fxt ;]jf k'¥ofpg r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] ldn]
g . af9L k|efljt gful/ sx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/ L
eGg] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] ;fy} b}jL ljkQL eGg] p2f//Joj:yfkg ug]{tkm{ ;lqmo /xg ljkIfLx¿sf]
cj:yfg} ljs/fn / csNklgo x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] gfpFdf lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . c?df
x'g] x'Fbf To:tf] cj:yfdf dfgjLo lhjg:t/sf tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
cfjZostf, p2f/sfo{qmd /arfp sfo{qmd
kl/rfng ug{ cjZod]j klg sl7g /r'gf}ltk"0f{ tkl;n
sfo{ xf]  . tyflk lgj]b gdf pNn]lvt @)&! ;fnsf]  of]cfb]z  df lrQ ga'em]Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$*
>fj0fsf]af9Lfa6 pTkGg ljkQLsf]p2f///fxt sf]bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !(# g+=
sfo{ e};s]sf] xfn cj:yf kl/jt{g e};s]sf] dff lglb{i6 Dofb #%-k}lt;_ lbgleq ;Ddflgt >L
kl/k|]Ifdf p2f/ / /fxt sfo{ ug'{ egL k/dfb]z ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/ fj]bg ug{ hfg'xf] nf egL
cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvg lgj]bssf] gfpFdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb hf/L ug'{ .
cfPg .  gSsn dfu ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L
!%= b}jL ljkQL cgfof; cfpg]tyf ljs/ fn / gSsn lbg" .
csNkgLo x'g]x'Fbf b}jL k|sf]kaf6 aRg]arfpg]  bfo/ Lsf]nut s6\6f u/ L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
sfo{sf nflu /fHon]ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] u7g tyf Joj:yfkg -cawlaxf/L k|;fb l;Gxf_
u/]sf] x'G5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] sfo{If]qdf klg lo GofofwLz
Joj:yfkgx¿ kg]{df b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . tTsfn
cfO{kg]{7"nf b} jL ljkQLaf6 pTkGg ;d: ofnfO{ pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
tTsfng};dfwfg ug] { sbd rfNbf sl7gfO{ / -ad s'df/ >]i7_
r'gf}ltk"0f{ cj:yf >[hgf x'g] ePsfn] o:tf b}jL d'Vo GofofwLz
k|sf]kx¿af6 aRg k"j{ ;ts{tf ckgfpgsf nflu
k"j{ ;"rgf tyf k"j{ ;lqmotf cfjZos x'G5 . b}jL km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{M—
k|sf]ksf k|sf/ h:tf] af9L, k}/f], 8'afg, dxfdf/L, zfvf clws[tM— >L ;/fh ] lglw jfUn]
cfunfuL, h:tf] k|sf]k x'g ;Sg] cj:yf / If]qsf] sDKo'6/ ;]l6ª ug]{M— /df >]i7
k"j{ klxrfg u/L hfgsf/L /fv], hgr]tgf km}nfpg]
/ k/L cfPsf] b}jL k|sf]k;Fu h'Wg k|efjsf/L p2f/ Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn sflQs !( ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\= = = = .
/Joj: yfkg ug{ clu|d ;lqmotf cfjZos kg] {
b]lvG5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 75
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnuGh
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds[i0f vgfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L od'gf e§/fO{

km};nf
bfo/LM )&!—wo—)!)#
/lhi6«]zg g+= !#–)&!–)!)(!
lg0f{o g+= @$&

d'2fM k/dfb]z .

lhNnf afFs]g]kfnu~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !& a:g]clwjQmf k|efs/e§/fO{=================================================!

lhNnf afFs]d6]lxof 3/e}xfn g]kfnu~h pk—dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= & a:g]clwjQmf /fds'df/
lblIft========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= !
P]=P]= a:g] ;ld/ k|tfk l;+x===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= a:g] j[h]z s'df/ lqkf7L======================================================================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
g]kfnu~h pk—dxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no, afFs]================================================================================================================================================================ ! ljkIfL

tYo v08 ;+ljwfg @)^# n] k|Tofe't u/]sf] df}lns xsx¿sf]

!= lhNnf afFs] g]kfnuGh pk—dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt ePsf]/x'g];Defjgf k|jn
!! ls=g+= %!% sf]If]qkmn !)–%–@ sf];fj{hlgs ePsf]n] pQm ;fj{hlgs kf]v/L ldlr ePsf] cj}w
hUufdf wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s Pj+ k|fs[lts kf] v/L lgdf{0f eTsfO{, cj}w lvrf]nf x6fO{, ;/;kmfO{ u/L
/xs
] f]5 . pQm kf]v/L ;fj{hlgs ePsf]hfgL hfgL ;+/If0f ug'{ egL ljkIfLsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf]cfb]z
rf/} lt/af6 ckl/lrt s]xL JolQmx¿n] 3/ lgdf{0f hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
u/L a;f]af; ul//xs ] f] / kf]v/Ldf kmf]x/ kmfNg] sfo{ @= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bsx¿sf] lgj]bg
ul//x]sf] sf/0fn] xfdL lgj]bsx¿ pQm hUufdf dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g'
k|j]z ug{fa6 al~rt ePsf]n]cf—cfkm\gf]wfld{s, gkg]{ xf]  < cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} cfwf/,
;f+: s[lts /;fdflhs sfo{x¿ ug{af6 al~rt sf/0f /k|df0f eP af6fsf]Dofb jfx]s !%-kGw|_
ePsf]5f}+. :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g = @)%% sf] lbgleq cfkm}+jf cfkm\gf]sfg"g adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw
bkmf (^ -!_ -`_ -#_, (& -5_, !)) -h_ adf]lhd dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL k|:t't cfb]z /
;fj{hlgs hUufsf] /]vb]v tyf ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnkL ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf
bfloTj lakIfL g]kfnu~h pk–dxfgu/kflnsfsf] Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k]z eP jf cawL
ePsf]df lghn];f]sfg'gL bfloTj lgjf{x ug{af6 JotLt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/k] z ug'{ eGg]o;
lad'v ePsf] sf/0fn] gful/s clws/ P]g, @)!@ cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&!÷!@÷% df ePsf]cfb]z .
sf]bkmf ^-$_ -^_, & -s_ -v_ -u_, ( adf]lhd #= lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ;jfnx¿df tTsfn o:tf
afnaflnsf / :yfgLoaf;Lsf] v]ns"b ug{ kfpg] kf]v/Lsf] u'?of]hgf agfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ cfly{s
xs, wd{ ;DaGwL /;fdflhs ;+;u{ ug{ kfpg] ;|f]t ;d]tn] gEofO{Psf]n] :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf]
clwsf/ , ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/ , 3'dlkm/ug{ kl/rfng u/L ;+/If0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfO{
kfFpg]clwsf/ , k] zf Joj;food ;~rfng ug{ ko{6gsf]lasf; ug{ : yfgLoaf;Lsf];xsfo{df
kfpg] / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d of]hgf agfO{g]/cltqmd0f ePsf];fj{hlgs

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

76 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;DklQnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g &= pNn] lvt tYout ljj/ 0f ePsf]k|: t't d'2fdf
lgodfjnLn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;+/If0f lgj]bg kq ;lxtsf];Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L
ul/g] x'Fbf tTsfn k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n]ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;d]t
kg]{ xf]Og\ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t ;'lg ljrf/ubf{ lgj] bg dfubfjL adf] lhdsf]
Joxf]/f g]kfnu~h pk—dxfgu/kflnsf sfof{nosf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <
lnlvt hjfkm . eGg];DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{b]lvof] .
$= lgj]bsn]lgj] bg ;fy k|df0fsf]?kdf k] z ug'{ *= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ubf{, afFs]lhNnf g] kfnu~h
ePsf] lkmN8a'ssf] kmf]6f]skLdf hUuf ljt/0f :ki6 pk–dxfgu/kflnsf lgjf;L lgj]bsx¿n] pk–
gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt afFs] lhNnf dxfgu/ kflnsf j8f g+= !! sf]ls=g+= %!%
g]kfnu~h pk–dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! ls=g+= sf];fj{hlgs h=lj= !)–%–@ hUufdf km}lnPsf]
%!% h=lj= !)—%—@ sf]hUufsf]gfkL lkmN8 P]ltxfl;s kf]v/L Pj+ k|fs[lts kf]v/Lsf] ;+/If0f
a'ssf] k|ltlnlk -hUufsf] ;a} ljj/0f :ki6 b]lvg] /;Dj4{g u/ L ;fj{hlgs pkof]udf Nofpg]
u/L_ ptf/u/L k7fO{lbg gfkL sfof{nonfO{ n]lv k|of]hgsf]nflu d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !) g+= adf]lhd
k7fO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/u/L k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntsf]cg'dlt lnO{ k|:t't lgj]bg kq bfo/
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&@÷@÷!# df ePsf]cfb]z . u/]sf] b]lvof]  .
(= pk–dxfgu/kflnsf leq cjl:yt pQm P]ltxfl;s
7x/ v08 Pj+ k|fs[lts kf]v/Lsf] rf}/lt/ 3/x¿ lgdf{0f e}
%= lgodfg';f/;fKtflxs Pj+ b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf /xs
] f, kf]v/Lsf] ;/–;kmfO{sf] cefjdf kmf]xf]/ hDdf
r9L cfh o; Ohnf; ;dIf k] z x'g cfPsf] ePsf], emf/ pd]|sf] ;fy} dflg;x¿n] jl/kl/jf6
k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]b g ;lxtsf]ldl;n cWoog u/L RofKg] / sAhf ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . k|ToIfbzL{n]
lgj]bsx¿ ljåfg clwjQmf >L /fds'df/lblIft / cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf] ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs hUufx¿,
ljåfg clwjQmf >L k|efs/ e§/fO{n] / lgj]bsx¿sf] af6f], kf]v/L cflbsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ljsf;
tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L ;'lgn s'df/>]i7, ug'{ kg]{bfloTj :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
>L nf] saxfb'/zfx />L anaxfb'/rGb tyf n]tf]s]sf]5 . t/oL k|ToyL{sf]tkm{af6 bfloTj
ljkIfLsf]tkm{af6 clwjQmf >L af;'bj] 1jfnLn] axg ePg eGg] Aoxf]/f lgj]bsx¿sf] lgj]bg n]vaf6
ug'{ ePsf]ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . b]lvof] eg] k|ToyL{ pk–dxfgu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6
^= o;df, g]k fnuGh pk—dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf xfn pk–dxfgu/kflnsf
cGt/utsf]lsQf g+= %!% sf]h=lj= !)–%–@ df ljsf;sf cGo sfdx¿df nflu / x]
sf]
n]tTsfn
k|fs[lts kf]v/L /x]sf] 5 . pQm kf]v/Lsf] ;+/If0f pQm If]qsf];+/If0f ug]{sfo{df nfUg g;lsPsf]
gx'Fbf jl/kl/af6 cltqmd0f e}/x]sf], kmf]xf]/ hDdf xf] . lb3{sflng of] hgf agfO{ sfo{ ul/ g]x'Fbf
e}b'u{lGwt x'Fbf pQm ;fj{hlgs kf]v  /Lsf]pkef]u tTsfn cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og\ eGg] Joxf]/f
ug{af6 xfdL lgj] bsx¿ nufot : yfgLoaf;Lx¿ pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof]  . o;/L lgj]bg kq / lnlvt
;d]t al~rt x'g' k/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ hjfkmsf] Aoxf]/faf6 pk–dxfgu/kflnsf leqsf]
k|zf;g P]g , @)%% adf]lhd pQm ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] pNn]lvt kf]v/Lsf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g geO{
;+/If0f /ljsf; ug'{ kg]{bfloTj ljkIfL sfof{nosf] cltqmd0fsf] hf]lvddf /xg'sf ;fy} plrt k|of]udf
ePsf]df ljkIfLn] ;f] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf]n] cfpg g;s]sf]tYo :ki6 b]lvg cfof] .
kf]
v/ Laf6 cj} w lgdf{0f x6fO{, lvrf] nf x6fO{ !)= :
yfgLo : jfoQ zf;g P] g, @)%% sf]bkmf (^
;/–;kmfO{ u/L ;+/If0f ug'{ egL lakIfLsf gfpFdf adf]lhd pk–dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfd st{Jo /
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF eGg] dfubfjL lnO{ clwsf/ cGt/ut cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf] ef}lts
d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !) g+= adf]lhd cbfntsf]cg'dlt ljsf;sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs, P]ltxfl;s If]qx¿sf]
lnO{ lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ g]kfnuGh plrt ;+/If0f /;Da4{g ug'{kg]{, ljleGg 7fpFx¿df
pk–dxfgu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] xl/of] If]q, pBfg, dgf]/~hg :ynx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf];+/If0f ug'{kg]{bfloTj cfkm\ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;fa6 k|ToyL{ pk–dxfgu/kflnsfn]
gf]ePsf]/To;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfO{ pQm ;fj{hlgs kf]v/L /x]sf] :yfgnfO{ /]vf°g /
cufl8 a9g dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ;f]r /x]sf] eGg] l;df°g u/L plrt af/j/] sf] Joj:yf u/L jl/kl/af6
Joxf]/fsf] lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf] b]lvG5 . x'g ;Sg]cltqmd0faf6 hf]ufpg], pQm :yfgnfO{

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 77
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 dfgjkof]uL agfpg :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu tkl;n v08
;xsfo{ u/L of]hgf th'{df u/L cl3 a9\g ;Sg]  lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/
k|;:t ;Defjgf b]lvof]  . h;af6 gu/sf] dfg, cfb]z ePsfn]k|:t't pk/lrQ ga'em]P]gsf Dofb
OHht / ;'Gb/tf a9\g'sf] ;fy} gu/fa;Ln] pQm #% lbg leq >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
:yfgsf]pkof]u ug{ kfO{ ;fj{hlgs lxt g}x'g] hfg'xf]nf egL ljkIfLnfO{ k'g/fj]b g Dofb lbg" .
b]lvG5 .  k|:t't cfb]zsf] gSsn dfu ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{
!!= dfly ljj]rgf ul/P adf]lhd lgj]bg bfjLsf] lgodfg';f/gSsn lbg" .
g]kfnuGh pk–dxfgu/ kflnsf j8f g+= !! sf]  lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v
ls=g+= %!% sf]h=lj= !)–%–@ df cjl:yt k|fs[lts zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' .
kf]v/Lsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj /x]sf] k|ToyL{ pk–
dxfgu/kflnsfn] pQm kf]v/Lsf] ;+/If0ffy{ sfd -od'gf e§/fO{_
sf/jfxL u/]sf] jf ;+/If0f ug]{ of]hgf th'{df GofofwLz
u/L To;tkm{ pGd'v /x]sf] eGg] s'/f g]kfnuGh pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
pk–dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvg -/fds[i0f vgfn_
cfPg . t;y{ lgj]b g dfu adf]lhd pQm ;fj{hlgs GofofwLz
kf]v/Lsf] l;df°g u/L cltqmd0f /f]sL ;+/If0f
ug'{ ;fy};/ –;kmfO{ u/ L ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{
Nofpg]tkm{ sfo{ ug'{ egL k|ToyL{ g]kfnu~h pk– zfvf clws[tM ulDe//fgf du/
dxfgu/kflnsfsf gfpFdf of] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sDKo'6/ ;]l6Ë ug]{M– /df >]i7
hf/ L ul/lbPsf]5 . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd
ug'{ . Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ cfiff9 !^ ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

78 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds[i0f vgfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L od'gf e§/fO{

cfb]z
btf{ gDa/M— )&!–wo–))@(
d'2f /lhi6«z
] g g+= !#–)&!–))##@
lg=g+= (%

d'2fM k/dfb]z .

lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ a:g]clwjQmf ;'lgn s'df/>]i7====================================================== !

