!

‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

20. Malaysia:
- Highest Civilian Award: Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia
- Highest Military Award: Order of the Warrior of the Realm

Lecture 09

EVERYDAY SCIENCE
Topics:
 Environmental Science
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
Environmental Science
Big Bang theory:
Almost 13.8 billion years ago Universe started by Massive explosion stated as big bang.
The term "Big Bang" was actually coined by British astronomer Fred Hoyle in a 1949
radio broadcast. According to the Big Bang models, the universe at the beginning was
very hot and very compact. Universe contains millions of galaxies.
Celestial bodies:
A wide range of astronomical objects, including stars, planets, moons, asteroids, comets,
dwarf planets, galaxies, nebulae, and more.
Galaxy:
Several Solar Systems makes a galaxy. Our solar system lies in Milky Way galaxy.
Center of universe:
Father of astronomy Copper Nicus and Father of Modern astronomy Galileo said that
Sun is center of universe. It consists of 99.8% mass of universe.
Solar System:
Solar System contains following four things:
 Star
 Planet
 Satellites
 Asteroids
1. Star:
Luminous celestial objects made of hot gases that emit light and heat through nuclear
fusion in their cores. Star has its own light. Sun is an example of star. Age of Sun is 4.6
billion years. It contains 70% hydrogen and 27% helium. There is fusion reaction in sun
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
which is producing heat. Due to this there is 15-20 million 0C temperature inside the sun,
and 6000C outer side of the Sun.
Fission and Fusion reaction:
The main difference between these two processes is that fission is the splitting of an
atom into two or more smaller ones while fusion is the fusing of two or more smaller
atoms into a larger one. In both reactions heat and light emits.
2.Planet:
Large celestial bodies that orbit stars, spherical in shape, and lack nuclear fusion to
generate light.Planet has not its own light. Our earth is a planet it takes light from earth.
Light of sun takes 499 seconds (8 min 19 seconds) to reach on earth.
Our solar system has 8 planets. Terrestrial planets (rocky and Earth-like) such as
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars; Gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn; Ice giants like
Uranus and Neptune.
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
M V E M J S U N
8 6 5 7 1 2 3 4

1 Mercury  Closest to sun.

 shortest Orbit,
 No moon
Venus  Hottest planet and slowest planet.
2  Longest day and night.
 Twins of earth
(Morning star)  East to west (clock wise) movement.
 No Moon
Earth  Most dense
3  Blue planet
 anti clockwise rotation
 Only one moon (5th largest moon of solar system).
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Mars  Next to earth

4  Some signs of earth supposed
 Anti Clockwise rotation
 Two moon
Jupiter  Largest planet of the solar system
5  11 times bigger than earth and safeguard
of Earth
 Fastest anti clockwise rotation only in 9 hours 50 min
 79 moons
Saturn  2nd largest planet
6  82 moons(visible ring)

Uranus  2nd last planet

7  Clock wise movement
 27 moons/satellites

Neptune  Farthest from sun

8  14 moons, coldest planet

Important points about Universe

 Study of the universe is called ? (Cosmology)
 13.8 billion years ago the universe was created by ? (Big-Bang)
 Big-Bang theory was given by ? (George Lemaitre in 1927)
 George Lemaitre was a ? (Belgian-Priest)
 Total theories about the universe have been given till now. (Nine)
 Before the Big Bang universe was a gravitational singularity. (like a dot)
 Due to high-density small dot exploded. (Universe)
 When a small dot (Universe) collapsed a was formed. (Quark)
 Quark is a particle of an Atom.
 (Hydrogen) atom was formed.
 At the top of the periodic table.
 is most abundant element in the Universe? (Hydrogen Atom)
 Hydrogen has (Zero Neutron).
 Hydrogen is the ? (lightest element)
 Atomic No. and Mass No. of Hydrogen is ? (1)
 Atomic No. is the No. of in an atom. (Protons)
 Mass No. is the sum of Protons and Neutrons in an atom.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Hydrogen gas is the lightest gas and it is also a ? (Burning Gas)

 is the 2nd lightest gas. It is not a burning gas which is why It is used in balloon.? (Helium)
 was formed after the formation of the Hydrogen. (Galaxy)
 is the largest body in the Universe? (Galaxy)
 Galaxy is Present in the form of ? (Cluster)
 Our Galaxy is ? (Milky-Way Galaxy)
 Our Galaxy Shape is Spiral and Path is Elliptical.
 Its nearest Galaxy is ? (Andromeda Galaxy)
 The distance between our galaxy and Andromeda galaxy is ?(2.5 million light year)
 12
1 light Year = 9.46 x 10 Km or 5.86 x 10 Km12

Lecture 10
Environment
Statistical Composition of the Environment:
The environment is a complex and multifaceted system that encompasses various
components, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
Atmosphere:
As mentioned above, the atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (78.08%)
and oxygen (20.95%), along with trace amounts of other gases.
Hydrosphere:
Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface. The majority of water (97.5%) is
found in the oceans, and the remaining 2.5% is freshwater found in glaciers, ice
caps, rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
Lithosphere:
The lithosphere is composed of various minerals and elements, with the most
abundant elements being oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and
potassium.
Biosphere:
The biosphere contains a wide variety of living organisms, from microscopic
bacteria to complex plants and animals. The exact composition of the biosphere
varies based on ecosystem type, geographical region, and other factors.
 Surroundings of an organism which affect the life are called environment.
 Ecosystem formed by interaction of living (biotic)and non living things.(abiotic)
 Biotic (living) part of Eco system makes community
 Living things of same kind called population.
 The place where a living things live is called Habitat
 Grass land Habitat, POND or Aquatics, Desert, The Rainforest
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Atmosphere :( Total length: 10,000km)

Total layers:05 (Thanks so much the Ex.)

1) Troposphere:
The lowest layer, extending from the surface to an average height of about 8 to 18
kilometers (5 to 9 miles). It contains most of the Earth's weather phenomena and
has decreasing temperatures with altitude.
 The range of troposphere is 18 km above the earth surface at Equator.
 The range of troposphere is 8 km above the surface of earth at Poles.
 The difference of height is due to low temperature at poles.
 Temperature decreases in troposphere as we go up.
 Nitrogen is the most abundant element in earth atmosphere about 78.1%.
 Oxygen is 2nd most abundant element in atmosphere about 20.9%.
 Argon is about 0.9% and carbon dioxide is about 0.03%.
 About 3-4% of water vapors are also present in troposphere.
 Water vapors trap the sun rays which reflected back from earth, that’s why they are
responsible for greenhouse effect. But water vapors are inactive part.
 Co2 is active part of greenhouse effect.
 The point where temperature is maximum in troposphere is called Tropopause.
 Clouds are also formed in troposphere.
 Water vapors are combined due to dust particles.
 Dust particle helps in cloud formation.
 Sun rays are reflected by dust particles that’s why we can see the sun light.
 Global Warming
Definition: “Increase in the use of fossils fuels causes the increase in emission of
C02, which traps more heat and Average temperature of Earth is increasing day
by day. This is called Global Warming”
 In 1997 Kyoto protocol was made in order to control global warming. It was enforced in
2005.
 The main objective of Kyoto protocol was to reduce the emission of Co2 4 to 5%
till 2012. But failed to do so.
Stratosphere: Extending from the top of the troposphere to around 50 kilometers
(31 miles) above the Earth's surface. It contains the ozone layer, which absorbs
and scatters the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.
 Range of stratosphere is up to 50 km.
 Ozone layer is also present in Stratosphere.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Ozone layer is present between 20-30 km.

 Planes fly in the stratosphere because there are no clouds in it.
 Temperature increases in Stratosphere as we go upward.
 Ozone layer is about 4 km dense.
 Ozone layer Protect us from ultraviolet rays.
 Unit of Ozone is Dobson.
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete the ozone layer.
 Ozone hole was created in Antarctica which has been refilled.
 U.V Rays cause skin-cancer mutation (changes in Genes).

2) Mesosphere: This layer extends up to around 80 kilometers (53 miles) and is

characterized by decreasing temperatures with increasing altitude. Meteors burn
up in this layer.

 Range of mesosphere is up to 80 km.

 Temperature and pressure decrease in Mesosphere.
 “Escape velocity” is the velocity needed to an object to escape from earth
gravitational field
Escape velocity = 11.2 kms-1

 “Orbital velocity” is the velocity needed to an object to orbit around earth.

Vorb = 8 kms-1

3) Thermosphere: Extending up to about 600 kilometers (372 miles),

temperatures in this layer can reach extremely high levels, but the air is very thin.
4) Exosphere: The outermost layer, gradually transitioning into space. It extends
from the top of the thermosphere to where it merges with interplanetary space,
and it contains very few particles.
Environmental Pollution and Pollutants
Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or
contaminants into the natural environment, leading to adverse effects on
ecosystems, human health, and well-being. Pollutants are the specific substances
or agents that cause pollution. They can be categorized into primary pollutants
and secondary pollutants.
Primary Pollutants:
1. Particulate Matter (PM): Tiny solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in
the air, often emitted from vehicles, industries, and construction sites.
2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): Released from burning fossil fuels, industrial processes,
and volcanic activity. Contributes to acid rain and respiratory issues.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

3. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Formed from combustion processes in vehicles and

industries. Contribute to smog, acid rain, and respiratory problems.
4. Carbon Monoxide (CO): Produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It
is toxic and interferes with oxygen transport in the blood.
5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Released from vehicle exhaust, industrial
processes, and solvents. Contribute to smog and ozone formation.
6. Lead: Emitted from leaded gasoline and industrial sources. Harmful to the
nervous system and can lead to developmental issues.
Secondary Pollutants:
1. Ozone (O3): Forms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react
in the presence of sunlight. Causes respiratory issues and damages crops.
2. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4): Forms from sulfur dioxide and other pollutants in the
atmosphere. Contributes to acid rain.
3. Acid Rain: Acid rain is a type of environmental pollution caused by the release
of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere. These
pollutants are primarily emitted from the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles,
industries, and power plants. Once released into the air, they can undergo
chemical reactions with water vapor, oxygen, and other pollutants to form sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). These acids are carried by wind and
atmospheric currents and can fall to the ground as acid rain
4. Nitric Acid (HNO3): Forms from nitrogen oxides and other pollutants in the
atmosphere. Contributes to acid rain.
5. Photochemical Smog: Formed by the reaction of sunlight with nitrogen oxides
and volatile organic compounds. Causes respiratory problems and reduced
visibility.
Removal Processes of Pollutants:
1. Mechanical Filtration: Particulate matter can be removed from air and water
using filters that physically trap the particles.
2. Absorption: Pollutants are dissolved or trapped in a liquid or solid substance.
For example, activated carbon can adsorb gases and VOCs.
3. Adsorption: Pollutants adhere to the surface of a solid material. Zeolites and
activated carbon are commonly used adsorbents.
4. Scrubbers: Air pollution control devices that use a liquid spray to remove
pollutants from gas streams.
5. Catalytic Converters: Used in vehicles to convert harmful gases like carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and VOCs into less harmful substances.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

6. Precipitation: Pollutants can be removed from the atmosphere through rain,

snow, or other forms of precipitation.
7. Bioremediation: Microorganisms are used to break down or metabolize
pollutants into less harmful substances.
8. Phytoremediation: Plants are used to absorb, accumulate, or degrade
pollutants from the soil and water.
9. Chemical Treatments: Chemical reactions are employed to transform
pollutants into less harmful compounds. For example, sulfur dioxide can be
neutralized to form gypsum.

 Study of internal structure of Earth is called ? (Geology)

 Diameter of Earth is ? (12756 km)
 Radius of Earth is ? (6378 km)
 Circumference of Earth is ? (40075 km)
Chemical structure of Earth
 Chemically Earth has three layers.
1. Crust 2. Mentle 3. Core
 Crust: There are two types of crust.

(a) Continental (b) Oceanic

 Crust has 46% of oxygen.

 Continental crust is 0 70 km.
 Continental crust has less density.
 Continental Crust is composed of (Silicon +Aluminum) “SIAL”.
 Continental crust is in Solid State.
 Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth crust (46%).
 Silicon is 2nd most abundant element in the earth crust (27.7%).
 Aluminum is most abundant “metal” in earth crust (About 8%).
 Iron is about 5% in crust.
 Silicon is neither metal nor non-metal it is Metalloid.
 Metalloid is the elements which can behave as both metal and non-metal.
 Oceanic crust has higher density.
 Oceanic crust has range 0 --------------------------------5 km.
 Oceanic crust is made up of Silicon + Magnesium (SIMA).
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
 Range of mantle is about 2900 km.
 Mantle has two layers:
(a) Upper Mantle (b) Lower Mantle
 Upper Mantle is in Liquid State.
 Upper Mantle contains Radioactive-elements.
 Lower Mantle is in Semi-Solid State.

 Range of Core is about 5100 km.

 Core is made up of iron and Nickel.
 Core has two types:
(a) Outer (b) Inner

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Environment Organism surrounding our self

Which makes environment Living and non-living
components
Ecology Relation b/w organism and their environment
Ecosystem made by Biotic and Abiotic cells
Abiotic Abiotic has no life like land and water etc
Biotic has life like animals, Human and plants etc
Hygiene clean surrounding
Humans and Animals are Consumers
Decomposers are Fungi and Bacteria

Lecture 11
Biological Science
Basic important points:
1. Study of life is called Biology. Father of Biology is Aristotle.
2. Study of plants is called Botany. Father of Botany is Theophrastus
3. Study of animals is called Zoology. Father of Zoology is Aristotle
4. Study of Microscopic organisms is called Micro biology. Father of Microbiology is Louis Pasteur
5. Father of Concept of Evolution Empedocles
6. Father of Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus. The primary objectives of taxonomy are to identify, describe, and
arrange organisms in a systematic way, facilitating communication,and study.
7. Father of Binomial Nomenclature Carl Linnaeus
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

ABBREVIATION
MR Magnetic Resonance Angiography
PET Positron Emission Tomography
CT Computed Tomography
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA Ribonucleic Acid