lhNnf afFs]sf/sfbf}{uf=lj=;= g+= % a:g]clwjQmf anaxfb'/rGb =============================================================================================== !
lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * 3/e};"rgf /dfgjclwsf/;"rgf s]Gb|sf]cWoIf
tyf clwjQmf ljZhhLt ltjf/L============================================================================================================================================================================================================= !
P]=P]= j8f g+= !^ a:g]clwjQmf nf]s axfb'/zfx============================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, afFs]===========================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=sf= lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L =======================================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} @= oL ljkIfLx¿n]lzIff P]g @)@*, lzIff lgodfjnL
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt @)%(, ;+:y fut ljBfno dfkb08 tyf ;+rfng
tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5M . lgb]{lzsf @)^( nufotsf sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf]
5fqj[lQ ;ldlt u7g u/L ;+:y  fut ljBfnox¿n]
tYo v08 5fq 5fqfnfO{ pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfg cg';f/5fqj[lQ
!= xfdL lgj]bsx¿ g]kfnuGhaf;L x'gsf ;fy}lzIff k|bfg ug'{kg]{df xfn;Dd klg 5fqj[lQ ;ldlt g}
k|]dL lzIffsf]pkef]Qmf tyf cleefjs ;d]t xf}+. u7g gu/L 5fqf5fqfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ kfpgaf6 al~rt
xfdLx¿ sfg"g Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'gs ' f ;fy}ljleGg u/L lzIff tyf afn clwsf/;d] taf6 al~rt
;fdflhs tyf dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:y  fx¿df u/fpg]sfo{ u/]sfn]sfg"g k|bQ 5fqj[lQ ;ldlt
cfj4 /xL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;d]t u7g ug{ /5fqf5fqfx¿nfO{ sfg"gåf/ f k|bQ
jsfnt ub}{cfO/xs] f]5f}+ . lzIff, P]g, @)@*, lzIff 5fqj[lQsf]clwsf/af6 al~rt gug',{ gu/fpg' egL
lgodfg';f/@)%(, ljBfno dfkb08 tyf ;+rfng k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]lgod ##,
lgb] {lzsf @)^( nufotsf sfg"gåf/ f lglb{i6 Gofof k|zf;g P],g @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ /gful/s
bfloTj oL ljkIfLx¿n]lgjf{x gu/ ]gu/fPaf6 clws/P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf !&-@_ afdf]lhd
gful/ ssf]lzIff ;"rgf /;] jf ;DaGwL xs ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L
clwsf/df k|ToIf cfwft kg{ uPsf]n]o;}lgj]bg kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
;fy ;+nUg k|:t't k/dfb]zsf]l/6 btf{ ugf{sf #= ldlt @)&!÷&÷!^÷! df o; cbfntaf6 ljkIfLx¿sf
nflu d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !) g+= adf]lhdsf]cg'dlt gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'g'sf ;fy}ldlt
k|bfg u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg btf{ @)&!÷&÷@# ut] !)M)) ah] cGtl/d cfb]zsf]
e}o;df cbfntaf6 l/6 lgj]b g btf{ ug]{cg'dlt 5nkmnsf]nflu lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg]cfb]z .
k|bfg ePsf] . $= ldlt @)&!÷&÷@# df k|:t't lgj] bg cGtl/d

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 79
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 cfb]zsf]5nkmnsf nflu k]z x'Fbf o;df lnlvt ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ /o;sf]
hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 a'em\b}hfFbf 7x/]adf]lhd x'g] nflu 5fqj[lQ 5gf} 6 ;ldlt u7g ug'{k5{ eGg]
g} x'Fbf xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg k/]g, sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnon]
sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ eGg]cfb]z . o;/L pknAw u/fpg]5fqj[lQ dWo]^^ k|ltzt
%= lgj]bsx¿n] lgj]bgdf ljBfyL{ ;+3 cleefjssf] ljBfno cfkm}n ]/afFsL #$ k|ltzt ;DalGwt
xs lxtsf ljifosf s'/ f p7fpg ubf{ s'g lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf]l;kmfl/ ;df pknAw
ljBfnoaf6 sf]s'g ljBfyL{n]s]s'g k|sf/ n] u/fpg'kg]{, lhNnf lzIff sfof{non]5fq[jlQ pk
5fqj[lQ gkfPsf]xf] < sxfF s]slt lxgfldgf ;ldltsf]l;kmfl/ ;df 5fqj[lQ kfpg], ljBfno
tyf cgldttf ePsf] xf]  < eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 5gf} 6 u/ L ;DalGwt ljBfnodf k7fpg'kg] { eGg]
lhls/dfu bfjL g/ fvL s] an sfg"gn]lglb{i6 5fqj[lQ ;DalGw k|s[ofsf ljifodf ;+: yfut
u/]sf] s'/fx¿sf] kfngf gu/]sfn] ;a}n  fO{ dsf{ ljBfno dfkb08 tyf ;+rfng lgb]{lzsfdf lj:t[t
k/]sf] s'/f uf]Zjf/f tj/af6 pNn]v ePsf] / o; ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .
sfof{non]5fqj[lQsf ;DaGwdf lgod sfg"gn] (= ;+:yfut ljBfnoaf6 pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ o:tf]
lglb{i6 u/]sf] Joj:yf k|lt ;r]t / ;hu x'Fb} / 5fqj[lQsf ;DaGwdf cg'udg sf/jfxL nufotsf]
;f]ljifodf ;fwg >f]t /hgzlQmn]EofP;Dd a]n f sfd sf/ jfxL ug]
{ clwsf//st{Jo lzIff
a]nfdf lgoldt cg'udg ub}{cfPsf 5f}+. t;y{ sfof{nosf]x'G5 . cfkm\gf]If]q leqsf ;+:y fut
xfdLnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ul/Psf]l/6 lgj]bg ljBfnox¿n] tf]lsPsf] 5fqj[lQnlIft ju{nfO{
vf/]h efuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL lhNnf pknAw u/fP gu/fPsf]cg'udg ug]{, sfof{Gjog
lzIff sfof{no, afFs];d]t sf]lnlvt hjfkm . ug{ nufpg], sfof{Gjog gu/]df sf/jfxL ug]{sfd
^= lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs Pj+ b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf]x'G5 . ljkIfLsf]sfo{If]q
r9L cfh o; Ohnf; ;dIf k] z x'g cfPsf] leq kg] { afFs]lhNnf leqdf hDdf !%! j6f
k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]b g ;lxtsf]ldl;n cWoog u/L ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿ /x]sf] / tL ljBfnox¿df
lgj] bssf tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ xfn;Dd klg 5fqj[lQljt/ 0f ug{ ;ldlt u7g
>L ;'lgn s'df/>]i7, >L nf]saxfb'/zfx, >L gePsf], lhNnf lzIff sfof{non]o; tkm{ Wofg
ljZjhLt ltjf/L />L an axfb'/rGb tyf ljkIfL glbPsf] kfOof]  .
lzIff sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pk !)= ul/ a /c;xfo afnaflnsfsf]nflu pknAw
GofoflwjQmf >L lbgfgfy clwsf/ Ln]ug'{ ePsf] u/fpg'kg]{ o:tf] 5fqj[lQ ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿n]
ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . pknAw gu/fpFbf nlIft ju{ Tof];]jfjf6 al~rt
&= o;df xfdL lgj] bsx¿ sfg"g Joj;foL, lzIff /xL lzIffsf] xsaf6} al~rt x'g' k/]sf], dx+uf] z'Ns
k|]dL, lzIffsf pkef]Qmf tyf cleefjs klg xf}+/ ltg'{kbf{ ltgsf cleefjsx¿ klg cfly{s ef/df
g]kfnuGhsf :yfoL afl;Gbf g]kfnL gful/s xf}+ . kg'{ k/]sf]5 . To;}n]lzIff P]g, lgodfjnL /o;
xfdL ;fdflhs ;/fs ] f/sf] ljifodf ;d]t rf;f] /fVg] ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df
x'gfn]d'n'sL P]g c=j= !) g+= adf]lhd cbfntsf] 5fqj[lQ ;ldltsf]oyfl;3| u7g u/L u/fO{ ;a}
cg'dtL lnO{ k|:t't lgj]b g btf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . o;df ;+:y fut ljBfnodf 5fqj[lQ lbg'kg] { 5fqfnfO{
xfd|f] xsb}of k'Ub5 . b]ze/df :yfkgf eO{ ;+rfng 5fqj[lQ lbg]Joj: yf t'?Gt u/ L lgodLt?kdf
ePsf /:yfkgf x'g];a}ljBfnox¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ljBfnosf]cg'udg /lgodg ug'{ u/ fpg' egL
?kdf ;~rfng ug{ lzIff, P]g, @)@* tyf lzIff ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L
lgodfjnL @)%( sf]Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 /g]kfn kfpF eGg]lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf]b]lvG5 .
;/ sf/ fa6 lgoldt ?kdf cg'bfg gkfpg]u/ L !!= xfdL /xfd|f]sfof{no sfg"gsf]cIf/ ; kfngf
:yflkt lghL :t/sf ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿ ;+rfng ug]{ Ps lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ePsf]n] xfdL sfg"gsf]
ug{ ;+: yfut ljBfno dfkb08 tyf ;+rfng kfngfdf rgfvf] /x]sf 5f}+ . xfn;Dd s;}af6
lgb]{lzsf @)^( ;d]t hf/L ul/Psf]cj:yf 5 . 5fqj[lQ k|bfg u/]gg\ rsf]{z'Ns lnP egL ph'/L
*= lzIff P]g @)@* sf]bkmf !^ -`_ df ;+:yfut k/]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df a]nf
ljBfnon]cfkm\gf]ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s'n a]nfdf cg'udgsf ;fy}5f8\s] r]shfFr ub}{cfPsf
ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf]slDtdf bz k|ltztdf g36fO{ 5f}+. ljkIfLsf]lgj]bgkqdf s'g ljBfnoaf6 s'g
ljkGg, ckf+ u , dlxnf, blnt jf hghflt ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw ePg pNn] v x'g

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

80 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;s]sf] 5}g . 5fqj[lQsf] ljj/0f P]g / lgod klg sfg"gsf];dfg ;+/If0faf6 alGrt ul/g]5}g
sfg"g adf]lhd x'g'k5{ eGg]lgj]bssf]sfg"g ;+ut elgPsf]5 t/dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt,
s'/fdf xfd|f]klg ;xdlt 5 t/s'g P]g sfg"gsf] dw]zL, afns, ckf+u cflbsf xsdf ltgLx¿sf]
s'g bkmf s'g ljBfnon]kfngf gubf{ s;nfO{ ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f
cGofo eof]eGg]k|i6 dfujfbL g/fvL ;txL kf/fn] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]k|fjwfg /flvPsf]5 .
lbPsf]lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]lhNnf lzIff To:t} wf/f !& df lzIff tyf ;+:sl[ t ;DalGw xssf]
sfof{nosf]xsdf ;d] t lhNnf lzIff clwsf/ L Uof/]G6L ub}{ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg"gdf
afFs]sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf]  . Joj: yf eP adf]lhd dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns
!@= dfly ljj]lrt tYout ljj/ 0f /ljåfg sfg"g lzIff kfpg]xs x'g5 ] elgPsf]5 . dfWolds
Joj;foLx¿n]ug'{ ePsf]ljåtfk"0f{ ax; ;d]t nfO{ tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xssf] Uof/]G6L
ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsx¿sf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z ;+ljwfgdf g}u/L lzIffnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ xssf]?kdf
hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og\ < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
b]lvof]  . !^= xfd|f] ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfgsf cnfjf dfgj clwsf/sf]
!#= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ubf{, afFs]lhNnf cGtu{t ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq (Universal Declaration of
;+rfngdf cfPsf ;+:y fut ljBfnox¿df lzIff Human Rights {UDHR}), !($* sf]wf/f @^-!_ df
P]g, @)@*, lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( tyf ;+:yfut æk|To]s JolQmnfO{ lzIffsf]clwsf/x'g5 ] , sDtLdf
ljBfno dfkb08 tyf ;+rfng lgb] {lzsf @)^( k|f/lDes cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g]5 .
df ePsf]5fqj[lQ;DaGwL k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog x'g lzIff kx'Fr of]Uo x'g5 ] . (Everyone has right to
g;sL o;af6 nlIft ju{n]kfpg'kg] { ;'ljwfaf6 education. Education shall be free, at least in the
alGrt x'g' k/ ]
sf]
, of]k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog eP elementary and fundamental stages, Elementary
gePsf];DaGwdf cg'udg ug'{kg]{/gePsf] education shall be compulsory. Technical and
cj:yfdf sfof{Gjog /lgodg u/fpg'kg]{lgsfo professional education shall be made generally
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no afFs]n ]cfkm\gf]bfloTj available and higher education shall be made
k"/f gu/]sf]n] pNn]lvt sfg"gL k|fjwfg adf]lhd generally available and higher education shall
5fqj[lQ ;ldltsf]oyfl;3| u7g u/ L ;f];a} be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit)
;+: yfut ljBfnox¿df 5fqj[lQ lbg'kg] { 5fq elgPsf]5 .
5fqfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ t'?Gt lbg]Joj:yf u/L lgoldt !&= g]kfn kIf ePsf]/g]kfn ;GwL P]g, @)$* sf]
?kdf ljBfnox¿sf]cg'udg /lgodg ug'{ u/fpg' bkmf ( sf]Joj:yf cg';f/sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]
egL cfb] z hf/ L u/L kfpF eGg]dfu bfjL lbO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL
k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dxf;lGw (International Convention on Economic,
!$= s'g} klg clwsf/L jf lgsfon] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Social and Cultural Rights) !(^^ sf]wf/f !# -@_
st{Jo k"/f gu/]df To:tf] st{Jo tL clwsf/L (a) df æk|fylds lzIff clgjfo{ /;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns
jf lgsfonfO{ kfngf u/fpgnfO{ hf/L x'g ;Sg] pknAw x'g]5 . (b) df dfWolds lzIff ;a} sf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zsf] dfu ul/Psf] k|:t't lgj]bg nflu kx'Frof]uo agfpg pko'Qm pkfo ckgfOg],
ljåfg clwjQmfx¿af6 bfo/ePsf]5 . afFs] lhNnf ;a}txx¿df 5fqj[lQsf]kof{Kt Joj:yf ul/g]5
g] kfnuGh lgjf;L ljleGg ;fdflhs tyf dfgj elgPsf]5 /oL clwsf/Lx¿sf]k"0f{ k|flKtsf]nflu
clwsf/ jfbL ;+3 ;+: yfx¿df cfj4 / x]
sf lzIff o;sf kIf /fi6«x¿n] cfkm\gf] z}lIfs cj:yfdf
k|]dL tyf cleefjs ;d]t /x]sf]n] lzIff ;DaGwL lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ug]{5g\Æ (The state parties to the
xs tyf sfg"gL xs k|lt rf;f]b]vfP/;fj{hlgs present covenant recognize that with a view to
;/fs] f/sf] ljifodf d'ns ' L P]g, cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] achieving the full realization of this right, primary
dxnsf]!) g+= cGtu{t cbfntsf]cg'dlt lnP/ education shall be compulsory and available free
k|:t't lgj]bg kq bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . to all, secondary education shall be available and
!%= g] kfnsf]cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]wf/ f !# accessible to all be every………..) elgPsf]5 .
cGtu{t ;dfgtfsf] xssf] Uof/]G6L ub}{ ;a} !*= afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;GwL (Convention on the
gful/s sfg"gsf]b[li6df ;dfg x'g5 ] g\ . s;}nfO{ Right of the Child {CRC}), !(*( sf]wf/
f @* n]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 81
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 lzIffsf]dxTjnfO{ bzf{pbF } k|fylds lzIff clgjfo{ / ;DaGwdf ;+:y  fut ljBfno dfkb08 tyf ;+rfng
lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] (Mare primary education lgb]
{lzsf, @)%( df lj: t[t ?kdf Joj: yf ub}{
compulsory and available free to all) elgPsf]5 . lgb]{
lzsfsf]kl/ R5]b ^ df æ5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL
To:t} lzIffsf] dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;a}sf] nflu Joj:yfÆ cGtu{tM–
lzIff ljZj JofkL 3f]if0ff (Worlds Declaration on ^=! ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿n]k|To]s sIffdf k|yd /
Education for All) !((), yfO{Nof08df ;DkGg ljZj låtLo x'g]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ qmdzM ;tk|ltzt
;Dd]n gaf6 hf/ L ePsf]kfOG5 . o;kl5 klg /krf; k|ltzt z'Ns ldgfx u/L h]x]Gbf/
;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmdsf]kx'Fraf6 y'k|}b]zsf 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg'k5{,
gful/sx¿ al~rt /xs ] f] b]lvPsf] sf/0f ;g\ @))) ^=@ ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿n]s'n ljBfyL{ ;+Vofsf]
df ;]g]unsf] 8fsf/df ;DkGg ljZj ;Dd]ngaf6 slDtdf bz k|ltztdf g36fO{ h] x]
Gbf/ ,
Dakar Declaration on Education for All 2000 sf] ljkGg, c;xfo tyf u/ La ckfË, dlxnf,
3f]if0ff ul/Psf]kfOG5 . o;n];g\ @)!% leqdf blnt, hghftL, åGå kLl8t /;lxb
;a}s  f nflu lzIffsf]kx'Fr k'¥ofpg]k|ltj4tf hgfO{ kl/jf/sf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfj]zL cfwf/df
o;sf nflu lj:t[t of]h  gf tof/kf/L sfo{qmdx¿ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5,
;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . oL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ug]{ ^=# 5fqj[lQ sf] 6fsf nflu ljBfnon]ljBfyL{
kIf /fi6«x¿n]oL dxf;GwLx¿df k|ltj4tf hgfPsf egf{ ;Fu}5fqj[lQsf nflu ;"rgf k|sfzg
clwsf/Lx¿ cfkm\gf]/fi6«df k|bfg ug'{kg]{bfloTj ug'{kg]{5 . o;/L lgj]bg lbg] ljBfyL{x¿n]
/xG5 . oxL bfloTj k"/f ug{ g]kfnn]klg ;a}sf k/LIff nufotsf k|s[of k"/f u/L 5fqj[lQdf
nflu lzIfff sfof{qmd cGtu{t ljleGg pkfox¿ egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{ 5gf}6 ug'k{ g]5
{ , pQm k|so[ fdf
cjnDjg ub}{lzIffsf]clwsf/sfof{Gjogsf]k|of; ;dfj]z eO{ 5gf}6df k/]sf dWo] lhNnf
gul//x]sf] kfOG5 . ;a}s  f nflu lzIffsf] kx'Fr 5fqj[lQ a}+s  df #$ k|ltzt sf]6f 5'6\6ofO{
k'¥ofpg]Pp6f pkfosf]?kdf 5fqj[lQnfO{ lnPsf] ljBfnon]^^ k|ltzt sf] 6fsf nflu dfq
b]
lvG5 . of]lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/ fpg] 5fqj[lQdf ljBfyL{ egf{ ug'{kg]{5 .
;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 dfq} ge} lghL z}lIfs ^=^ ljBfnon] 5fqj[lQ kfpg] ljBfyL{x¿sf]
;++:yfx¿nfO{ klg lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . gfdfjnL z} lIfs ;q ;'? ePsf]bf] ; | f ]
!(= xfd|f]sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]b f{ lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] dlxgfsf]  d;fGt leqdf lhNnf lzIff
bkmf -`_ df æ;+:yfut ljBfnon]ljBfnodf egf{ sfof{nodf k]z ug'{sf ;fy}cleefjs tyf
ePsf s'n ljBfyL{ ;+:yfsf]sDtLdf bz k|ltztdf ljBfyL{sf]hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljBfnosf];"rgf
g36\g]u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd ljkGg, ckfË, dlxnf, kf6Ldf 6fF; ul/Psf]x'g'kg]{5 .
blnt jf hghflt ljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQ ^=* lhNnf lzIff sfof{no /ljBfno juL{s/0f
pknAw u/ fpg' kg] {5 . o: tf]5fqj[lQ pknAw tyf z' N s cg' u dg ;ldltn]  5fqj[ l Q
u/ fpg ljBfyL{ 5gf} 6 ug{ k|To] s ljBfnodf ljj/ 0f eP gePsf]cg'udg ug] { 5g\ .
ljBfnosf]k|wfgfWofks, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] tf]l sP cg' ; f/ 5fqj[ l Q ljt/0 f gug]{
k|ltlglw / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf /x]sf] ljBfnonfO{ lgodfg';f/sf] sf/jfxL ug'{sf
cleefjssf] k|ltlglw /x]sf] Ps 5fqj[lQ 5gf}6 ;fy} ;/sf/L tj/af6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwf
;ldlt /xg]5Æ eGg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg /xs ] f] b]lvG5 . /;x'lnotaf6 al~rt ul/g]5 .
lzIff ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"tL lbg] p2]Zon] ^=!) 5fqj[lQsf nflu lhNnf lzIff sfof{no /
ul/Psf]of]5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf ;+:y  fut lzIff ljefun];d]t ljBfnodf lgj]b g lbg
ljBfnox¿n] tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf tf]lsPsf] lglZrt ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{5g\ . ljBfnon]cfkm\gf]
ju{sf 5fq 5fqfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ sf]6fdf 5gf}6 ePsf jfx]s  cGo 5fqj[lQsf
:ki6 sfg"gL bfloTj tf]lsPsf]kfOG5 /of]bfloTj nflu of] Uo pDd] bjf/ x¿nfO{ lhNnf lzIff
k"/f u/] gu/]sf] x]g'{kg]{ st{Jo lzIff lgodfjnL, sfof{nosf]5fqj[lQ a}+ssf nflu l;kmfl/;
@)%( n];DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ u/L k7fpg]5 .
tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . ^=!! lhNnf lzIff sfof{non]5fqj[lQ pk;ldltsf]
@)= ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿åf/f k|bfg ul/g] o:tf] 5fqj[lQ l;kmfl/;df 5fqj[lQ kfpg] ljBfyL{x¿sf]
nlIft ju{;Dd k'¥ofpFbf ckgfpg'kg]{sfo{ljlwsf] of]
Uotf qmdsf cfwf/ df lhNnf leqsf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