List of Sciences Ologies

Hematology Study of Blood Anatomy study of body structure
Hepatology Study of Liver Bacteriology study of bacteria
Mycology Study of fungi Biology study of life
Phycology Study of Algae Bibliology study of books
Virology Study of Virus Botany Study on plants
Nephrology Study of Kidney
Cosmology Study of Universe Cosmology study of universe
Pomology Study of Fruits Criminology study of crime
Ornithology Study of Birds Demography study of population
Osteology Study of Bones Demology study of human behavior
Oology Study of Egg Demonology study of demons
Oneirology Study of Dream Diabology study of devils
Trichology Study of Hair Diplomatics science of ancient writings
Ophthalmology Study of Eyes Dysteleology study of useless organs
Pedology Study of Soil Ecclesiology study of church affairs
Philology Study of Languages Ecology study of environment
Cosmetology Study of Nails Egyptology study of ancient Egypt
Aerology Study of Air Entomology study of insects
Geology Study of Earth Agronomy Study of crops and the
soils in which they grow
Astronomy study of celestial objects Pomology Study of Fruits
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Astrology study of celestial Apiology Scientific study of
functions honeybees

Animals and Birds

Largest bird Ostrich (Flightless Bird)
Smallest bird Hummingbird (It can fly Backward)
Kiwi bird Weak eyesight
Blind dolphin fish live in Indus River
Largest Mammal Blue Whale 13 Meters long (Found in Sri-lanka)
Platypus It is Mammal
Birds mainly found in South America
Cold-Blooded Animals Cannot control their temperature
Warm-Blooded Animals Can control their temperature (Birds are Warm-Blooded)
Pangolin Illegally traded animal
Houbara bustard Migrated to Pakistan in summer
‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم!‬
‫‪Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya‬‬
‫‪For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103‬‬
‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم!‬
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Lecture 13
Human Nutrition
The six classes of nutrients found in foods are as follow:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids (mostly fats and oils)
 Proteins
 Water
 Vitamins
 Minerals
Macro Nutrients:
Macronutrients provide raw materials for tissue building and maintenance as well as fuel to
run the myriad of physiological and metabolic activities that sustain life. Carbohydrate,
Lipids, Proteins and water.
Micronutrients:
These are not themselves energy sources but facilitate metabolic processes throughout the
body. Body needs in very low quantity. Vitamins and vitamins are these nutrients.
Water:
Although often overlooked as a nutrient, water (H2O) is actually the most critical nutrient of
all. Humans can survive weeks without food but only a matter of days without water.Water
makes up about 50 to 70 percent of body weight, 85% of milk contains water.approximately
60 percent in healthy adults and an even higher percentage in children. adults typically need
at least 2 litres (8 cups) of water a day, from all sources.
Carbohydrates:
These are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are the major supplier of energy to
the body, providing 4 kilocalories per gram. In most carbohydrates, the
elements hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same 2:1 ratio as in water, thus “carbo”
(for carbon) and “hydrate” (for water).
Lipids:
Lipids also contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in a different configuration, having
considerably fewer oxygen atoms than are found in carbohydrates. Lipids are soluble in
organic solvents (such as acetone or ether) and insoluble in water,
Proteins:
Proteins, like carbohydrates and fats, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but they also
contain nitrogen, a component of the amino chemical group (NH2), and in some cases sulfur.
Proteins serve as the basic structural material of the body as well as being biochemical catalysts and
regulators of genes. Aside from water, protein constitutes the major part of muscles, bones, internal
organs, and the skin, nails, and hair.Fish, Eggs and Yogurt, are the best sources of protein.
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate bodily functions by traveling through the
bloodstream to target organs.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Minerals:
These are simple inorganic elements often in the form of salts in the body that are not
themselves metabolized, nor are they a source of energy. Minerals constitute about 4 to 6
\percent of body weight about one-half as calcium and one-quarter
as phosphorus (phosphates), the remainder being made up of the other essential minerals
that must be derived from the diet.
Vitamins:
 Human body needs vitamins in very low quantity.
 Vitamins are of two categories water soluble (vitamin B&C) and fat soluble (vitamin A, D, E, &K).
 Vitamins are of 13 types(A,B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12,C,D,E,K.
 Vitamins produced by our body are non essential vitamins and while vitamins taken by out
sources are called essential
 Deficiency of vitamin A leads to night blindness
 Sun light is best source of which Vitamin D
 Human body needs vitamins in very low quantity.
 Vitamins overdose is dangerous for human body.
1. Vitamin A
- Sources: Carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, liver.
- Deficiency Disease: Night blindness, xerophthalmia.

2. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Sources: Whole grains, pork, nuts.
- Deficiency Disease: Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

3. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
- Sources: Milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables.
- Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis, cracked lips.

4. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Sources: Meat, fish, peanuts.
- Deficiency Disease: Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia).

5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Sources: Poultry, fish, potatoes.
- Deficiency Disease: Anemia, dermatitis, depression.

6. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

- Sources: Meat, dairy products, fortified cereals.
- Deficiency Disease: Pernicious anemia, nerve damage.

7. Vitamin C
- Sources: Citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers.
- Deficiency Disease: Scurvy (bleeding gums, joint pain).

8. Vitamin D
- Sources: Sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
- Deficiency Disease: Rickets (in children), osteomalacia (in adults).

9. Vitamin E
- Sources: Nuts, seeds, spinach.
- Deficiency Disease: Nerve and muscle damage, weakened immune system.

10. Vitamin K
- Sources: Green leafy vegetables, broccoli, Brussels sprouts.
- Deficiency Disease: Increased bleeding and bruising, poor bone health.

Amino Acids are formed when we eat Meat

Ready energy for athletes Carbohydrates
Glucose syrup is commonly made from Maize
The most difficult part in Nutrition Nutrient Cycle

Glands and Harmones

1. Endocrine Glands:
 Definition: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into
the bloodstream. These hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells or
organs, where they exert their effects.
 Examples:
 Pituitary Gland: Produces hormones such as growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
 Thyroid Gland: Produces hormones like thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that
regulate metabolism.
 Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones like cortisol (regulates stress response) and
adrenaline (involved in fight-or-flight response).
 Pancreas: Produces insulin (regulates blood sugar levels) and glucagon (increases
blood sugar levels).
 Ovaries: Produce estrogen and progesterone (regulate female reproductive system).
 Testes: Produce testosterone (regulates male reproductive system).
2. Exocrine Glands:
 Definition: Exocrine glands have ducts through which they release their secretions
onto a surface, such as the skin or a body cavity. These secretions can include
enzymes, mucous, and sweat.
 Examples:
 Salivary Glands: Secrete saliva, which contains enzymes for digestion, into the
mouth.
 Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and
hair.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Sweat Glands: Release sweat onto the skin's surface, helping to regulate body
temperature.
 Pancreas (exocrine function): Releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to
aid in digestion.
 Mammary Glands: Produce milk for breastfeeding

Famous pendamics and diseases

1.Influenza (Flu):
Caused by viruses, spread through respiratory droplets; can lead to fever,
cough, and severe complications. Prevent with annual vaccination and good
hygiene.

2.Common Cold:
Caused by various viruses, spread through respiratory droplets; results in
mild symptoms like runny nose, sneezing. Prevent with hygiene and avoiding
sick individuals.

3.COVID-19:
Caused by SARS-CoV-2, spreads via respiratory droplets; varying
symptoms, severe cases can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Prevent with vaccination, masks, distancing, hygiene.

4.Measles:
Caused by measles virus, highly contagious via respiratory droplets; causes
fever, rash, and potential complications. Prevent with MMR vaccination and
high immunization rates.