82 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df tf]lsPsf] 5fqj[lQ /lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]lvt k|fjwfg adf]lhd t'?Gt
sf]6fdf ljBfyL{ egf{sf nlfu k7fpg]5, eGg] 5fqj[lQ lbg]Joj: yf ug{ ;fy}o; ;DaGwdf
k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . lgoldt ?kdf ljBfnox¿sf]cg'udg /lgodg
@!= afFs]lhNnf leq hDdf !%! j6f ;+: yfut ug'{ egL lgj]bsx¿sf]lgj]bg dfu bfjL adf]lhd
ljBfnox¿ ;+rfngdf / x5
]g\ eGg]s'/
f ldl;n ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
;fy ;+nUg /xs ] f]lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, afFsn ] ] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
pknAw u/fPsf];+:y  fut ljBfno ljj/0f @)&!
Aff6 cjut x'g cfpF5 . 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fP tkl;n v08
gu/fPsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L x]bf{, ;DalGwt  dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvP adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf]
ljBfno;Fu gfdfjnL dfu ul/ Psf]5 /s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] of] cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em]
ljBfnon] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg u/]g eg]/ ph'/ ug{ >L ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf k'g/ fj] bg ug'{ hg" egL
cfPsf] 5}g . ph'[/L k/]df sf/jfxL x'G5 egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg'=====================================!
lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf] b]lvPaf6 afFs] lhNnfdf of]  ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfb]zsf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf
5fqj[lQ ;DaGwL k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog gePsf]eGg] lgodfg';f/ul/;Ssn lbg'=========================================================@
b]lvg cfof]  . lzIff P]g , lgodfjnL tyf ;+:y  fut  bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf
ljBfno ;+rfng lgb] {lzsf, @)^( sf]sfg"gL a'emfO{ lbg"=================================================================================================================#
k|fjwfg cg'?k ;+: yfut ljBfnox¿df 5fqj[lQ
k|bfg ug{ 5fqj[lQ ;ldltsf]oyfl;3| u7g u/L -od'gf e§/fO{_
u/fO{ 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fpg' eGg]cfb]z hf/L u/L GofofwLz
kfpF eGg]lgj]bg dfu bfjL ePsf]df lzIff P]g / pQm cfb]z
 df d ;xdt 5' .
lgodfjnLsf]of]k|fjwfg nfu" eP gePsf]cg'udg -/fds[i0f vgfn_
ug]{, gePsf] cj:yfdf sfof{Gjog u/fpg] clwsf/ GofofwLz
/st{Jo sfg"gn]lhNnf zlIff sfof{nonfO{
tf]lsPsf]b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljifodf lhNnf lzIff km};nf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
sfof{no, afFs]sf]tkm{af6 kxn ePsf]b]lvPg . zfvf clws[tM uDeL//fgf du/
To;}n]lzIff P]g, @)@* sf]bkmf !^-`_ adf]lhd s=c=zlQm 7fs'/
cfkm\gf]sfo{If]q leqsf ;+: yfut ljBfnox¿df
oyfl;3| 5fqj[lQ ;ldlt u7g ug{ nufO{ lgodfjnL Olt ;Djt\ @)&! kf}if )@ ut]/f]h $ z'ed\=============================== .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 83
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ad s'df/>]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L jL/axfb'/8fFuL

cfb]z
)&@–wo–))@&
d'2f /lhi6«z
] g g+= !#–)&@–))@@%
lg=g+= ##@

d'2fM lgif]wf1f, k/dfb]z .

5]bL /fd ltjf/Lsf]5f]/f lhNnf afFs]s6s'Oof uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ s6s'Oof ufpF a:g]/fd zf]x/t
ltjf/L -h]i7 gful/s_=============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf afFs] g]kfnuGh pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ jfu]Zj/L 6f]n a:g] /fdcf}tf/ u'Ktfsf] kTgL
d'GgL b]jL ag]gL -h]i7 gful/s_=========================================================================================================================================================================================================== ! lgj]bs
lj?4
oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, afFs]-d'sfd oftfoft tyf Joj:yf sfof{no, e]/L c~rn g]kfnuGh,
afFs]===================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, alb{of=======================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]=====================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf sfo{no k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L=====================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, afFs]============================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v=================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
oftfoft tyf Joj:yf sfof{no, e]/L c~rn g]kfnu+h afFs]============================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v======================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of===============================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L===================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, alb{of=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]=P]= sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v=================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
>L If]qLo 6«flkms sfof{no, k|x/L sfof{no, sf]xnk'/===============================================================================================================================================!
>L lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L afFs]g]kfnuGh======================================================================================================================================================================================!
>L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no, afFs]===============================================================================================================================================================================!
>L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no, alb{of==========================================================================================================================================================================!
>L lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{no, alb{of=====================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} tYo v08
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt d lgj] bs nufot ;a}h]i7 gful/ sx¿ ;jf/ L
tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5M oftfoftsf pkef]Qmf xf}+ . k|fozM b}lgs ?kdf x'g]
u/]sf] ;jf/L ;fwg h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

84 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 afFRg kfpg]xsclwsf/sf];+/If0f ug{ /oftfoft lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t dfu u/s ] f] ;Gbe{df
;]jfdf h]i7 gful/ssf]xsnfO{ ;'ne, ;/n, ;xh, ljrf/ubf{ o; cbfntsf];+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
;'b9[ , ;Ifd /;]jf d"ns agfpg'kg]{ljifo ;fd'lxs o:t} k+|s[ltsf] )&!—wo–))@* g+= sf];fj/ L
xs lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]  . h]i7 gful/s tyf oftfoft Joj:yf P]g, @)$( sf]k|fjwfgsf]
;DalGw P]g df ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgdf ;DalGwt k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ lgif]wf1f k/dfb]z d'2fdf
;jf/L wgL jf ;~rfngn]h]i7 gful/ssf]nflu ldlt @)&!÷(÷@ df k/dfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvPsf]
sDtLdf b'O{j6f ;L6 ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ /lghnfO{ ;Gbe{nfO{ dWogh//flv h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL
ofq' ef8fb/ df sDtLdf krf; k|lzt 5'6 lbg' P]g, @)^# adf]lhdsf h]i7 gful/snfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf]
kg]{5 egL sfg"gdf /x]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ bkmf ( adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf kl/kfngf u/L u/fO{
Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L 9uaf6 nfu" x'g ;s]sf]5}g ;'ljwf / ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ u/fpg] k|of]hgfy{ of]
ctM pQm ;'ljwf h]i7 gful/sx¿n] kfO/x]sf lgj]bgsf] 6'Ëf] gnfUbf;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu klg
5g\ . k|To]s  ;jf/L ;fwgdf ;L6 5'§ofPsf]x'Fbg} ;'ljwf /;Gt'ngsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 oL lgj]bsx¿
gtM 5'6 /;'ljwf kfO / x]
sf 5g\ . To;} u/
L ;d]tsf] xs clwsf/ k|rngsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu
ofq' ;d]tsf];"rL /dGtJo tflnsfsf]ljj/ 0f cfjZos Joj:yf ug',{ u/fpg' egL o; cbfntaf6
6fF:g] jf hfgsf/L u/fpg] ul/Psf] ;d]t 5}g . cfjZos /pko'Qm cfb]z  lbg dgf;Lj Pj+
t;y{, k|To]s  ;fj{hlgs ;jf/ L ;fwgdf @ j6f lgj]bsx¿sf] xsdf ;d]t a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] l:ylt
l;6 clgjfo{ ?kdf h]i7 gful/ssf]nflu n]lv klg b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodffjnL
5'6\ofpg', ;f]l;6df h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ dfq a:g' -;+zf] wg ;lxt_, @)$* sf]lgod ## s -!_
lbg' /;f]cg'udg ug'{, ;f]l;6df ofqf ug]{h]i7 adf]lhd cfjZos pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf]
gful/snfO{ ef8f b/df %) k|ltzt clgjfo{ ?kdf 5 . of]cfb]zsf]hfgsf/L cljnDa ljkIfLx¿nfO{
l6s6 sf6L 5'6 lbg', sfg"gåf/f cf/lIft l;6x¿ lbg' egL o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&@÷)%÷!^ df
;jf/ L ;fwgdf clgjfo{ ?kdf ;'/lIft / fVg', ePsf] cfb]z .
/fVg nufpg', ;f]sf];"rgf 6fF; ug'{, u/ fpg' #= o;df ljkIfL dWo]s  f oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,
egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L e]/Ln]lbPsf]lnlvt hjfkmdf ldlt @)&@÷)$÷!#
u/L oftfoft ;+rfngsf] qmddf eO/x]sf u}/sfg"gL sf]oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]lg0f{ofg';f/o;
s[ofsnfk /f]Sg / ;Defljt h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] c~rnaf6 ;~rfng x'g]k|To]s ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L
clwsf//f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fsf]nflu cfjZos ;fwgdf Ho]i7 gful/ ssf nflu cf/ If0f l;6
/pko'Qm Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' egL oL ljkIfLx¿sf Joj:yf ug{ ;a}oftfoft Joj;foLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxtsf]lgif]wf1f nufot u/ fO{ ;f]sf]sfof{Gjog z'? e};s]s f]egL
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfcf}+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pNn]v u/]sf]n] pQm ldlt @)&@÷)$÷!# sf] lg0f{o
/fd zf]x/t ltjf/L ;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bg kq . sfof{Gjog ug{ s]s:tf]sfd sf/jfxL ul/Psf]5,
@= o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg ;f]sf]hfgsf/L ;lxt pQm ldlt @)&@÷)$÷!# sf]
dfu adf]lhd lgif]wf1f k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg lg0f{osf]k|ltlnkL ;d]t pQm ;ldltaf6 lemsfO{
hf/L x'g' gkg]{xf] < cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{s'g} cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntaf6
cfwf/ , sf/0f /k|df0f eP ;f];d] t pNn] v ldlt @)&@÷!)÷@) df ePsf]cfb]z .
u/L jf6fsf]Dofb jfx]s !% -kGw|_ lbgleq >L $= ldlt @)&@÷$÷!# sf]oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, g]kfnu~h lg0f{ofg';f/o; c~rnaf6 ;+rfng x'g]k|To]s 
dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL k|:t't cfb]z ;fj{ h lgs ;jf/ L ;fwgdf h]  i 7 gful/ s sf
/ lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿sf] nflu cf/ If0f l;6 Joj: yf ug{ ;a}oftfoft
gfddf ;"rgf Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm k/] Joj;foLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;f]sf]sfof{Gjog
jf kg]{cjlw Joltt ePkl5 h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL ;'? ;s]sf]x'gfn]o; ljifodf cGtl/d ;lxtsf]
P]g, @)^# sf]bkmf !) adf]lhd k|:t't d'2fnfO{ lgif]wf1f hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/h
]
cbfntn]k|fyldstf lbO{ sf/jfxL /lsgf/f ug'{ efuL 5 . vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
kg] { x'Fbf k'g/
fj]bg cbfnt lgodjnL -;+zf] wg oftfoft sfof{no, e]/ L /oftfoft Joj: yfkg
;lxt_, @)$* sf]lgod %! -#_ -u !_ cg';f/ ;ldlt, e]/L, lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L sfof{no, afFs],
cu|flwsf/;d]t lbO{ lgodfg';f/k]z ug'{ xf]n f . If]qLo 6«flkms k|x/L sfof{no, sf]xnk'/, afFs]sf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 85
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 Ps}ldnfgsf]k[ys lnlvt hjfkm . o; sfof{nosf] gfpFdf lgif]wf1f / k/dfb]zsf]
%= o; lhNnfdf /x]sf ljleGg oftfoft ;ldltx¿;Fu cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ xf]Og\ . vf/h
] efuL 5 . vf/h
]
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;do u/L kfpF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]>L lhNnf 6«flkms
;dodf 5nkmn u/L ;jf/L ;+rfng, Joj:yfkg, sfof{no k|x/L, alb{of, >L lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no,
kfls{Ë nufotsf]ljifodf lg0f{ox¿ u/L sfof{Gjog alb{of /P]= sfof{nosf k|d'vsf]Ps}ldnfgsf]
ug]{ul/Psf], o; lhNnfsf]d'Vo a;kfs{sf]?kdf k[ys lnlvt hjfkm .
/x]sf] g]kfnu+h tyf sf]xnxk'/ a;kfs{ Pl/ofdf *= e]/L c~rn oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3 g]kfnu+hsf]r=g=+
rf}lj;} 306f k|x/L l8p6L t}gfy u/L ;jf/L !&! ldlt @)&@÷)^÷)& ut]s  f]kqaf6 lbjf tyf
cfjfudg tyf k|Tofudgsf]Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]5 . /fqL ;]jfsf a;x¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgodfg';f/
l/6 lgj]bsn] em'§f Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L l/6 lhls/ dlxnf, ckfË /h]i7 gful/ ssf]nflu cnu
u/]sf]n] vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Jojxf]/fsf] l;6 u/L lgodfg';f/;x'lnot ef8f b/df l6s6
lhNnf k|x/ L sfof{no, afFs]/P]= sfof{nosf] lbg] u/]sf] eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf] x'Fbf
k||d'vsf];+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bsn] dfu bfjL lnPsf] Joxf]/f em'§f b]lvPsf]n]
^= l/6 lgj]bs nf]s axfb'/zfx ;d]t ljkIfL o; l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5 . vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
sfof{no ;d]t ePsf]lgif]wf1f k/dfb]z d'2f )&!– ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs] /
wo–))@* sf]lnlvt hjfkm k]z ubf{ of]sfof{non] P]
= sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt
lhNnf oftfoft Joj: yf ;ldltsf]dfWodaf6 hjfkm .
oftfoft ;]j fnfO{ ;/n, ;'b[9 /;]jfd'ns agfpg]
sfd e}/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/L hfx]/ ul/Psf] cfb]z v08
xf] . pQm d'2fsf]lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf nflu o; (= lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf cfhsf]b}lgs k]zL
sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)&!÷!)÷!$ df lhNnf k|x/L ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z  x'g cfPsf]
sfof{no, alb{of, lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{no, alb{of k|:t't lgif]wf1f, k/dfb]z d'2fdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6
/s[i0f;f/oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3, u'nl/ ofnfO{ pkl: yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg al/ i7 clwjQmf >L
km}
;nfsf]k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb] {zg lbO{ OGb|hLt ltjf/L /ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L ;'lgn
;lsPsf]5 . sfof{Gjog ug{ k|ToTg/t ePs}x'Fbf >]i7, >L nf]saxfb'/zfx, >L ljZjhLt ltjf/L, >L
lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5 . vf/]h k|efs/e§/fO{, >L /fhs'df/lblIft, >L anaxfb'/
u/ L kfpF eGg];d] t Jojxf/ sf]lhNnf k|zf;g rGb />L s] anl;+x yf?n]/ljkIfL lhNnf
sfof{no, alb{of /P]=sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs];d]tsf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt
;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm . x'g'ePsf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no,
&= o; sfof{nosf]j8f Pl/of cGtu{t rNg]ofq'jfxs g]kfnuGhsf ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb
;jf/ L ;fwgx¿sf]b} lgs ?kdf r] s hfFr ug] {, hf]zLn] ug'{ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof]  .
h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] nflu k|To]s ;jf/L ;fwgx¿df !)= lgj]bs tkm{sf ljåfgx¿n] h]i7 gful/sx¿sf]
b'O{ j6f l;6 5'§fpg nufpg]tkm{ kxn ul/ +b} clwsf/sf] xggsf] ;DefJo sf/0fx¿nfO{ /f]syfd
cfPsf]/h] i7 gful/ sx¿sf]nflu %) k|ltzt u/L h]i7 gful/sx¿sf];Ddfgk"js { afFRg kfpg]xs
ef8fdf ;d]t 5'6sf]Joj:yf ug{sf]nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ / oftfoft ;]jfnfO{ ;/n,
h]i7 gful/sn] cfkm\gf] pd]/ v'Ng] kl/rokq NofO{ ;'b[9, ;Ifd /;]jfd"ns agfpg'kg]{ljifo ;fd"lxs
cfPsf]v08df ef8fdf ;d]t lgod cg';f/5'6sf] xs lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs
Joj:yf eO/x]sf] / ;f] ;DaGwdff xfn;Dd s'g} ;jf/L ;fwgdf @ j6f l;6 clgjfo{ ?kdf h]i7
hgu'gf;f];d]t gcfPsf]/o; sfof{noaf6 ;do gful/ssf]nflu n]lv 5'6\ofpg', ef8f b/df %)
;dodf cg'udg u/ L h]
i7 gful/ sx¿sf]nflu k|ltzt clgjfo{ ?kdf l6s6 sf6\bf 5'6 lbg'
cf/If0f l;6 /ef8fdf 5'6 ;DaGwL ;DalGwt uf8L egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
;fx' tyf ;ldltn] sfof{Gjog u/] gu/]sf] tkm{ u/L h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] clwsf/ xggsf] /f]syfd
r]s hfFr ug]{ul/Psf], ;do ;dodf cGt/s[of, tyf lgoGq0fsf]nflu cfjZos /pko'Qm Joj:yf
uf]i7L h: tf sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t\ ;DalGwt a; ug'{ u/fpg' egL lgif]wf1f nufot pko'Qm cfb]z
;+rfnsx¿nfO{ ;r]tgf u/fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . l/6 ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf hf/L x'g'k5{ egL tyf ljkIfL
lgj]bssf] Joxf]/f skf]slNkt / lg/fwf/ ePsf]n] tkm{sf ljåfgn]ldlt @)&@÷$÷!# sf]oftfoft