5.Chickenpox (Varicella):
Caused by varicella-zoster virus, spreads through direct contact and
respiratory droplets; results in itchy rash, fever. Prevent with varicella
vaccine.
6.Tuberculosis (TB):
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spreads through airborne particles;
leads to persistent cough, weight loss, lung damage. Prevent with screening,
treatment, and improved ventilation.
7.Whooping Cough (Pertussis):
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria, spreads through respiratory

droplets; severe coughing fits, especially harmful to infants. Prevent with
DTaP vaccination and boosters.

8.Norovirus:
Highly contagious gastrointestinal virus, often from contaminated food/water;
causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Prevent with hygiene and safe food
practices.

9.Mumps:
Caused by mumps virus, spread through respiratory droplets and contact;
results in swollen salivary glands, fever, complications. Prevent with MMR
vaccine.

10.Meningitis:
Bacterial/viral infection affecting brain/spinal membranes; leads to headache,
fever, neck stiffness, potential brain damage. Prevent with vaccination and
early treatment.
11.Dengue Fever:
Caused by dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes; results in
sudden high fever, severe joint pain, rash. Prevent with mosquito control and
protective measures.

12.AIDS (HIV/AIDS):
Caused by HIV weakening the immune system; leads to immune
deterioration, opportunistic infections, certain cancers. Prevent with safe sex,
needle hygiene, education, and antiretroviral therapy.

13.Cholera:
Caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, often via contaminated water/food;
results in severe diarrhea, dehydration. Prevent with clean water, sanitation,
safe food handling, and vaccination.
Difference between medicine and vaccine:
 Medicine treats or manages diseases after they occur.
 While vaccines prevent diseases by stimulating immunity before exposure.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

PLANTS
Parts of Plants  1- Leaf 2- Flower 3- Roots

Epidermal Tissue Cover the roots, stem, and leaves of a plant

Xylem Tissue Transporting water and dissolves salts from roots to the leaves
Phloem Tissue Carries prepared food from leaves to other parts of plants
Mesophyll Tissue The most important role of mesophyll cells is in photosynthesis
Flowering Plants: Bryophyte
Non-Flowering Plants Angiosperm
Iron Is not essential for Plants.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

-
- Plants prepare its food in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll (Green part of
leave) in daytime is called Photosynthesis.

- In Daytime, Plants release oxygen and

Photosynthesis absorb CO2.
- At Night, Plants release CO2 and absorb
oxygen.
- Fastest in Red Light.
- Maximum in White Lights.

The Exhalation of water vapors through the

Transpiration stomata at night in which plant lose 90% of their
water.

Transportation, Transpiration, Translocation

Transportation: Plants transport the water and minerals from roots to leaves through
xylem vessels. This are called transportation. It occurs due to diffusion. Diffusion means the
movement of a substance from its higher amount to its lower amount.

Transpiration: The loss of water from leaves through evaporation is called Transpiration.
Translocation: The Movement of prepared food from leaves to all parts of plant is called
translocation. Leaves are productive factories in trees. It occurs in Phloem.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Pollination:
1. The Transfer of Pollen Grains from the anther of flower to Stigma of
Carpel is called Pollination.
2. Pollination is of two types 1.self pollination,cross pollination
3. The agents that transfer pollen grains are called pollinators. Wind,
Water, Insects, and birds are examples of pollinators.
Parts of Flower:
1. A flower has 4 parts. 1. Petals (Attraction) 2. Sepals (Protection) 3.
Stamen (Male part) 4. Carpel (Female Part)
2. Each Stamen has filament and Anther. Grains produced in Anther
3. Each Carpel has a sticky stigma, style and ovary .Ovules present in
ovary.
4. Ripened ovary is called fruit.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Lecture 14
Physical Science
Physics:
Physics is the branch of science that studies matter, energy, and the fundamental forces and
principles governing the natural world.
Types of Quantities:
1. Scalar Quantities:
- Definition: Quantities that are described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.
- Examples: Mass, Temperature, Speed , Time etc.
2. Vector Quantities:
- Definition: Quantities that are described by both a magnitude and a direction.
- Examples: Velocity, Force, Displacement , Acceleration etc
System International (SI) Units:
The International System of Units (SI) is the modern form of the metric system and is the most
widely used system of measurement. Here are the seven base units and some derived units:
Base Units:
1. Length: 5. Temperature:
- Unit: Meter (m) - Unit: Kelvin (K)
2. Mass:
- Unit: Kilogram (kg) 6. Amount of Substance:
3. Time: - Unit: Mole (mol)
- Unit: Second (s) 7. Luminous Intensity:
4. Electric Current: - Unit: Candela (cd)
- Unit: Ampere (A)
Derived Units (Examples):
1. Area: - Formula: 1 N = 1 kg·m/s²
- Unit: Square Meter (m²) 6. Pressure:
2. Volume: - Unit: Pascal (Pa)
- Unit: Cubic Meter (m³) - Formula: 1 Pa = 1 N/m²
3. Speed/Velocity: 7. Energy:
- Unit: Meter per Second (m/s) - Unit: Joule (J)
4. Acceleration: - Formula: 1 J = 1 N·m
- Unit: Meter per Second Squared 8. Power:
(m/s²) - Unit: Watt (W)
5. Force: - Formula: 1 W = 1 J/s
- Unit: Newton (N)
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Matter:
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It is made up of atoms and molecules and
can exist in various states, such as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Particles in a solid are held Particles of a liquid are There are large spaces
together strongly. There is less close to each other among the particles of a
very little space among than a solid. gas. Particles move freely
them. Particles do not Spaces are among the in the space they have.
move freely they only particles are greater than Particles may leave the
vibrate in their fixed solids. Particles moves gas, if it is not enclosed in
position that is why, a freely and collide each a container that is why, a
solid has a fixed shape and other. gas has no fixed shape or
fixed volume. But, particles do not leave volume.
Generally, solid has the liquid that is why, a
maximum mass and liquid has fixed volume
density. but no fixed shape.
Generally, liquid acquired
maximum density at 0ºC
but water has the exception
it acquires maximum
density at 4ºC

Evaporation Condensation Sublimation

the process of turning water vapor in the air is The transition of a substance directly
from liquid into vapor. changed into liquid water from the solid phase to the gas
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Boiling of Water Water vapor into water Burning of coal