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

86 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ e]/L c~rnaf6 ;L6sf]Joj:yf clgjfo{ ?kn]nfu" ug]{egL lg0f{o
;~rfng x'g]k|To] s ;fj{hlgs ;jf/ L ;fwgdf u/]sf]af6 tf]s]sf] lsl;dsf] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L
h]i7 gful/ssf nflu cf/If0f l;6 Joj:yf ug{ ;fwgsf]PsLgsf ;DaGwdf c? s'/ fsf]ljrf/
;a}oftfoft Joj;foLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;f] u/L /fVg'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvPsf] / cfjZos eP
sf]sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf]/;f]sfo{ sfof{Gjog eO ;f] s'/f oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;/f]sf/sf]
/x]sf] jf eO g/x]sf] egL ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfon] s'/f b]lv+bf tf]s]sf] lsl;dsf] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L
;d]t lg/Gt/ cg'udg ul//x]sf] ljkIfL l/6 ;fwg s}s'/ fnfO{ lnP/;f]ljifo d}cndlnO{
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] adf]lhdsf] lgif]wf1f, k/dfb]zsf] h]i7 gful/sn] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] s'/fnfO{ s'l07t
cfb] z hf/ L x'g'kg] { xf]
Og\ egL cf–cfkm\gf]ax; agfpg dgfl;j x'g]gb]lv+bf ljkIfL sfof{nox¿sf]
k|:t't ug'{eof]  . tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;x GofofwLjQmfn]ax;sf]
!!= lgj]bs /ljkIfL tkm{sf ljåfgx¿n]k|: t't ug'{ qmddf p7fpg' ePsf];f]s'/f;Fu ;xdt x'g] l:ylt
ePsf] pNn]lvt ax; ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L b]lvPg .
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ !%= h]i7 gful/ssf] lalzi6 / dof{lbt x}l;otnfO{
xf] xf]Og\ < ;f]xL s'/fsf] k|:t't ldl;ndf lg0f{o cfTd;ft u/L sfg"gdf 5'6 /;'ljwfsf]Joj:yf
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]  . ul/Psf] / To;sf] d'n p2]Zo eg]sf] h]i7
!@= o;df h]i7 gful/ssf] x}l;otn] sfg"gåf/f k|fKt gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{
ug'{kg]{ ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ul/of] eGg] g} lgj]bssf] g}xf] . cfh}ax;sf]l;nl;ndf ljåfg al/ i7
dfusf] d'Vo ;f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clwjQmfHo"n] h]i7 gful/ssf] x}l;otn] kfpg'kg]{
!#= o; ;DaGwdf ePsf]sfg"gL Joj: yfnfO{ x]
bf{, ;'ljwf cfkm" ;d]t n]gkfPsf]eGb}ljleGg ldltsf
h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf]bkmf (-!_ a;sf]l6s6 k]z ug'{eof] . olb ;'ljwf /5'6sf]
df æ;fj{hlgs ;jf/ L ;fwg, ;fj{hlgs sfo{, sfof{Gjog sfg"gdf dfq l;ldt x'g]Jojxf/ df
:jf:Yo ;]j f, wfld{s tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf h]i7 To;sf] sfof{Gjog gx'g] xf] eg] P]gn] lnPsf] h]i7
gful/snfO{ cfjZos ;]jf, ;'ljwf /;xof]u k|bfg gful/ssf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug]{ p2]Zodf
ug'{ u/fpg' ;a}s  f] st{jo x'g]5 .Æ eGg] Joj:yf k|lts'n c;/kg]{e}h]i7 gful/ssf]h'g dof{lbt
ePsf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf (-@_df æg]kfn ;/sf/n] x}l;ot xf] . To;df ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kg{
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] lsl;dsf] hfG5 . h'g P]gsf] p2]Zo;Fu d]n vfb}g . To;}n]
;fj{hlgs ;jf/ L ;fwgdf ;DalGwt ;jf/ L wgL h]i7 gful/s ePsf] b]lvg] cflwsfl/s k|df0fnfO{
jf ;~rfnsn]Ho] i7 gful/ ssf]nflu slDtdf cfwf/dfgL h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf]
b'O{j6f ;L6 ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 /lghnfO{ ofq' bkmf ( -@_ åf/f k|bfg ul/Psf]5'6 /;'ljwfaf6
ef8fb/df sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt 5'6 lbg' kg]{5 .Æ lghx¿nfO{ al~rt gug'{ gu/fpg' egL dfu adf]lhd
eGg]Joj:yf ePsf]kfOG5 . ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf lgif]wf1f hf/L ug'{ kg]{cj:yfsf]
!$= h'g Joj:yfaf6 h]i7 gful/snfO{ cfjZos ;]jf ljBdfgtf x'Fbf lgif]wf1f h/L ul/lbPsf]5 .
;'ljwf /;xof]u k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' ;a}sf]st{Jo !^= ca, k/dfb]zsf] dfusf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{,
x'g]/;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgdf ;DalGwt ;jf/L ljkIfL dWo]s f]oftfoft Joj: yf ;ldltn]ldlt
wgL jf ;+rfnsn]h]i7 gful/ssf]nflu slDtdf @)&@÷$÷!# df h]i7 gful/s ;d]t sf nflu cf/If0f
b'O{ j6f ;L6 ;'/lIft / fVg'kg]
{ /ef8f b/ df ;L6sf]Joj:yf ug]{egL lg0f{o u/]klg ;f]lg0f{o
slDtdf krf; k|ltzt 5'6 lbg'kg]{s'/f :ki6 g} Jojxf/df nfu" ePsf]5}g eGg]s'/f cfkm" ;'ljwfaf6
5 . hxfF;Dd ax;sf]qmddf P]gsf]bkmf (-@_ al~rt x'g' k/s ] f] eGb} k|:tt' ePsf] ljleGg ldltsf]
df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] a;sf]l6s6af6 b]lv+bf h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL P]g,
ldl;dsf] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgdf elgPsf]n] @)^# sf]bkmf (-@_ åf/f k|bQ 5'6 /;'ljwfnfO{
of]o: tf];jf/ L ;fwg egL clxn]g}5'6\ofpg k|efjsf/ L /kl/ 0ffdd'vL ?kdf Jojxf/ df nfu"
;lsg]cj: yf 5} g egL elgP klg klxnf]s'/f ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t
t ljkIfL dWo]s  f]oftfoft Joj: yfkg ;ldltsf] hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]n  ] lgj]bg dfu
ldlt @)&@÷$÷!# sf]a} 7saf6 o; c~rnaf6 adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L ug'{ kg]{
;+rfng x'g];Dk"0f{ ofq'jfxs ;jf/ L ;fwgx¿n] b]lvof]  .
dlxnf, ckfË /h]i7 gful/sx¿sf]nflu cf/If0f !&= ctM dfly pNn]v e}ljj]rgf ;d]t ePsf]cfwf/

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 87
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]taf6 h]i7 gful/s ;DaGwL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] of] cfb]zdf
P]g, @)^# sf]bkmf (-@_ åf/f h]i7 gful/snfO{ lrQ ga'em]>L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/ fj]bg ug{
k|bfg ul/Psf];'ljwf /5'6 pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt hfg' egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ P]gsf Dofb #% -k}tL;_
gug'{ /gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf lgif]wf1f lbg] k'g/fj]bg Dofb lbg"=====================================================================!
hf/L x'g] / ;f] ;'ljwfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL  ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfb]zsf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf
agfpg sf]—s;;Fu s]—s:tf] ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgodfg';f/u/L gSsn lbg'==========================================================@
lgjf{x ug'{kg] { xf];f];d]t cjnDag u/ L h]
i7  bfo/Lsf]nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf
gful/snfO{ P]gn] lbPsf] 5'6 / ;'ljwf lbg] a'emfO{ lbg"=================================================================================================================#
lbnfpg]sfo{ ug'{ egL k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g]
7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ . -ads'df/ >]i7_
d'Vo GofofwLz
tkl;n pk/f]Qm cfb]z
 df d ;xdt 5' .
 dfly cfb]z v08df n]lvP adf]lhd h]i7 gful/s -jL/axfb'/ 8fFuL_
;DaGwL P] g, @)^# sf]bkmf (-@_ åf/ f h] i7 GofofwLz
gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf];'ljwf /5'6 pkef]u
ug{af6 al~rt gug'{ /gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{
gfddf lgif] wf1f hf/ L x'g]/;f];'ljwfnfO{ Ohnf; clws[tM >L ;'dg kf08]
k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg sf]–s;;Fu s=c= >L zlQm 7fs'/
s]–s:tf] ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ xf]
;f] ;d]t canDag u/L h]i7 gful/snfO{ P]gn] Olt ;Djt\ @)&@ r}t !& ut]/f]h $ z'ed\============================= .
lbPsf 5'6 /;'ljwf lbg]lbnfpg]sfo{ ug'{ egL

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

88 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt g]kfnu~h
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo d'Vo GofofwLz >L adaxfb'/>]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L od'gf e§/fO{

cfb]z
)&!–wo–))%*
d'2f /lhi6«]zg g+= !#–)&!–))^#)
lg0f{o g+= ^#)

d'2fM lgif]wf1f÷k/dfb]z .

leVv' yf?sf]5f]/f lhNnf alb{of d}gfkf]v/uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g]clwjQmf 7fs'/l;+x yf?==============!
dlxnf sfg"g /ljsf; d~r (FWLD) sf]tkm{af6 tyf cfkm\gf]xsdf ;d]t lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ a:g]clwjQmf ;'lgn >]i7==================================================================================================================================!
dfgj clwsf/tyf ;"rgf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (IHRC) afFs]sf]cWoIf P]= j8f g+=!^ a:g]clwjQmf
nf]j axfb'/zfx========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= !
P]=P]= j8f g+= @$ a:g]clwjQmf anaxfb'/rGb===================================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs 
lj?4
>L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no alb{of=====================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ==========================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no, alb{of ==============================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ===================================================================================================================================================================================!
;f]/xjf uf=lj=;= sf]sfof{no, alb{of=================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nodf sfo{/t uf=lj=;= ;lrj ============================================================================================================================================================================================!
d}gfkf]v  / uf=lj=;= sf] sfof{no ==============================================================================================================================================================================================================!
P]= sfof{nosf uf=lj=;= ;lrj ===================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
a9}oftfn df3L, s[lif tyf ko{6g dxf]T;j d"n cfof]h  s ;ldlt, a9}oftfn, alb{of =================================================!
an/fd e';fnsf]5f]/f lhNnf alb{of ;f}/xjf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g]7]= 5fofbQ e"iffn =================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . a9}of tfn l;d;f/ If]q ;d]t
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt xf]  . o; tfndf /}yfg] ;fOj]/Lof ef/t nufotsf
tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5 . b]zaf6 xhf/f}+ r/f r'?ËLx¿ df};dL ?kdf cfpg]
u/s] f 5g\ . o; l;d;f/sf] /fg} stf r/fn] a9fPsf]
tYo v08 5 . To;}u/L o; tfndf ;oeGbf a9L k|hfltsf
!= alb{of lhNnf ;f]/xjf uf=lj=;= / d}gfkf]v
 / uf=lj=;= df5f tyf cGo hLj klg kfOG5 . ;du|df a9}o f
cGtu{t k|flrt a9}o f tfn /xs ] f]5 . o; tfnsf] tfn P] ltxfl;s wfld{s k|fs[lts ;f+: s[lts
If]qkmn sl/a ! ;o ( laufx $ s¶f ;f9];q ko{6sLo / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t
w'/cyf{t\ ^# x]S6//x]sf]5 . a9}of tfn dWo dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] / jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t
klZrdf~rn If]q s}7"nf]k|fs[lts tfn xf] . pQm of];+/lIft If]q xf] . tfndf yf? ;d'bfosf]s'n
tfn yf? ;d'bfosf] wfld{s cf:yfsf] w/f]x/sf] b]ptfsf] jf;:yfg /x]sf] eGg] k|frLg / wfld{s