Droplets

Energy:
Energy is the ability to do work or produce change. It exists in various forms and can be
transferred from one object to another or transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be
created or destroyed (law of conservation of energy).
Important Types of Energy:
1. Kinetic Energy:
- Definition: The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
- Example: A moving car or a flowing river.
2. Potential Energy:
- Definition: The energy stored in an object due to its position or state.
- Example:
- Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy due to an object's position relative to earth.
- Elastic Potential Energy: Energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring.
3. Thermal Energy:
- Definition: The internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its molecules.
- Example: The warmth from a hot cup of coffee.
4. Chemical Energy:
- Definition: The energy stored in chemical bonds of molecules.
- Example: Energy stored in food, batteries, and fossil fuels.
5. Electrical Energy:
- Definition: The energy due to the flow of electric charge.
- Example: Energy used to power electrical appliances.
6. Nuclear Energy:
- Definition: The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.
- Example: Energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, such as in a nuclear power plant.
7. Radiant Energy:
- Definition: The energy carried by electromagnetic waves.
- Example: Energy from the sun (solar energy), light bulbs, and microwaves.
Law of Conservation of Energy:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.
- Example: In a closed system, the total energy remains constant. For instance, when a ball is
thrown into the air, its kinetic energy is converted to potential energy at the peak of its height, and
back to kinetic energy as it falls.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Lecture 15
Fundamental Force:
Force is a vector quantity that causes an object with mass to change its velocity (to
accelerate), i.e., it can cause an object to start moving, stop moving, or change its direction.
In simpler terms, force can be described as a push or pull on an object.
Unit of Force:
The SI unit of force is the Newton (N). One Newton is defined as the force required to
accelerate a one-kilogram mass by one meter per second squared (1 N = 1 kg·m/s²).
Major Types of Force:
1. Gravitational Force:
The force of attraction between two masses.
Examples: The force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun, the force that causes objects
to fall to the ground.
2. Electromagnetic Force:
The force between charged particles.
Examples: The force that causes the repulsion between like charges and the attraction
between opposite charges, the force responsible for the behavior of magnets.
3. Strong Nuclear Force:
The force that holds the particles in the nucleus of an atom together.
- Examples: The force that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
4. Weak Nuclear Force:
A force that is responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions.
Examples: The force involved in beta decay of a neutron into a proton, electron, and
antineutrino.
5. Frictional Force:
The force that opposes the motion of an object.
- Examples: The force that slows down a sliding book on a table, the force that makes it
difficult to push a heavy box on the floor.
6. Tension Force:
The force transmitted through a string, rope, cable, or wire when it is pulled tight by forces
acting from opposite ends.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Examples: The force in a rope used in tug-of-war, the force in a cable holding a suspended
object.
7. Normal Force:
The force exerted by a surface perpendicular to an object resting on it.
Examples: The force that supports a book lying on a table, the force exerted by the ground
on a standing person.
8. Applied Force:
The force that is applied to an object by a person or another object.
Examples: The force exerted by a person pushing a shopping cart, the force exerted by a foot
kicking a ball.
9. Air Resistance Force (Drag):
The force that opposes the motion of an object through air.
Examples: The force that slows down a parachute, the force that causes a leaf to fall slowly
to the ground.
10. Spring Force:
The force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that is attached to it.
Examples: The force exerted by a compressed spring in a toy, the force that causes a
stretched rubber band to return to its original shape.
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces:
Centripetal Force:
Centripetal force is the force that acts on an object moving in a circular path and is directed
toward the center around which the object is moving. It keeps the object moving in a curved
trajectory rather than in a straight line.
Formula: Fc =mv2/r
Examples:
- The gravitational force acting on a planet orbiting a star.
- The tension in the string of a tetherball.
- The frictional force between the tires of a car and the road when the car turns.
Centrifugal Force:
Centrifugal force is the apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center,
arising from the body's inertia. It is not a real force but rather a result of inertia; it is
perceived in a rotating reference frame.
Examples:
- Feeling pushed outward when a car takes a sharp turn.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

- The sensation of being pushed against the walls of a spinning ride at an amusement park.
- The outward force experienced by the water in a spinning washing machine.
Head-to-Tail Rule:
The Head-to-Tail Rule is a graphical method used to determine the resultant vector when
two or more vectors are added.
Motion
Motion is the change in position of an object with respect to time. It is described in terms of
displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed, and time.
Types of Motion:
1. Linear Motion:
Uniform Linear Motion: Constant speed in a straight line.
Example: A car moving at a constant speed on a straight road.
Non-Uniform Linear Motion: Variable speed in a straight line.
Example: A car accelerating or decelerating on a straight road.
2. Circular Motion:
Uniform Circular Motion: Constant speed along a circular path.
Example: A satellite orbiting Earth.
Non-Uniform Circular Motion: Variable speed along a circular path.
Example: A car navigating a circular track with changing speed.
3. Rotational Motion:
- Movement of an object around its own axis.
Example: A spinning top, the rotation of the Earth.
4. Oscillatory Motion:
- Repeated back-and-forth movement about a central point.
Example: The swinging of a pendulum.
5. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):
- A type of oscillatory motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the
displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of displacement.
Example: The motion of a mass-spring system, a pendulum for small angles.
6. Periodic Motion:
- Motion that repeats itself at regular intervals.
Example: The motion of a clock's pendulum, the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.
7. Rotary Motion:
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

- Motion around a fixed axis.

Example: The rotation of a wheel, a fan blade.
8. Projectile Motion:
- The motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject to only the acceleration
of gravity.
Example: A ball thrown into the air, a bullet fired from a gun.
1. Projectile: Object thrown or launched into the air.
2. Trajectory: Curved path followed by the projectile.
3. Range: Horizontal distance traveled by the projectile.
4. Height: Maximum vertical distance reached by the projectile.
5. Time of Flight: Total duration the projectile remains in the air from launch to
landing.
6. Maximum Height: at angle 90 degrees (fired vertically upwards).
7. Maximum Range: at angle 45 degree (optimal angle for maximum horizontal
distance).
8. Equal Range and height: at angle 75 degree
9. Complementary angles have same range and height.

These angles represent specific conditions where certain characteristics of projectile motion,
such as height and range, achieve their optimal or symmetrical values.
9. Translational Motion:
- Motion that changes the position of an object without rotation.
Example: A car moving along a road.
10. Random Motion:
- Motion with no specific path, direction continuously changing.
Example: The movement of gas molecules, the motion of a fly.
11. Brownian Motion:
- Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid, resulting from their collision with fast-
moving molecules in the fluid.
Example: Pollen grains moving randomly in water.
12. Vibratory Motion:
- Rapid back-and-forth motion of an object.
Example: The motion of a tuning fork, vibrations of a guitar string.
13. Spin Motion:
Spin motion refers to the rotation of an object around its own axis.
Example: The Earth spinning around its axis, causing the cycle of day and night.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Important Laws of Physics

LAW OF
Michal Faraday A person which combines electricity and magnetic
ELECTROMAGNETIC
field
INDUCTION

The principle was discovered in 3rd century BC by the Greek

mathematician Archimedes It states that when a body is partially or
ARCHIMEDES
totally immersed in a liquid, it experiences an upward thrust equal to
PRINCIPLE
the weight of the liquid displaced by it that ie its apparent loss of
weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced

The force between the two electric charges reduces to a quarter of its
former value when the distance between them is doubled The SI unit
COULOMB’S LAW
of electric charge, coulomb, is named after Charles Augustin de
Coulomb who established the law

The total energy radiated from a black body is equal to the fourth
STEFAN’S LAW power of its absolute temperature

When pressure is applied to a §uid, the pressure change is

transmitted to every part of the fluid without loss Hydraulic
PASCAL’S LAW machines like the hydraulic press work on this principle Atmospheric
pressure decreases with increase in height The SI unit of pressure is
pascal which is named after Pascal who established this law

This law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the

tension stretching it Doubling of the tension results in the doubling
HOOKE’S LAW
of the amount of stretch

It states that as the speed of a moving §uid, liquid or gas, increases,

BERNOULLI'S the pressure within the fluid decreases The aerodynamic lift on the
PRINCIPLE wing of an airplane is also explained in part by this principle

It states that temperature remaining constant, volume of a given mass

BOYLES'S LAW
of a gas varies inversely
with the pressure of the gas
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

It states that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass

CHARLES'S LAW of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 degree
Celsius for each degree Celsius rise or fall of its temperature

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Galileo Galilee, Father of classical Physics, from Italy first introduced gravity, inertia and laws
of falling bodies by experiment, two objects threw from lining tower of Pisa (Italy). Galileo
was an Italian astronomer who Developed the telescope Discovered four satellites of
Jupiter. Discovered that the movement of pendulum produces a regular time
measurement
Isaac Newton, also called father of classical physics and calculus, from UK gave three laws of
motion, the universal law of gravitation, and wrote the book Principia Mathematica.

The law of inertia states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and
Newton’s First Law of an object in motion will continue moving with a constant velocity
Motion: unless acted upon by an external force.
This law relates the force acting on an object to its mass and
Newton’s Second Law of acceleration. The force is equal to the product of mass and
Motion: acceleration, where acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
F = ma

Newton’s Third Law of The law of action and reaction states that for every action, there is
Motion: an equal and opposite reaction.

Universal Law of Gravitation The Universal Law of Gravitation was formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in
1687. It describes the gravitational attraction between two masses and states
that every point mass attracts every other point mass in the universe with a
force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them

A situation when a body is moving only under the influence of the

earth’s gravity. Since external force is acting on the ball, the
Free Falling Body motion will be accelerated. This free-fall acceleration is also
known as acceleration due to gravity.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

WAVE
Wave: A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy.
Frequency: the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time; also, the number of
cycles or vibrations
Frequency = 1/ Time (f=1/t)
Wavelength: The distance between the two successive crests or troughs

of the light wave Denoted by (λ).

Amplitude: refers to the distance of the maximum vertical displacement

of the wave from its mean position.
Relation between Velocity, Frequency
and Wavelength
V= f λ
v = λ /t = Wavelength/time = Distance/time
TYPES OF WAVES:
 Mechanical Waves:
 Require a medium (solid, liquid, gas) to propagate. Examples include:
o Transverse Waves: Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (e.g.,
water waves).
o Longitudinal Waves: Oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave propagation (e.g., sound
waves).
 Electromagnetic Waves:
 Do not require a medium and can propagate through a vacuum (space). Examples include:
o Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Surface Waves:
 Travel along the boundary between two different mediums, such as water waves on the surface of a
lake or seismic waves on the Earth's surface.
 Standing Waves:
 Formed by the interference of two waves with the same frequency traveling in opposite directions.
Nodes and antinodes are stationary points along the wave.
 Progressive Waves:
 Waves that continuously move through a medium, carrying energy from one place to another without
any loss of energy.

SOUND
Sound cannot travel through Vacuum
Sound speed is maximum in Steel
Sound Speed in Water at 0°C 1403 m/s
Sound Speed in Water at 25°C 1490 m/s
Sound Speed in Water at 90°C 1550 m/s
Sound speed in air 343 m/s
Sound speed in vacuum 0 m/s
Speed of sound in Liquid 1500 m/s
Speed of sound in solids 6000 m/s
Sound can travel fastest in Solids
Loudness of the sound depend upon its Amplitude
Humans can hear in the range of 20 Hz to 20000 Hz.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

LIGHT
The major Source of light is Sun
Light wave is Electromagnetic wave and particle
Light can travel through Vacuum
The speed of light in vacuum 3×108 m/s
Light is made up of Photons
Study of Light Optics
The speed of Light was first calculated by Ole Christensen Roemer
speed of Light is minimum in Diamond
Speed of Light has a maximum speed in Vacuum
Time is taken by light to reach Earth from Sun 8 Minutes & 20 Seconds (500 Seconds)
Time taken by light to reach Earth from Moon 1.3 seconds
The distance traveled by the light in one year Light Year
Light Year is a unit of Distance
Light Year is used to measure the distance between Stars
One Light Year 946 × 1012 Km
The smallest unit used to measure distance in space is Astronomical Unit
Unit of Light Intensity (brightness of an illuminated surface) Candela
is measured in

Lecture 16
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
Reflection When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the light ray bounces
back. Best reflector of light is Silver.

Refraction The change in the direction of a wave passing from one medium to another.

Dispersion The process of splitting of white light (visible light) into its 7 constituent colors
(VIBGYOR), when passed through a prism, is called Dispersion.
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Mass of a unit volume of a material substance.
Density=Mass/Volume
Density is maximum in solid.

Density The density of Air is 1.225 kg/m3

Density of Ice is 917kg/m3

The amount of space occupied by any three-dimensional solid

Volume:
V=LxWxH

Mass can be stated as the measure of the quantity of matter in an

object.
Mass

Mass is without gravity. Unit of Mass is Kg

Force exerted by an object.

Weight:

A measure of the force applied over a unit area

Pressure is often expressed in units of Pascal (Pa), newton per
square meter (N/m2 or kg/m·s2), or
Pressure: pounds per square inch

Normal temperature = (370 C and 98.60 F)

Room temperature = (250 C or 770 F)

Conversation Formulas
Temperature:
Fahrenheit to Celsius 0.5555(F – 32) = Centigrade

Celsius to Fahrenheit 1.8C + 32 = Fahrenheit

Total movement of an object without any regard to direction

Distance: Distance is do work or walk b/w two points
Distance = Speed * time (d= S * t)
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Displacement: The Shortest distance b/w two points

The rate of distance with respect to time

Speed:
Speed = Distance/ Time

The rate of change of displacement with respect to time

Velocity:
Velocity= Displacement/ Time

The rate at which an object changes its velocity with respect to time
Acceleration:
Acceleration= Change in Velocity/ Time

MIRROR AND LENS

Mirror Lens
This works on the principle of reflection This works on the principle of refraction
These are manufactured using materials other than These are manufactured using materials made up of
glass or clear plastic glass or clear plastic
The uses of lenses can be seen in astronomy and
The use of mirrors can be seen in houses, automobiles,
scientific industries, medical and research purposes,
solar appliances, etc.
etc.
Plain mirror uses at home Long-sight defect could be corrected by using
Convex Lens
Short-sight defect could be corrected by a concave
One Side Shiny
lens

Uses of Convex Mirror (Diverging) Uses of Concave Mirrors (Converging)

Sunglasses Astronomical Telescopes

Side Mirrors / rear-view mirror in automobiles Shaving Mirrors

ATMs and other places for security reasons Dentist

Reflector for streetlights Concave Mirrors Used in Headlights

To focus sun light on one point

A convex mirror always forms a virtual image A concave mirror always forms a Real and virtual
image
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

CURRENT
AC current Nikola Tesla introduce Alternating current 1895. Alternating current (AC) is an
electric current which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude
continuously with time.
DC Current Which flow only in one direction and have no frequency.
Conductor A conductor facilitates the easy flow of an electron from one atom to another atom
when the proper application of voltage.
Insulator An insulator prevents the flow of energy between two objects. For example,
insulators may prevent the flow of electric, heat or sound.
Semiconductor With moderate conductivity, a semiconductor has a conductivity value between that
of a conductor such as silver and an insulator, such as the mica