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 89
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 dfGotf / x]
sf]5 . tfndf k: g'eGbf cl3 k'hf klg ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]5 . a9}o f tfn kl/;/df
ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . tfnleq kmf]x/ kmfNg kfOb}+g . dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug{sf nflu tfnsf]k"j{ tkm{sf]
dlxgfjf/L ePsf a]n  f dlxnfx¿ tfndf k:bg} g\ . s]xL efusf]kfgL ;'sfO{ ToxfF /xs ] f]afFw eTsfP/
tfnleq sk8f w'g ef8f dfem\g gkfpg]k/Dk/f dxf]T;jdf cfpg hfgsf]nflu ;8s af6f]lgdf{0f
5 . pQm tfnnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . dxf]T;jdf cfpg
wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ko{6sLo If]qsf] ?kdf lj:tf/ hfgsf]nflu ;8s af6f]lgdf{0f ug]{u/fpg]sfo{
ug]{ljleGg k|of;x¿ eO/xs ] f 5g\ . cfGtl/s tyf eO/x]sf] 5 . dxf]T;j :yndf Jofkf/ k|of]hgfy{
jfx\o ko{6sLo :ynsf]nflu a9}of tfn pbfx/0fLo :6n /fVg] tof/L ;d]t eO/x]sf] 5 . a9}of tfn
If]q aGg ;Sg]ljljw cfwf/x¿ 5g\ . cflbjf;Lsf] kl/;/df dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug]{ tof/L eO/x]sf]
a:tL snf / ;+:s[ltn] of] l;d;f/ 3]l/Psf] 5 . / ;f] sfo{ g/f]lsg] xf] eg] P]ltxfl;s wfld{s Pj+
;DalGwt lgsfo /JolQmn]o; If]qsf]k|rf/k|;f/ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/
;+/If0f ;Da4{g u/] u/fPsf] v08df ;DalGwt kg{ hfg]x'G5 . s'g}klg dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug{sf]
ufpF uf=lj=;= lhNnf g}cfly{s pGglt /k|ult nflu : yfgLo k|zf;g lh=lj=;=, uf=lj=;= nufot
x'g;S5 . lgoldt ?kdf ;+/If0f Pj+ ;DalGwtsf] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ul/g] p2]Zo
plrt Joj: yf gePsf sf/ 0f a9}of tfnsf] /ljifo pNn]v  u/L k"j{ :jLs[lt /cg'dlt lng'kg]{
k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{tf 36\bf]qmddf 5 . ?v lj?jf x'G5 . a9}o f tfn df3L s[lif tyf ko{6g dxf]T;j
tyf km"nx¿ ;'Sg]qmd hf/L 5 . a9}of tfnsf] a9}of tfn kl/;df/ cfof]hgf ug{sf] nflu sf]xL
If]q ljleGg 7fpFaf6 cltqmd0f eO/ x]s
f]5 . s;}n]:jLs[lt jf cg'dlt lnP glnPsf];DaGwdf
To; If]qsf]jftfj/0f k|b"lift ePsf sf/0f df};  dL ljkIfL lgsfox¿;Fu a9}of tfnsf] kl/;/df dxf]T;j
?kdf cfpg] r/fr'?ËLdf ;d]t sdL eO/x]sf] ug{ kfpg] u/L a9}of tfnsf] kl/;/df dxf]T;j ug{
5 . k|fs[lts tfnnfO{ df5f kfng /laqmLsf] kfpg]u/L cfkm"x¿n]:jLs[lt Pj++ cg'dlt glbPsf]
lghL Pj++ Joj;flos tfn agfOPsf]5 . lhNnf egL df}lvs hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . wfld{s
ljsf; ;ldlt alb{ofn]df5f kfng /a]rlavg ug{ ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0faf6 k|lts"n
;d]t kfpg]u/L @)&) ;fn j}zfvb]lv @)&$ r}t c;/ kg]{ ePsf]]n] ;f] sfo{ /f]sL ;fj{hlgs ;DkQL
d;fGt;Ddsf]nflu ljkIfL 5fofbQ e';fnnfO{ ldlt /;Dkbfsf];+/If0f u/L u/fO{ kfpF egL lgj]bs
@)^(÷!!÷!( df 7]Ssfdf lbOPsf]5 . k|fs[lts dWo]s  f]d 7fs'/l;+x yf? ;d]t *) hgf :yfgLo
/h} ljs tfnnfO{ JolQmut df5fkfngsf]?kdf gful/ sn]ldlt @)&!÷(÷!# df b=g+= !*%! af6
k|of]u ug]{u/fPsf sf/0f Psftkm{ k|fs[lts tyf ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of /lh=lj=;=
h} ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfO/ x]
sf]5 eg]ToxfF df ljb]bg lbPsf lyof}+. ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g
/xs ] f df5f tyf hLjx¿ gi6 x'g]qmd hf/L 5 . sfof{no, alb{ofn]a9}o f tfn kl/;/leq dxf]T;j
7]Ssfdf g} lbg gldNg] a9}of tfnnfO{ u}/sfg"gL cfof]hgf gug{ egL dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ;ldlt /
?kdf hnr/;+/If0f P]g , @)!& /:yfgLo :jfoQ uf=lj=;= ;d]tnfO{ kqfrf/ u/]sf]df dxf]T;jsf]
zf;g P]g , @)%% sf]sfg"gL Joj:yf ljkl/t df5f ;Dk"0f{ tof/L eO/x]sf]n] s'g} klg xfntdf g/f]lsg]
kfng tyf dfg{sf]nflu 7]Ssfdf lbOPsf]/;f] /a9}of tfn kl/ ;/leq dxf]T;j ;DkGg ug]{
7]Ssfaf6 cfpg] /sd ;d]t ;f] tfnsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ hfgsf/L ljkIfL dxf]T;j cfof]h  s d'n ;ldltn]
ljsf;df gnufpg]ul/ Psf sf/ 0f ljkIfLx¿ ;f] u/ sf 5g\ . ;f]sf]tof/
] L ;d] t lta| ?kdf
k|fs[lts Pj++ wfld{s a9}of tfn clt ;Dj]bgzLn eO/xs] f] 5 . xfdL lgj]bs dxf]T;j lj/fw] L xf]Ogf}+ .
gePsf]k|i6 5 . a9}of tfnsf]k|rf/k|;f/ug]{ ljleGg dxf]T;jsf]cfof]hgf u/L cfkm\gf]ufpF 7fpF
gfddf s]xL :yfgLo JolQmx¿n]a9}of tfn df3L lhNnf /;du| b]z  sf]k|rf/k|;f//ljsf; ug'k{ 5{
s[lif tyf ko{6g dxf]T;j d"n cfof] hs ;ldlt eGg];d]t xfd|f dfGotf /xL cfPsf]5 . a9}of
u7g u/L a9}of tfn kl/;/df @)&! ;fn kf}if tfnsf]kl/;/eGbf aflx/dxf]T;j ;+rfng ug'{
@% ut]b]lv df3 ! ut];Dd dxf]T;jsf]cfof]hgf gu/fpg' xf];\ eGbf ljkIfLx¿n] xfd|f] s'/fsf] s'g}
ug] { u/fpg]lg0f{o u/L a|f]
;/kq klqsf tyf ;'g'jfO{ ug'{ ePsf]5}g . o;/ L lhNnf k|zf;g
;+rf/ dfWodaf6 k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] sfof{no alb{ofsf] kqfcg';f/ dxf]T;j cfof]hs
5 . dxf]T;j :yn a9}of tfn kl/;/df !%) j6f ;ldltn] a9}+of tfn kl/;/ leq dxf]T;j cfof]hgf
:6n /flv tyf Joj;fo ;d]t ;+rfng ul/g]s'/f ug]{ egL hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] o; sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg'

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

90 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 /fs
] fpg' k5{ o;af6 7"nf]Iflt x'g ;S5 egL ljkIfL (÷@! ut] lgj]bsnfO{ 5nkmnsf] tf/]v tf]ls
sfof{nox¿df cg'/f]w ubf{ :yfgLo gful/ssf] ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
kxndf ;f] dxf]T;j cfof]hgf /f]Sg /f]sffpg' ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&!÷)(÷!& df
;Sb} gf}
+ egL cfkm\gf]kbLo /sfg"gL bfloTj ePsf] cfb]z .
lgjf{x ug{af6 OGsf/ug'{ ePsf] n];fj{hlgs, #= lgj]bs /ljkIfLx¿ b'j}kIfsf]k|ltj4tf /zf]r
;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] tfnsf] wfld{s, kof{j/0fLo, ;f+:s[lts ;d]t sf]
nflu ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]ljifodf c=j+= !) g+= ;+/If0ftkm{ g} /x]sf] x'Fbf / dxf]T;jdf s'g} lj/f]w
adf]lhd cg'dlt lnO{ k|:t't lgj]b g lbPsf 5f}+. gx'Fbf kl5 a'em\b}hfFbf 7x/]adf]lhd x'g]g}x'Fbf
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ : jR5 jftfj/ 0fdff afRg kfpg] xfn ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{ofn]
xsnfO{ g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]wf/f cfkm}+n] ldlt @)&!÷)(÷!# df hf/L u/]sf] kq
!^-!_ df df}lns xssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ;d] tnfO{ kfngf /sfof{Gjog u/ L u/ fO{ cGo
5 . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f !& -#_ n]k|To]s ljkIfL /lgj]bsx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ;dGjo u/L a9}of
;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf]efiff lnlk ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / tfnsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[ltssf kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f
;Dkbfsf];+/If0f /;Djw{g ug]{xs wf/f @# df ;d]t u/L / s'g} k|fs[lts :j?kdf ljuf/ gu/L
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts a9}o f tfn df3L, s[lif tyf ko{6g dxf]T;j @)&!
k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /flv rln cfPsf] cfkm\gf] wfld{s ug',{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z 
canDag cEof; /;+/If0f ug]{xs x'g]k|To]s hf/ L ul/ lbPsf]5 eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt
wfld{s :yn u'7Lsf];+rfng /;+/If0f ug]{xs @)&!÷)(÷@! df ePsf]cfb]z .
x'g] 5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . a9}of $= a9}of tfnsf];+/If0f ;Dj4{g u/ L k|fs[lts
tfnsf]hUufsf]clen]v /flv k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;Dkbfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf hf]ufO{ /fVgsf
;f+:s[lts h}ljs ljljwtf /jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n nflu kfgLsf]cfk"lt{ tyf lgsf;sf]nflu pko'Qm
c;/kfg]{s'g}klg sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' ug{ glbg' aGbf]j:t u/L o; If]qdf /xs ] f /y} fg] ;fOj]l/of tyf
egL ljkIfLlx¿sf]gfpdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* l5d]sL ef/taf6 cfpg] r/f r'?ËLx¿sf] pko'Qm
sf]bkmf * -@_ gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ sf] af;: yfgsf]?kdf ljsf; u/ L o; a9}of tfn
bkmf !& /k'g/ fj]
bg cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$* If]qnfO{ alb{of lhNnfs}k|fs[lt wfld{s ;f++:s[lts
sf]lgod ## s adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;lxt tyf h}ljs ljljwtf o'Qm ko{6sLo :ynsf]?kdf
lgif]wf1f / k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z nufot pko'Qm ljsf; ug] { nIo cg'?k o; tfnsf];+/If0f
cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Jojxf]/fsf] lgj]bg eO/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu @)#*
kq . ;fnb]lv df5f 7]Ssf tTsflng lhNnf k+rfotsf]
@= o;df lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd lgif]wf1f÷k/dfb]zsf] ldlt @)#*÷!)÷@% . @)#*÷!!÷% sf]lg0f{oaf6
cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{xf]  < cfb]z hf/L x'g' df5f 7]Ssf aGbf]j:t ub}{ cfPsf] / pQm /sdaf6
gkg]{s'g}cfwf/, k|df0f /sf/0f eP ;f];d]t tfnsf] dd{t ;+ef/ u/L ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf]df
pNn]v u/L af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% -kGw|_ lbgleq ldlt @)^$÷#÷!& sf];j{blno a} }7ssf]lg0f{o
lakIfL g+= ! b]lv * ;Ddsf]xsdf k'g/ fj]
bg adf]lhd df5f 7]Ssfaf6 k|fKt /sdsf]%) k|ltzt
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, g]kfnu~h dfkm{t\ /cGo /sd a9}of tfnsf];+/If0f /;Da4{g tyf h}ljs
ljkIfLsf xsdf cfkm}+jf cfkm\gf]sfg"g adf]lhdsf] ljljwtfnfO{ sfod /fVg vr{ ug]{lg0f{o adf]lhd
k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k] z ug'{ egL ;DalGwt pkef]Qmf dfkm{t\ a9} of tfn ;+/If0f
ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf Dofb hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm ul/Psf]5 . ko{6g dGqfnoaf6 pQm tfndf ah]6
k/] jf ;f] sf] cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z nufgL eO/xs ] f]/lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt alb{ofn]
ug'{ . lgj]bsn] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t dfu u/]sf] lhNnfs} k/Dk/f / P]ltxfl;s dxTj af]s]sf]
b]lvbf jftfj/0fLo Ifltsf] s'/f p7fO{ To; If]qsf] a9}o f tfn lhNnf dfq geO{ /fli6«o dxTjsf]tfn
;'Gb/tf Pj++ h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ r/f, r'?ËLdf kg{ ePsf]n] o;sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ko{6sLo :ynsf] ?kdf
;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/sf] k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf]n] b'j} ljsf; ug]{ cltqmd0f /f]Sg] sfo{df :yfgLo >f]t
kIfnfO{ /fvL cGtl/d cfb]z lbg]glbg];Gbe{df ;d]tsf]k|of]u ug]{k|of; lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]
5nkmn ug{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf]x'Fbf ldlt @)&!÷) u/]sf] x'Fbf skf]nslNkt s'/fx¿ NofO{ l/6 lgj]bg

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 91
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 lbPsf] x'Fbf vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf anaxfb'/rGb, ljZjlht ltjf/ L /s]jn l;+x
ljsf; ;dlt sfof{no, alb{of /:yfgLo ljsf; yf?n]/ljkIfL 5fofFbQ e'iffnsf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt
clwsf/Lsf];+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm . ljåfg clwjQmf >L O{Zj/k|;fb 1jfnLn]ug'{ ePsf]
%= wfld{s ko{6sLo /l;d;f/If] q ePsf]a9} of ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
tfnsf]kl/ ;/df dxf] T;j ;+rfng gug'{ egL (= lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿n]
xfdLn] /f]Sg ;Sb}gf}+ egL o; sfoF{nofa6 l/6 ljkIfLx¿sf]sfo{n]tfnsf];+/If0fdf afwf k'¥ofO{
lgj]bsnfO{ gsf/fTds hjfkm lbPsf] xf]Og\ . k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s [lts /h} ljs ljljwtf
5}g . ;f]a9}of tfn k|b"lift x'g]s'g}sfd s'/f ;d]tdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofPsf]n] ljkIfLx¿af6
o; sfof{noaf6 gePsf]/l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf]To:tf]sfd /f]sL kfpF egL eGg' eof]eg]
ePsf]o; sfof{noaf6 P]g , lgod ;lGw ;Demf}tf ljkIfL tkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmf Ho"n] 7]S sf e};s]sf]
/k|lt1f kqsf k|fjwfgx¿ pNn+3g x'g]s'g}sfd l:ylt x'Fbf dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{
gePsf] gu/]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] xf]O g\ egL cf—cfkm\gf]kIfsf tkm{af6 ax; k|:t 't
;d]t Joxf]/fsf]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, alb{of ug'{eof]  .
/P]= sf]k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;d]tsf]lnlvt !)= lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L
hjfkm . x'g'kg]{xf]jf xf]Og\ < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
^= lgif]wf1fsf]l/6 hf/L x'g'sf]nflu sfo{ x'g'eGbf b]lvg cfof]  .
cufj}sf] / cfz+sfsf] cj:yfdf dfq hf/L x'g !!= :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xssf] ;Gbe{df kof{j/0fLo
;S5 . sfo{ g};DkGg ePsf]cj:yfdf lgif]wf1fsf] ;+/If0f /;Daw{gnfO{ cnu ug{ ldNb}g . :jR5
lgj]bgfa6 ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sb}g . lhNnf ljsf; jftfj/0fsf] d"n cfwf/dWo] kof{j/0fLo z'4tfsf]
;ldlt alb{ofaf6 @)^(÷!!÷* ut] sf]ldltn]% klg dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf]x'G5 .
jif{;Dd 7]Ssfdf lnO{ tf]lsPsf] /fh:j s/ a'emfpFb} !@= lgj] bs tkm{af6 / xg' ePsf clwjQmf Ho"x¿af6
cfPsf]5' . o;/L 7]Ssf sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] ax;sf] qmddf a9}of tfn l;d;f/ If]q sf] h}ljs
cj:yfdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t ljljwtf emNsg] k|ltj]bg ;lxtsf] b:tfj]h a9}of
Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL dWo]s f 5fofbQ e';fnsf] lnlvt l;d;f/;+/If0f tyf lbuf]ljsf; sfo{qmd clGtd
hjfkm . k|ult k|ltj] bg ;f/;+If] k, @))( k|: t't ug'{ e}
&= l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/] adf]lhd a9}of tfnsf] ;f]sf]cWoog klg ul/of] . h'g k':tsdf a9}o f
kl/ ;/leq a9} of tfn df3L s[lif tyf ko{6g tfn l;d;f/ If]qdf kfOg] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] fa/]df
dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug{ df}lvs tyf lnlvt cg'dlt pNn]v ePsf]kfOof]  . h;df pNn]v eP cg';f/
glbPsf]/lhNnf k|zf;g alb{ofsf]r=g+= !(%# a9}o f l;d;pf/If]qdf :yfgLo hftsf $@, vt/fdf
sf]ldlt @)&!÷(÷( sf]kq k|fKt x'gf;fy a9}of k/]sf]hft dWo]sf]#!, ljsfzL hftsf ( k|sf/sf
tfnsf]kl/;/leq jfx]s cGo 7fpFdff a9}o f tfn df5f, ** k|sf/sf r/fx¿, @! k|sf/sf ag:klt,
s[lif tyf ko{6g dxf]T;j ;+rfng ug'{ u/fpg' egL & k|sf/sf ls/f, $ k|sf/sf Eofu'tf, # k|sf/sf
r=g+= @$&@ sf]ldlt @)&!÷(÷!$ sf]kq ;d] t ;k{, # k|sf/sf 5]kf/f], ! k|sf/sf] s5'jf kfOg]
cfof]hs cWoIf cd/l;+x yf?nfO{ hfgsf/L kq egL pNn]v u/L ltgsf] hft / k|sf/sf] af/]df
k7fPsf]x'Fbf o; uf=lj=;= sf]sfof{non]ko{6g ljleGg tflnsf agfO{ pNn]v  u/]sf]kfOof] . h'g
If]qnfO{ k|b"lift ug]{u/L s'g}lsl;dsf]a9}of tfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] Psbd} dxTjk"0f{
df3L s[lif tyf ko{6g dxf]T;jnfO{ df}lvs tyf /x]sf] s'/fdf låljwf b]lvb}+g .
lnlvt cg'dlt glbPsf]n] pQm l/6 vf/]h u/L !#= o;sf ;fy} k|:t't k':tss} cjnf]sgaf6 a9}of
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;f]/xjf uf=lj=;= sfof{no tfnsf]c? dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ klg pNn] v
;d]tsf]lnlvt hjfkm . ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h:tf] jftfj/0fLo dxTj,
;+f+:s[lts dxTj, cfly{s dxTj, l;+rfO{sf]dxTj
7x/ v08 h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ klg pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
*= lgod jdf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf cfhsf]b}lgs k]zL log} ljz]iftf / dxTjnfO{ dxz'; u/]/ l;d;f/
;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z  x'g cfPsf] If]qsf] 3f]if0ffsf] dfu, tfn ;+/If0fsf] k|of;,
k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg h:tf s'/fx¿ ePsf] eGg] k':tss} cjnf]sgaf6
clwjQmfx¿ >L 7fs'/l;+x yf?, nf]saxfb'/zfx, b]lvG5 . tfndf df5f kfngsf]nfuL 7]Ssf lb+bf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