Important Scientific Instruments

INSTRUMENT/DEVICE USED FOR
Accelerometer It measures physical acceleration
Altimeter It measures altitude sand is used in aircraft
Ammeter It measures the strength of the electric current
Anemometer It measures the speed and velocity of the wind
Barometer It measures the atmospheric pressure
Binocular The device used to view distant objects
Bannock Device It measures shoe size
Breathalyzer It measures breath alcohol content Caliper distance
Calipers It measured the internal and external diameter of a cylindrical object
It measures the right time in ships/streamers
Chronometer
Compass It is an instrument used by the sailors to determine the direction
A charged particle accelerator can accelerate charged particles high
Cyclotron
energies
Dosimeter It measures exposure to hazards, especially radiation; radiation of item
Dynamometer It measures electrical power
Electricity Meter It measures electrical energy
Electrometer It measures the potential difference
Fathometer It measures the depth of the sea and ocean
Frequency Counter It measures the Frequency of Alternating Current
Fuel Gauge It measures fuel levels
Galvanometer It measures the low magnitude electric current
Glucometer It measures blood glucose
Heliometer It measures the variation of the sun’s diameter
Hydrometer It measures the specific gravity of liquids
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Hydrophone It measures sound underwater
Hygrometer It measures humidity in the air
Lactometer It determines the purity of milk
Light meter It measures light in photography
Lux meter It measures the intensity of light
Manometer It measures the pressure of gases
It converts the sound waves into electrical vibrations and magnifies the
Microphone
sound
Microscope It is used to obtain a magnified view of a small object
Multimeter It measures electrical potential, resistance, and current
Odometer It measures the distance covered by wheeled vehicles
Ohmmeter It measures electrical resistance
Oscilloscope It measures oscillations
Oximetry It used to measure the oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood
Pyrometer It measures a very high temperature
Periscope It is used to view object above sea level (used in submarines)
Radar It measures the speed and direction of far aircraft
Radiometer It measures the emission of radiant energy
Rain Gauge An apparatus for recording rainfall at a particular place
Speedometer It records the speed of a vehicle
Sphygmomanometer It measures blood pressure
Stereoscope It is used to view two-dimensional pictures
Stethoscope It measures heart and lung sounds
Seismograph It measures the intensity of earthquake shocks
Telescope It views distant objects in space
Thermometer It measures temperature
Thermostat This device regulates the temperature at a particular point
Viscometer It measures the viscosity of liquids
Voltmeter It measures the electric potential difference between two points
Watt Meter It measures electrical power
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Lecture 17
Chemistry: Study of matter and its reactions.

Reaction: Process converting reactants to products.

Reactants: Substances at the start of a reaction.

Products: Substances formed in a reaction.

Synthesis: Two or more substances form one product. A+B→AB

Decomposition: One substance breaks into simpler ones. AB→A+B

Redox: Electron transfer between substances. A+B→A++B−A +

Forward Reaction: Reactants form products.

Reverse Reaction: Products form reactants.

Equilibrium: Forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. A⇌BA BA⇌B

Catalyst: Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

Exothermic: Reaction releasing energy.

Endothermic: Reaction absorbing energy.

ORGANIC The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds (other than simple salts such
as
carbonates, oxides and carbides)
INORGANI The branch of chemistry that deals with the study of compounds, which does not consist of
C carbon-hydrogen atoms
MINERALS A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered
atomic arrangement Gold/ silver/ Carbon/ Meat/ Fish Nuts Solid chemicals compound +
well defied (C
composition) and specific crystal structure naturally occurring
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Everything which occupy space and have mass is called matter
Matter Basic unit of matter is atom

The smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist i.e. Hydrogen &
Atom Oxygen atoms.

Newest element of atom.

Quark

Same number of proton but different number of neutrons. i.e. Deuterium

Isotopes (Heavy Water)

a substance made up of only one type of atom, all with the same number of
Element protons. i.e. H2 and

a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental

unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Molecule H2O.

that involves mutual sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between

Covalent Bond atoms. i.e. H2O

formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more

electrons between atoms.i.e. Nacl. Electronegativity present in ionic
Ionic Bond bond.

formed by chemical combination of two or more elements. i.e. H2O

Compound and Salt
Compound is homogeneous.
formed by physical combination of two or more substances. Mixture is
Mixture heterogeneous.

the act of emitting radiation spontaneously. uranium and thorium

Radioactivity Radium, Polonium, Cobalt-60 Radioactivity discovered by Henri
Becquerel
Chemical Reactions are irreversible i.e. Burning of paper, Rusting of
Chemical Reaction iron &Food Digestion.
 !‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
a change that does not change their chemical composition Physical
Physical Reaction reaction is reversible.i.e. Condensation of Water & Boiling of egg.

A reaction through which two or more light nuclei collide to form a

heavier nucleus. i.e. H + H = Helium
When two fuse and create new atom.
Fusion Reaction It happens on the surface of sun where it is called thermal nuclear
fusion reaction. It generates huge atom of energy in the from of light.
the nucleus of an atom splits into lighter nuclei through a nuclear
reaction
It occurs only radioactive elements which are unstable like Uranium-
Fission Reaction 235. It is also called chain reaction it uses in atomic bomb. It also
generates huge atom of energy.

Basic Elements of atoms:

Element Discoverer Mass (Kg) Information
- Lightest
Electron-ve J.J. Thomson 9.109 x 10-31 kg - Revolve around nucleus in
shell.
Proton+ve Goldstein 1.673 x 10-27 kg - Both present in nucleus
- No. of proton determine atomic
James Chadwick number “A”
Neutron (Neutral) 1.675 x 10-27 kg
- 1932 - No. of proton + No. of Neutron = mass
number. “Z”
Periodic Table
There are one 118 atoms are present in the universe. In which 92
found naturally. Mendeleev from Russia gave periodic table:

In which he arranged atoms according to their atomic number.

Groups: Vertical-18

Periods: Horizontal-7
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS & THEIR CHEMICAL NAMES

COMMON NAME CHEMICAL NAME FORMULA

Baking Soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Bleaching Powder Calcium oxychloride / Calcium hypochlorite CaO(Cl)2

Caustic Soda / Lyle Sodium hydroxide NaOH

Chalk Calcium carbonate CaCO3

Chloroform Trichloromethane CHCl3

Gypsum Calcium sulfate dehydrate CaSO4 ·2H2 O

!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Laughing Gas Nitrous oxide N2 O

Quick Lime Calcium oxide CaO

Soda Ash / Washing Soda Sodium carbonate Na2 CO3

WATER

Freezing point of water (0ºC and 32ºF)

Boiling point of water (100ºC&212ºF)
Water in body 66%

Water in cow milk 87%

Water in buffalo milk 80%

Drinking water on earth 01%

Water is 50 times more viscous than Gases

Which of the following is used in water purification Reverse Osmosis

A waterfall possesses which energy Potential Energy

Inelastic collision and potential energy are not Conserved

Bamboo is related Grass family

The major ingredient of leather is Collagen

A place where leather is made Tannery

When an organism is Completely eliminated from earth it is known as Extinct

Which Crop requires high temperature- light rainfall or irrigation- 210 Cotton
frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Who plans and provides sports training is called Sports Manager

Arthrophyta plants are commonly known as Horsetail

To make an uncharged object have a negative charge we must increase adding electrons to
charge on particle and this can be done only by particle.

is used in the drum of a photo sate machine Selenium

Permanent Magnets can be formed from Ferromagnetic

Materials

Equilibrium state is one which When horizontal and

vertical force is zero

Nano meter is equivalent to 1 x 10 -9

SI Unit of Magnetic flux is Weber

Unit of work in C.G.S system Erg

Convection is done only in Fluids

“Unable to Write" disorder is known as Agraphia

Honey mostly consist of Fructose

Types of Lunar Eclipse 3 Types

The sun appears red at sunrise and sunset while it appears white at Scattering of light due
noon because Of to dust particles and
air molecules.
Which of the following conditions related to smoking involves Emphysema
damage to the alveoli sacs
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Wind always blows from area of High pressure to low
pressure