92 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ln+bf ePsf] ;Demf}tf ;d]tdf tfnsf] kof{j/0fLo ljBdfgtf gePsf]n] ;f] tkm{;Dd lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
dxTjnfO{ dx;'; u/L tfnsf]rf/}tkm{ ;Dej ePsf] dfu bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g .
7fpFdf lj?jf nufO{ ;+/If0f u/L x'sf{pg' kg]{/ !^= lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf]c? ljifosf]xsdf a9}o f
tfndf cfl>t kz'kG5Lx¿sf]l;sf/v]Ng kfOg] tfnsf]k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f++: s[lts /h} ljs
/;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ gkfOg]egL pNn]v ljljwtf /jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n c;/kfg]{s'g} sfo{
ul/Psf] s'/f ldlt @)^(÷!)÷* df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] gug'{ gu/fpg' /ug{ glbg' egL lgj]bssf]lgj]b g
;t{df pNn]v  ePsf]kfOG5 . dfu adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿sf gfddff lgif]wf1fsf]cfb]z
!$= o;/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 dxTj hf/L e} hUufsf] clen]v /flv tfnsf] lgoldt
/fVg] lrhj:t' tfnsf] ;+/If0f ;Dj4{gdf ;dod} ;+/ If0f ;Dj4{g u/ L tfnsf]k|fs[lts, wfld{s,
Wofg k'¥ofOPg eg];do u'lh|;s]kl5 k5'tfpg] ;f+:+ sl[ ts / jftfj/0fLo s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flv
jfx]s c? ljsNk g/x]sf ljleGg pbfx/0fx¿af6 To;sf]k|lts'n x'g]sfd sf/jfxL x'g glbg' egL
gb]lvPsf] xf]Og\ . nf]k ePkl5 To;nfO{ k'/fg} / ljkIfL agfOPsf ! b]lv * g+= ;Ddsf ljkIfLx¿sf
k|fs[lts cj:yfdf kmsf{pg] s'/f xfd|f] jzb]lv gfddf lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L
aflx/x'G5 . lsgsL of]b'lgofdf k|s[ltnfO{ lhTg x'g]7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
;Dej 5} g . To;} n]k|s[lt cyjf k|s[lt k|bQ
s'/fnfO{ To;sf]z'4tf : jR5tfdf cfFr gcfpg] tkl;n
u/L arfpg ;lsg]x'G5 . o;sf]nflu ;f]r /  dfly 7x/v08df n] lvP adf] lhd s]xL s'/ fsf
k|ltj4tf cfjZos x'G5 . h'g s'/ f lgj]bssf] xsdf lgif]wf1f vf/]h x'g] / s]xLdf lgif]wf1f /
lgj]bgaf6 emlNsPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] kof{j/0fLo k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/]sf]n] of] cfb]zdf
b[li6n] / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] dxTj /fVg] lrQ ga'em]>L ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/ fj]bg ug{
tfnsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf hfg' egL lgj]bs /ljkIfLx¿nfO{ #% lbg]k'/fj]b g
s;}n]klg cf–cfkm\gf]bfloTj /st{Joaf6 ljd'v Dofb lbg"====================================================================================================================!
x'g dgfl;j gx'g] ePsfn] lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf  ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfb]zsf] gSsn dfUg cfPdf
p7fPsf] kof{j/0fLo / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;jfn lgodfg';f/u/L gSsn lbg'==========================================================@
;fdlos dfq geP/cfjZos g}b]lvof] .  bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/L ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf
!%= ldlt @)&!÷(÷@% ut]b l] v ldlt @)&!÷!)÷! ut];  Dd a'emfO{ lbg"=================================================================================================================#
cfof]hgf ug]{elgPsf]a9}o f tfn df3L s[lif tyf
ko{6g dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgfsf] cjlw g} Joltt -ads'df/ >]i7_
e} ;s]sf]n] ;f] ;Gbe{df cfb]z hf/L ul//xg'kg]{ d'Vo GofofwLz
k|of]h g ;dfKt e};x]sf]/df5f kfng tyf df5f pk/f]Qm cfb]z
 df d ;xdt 5' .
dfg{sf] nflu lbPsf] 7]Ssfsf ;DaGwdf w]/} ;do -od'gf e§/fO{_
cufl8b b]lv 7]Ssf nufpg]sfd ePsf]s'/fdf GofofwLz
ljjfb geO{ 7]Ssfaf6 k|fKt x'g]cfly{s >f]t tfn
;+/If0fsf] cfwf/ ag]sf] / aGg] s'/fdf ;d]t lgj]bs km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{
;xdt ePsf] cj:yf b]lv+bf dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf zfvf clws[tM z+s/k|;fb clwsf/L
gug'{ gu/fpg' egL /df5fkfng tyf df5f dfg]{ s=cM zlQm 7fs'/
sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL lgj]bssf]dfu adf]lhd
lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yfsf] Olt ;Djt\ @)&! r}t !! ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 93
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnu~h
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
Ohnf; g+= @
dfggLo GofofwLz >L o1 k|;fb a:ofn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L aL/axfb'/8fFuL

cfb]z
bfo/L g+=M )&@–wo–))($
/lhi6«]zg g+=M !#–)&@–))()#
lg0f{o g+= #))

d'2fM lgif]wf1f k/dfb]z

afFs]lhNnf s'6s'O{of uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ a:g]aif{ $@ sf]c?0f s'df/ltjf/L============================================================ !

afFs]lhNnf a}hfk'/uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g]jif{ @$ sf]wd{ l;+x yf?========================================================================================! lgj]bs 
lj?4
>L g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f If]qLo sfof{no g]kfnuGh==============================================================================================================================================!
>L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]========================================================================================================================================================================================================!
>L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no, afFs]============================================================================================================================================================================!
afFs]lhNnf kmQ]k'/u'n/L ufpF >L ;f]gf/L a3f}8f u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f ljsf; d"n ;ldlt,
afFs]==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} uf=lj=;= df : yfgLo lgsfo lh=la=;= /uf=lj=;=
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ e} bfo/ x'g cfPsf] gu/ kflnsfsfx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/ L ljB't\ ljt/ 0f
k|:t't d'2fsf];+lIfKt tYo /7x/o; k|sf/5M / /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug]{ ;d]tsf
p2]Zo lnO{ @)^$ ;fndf ;fwf/0f ;ef lgjf{rg
tYo v08 ;ldlt sfo{ ;ldlt ;Nnfxsf/;ldlt ;d] t
!= xfdL lgj]bs afFs]lhNnf s'6s'O{of, nIfd0fk'/ , /fvL btf{ e}( j6f uf=lj=;=af6 slDtdf k|ltjif{
sfnfkmfF6f, g/}gfk'/, d6]lxof, u+ufk'/, kmQ]k'/, &,)),)))÷– sf b/ n]# jif{;Dd pQm ;ldltsf]
a}hfk'/, lagf}gf uflj;df a:b} cfPsf gful/sx¿nfO{ vftfdf /sd hDdf ug{ nufO{ pQm ;ldlt gljs/0f
ljkIfLx¿n]ljB'tsf]gfpFdf s'g}uf=lj=;=df @)%@ g} ge} vf/]hL x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] / ljB't\ h8fg
;fndf ljB'tsf] l;d]G6sf] kf]n ufl8Psf]df xfn;Dd ug]{ sfo{df s'g} rf;f] g} b]vfPsf] 5}g .
;f] kf]ndf s'g} tf/ ;d]t hf]l8Psf] 5}g . sl/a #= lakIfLx¿af6 g]k fnsf];+ljwfg, @)&@ sf]wf/f !^
(,@$@ 3/ w'/
L /^%,*$# hg;++Vof / x]
sf pQm -!_, gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ sf]bkmf #,^ /
uf=lj=;=sf hgtfx¿n]ljsf; ;d]tsf pkef]uaf6 !@, dfgj clwsf/sf]ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*
al~rt /x]sf, k|x/L ljBfno, ;/sf/L tyf u}x| sf]wf/f # /* gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsff/
;/sf/L sfof{no, :jf:y rf}sLx¿df ;d]t ljB't\ ;DaGwL clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/ f{li6«o k|lt1fkq,
h8fg gePsf sf/0f gful/sx¿sf]csfnd}d[To' !,(^^ sf]wf/ f ^-!_ g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/ 0f
x'g k'u]sf]5 . ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f lgodfjnL, @)&!
@= ;f]gf/L awf}8f u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f ljsf; ;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/fpg]
d"n ;ldlt afFs]/fKtL kf/Lsf pNn]lvt gf}j6f sfo{ gu/ sf]
] n]pQm ( j6f uf=lj=;=df tTsfn

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

94 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ljB'tLs/ 0fsf]Joj: yf k|f/ De ug'{ ! jif{ leq tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
;DkGg ug'{ k|To]s jif{ ;d'lrt ah]6sf]Joj:yf ug'{ &= ;fljs ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f ljlgodfjnL
ljkIfLsf] vftfdf /xs ] f] hgtfsf] /sd lxgfldgf x'g cg';f/ () k|ltzt /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] / !)
gkfpg] u/L /f]Ssf /fVg' /f]Sg nufpg', ;'zf;g / k|ltzt ljt/ s ;+: yfn]/sd hDdf ug'{ kg] {
;"rgfsf]xs ;DaGwL P]g lgodsf]k"0f{ kfngf ug'{ Joj:yf cg';f/ g} ;f]gf/L a3f}8f u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos
egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf Gofo k|z;g P]g, @)$* ljB'tLs/0f ljsf; d"n ;ldltn]cfkm\gf];fd'bflos
sf]bkmf *-@_, gful/s clwsf/P]g, @)!@ sf] Pl/ofleq ljB'tLs/0f ug{ egL ldlt @)^^÷%÷@^
bkmf !& /k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] df ef}r/g+= !!(R)))! af6 ?= #,@@,^%,#!! .
lgod #@ adf]lhd k/dfb]z, lgif]wf1f nufotsf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/ 0f ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/ 0f
pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] ;d]t Jojxf]/fsf] ljefusf] vftfdf hDdf ePsf] xf]  . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
c?0f s'df/ltjf/L /wd{ l;+x yf?sf]lgj]bg ljlgof] hg ug'{ kg] { () k|ltzt ah] 6 pknAw
kq . gePsf]x'Fbf g] kfn ljB't\ k|flws/ 0f g]
kfnuGh
$= o:df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg If]qLo sfof{noaf6 pNn]lvt ljt/s ;+:yf
dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] xf]Og\ < cGtu{tsf]u|fdL0f e] udf ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/ 0f
cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{s'g}cfwf/sf/0f /k|df0f ug{ g;lsPsf] xf]  . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
eP ;f];d]t ;fy}/flv af6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% ljlgof]h  g x'g]/sd k|fKt eP kZrft\ pQm If]qdf
lbg leq ljkIfL !,# /$ sf xsdf cfkm}jf cfkm\ oyfzL3| ljB'tLs/0f ul/g] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
gf]sfg'g adf]lhdsf]k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ tyf ljkIfL pQm ljifonfO{ xfn} k/dfb]zsf] /f]xfa6 x:tIf]k
@ sf xsdf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, ug{ ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
g]kfnuGh dfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k/]jf kg]{cjlw ;d]t Jojxf]/fsf] g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, If]qLo
Joltt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/k] z ug'{ eGg];d] t sfof{no g]kfnuGhsf]tkm{af6 k]z ePsf]lnlvt
Jojxf]/fsf]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&@÷!)÷% df hjfkm .
ePsf] cfb]z . *= pQm pNn]lvt ( j6f uf=lj=;=df a;f]af; ug]{
%= ljB't\ ;] jf lj: tf/ug] { sfo{df o; sfof{nosf] hgtfx¿ /pQm uf=lj=;=x¿df ljB't ;]jf k'¥ofO{
If]qflwsf/leq gkg's { f ;fy}pQm sfo{df ;xeflutf ToxfFsf hgtfx¿nfO{ k|ToIf nfe k'¥ofpg]d"n
klg gx'g] ePsfn] o; sfof{nosf] If]qflwsf/leq p2] Zosf ;fy ljlwjt ?kdf o; ;+: yfsf]
gkg]{sfo{sf]xsdf lgj]bsx¿sf]dfu cg';f/o; :yfkgf ePsf]df aflif{s n]vf k/LIf0f ub}{ cfPsf]
sfof{nosf gfpFdf lgif]wf1f÷k/dfb]z hf/L x'g' 5 . u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/ 0f sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf
kg]{ xf]Og\ eGg] ;d]t Jojxf]/fsf] lhNnf k|zf;g nflu *) k|ltzt g]kfn ;/sf/sf]/@) k|ltzt
sfof{no afFs] sf]tkm{af6 k] z ePsf]lnlvt hg;xeflutfdf ;+rfng ug] { egL g] kfn ljB't
hjfkm . k|flws/0f cGtu{tsf];fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f
^= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt afFsn ] ] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ljefu k|yd 7]s]bf/ bf];|f] kIf ;f]gf/L a3f}8f
P]
g, @)%% : yfgLo : jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, ;fd'bflos u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/ 0f d"n ;ldlt t] ;|f]
@)%^ tyf df}h"bf ;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg"g /lgodsf] kIf x'g]u/ L pNn] lvt uf=lj=;=x¿df ;fd'bflos
kl/lwleq /x]/ lhNnf el/s} ljsf; lgdf{0f ljB'tLs/ 0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{egL ;xdlt
nufotsf sfo{df cu|;/tf b]vfpFb} cfO/xs ] f] 5 . ePsf]xf]  . pQm ;xdlt cg';f/o; ;+:y  f :jod\
lhNnfsf] cfjZostf, :yfgLo gful/sx¿sf] dfu n]ljB't kf]n uf8L ljB't nfOgsf]lj:tf/ug]{
/lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf];fwg ;|f]tnfO{ ;d]t ge} ;+:yfn] 7]s]bf/n] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq sfd
dWogh//flv o; sfof{nosf]aflif{s gLlt tyf u/] gu/]sf] / s] s:tf] ;fdu|L k|of]u u/]sf] egL
sfo{qmd adf]lhd ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;'kl/lehg ug]{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L dfq kfPsf]
;+rfng ub}{cfO/ x]s
f]5 . oL ljkIfLn]s'g x'Fbf lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF eGg]
lgsfon]tyf sfof{non]s]s'g sfg"g adf]lhd ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;f]gf/L a3f}8f u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos
s]s'g pQ/bfloTj xf]eGg]:ki6 v'nfpg g;sL ljB'tLs/ 0f ljsf; d"n ;ldlt, afFs] sf]tkm{af6
s]jn uf]Zjf/f ?kdf lnPsf] bfjLsf] cfwf/df dfu k]z ePsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
bfjL adf]lhd l/6 hf/L ug{ ldNb}g, vf/]h u/L (= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]lgod %!
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] g+= adf]lhd ;fKtflxs Pj+ cfhsf]b}lgs k]z  L ;"rLdf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 95
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 r9L O{hnf; ;dIf lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't interest litiliation.PIL….social action litigation
d'2fsf]lgj]bg ;lxtsf];Ssn ldl;n cWoog u/L SAL..probono public) ePsf] egL lgj]bgdf pNn]v
lgj]bs tkm{sf lj4fg al/i7 clwjQmf >L OGb|lht ePsf] egL lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] Joxf]/fnfO{
ltjf/L, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L ;'lgns'df/>]i7, >L ljkIfLx¿n]cf–cfkm\gf]lnlvt hjfkmdf cGoyf
ljZjlht ltjf/L, >L /fds'df/lblIft, >L u0f]z eGg g;s] sf]gb]lv+bf jt{dfg ;dodf ljB'tsf]
k|;fb yf? /lj4fg clwjQmf >L ;'lbk s'df/ ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfnfO{ b'j} kIfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
e§/fO{n] xfd|f] kIf lgj]bs / /flKt gbL kf/Lsf g} b]lvg cfof]  .
s6/s'O{ofF nufotsf ( uf=lj=;=sf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ !@= lgj]b sx¿sf] lgj]b g Joxf]/f df pNn]l vt (
;Ddfghgs x}l;otn]afFRg kfpg]clwlsf/5 . oL ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf @)%@ ;fnb] lv xfn;Dd
uf=lj=;=sf afl;Gbf nfdf] ;dob]l v ljB'tLs/0fsf] ljB'tLs/ 0fsf]sfd ;DkGg x'g g;s] af6 tL
;'ljwfaf6 al~rt 5g\ . xfd|f]kIfn]lgj]bgdf dfu :yfgsf afl;Gbf cfw'lgs ljsf;sf];d]t pkef]u
u/]sf] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt ug{af6 al~rt /xL cfPsf]/;f]7fpFsf ;fj{hlgs
hjfkm gcfPsfn]ljB'tLs/0fsf]sfo{ tTsfn ;'? ljBfno, ;/s/L Pj++ u}/;/sf/L sfof{no / ;+3
u/L ljkIfLx¿sf] vftfdf /x]sf] hgtfsf] /sd ;+:yf tyf :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿df klg cTofw'lgs ;]jf
lxgfldgf x'g gkfpg]Joj:yf ;d]t ug'{ u/fpg' ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg g;lsPsf]dfq xf]Og\ . o;df
egL lgif]wf1f / k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpF ljB'tLs/0fsf]sfd ;DkGg gx'Fbf Psflt/o:tf
egL ax; ug'{ eof] . k|s[ltsf lgj]bgx¿ kg{ hfg] csf]{tkm{ ;/sf/ /
!)= ljkIfL dWo]s  f lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]sfof{no, ;'zf;gsf];DaGwdf klg s}o f}+k|Zgx¿ p7\g]l:ylt
afFs]sf]tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L nf]s b]lv+bf o:tf]k|j[lQnfO{ a9\g lbg' eGbf Jojl:yt
axfb'/ zfxn] d]/f] kIfn] ;fwg / ;|f]tn] EofP;Dd ub}{hfg' pko'Qm x'g]g}b]lvG5 . lgj]b sx¿n]klg
:jLs[t aflif{s gLlt /sfo{qmd adf]lhd ljsf; lgj]bg btf{ ub}{df jf cbfntaf6 cfb]z  ln+b}df
lgdf{0fsf] sfd ub}{ cfO/xs ] f] x'Fbf of] lgj]bg vf/h
] cfkm\gf]bfloTjaf6 klG5g klg kfpFbg} . ;fj{hlgs
x'g' kg]{egL /ljkIfL dWo]s f]lhNnf k|zf;g ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf lg/Gt/ cg'udg / lgu/fgL
sfof{no, afFss ] f] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn /fv]/ ;do ;dodf ;';'lrt e} lgj]bgsf] ;kmn
sfof{no, g]kfnuGhsf ljåfg zfvf clws[t >L sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ .
k|ofubQ h};Ln] ljB'tLs/0f ug]{, sfo{of]hgf, !#= ljkIfL dWo]s  f]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 k|fKt
ah]6 /sfo{qmd lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ljB't ;]jf lj:tf/ug]{sfo{ o;
sfo{If] qleq gkg]{cj: yfdf ljgf sf/ 0f ljkIfL sfof{nosf]If]qflwsf/leq gkg's { f ;fy}pQm sfo{df
agfOPsf] b]lv+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ egL ug'{ ;xeflutf klg gx'g]ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]nflu zflGt
ePsf]ax; ;'lgof] . ;'/Iff lbg' kg]{sfo{sf]xsdf o; sfo{nofa6 cfkm\
!!= lgj]bs /ljkIfLtkm{af6 k|:t't b'j}kIfsf]ax; gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ubf{ afFs] lhNnfsf]s6s'Oo{ f ljkIfL dWo]s  f]of]lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no g]kfn
uf=lj=;= nufotsf ( j6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ;/sf/sf] / lhNnf :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] Hofb} 7"nf]
@)%@ ;fnb]lv ljB'tLs/0f ug]{ sfo{sf] cfof]hgf cf8 e/f; ] f ePsf]sfof{no xf] . pQm sfof{nodf
agL :yfgLo uf=lj=;=af6 k6s–k6s u/L xfn;Dd btf{ ePsf] *$#÷)^#–)^$ sf] ljB'tLs/0f lj:tf/sf]
?= #,@@,^%,#!! hDdf e}pQm /sd g]kfn ljB't qmddf /]vb]v ug]{ ;f]gf/L a3f}8f ;fd'bflos
k|flws/0f ;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f ljefusf]vftfdf u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/ 0f d"n ;ldltsf]sfd sf/ jfxL
/x]sf]df ljB'tLs/0fsf] sfo{ tTsfn ;'? ug{ tyf ;+:yf gljs/0f Pj+ pQm ;ldlt k|lt lgu/fgL
/sd lxgfldgf x'g glbg]Joj:yfsf]nflu Gofo /fVg]/cgj/t cg'ud0f ug]{sfg"gL bfloTj o;}
k|zf;g P] g, @)$* sf]bkmf * cg';f/k|: t't sfo{nonfO{ tf]lsPsf]klg 5 .
lgj]bg bfo/x'g cfPsf]kfOG5 . k|:t't lgj]bg !$= ctM dfly pNn] vt cfwf/ , sf/0f, cj: yf /
lgj]bsx¿n]c=a+= !) g+= adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] k|df0fx¿af6 afFs] lhNnfsf]k"j{ e]udf kg]{s'6s'Oo{ fF
cg'dlt lnP/( uf=lj=;=sf hgtfx¿n];xeflutf nufotsf ( j6f uf=lj=;=x¿df ljB'tLs/0fsf]nflu
d"ns nf]stGq ;xeflutf d"ns ljsf; ;d]tsf] ljkIfL dWo]s  f ;f] gf/ L a3f}8f u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos
clwsf/af6 al~rt ljB'tLs/0f / ljsf;sf] xssf] ljB'tLs/0f ljsf; d"n ;ldlt dfkm{t\ hDdf ePsf]
ljifo ;fd"lxs xs lxt /;/fs ] f/sf]ljifo (Public /sdsf] b'?kof]u x'g gkfpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;uF

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

96 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 cfjZos kg]{yk ah]6 ;d]t dfuL ljB'tLs/0fsf] cg';f/ k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb lbg" .
sfd l56f];dodf ;DkGg ug] { u/ fpg]Joj:yf  k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o; cfb]zsf]
ug'{ u/fpg', ljkIfL dWo]s f lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;lxtsf]hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{
afFs]sf k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ljkIfL dWo]sf lbg" .
g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f If]qLo sfof{no, g]k fnuGh  k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o; cfb]zsf]
k|d'v tyf ljkIfL dWo]s  f ;f]gf/L a3f}
8f u|fdL0f k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;lxtsf]hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{
;fd'bflos ljB'tLs/0f ljsf; d"n ;ldltsf cWoIf lbg" .
;d]t /x]sf] cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ul/lbPsf] 5 .  gSsn dfu ug]{ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ lgodfg';f/
pQm ;ldltn]xfn;Dd : yfgLo uf=lj=;=x¿af6 gSssn lbg" .
;d]t s]slt /sd p7L s]slt /sd sxfF /  cfb]zsf] ljB'tLo k|lt sDKo'6/df cknf]8 u/L
s;/ L vr{ e}s] , slt / sd sxfF afFsL / x]
sf] ;f]sf] lg:df cfb]zsf] kL7df hgfO{lbg" .
b]
lvG5 < ;f];DaGwdf vf] hL u/ L k|To]s tLg  k|:t't d'2fsf]bfo/ Lsf]nut s§f u/ L ldl;n
tLg dlxgfdf ljB'tLs/0fsf]nflu eP u/]sf cfkm\ lgodfg';f/clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
gf]sfdsf]cfjlws k|ltj]bg lgj]bsnfO{ ;';"lrt
x'g]k|of]h
 gsf]nflu ;d]t o; cbfntdf k7fpg] -o1 k|;fb a:ofn_
Joj: yf ug'{ u/ fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf]gfddf GofofwLz
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
!%= :yfgLo hgtfsf] /sd b'?kof]u x'g glbg] -jL/ axfb'/ 8fFuL_
;DaGwdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L e} ;s]sf] / GofofwLz
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd pQm /sd /f]Ssf /fVg]
cfb]z u/]sf] v08df ljB'tLs/0f ug]{ sfddf ;d]t km};nf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug]{
cj/f]w x'g ;Sg] b]lv+bf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z hf/L zfvf clws[tM la/]Gb|k|sfz v8\sf
ug'{ kg]{cj: yf b]
lvg cfPg . c?df tklzn gf=;'= s[i0fnfn h};L
adf]lhd ug'{ .
Olt ;Djt\ @)&# j}z
 fv @@ ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = .
tkl;n
 of]cfb]z pk/lrQ ga'em]#% -k}+t L;_ lbgleq >L
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{
cfb] zsf]k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk ;lxt c=a+= !(# g+=

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 97
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, g]kfnuGh
;+o'Qm Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds[i0f e§
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lbg]z  k|;fb ofbj

km};nf
;Djt @)&! ;fnsf]la=b]=g+=÷l/6 g+= )&)–wo–)!%$÷!#–)&)–)!@(^
lg0f{o g+=–#!

d'2fM k/dfb]z .

lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * a:g];"rgf /dfgj clwsf/cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf

cWoIf clwjQmf ljZjlht ltjf/L=========================================================================================================================================================================================================== !
lhNnf afFs]g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !# e[s'6Lgu/a:g]clwjQmf nf]s  axfb'/zfx=============================!
lhNnf afFs]vf;sf/sfbf}+uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g]clwjQmf anaxfb'/rGb============================================================================!
P]= j8f g+= # a:g] clejQmf ;'lbk s'df/ e§/fO{===============================================================================================================================================================! lgj]bs
lj?4
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no afFs]====================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
g]kfnuFh gu/kflnsf sfof{no ================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
dfnkf]t sfof{no afFs]==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
e'dL;'wf/sfof{no afFs]======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf ag sfof{no =================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ===========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
gfkL sfof{no afFs]===================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, e]/L afFs]==============================================================================================================================================================================================!
zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f laefu l8lehg sfof{no, afFs]===============================================================================================================!
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no afFs]=============================================================================================================================================================!
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no, afFs]========================================================================================================================================================================================!
g]kfn 6]lnsd If]lqo sfof{no afFs]=================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf s[lif lasf; sfof{no afFs]======================================================================================================================================================================================================!
l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf sfof{no afFs]==============================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt alb{of===========================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
u'nl/of gu/kflnsf sfof{no========================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
dfnkf]t sfof{no alb{of========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
e"ld;'wf/sfof{no alb{of====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================!
lhNnf jg sfof{no alb{of===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================! ljkIfL

Gofo k|zf;g P]g , @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ adf]lhd o;} @ df kl/efiff bkmf @ -s_ df ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ e} bfo/ x'g cfPsf] kl/efiff bkmf @-v_ df ;"rgf bkmf @ -ª_ df ;"rgfsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf];++lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/5M– xs, bkmf @-r_ df ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf]sfg"gL Joj:yf
g]
kfnsf];"rgfsf]xs ;DalGw P]g, @)^$ sf]bkmf u/]sf]5 . bkmf % df ;"rgfsf]cWofjlws /k|sfzg

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

98 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
;DalGw :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pNn]lvt dfnkf]t sfof{no, afFs]af6 o; cbfntdf ug{ cfPsf]
sfg"gL Joj: yfsf]cIf/ ; sfof{Gjog ug'{ u/ fpg' lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfLx¿sf] k/d st{Jo / bfloTj xf]  . ljkIfLx¿n] P]gn] o; sfof{noaf6 gful/ s j8fkq / flvPsf]WjgL
lglb{i6 u/]sf] sfg"gL bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf]n] ;'zf;g, k|;f/0fsf] dfWodåf/f gful/s j8fkqsf] hfgsf/L
;"rgfsf]hfgsf/L lnbf ef}lts Pj+ cfly{s sf/0fn] lbPsf]Go"gtd d"Nof+sg k'l:tsf ;DalGwt lgsfo /
;f] Joj:yf ug{ g;lsPsf] eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf]n] sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ pknAw u/ fPsf] , ;"rgf kf6Ldf
pQm P]gsf]pnn]lvt sfg"gsf]sfof{Gjog /kfngf ;"rgf k|jfx u/s ] f], k|ltlnkLx¿ dfu u/d] f ;/fs
] f/jfnfO{
gu/]af6 xfdL lbj]bs nufot ;du| cfd gful/s / pknAw u/ fPsf]/ljkIfLx¿n]JolQmut ?kdf s'g}
pkef]Qmfx¿n]ljkIfL sfof{nox¿af6 kfpg' kg]{;"rgf ;"rgf tYof+s dfu u/L sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf]
kfpg g;sL ;"rgfsf]xsaf6 al~rt x'g' k/s ] f]cj:yf eGg] lgj]bg ;DaGwdf ljkIfL lgj]bsx¿n] df}lvs
5 . ljkIfL sfof{nox¿af6 ;xh /;a{;'ne ;"rgf lnlvt ?kdf s'g};"rgf o; sfof{nodf dfu gu/]sf]
gkfPsf sf/0f cfd gful/sx¿n]hgcfjzos ?kdf x'Fbf ljkIfLx¿n];To tYonfO{ aUofO{ lbPsf]/ L6
a9L vr{ ;do a9L nfUg]e}/fHon]k|bfg ug]{xs lgj]bg vf/]h efuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
clwsf/;] jf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g' kg] { cj: yfsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no, alb{ofsf]o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]
;[hgf ePsf]n] sfg"g adf]lhd !% lbg leq jf ;"rgfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
xs ;DalGw P]g, @)^$ sf]bkmf % cg';f/;"rgfsf] o; sfof{noaf6 a]e;fO{8df ;"rgf pknAw u/fOPsf],
cWofjlws /k|sfzg ug'{ u/fpg' pQm ;"rgfsf]xs pQm j]e ;fO{8df gful/s j8fkq, ah]6, sfo{qmdsf]
;DalGw P]g @)^$ sf]bkmf %-$_ cg';f/k|To]s  #÷# afF8kmfF8 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf sd{rf/L ljj/0f, k|ult
dlxgfdf ;"rgf cWofjlw u/L k|sfzg ug'{ u/fpg' / k|ltj]bg ;d]t /flvPsf] 5 . rf}dfl;sdf ;fj{hlgs
cfkm\gf]dftxtsf sfof{nox¿ ;d]t af6 pQm sfo{ ug'{ ;'g'jfO{ ul/Psf] of]hgf k'l:tsf k|sfzg, cfoJoosf]
ug{ nufpg' /;f]sf]hfgsf/L /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{/;"rgf cWofjlws /;fj{hlgs
sf7df8f}+nfO{ ;"rgfsf]xs ;DalGw P]g , @)^$ cg';f/ ug]{ u/]sf]n] ljkIfLsf] dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]z hf/L ug'{
lgoldt ;"rgf cWofjlws u/L k|sfzg ug'{ egL ljkIfL kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
nufot pNn]lvt sfg"gsf]sfof{Gjog /kfngf gug]{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt sfof{no, alb{ofsf]o; cbfntdf
;fj{hlgs lgsfo ;d]tsf gfpFdf Gofo k|sfzg P]g, kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
@)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL o; sfof{ n oaf6 k| b fg ul/ g ]  ;] jf ;' l jwfx¿
@)$* sf]lgod ## adf]lhd k/dfb]z  sf]cfb]z  nufot ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu gful/s j8fkqdf :ki6
pko'Qm cfb] z Pj+ lgj]bg ;d]t hf/ L ul/ kfpF eGg] n]lv sfof{nosf] af]8d{ f /flvPsf] ;"rgf dfgj clwsf/
lgj]bg kq . s] Gb|nfO{ lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/ L u/ fOPsf] , ;"rgf
o;df, s] s;f] ePsf] xf]  < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ph'/L k]l6sf /flvPsf]
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ xf]  < cfb]z / o; sfof{noaf6 eP u/]sf] ;a} s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L
hf/L ug'{ gkg]{s'g}cfwf/, k|df0f /sf/0f eP ;f] lbPs}n] /L6 vf/]h efuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg]
;d]t pNn]v u/L af6fdf Dofb jfx]s !%-kGw|_ lbgleq Jojxf]/fsf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no,
k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, g]kfnuGh dfkm{t afFss ] f]o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
lnlvt hjfkm k]z  f=== egL of]cfb]z
 /lgj]bg kqsf] pQm sfof{noaf6 ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
k|ltlnlk ;++nUg u/ L ;"rgf Dofb hf/L u/ L lnlvt ;"rgf dfu ug]{ ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] tl/sfaf6
hjfkm k/]jf kg]{cjlw Joltt ePkl5 lgodffg';f/ ;"rgf pknAw u/fOPsf]n] k/dfb]zsf] l/6 vf/]h ul/
k]z ug'{ eGg]o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)&!÷)#÷!! df kfpF eGg]Joxf]/fsf]lhNnf jg sfof{no alb{ofsf]o;
ePsf] cfb]z . cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
o; sfof{noaf6 ;"rgf k]l6sf ;f] wk'5 sIf ;"rgf o; sfof{noaf6 ;"rgf clwsf/ Lsf]Joj: yf ;"rgf
clwsf/L, gful/s j8fkq, 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t\ ;d]t cl8of], zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;"rgf pknAw u/fpFb}
hUufsf]Go"gdt d"Nof+sg k'l: tsf ;d] tdf gful/ s cfPsf]n] l/6 vf/]h efuL eGg] e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no,
j8fkq 5fkL ljt/ 0f ;d]t ePsf];j{;fwf/ 0fnfO{ afFss ] f]o; cbfnt kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
b}lgs ?kdf dfu u/]sf]gSsn ;xh ?kdf pknAw l/ 6 lgj] bsx¿ o; sfof{nodf cfpFb}gcfO{ o;
u/fOPsf]x'Fbf o; sfof{noaf6 ;"rgfsf]xs ;+/If0f sfof{ n osf]  lqmofsnfk ultljlw a' e m\ b }  ga' e mL
;Dj4{g gu/]sf] eGg] /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5, eGg] g] kfnuGhdf a;L s]  j n cg' d fgsf]  e/ d f o;