Which stone floats on water Pumice stone

Materials for rain-proof coats and tents owe their water proof Surface tension
properties to

Detergents dissolved in water help in cleaning clothes by Reducing the surface

tension of water

The absorption of ink by blotting paper Involves Capillary action

phenomenon

How Many Megapixels is the Human Eye 576MP

Outer layer of the human skin is called Epidermis
How Many Brains Does an Octopus Have 9
Activity of Brain is recorded by EEG (Electroencephalogram)
fathom is equal to feets 6
Which element has the most % in human body 1. Oxygen 65% 2. Carbon 18%
3.
Hydrogen 10%
What is unit of Pressure Barr- Torr- Pascal
Water soluble vitamins are released by Urine
The color which we see when our eyes are closed Eigengrau
A bird sitting on a high tension electric wire does not get electrocuted it does not form a closed path
because for the flow of current
Rainbow is seen after rain because of hanging molecules of water which act as Mirror

Which metal pollute the air of a big city Lead

photostat machine works on electrostatic image making
Which of the following is good conductor of heat but bad conduct of Mica
electricity
Why the needle of iron swims on water surface when it is kept gently due to surface tension

Which one of the following waves are used by the common TV remote Infrared waves
control
Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of Calcium sulfate
Proteins are made up of Polypeptide
Combustion can not take place without Air
Newton metre is a unit of Torque
Line of equal pressure Isobar
Line of equal Temperature Isotherm
The most abundant element in sea water is Chlorine
When a bullet penetrates into a target - the kinetic energy of a bullet is Mechanical energy &Heat
converted into energy
Atmospheric temperature increases at the higher altitudes due to Convection
Plant have while animals lack it Cellulose
Enzymes are organic catalysts made up of Proteins
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Which body part in Human never grow Pupil of eye
A rocket needs the speed of to escape from earth’s gravity 7 miles per second
Washing machine is working on the principle of Centrifugation
The weight of an average human male brain is about 1350 gr
Uncertainty Principle was given by Werner Heisenberg
Clotting of blood vessels is called Thrombosis
For about how many hours food remains in small intestine 2 to 6 hours
Energy possessed by water in a dam is Potential energy
The unit to measure the quantity of Ozone in atmosphere is Dobson
The process by which kidney stones are crushed with shock waves is called Lithotripsy

Another name for our voice box is Larynx

In the medical system of treatment to relieve pains called Acupuncture (Chinese)
Fine needles are pricked in the
body
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm
Substance used in match sticks Phosphorus
Characteristic odour of garlic is due to A Sulphur compound
Which group of compounds constitute carbohydrates Starch and sugar
Refraction of sound can occur in Water & Air
Which of the following is the major constituents of LPG Butane
The density of water is 1 g/cm3
A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy is called Battery
The lowest temperature ever recorded on the Earth is –89.2 °C
Chromosomes first become visible during which phases of mitosis Prophase
Who discovered the blood group of man Karl Landsteiner
Which of these fruits develop from an inflorescence Pineapple
Exposure to sunlight helps a person improve his health because The ultraviolet rays
convert skin oil into Vitamin D
The light rays used for eliminating bacteria ultra-violet radiation
Who was the first to measure the earth’s circumference Eratosthenes
The most important function of perspiration is Regulate body temperature
Saffron is obtained from which among the following parts of the plant Stigma
The process in which seed grows in to a new plant is called Germination
The Microbes used in baking industry is Yeast
All of these are benefits of bacteria except Oxygen Production
non-biodegradable materials Plastics
Biodegradable Dead Plants
non flowering plant Moss
Which vegetable is also a flower Broccoli
In your body where is the Macula located Eye center of Retina
The atmospheric air is held to the Earth by Gravity
Heat transfer horizontally within the atmosphere is called Advection
A transformer works on the principle of Mutual induction
According to the theory of relativity which of the following always remains Velocity of light
constant
The most distant human-made object sent into the space is Voyager 1
How many ounces in a pound 16
How many grams in a pound 453
How many pounds in a kg 2.20
Which gas is commonly used in balloons and airships Helium
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
What is depression rate in Pakistan 34
How many ounces in a kg 35
Which water will freeze first Hot
Which Part of an egg contains Protein White
Which gas does a Photocopier machine produce Ozone
Father of Homeopathy is Samuel Hahnemann
The Doppler’s effect is applicable for sound waves only Light waves and sound ways
Red color of tomato is due to Lycopene
Animal without red blood cells is Earthworm
Water has high density and minimum volume at 4°C
When sugar is added to water its boiling point Increase
Highly intelligent Mammals are Dolphin
Bat is a mammal who fly
In the manufacture of Vanaspati Ghee/Banaspati Ghee which gas is used Hydrogen
Crude Oil is heated in the furnace up to 400°C
Inflammation of liver is caused by Hepatitis
How many pairs of walking legs does a cockroach have Three
In which part of the Plant does photosynthesis take place Leaves
Name the branch of science which deals with the study of sound and sound Acoustics
waves
The average kinetic energy of the molecules of a body determines Temperature
Which of the following is responsible for largest amount of oxygen on earth Algae
Chemically finger nails are made up of Protein
P-waves (Longitudinal) and S-waves (Transverse) are terms associated with Earthquakes
Which Gas is included in Fry Chips Packets and tires for safety Nitrogen gas
Cell or Tissue death within a living body is called as Necrosis
Insufficient blood supply in human body is referred as Ischemia
Place directly above focus on Earth’s surface is known as Epicenter
The lens used in a simple microscope is Convex
At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit equal 40 degree
How many times the sun is bigger than the size of the earth 109 times
Which gas is used in preparation of soft drinks Carbon Dioxide
Age of the lion is determined through Nose Colour
The average acceleration caused by gravity per second is 32 feet
The average weight of man’s brain is 4.8 ounces. What is the average weight 4.4 ounce
of woman’s brain
Reptiles hibernate during Winter
Sound travels about times faster in water than in air 04
Which of the following acid is used in Ink Tannic
Which of the following flower is called Queen of Water Lilly
Who discovered blood circulation William Harvey
Internal friction of fluid is called Viscosity
The process whereby energy is dissipated from the oscillating system is called Damping
The movement of any solvent across a semipermeable membrane is called Osmosis
By which process does the smell of cooking spread to all the rooms in a house Diffusion
A colloidal system in which a liquid is dispersed into a liquid is called Emulsion
Which of the following is commonly called a polyamide Nylon
Pig iron is also called Cast iron
The PH of milk is 6.5
Primary producers are Protozoa
Which factor is affecting the temperature of boiling water Air Pressure
‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم!‬
‫‪Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya‬‬
‫‪For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103‬‬
‫ےبکشروزاگراکامکلاہللےہ۔وہرپورداگرامتمافسروشںاورروشوتںےسدنلبےہ۔ذہلامہرزقالحلےکوصحلےکےیلرصفاہللرپنیقیرےتھکوہےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم!‬
‫‪Solid and liquid are separated by‬‬ ‫‪Filtration‬‬