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 99
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf]5 . o; sfof{non] adf] lhd o; sfof{nodf / x]
sf];fj{hlgs dxTjsf
hfgsf/L lng cfpg]s'g};+3 ;+:y f JolQmnfO{ o; ;"rgf ;/fs ] f/jfnfn] dfu u/d] f pknAw u/fpg] u/s] f]  .
gu/kflnsfsf] x/]s lqmofsnfk / ultljlw af/] ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/]sf], o; sfof{nosf
hfgsf/L lbg] u/]sf] / ;"rgfsf] xsaf6 lakIfL nufot ;"rgf cWofjlws u/L ;"rgf ;~rf/dGqfno /tfn's
s'g} klg gful/snfO{ al~rt u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o; lgsfodf k7fpg] u/s ] f] ;"rgf kf6Ldf ;d]t 6fF:g] u/s] f]
gu/kflnsfn] gu/kflnsfsf] ;"rgf cGo dfWodsf ;"rgf k|jfx ;DaGwdf u/]sf]joj:yf k"0f{?kn]kfngf
cnjf j]j;fO6af6 klg ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]5 . x'Fb} u/]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] e"ld
gePsf] cf/f]k nufO{ bfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't /L6 vf/]h ;'wf/sfof{no, alb{ofsf]tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{
u/L kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] u'nl/of gu/kflnsfsf] o; cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
cbfntdf ug{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . o; sfof{non];j{;fwf/ 0fnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/
o; sfof{non] ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/s ] f]  . o; rflxPsf]hfgsf/ L k|jfx ug{nfO{ ;"rgf clwsf/ Lsf]
sfof{nodf x'g]sfd sf/ jfxLsf]rf}
dfl;s /aflif{s lgo'lQm u/]sf]/;/n ;'ne tl/sfaf6 ;"rgf k|jfx
?kdf k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] tyf sfof{nosf] ub}{cfPsf]5 . ;"rgf kf6L{sf]joj:yf, kqklqsfdf
ult ljlwsf]af/ df sfnk[i6 b}
] lgs, ;do clwsf/ k|sflzt u/fO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ub}{cfPsf]n]l/6 lgj]b g
/fli6«o b}lgs, uf]/vfkq, j]j;fO6af6 ;d]t k|sflzt vf/]h efuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf
ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . cfd gful/s / pkef]Qmfn] ;"rgf dfu k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]sf]tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{
u/]sf] avt sfof{nosf] gful/s j8fkq / Ifltk"lt{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
;lxtsf]gful/s j8fkq cg';f/;"rgf ;Dk|]i0f ug]{ o; sfof{noaf6 x'g]ljleGg lgdf{0f, dd{t sfo[sf
u/]sf]  . s'g} gful/snfO{ o; sfof{nosf] ;"rgfaf6 nflu af] nkq b/ efp kq cfx\jfg ;"rgf s] Gb|af6
al~rt gu/]sf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|sflzt x'g]/fli6«o b}lgs jf :yfgLo :t/df k|sflzt
s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, afFss ] f]o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] x'g] u/]sf]  . o; sfof{noaf6 eP u/]sf] sfo{x¿sf]
lnlvt hjfkm . rf}dfl;s k|ult tof/u/ L hfgsf/ Lsf nflu ;"rgf
o; cfof]hgfn]cfof]hgf ;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0f, d'Vo kf6Ldf 6fF; ul/Psf]  . dfl;s vr{ ;d]t ;"rgf kf6Ldf
ultljlw tyf vr{sf]kmfF6af/L k|To]s dlxgfsf]& ut] 6fF; ul/Psf]  . lgj]bs nufot ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 ;"rgf
k|sfzg ub}{cfPsf]5 . cfof] hgfsf]sfd st{Jo dfu ePsf avt sfof{noaf6 ;"rgf pknaw u/fpb}
clwsf/, sd{rf/L / ltgsf] ljj/0f, ;]jf ;Dkbfg, cfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h efuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
u/]sf] sfdsf] ljj/0f nufotsf ljifodf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefu l8lehg sfof{no
hfgsf/ Lsf]nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt u/ L ;"lrt ug]{ afFss ] f]o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
ul/Psf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ;"rgf ;/f/sfjfnfn] dfu u/]dff
l;S6f l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf]tkm{af6 o; cbfndf kg{ lgodfg';f/ pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf], ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf]
cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . joj:yf ul/Psf]  . sfof{nodf /x]sf ;"rgf cWofjlw
g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] cfkm\gf] ;"rgf u/ L k|To] s dlxgf ;"rgf ;~rf/dGqfno /tfn's
pknAw u/fpg ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/]sf], lgsfodf ;d]t k7fpg]u/s ] f]/;"rgf kf6L{df 6fF; ;d]t
j]j;fO6 dfkm{t\ ;"rgf k|bfg u/]sf], k|To]s tLg—tLg ul/Psf]n] /L6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpF
dlxgfdf b}lgs uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no afFss ] f]
u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5 eGg] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo o; sfof{noaf6 ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
lgb]{zgfnosf tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . z}lIfs ;"rgf, klqsf /cGo sfof{noaf6 lg/ Gt/
o; sfof{nodf ;"rgf k] l6sf ;"rgf clwsf/ Lsf] k|sfzg e} u/]sf]  . ljleGg gf]l6; af]8{x¿sf] Joj:yf
Joj:yf gful/s j8fkq ;j{;fwf/0fn] b]Vg ;Sg] ul/Psf] gful/s j8fkq /flvPsf] / ;"rgf xs
u/L /flvPsf] / gful/s j8fkq 5fkL ljt/0f ;d]t ;DaGwdf P]gsf] kfngf ub}{ cfPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/h ]
ePsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ b}lgs ?kdf dfu u/]sf] ;"rgf efuL 5 eGg]Joxf]/fsf]lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, afFss ] f]
pknAw u/ fPsf]x'Fbf l/
6 lgj] bg vf/ h efuL x'Fbf
] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm .
vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no e]/Lsf] o; gu/kflnsfn];"rgf s]Gb|, ;"rgf clwsf/L, ;"rgf
tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . 8]S; ;d]t sf]Joj:yf u/L lgoldt ?kdf ;fj{hlgs
;"rgfsf]xs ;DalGw P] g, @)^$ n]Joj: yf u/ ] ;/ f]
sf/ sf ljifodf ;"rgf k|jfx ub} { cfPsf]5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

100 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
lgj]bsn] :ki6 bfjL glnO{ uf]Zjf/f ?kdf k/dfb]zsf] k|To]s gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo ;d]t ;/sf/L
cfb]z dfu ug'{ ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h efuL 5, vf/]h sfo{noaf6 kf/bzL{ ?kdf ;"rgfsf]hfgsf/Lsf]xs
ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfnuGh gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 gful/snfO{ oy]i6 ?kdf x'g ;Sg]u/L /fHosf sfd
kg{ cfPsf]lnlvt hjfkm . sf/jfxL nf]s  tflGqs k4lt cg'?k v'nf /kf/bzL{
o; sfof{non] ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg' kg]{ ;]jf l56f], agfO{ gful/ s k|lt hjfkm b] xL /lhDd]
jf/agfpg
5l/tf], sd vlr{nf]tyf ;xh 9+un]kfpg]Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /xs ] f];fj{hlgs dxTjsf];"rgfdf
ug{ gful/s j8fkqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]  . u'gf;f] cfd gful/ssf]kx'FrnfO{ ;/n /;xh agfpg /fHo
clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / sfof{nosf] ultljlwx¿sf] / gful/ssf] lxtdf k|lts'n c;/ kg]{ ;+jb] gzLn
lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgf cWofjlws /k|sfzg ul/Psf] ;"rgfsf];+/If0f ug{ /gful/ssf];';'lrt x'g]xsnfO{
;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ;d]t ul/Psf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ;+/If0f / k|rng u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
efuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf jg P]g, @)^$ nfu' ePsf] kfOG5 . of] ljz]if P]gn] u/]sf]
sfof{no, afFss ] f tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k|fjwfg ;a};fj{hlgs lgsfon]afWofTds?kdf cIf/zM
lnlvt hjfkm . kfngf ug'{ kg]{s'/fdf s'g}ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g /;a}
ljkIfLx¿n]cfkm\gf]lnlvt hjfkmdf o; s'/fnfO{ ;xh
cbfntsf] cfb]z ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]s} b]lvG5 . ;"rgf ;DaGwL P]g, åf/f
lgod adf]lhd ;fKtflxs tyf cfhsf]b} lgs k]zL lglb{i6 st{Jo ljkIfLx¿af6 kfngf ePgg /ug'{ u/fpg'
;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t t' l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] eGg];Dd l/6 lgj]b ssf]dfu b]lvG5 . s'g} ;fj{hlgs
ldl;n cWoog u/L l/6 lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg lgsfoaf6 of]o; lsl;dn]sfg"g k|bQ xs cf3ftLt
clwjqmfx¿ >L ljZjlht ltjf/L, >L ;'lgn s'df/>]i7, eof]egL l/6 lgj]b sn]:ki6 ;fy eGg ;s]sf]kfOPg .
>L nf]s  axfb'/zfx, >L s]jnl;+x yf?, >L an axfb'/ s'g};/sf/L gLltut ?kdf P]g ;lqmo u/fpg dfu
rGb /ljåfg clejQmf >L ;'bLk s'df/e§/fO{n]ug'{ /fv]sf] eP g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ljkIfL agfpg ;Sg'
ePsf]ax; /ljkIfL b"/;  ~rf/sfof{nosf]tkm{af6 kg]{/g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ g}ljkIfL agfOPsf]eP o;
pkl:yt ljåfg al/i7 clwjQmf >L ef]nfl;+x xdfn, cbfntsf]If]qflwsf/leq kg{ g;Sg]s'/f klg oxfF
ljåfg clwjQmf >L 6f]k]Gb| t'kmfg /f0ff /ljkIfL lhNnf ljrf/0fLo g} /xG5 / g]kfn ;/sf/g} ljkIfL agfOPsf]
k|zf;g sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl: yt ljåfg kl5 5} g . ;"rgf k|fKt ug] { gful/s xs cf3fltt
;xGofoflwjQmf >L v8\uaxfb'/v8\sfn]ug'{ ePsf] ePsf] xf] eg] To;sf] k|fKt ug]{ nufotsf P]gn] Joj:yf
ax; ;d]t ;'gL x]bf{, ljkIfL sfof{non];"rgfsf]xs u/]sf k|lqmof / pkrf/sf dfu{ lt/ lgj]bs nfu]sff]
;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf]bkmf -%_ cg';f/sf];"rgfsf] eGg]klg b]lvb}g . ;fj{hlgs sfd sf/jfxL kf/bzL{
cWofjlws k|sfzg gu/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ug{ u/fpgsf] x'g'k5{ eGg]lglj{jfb xf] . t/kf/blz{tfsf]cy{ v'nf
Joj: yf ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf Gofo k|zf;g clgoldt /gUg ?ksf]g}x'g'kg]{eGg]cy{ sbfkL ug{
P]
g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ tyf k'g/ fj]
bg cbfnt ldNb}g . hxfF;Dd ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfd sf/jfxLx¿
lgodffjnL, @)$* sf]lgod ## cg';f/k/dfb]zsf] k|sfzg x'g'kg]{eGg]k|Zg 5, To;df k|sfzgsf]:j?k
cfb]z nufot pko'Qm cfb]z Pj+ lgb]{zg ;d]t hf/L /bfo/f Ifdtf cfjZostfn]EofP;Dd ;s];Ddsf]?kdf
ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ ePsf]df, lgj]bg x'g' kg]{egL dfGg' kg]{x'G5 . ljkIfLx¿ ;a}n  ];"rgfsf]
dfu adf]lhd ;"rgfsf]xs clwsf/;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g xs ;DaGwL P]g ,åf/f lglb{i6 sfd st{Jo u/]s}5f}+egL
gu/]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ ;fFrf] gPsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/lnP klg P]gsf]p2]Zo /dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L
vf/]h ul/kfpF eGg] ;d]t ;a} ljkIfLx¿sf tkm{af6 P]gsf] bkmf % sf] kfngf of] o:tf] tl/sfn] kfngf
cnu—cnu lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf]kfOof] . ul/Psf] egL ljkIfLn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] eg] kfOPg .
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ t;y{ gful/s clwsf/k|lt ;r]:6 /xL ;"rgfsf]xs
xf]xf]Og\ < eGg]ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{b]lvof] . ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf]ljkIfLx¿af6 kfngf g}ePg
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ubf{ cfhsf]o'u k|hftflGqs o'u eGg' eGbf klg of]k|hftGq sfg"gL /fHo ;Da4{gs}
xf]  . ;"rgf, kf/bzL{tf ;d]tsf] tyf ;r]t / gful/s ;jn k|lqmof ug]{ePsf]n];fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cem
clwsf/, sfg"gL /fHo k|lt cfj4 /;lqmo o'u klg ;lqmotf ;fy st{Jo kfngf k|lt ;r]i6 /xg st{Jo
xf]eGg]s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g . o;}kl/k|I] fdf xfd|f] af]w u/fpg cbfntaf6 cfb]z x'Fbf ;j{lxtsf/L g}x'g]
b]zdf klg ;fdlos kl/jt{g /tbcg'?k sfg"g ;d]t ePsf]n];"rgfsf]xs ;DaGwL P]g , @)^$ sf]k|efjsf/L
lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" x'bF } u//sf]s'/f :ki6g}5 . o;}qmddf 9+uaf6 cIf/zM kfngf ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL 101
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
gfpFdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]bkmf *-@_ /  gSsn dfUg] ;/fs
] f/jfnfO{ lgodfg';f/ nfUg] b:t/' 
k'g/ fj]
bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf]lgod ## lnO{ gSsn lbg'==============================================================================================#
adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . c?df  bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v
tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ . zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg'=======================================================================================$

tkl;n -/fds[i0f e§_

 dfly OG;fkm v08df n] lvP adf] lhd ;"rgfsf] GofofwLz
xs ;DaGwL P] g, @)^$ sf]k|efjsf/ L 9+uaf6 pQm cfb]z
 d ;xdt 5' .
cIf/zM kfngf ug{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf -lbg]z k|;fb ofbj_
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/]sfn] pQm P]g, GofofwLz
sf]cIf/ zM kfngf ug'{ u/ fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs] , ;d] tnfO{ n] lv km};nf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{M
k7fpg'======================================================================================================================== ! Ohnfz clws[tM >L hgs k|;fb zdf{
 o; cbfntsf]cfb]zdf lrQ ga'em]sfg"gsf Dofb sDKo'6/ ug]{M 6f=gf=;'= /df >]i7
#% lbg leq >L ;jf] {Rr cbfnt sf7df8f} +df
k'g/fj]bg ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ k'g/fj]bg Dofb Olt ;Djt\ @)&! ;fn efb| @% ut]/fh
] $ z'ed\= = = = = = = = = = .
lbg=====================================================================================================================================@

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

102 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]
 ;xof]u

dlxnf, sfg'g / ljsf; d~r (FWLD) b kmf]8{ kmfp08]zg

&@, cfbz{ dfu{ %%, nf]bL :6]6, gofF lbNnL, !!))#, ef/t
kf]=a=g+= @^%#* kmf]g g+=M -(!!!_ @$^@&!$&, @$^!&&#*
yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn km\ofS;M -(!!!_ @$^!($$!, @$^$*$)!
kmf]g g+=M (&&–!–$@##%@$÷$@##%@% Od]nM ford-delhi@fordfound.org
km\ofS;M (&&–!–$@$)^@& URL: www.fordfound.org
Od]nM fwld@fwld.wlink.com.np
URL: www.fwld.org

cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

104 d'2fdf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
km};nfx?sf] ;+ufnf]