GLOBALIZATION: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Ulrich Beck (1998), from a sociological point of view, he defines the

globalization as the processes that create links and spaces

transnational social. Among sovereign national states with actors
transnationals, and their respective orientations, identities, and forms of power.

Meanwhile, Gabriel Ángel (2000) mentions that globalization can be

define as a global interactive process that is characterized by branching,
density and stability of its regional-global relational networks, as well as
the social spaces and transnational currents in the cultural spheres,
political, economic, military and economic.

According to CEPAL (2002), globalization or world integration is the increasing gravitation

of the financial, economic, environmental, political, social processes and
worldwide cultural events in regional, national, and local contexts.

1.1. Origins

According to (Salazar, 2008), the origins of the phenomenon of globalization are

they date back to the two decades following the Second World War, in the
which industrialized countries in North America, Europe, and Asia reach
GDP growth rates three times higher than in the last 130 years
precedents, which in turn causes a global expansion of the
trade transactions of these countries.

It began to be talked about 'globalization' after it happened

technological revolution of information and communications in the so-called
fifth Technological Revolution, from the perspective of the 'long waves' of
capitalism, which had been developing since the 1970s of the last century,
with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the disintegration of the USSR.
 This Technological Revolution has allowed biotechnology,
genetic research, scientific-technological knowledge, the capacity
of innovation and services, among others, the new niches of generation
of value and surplus value; they can enhance the capacity for reproduction of the
a system at levels and scales never before imagined. (Salazar, 2008)

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION

According to Gabriel Ángel (2000), globalization is an irreversible process because:

The increase of the geographical field and the density of exchange

cultural.

The global nature of the network of financial markets and of the power of the
transnationals.

Development of computer science and communication technology.

Respect for human rights.

Currents of global culture industries.

Global poverty and ecological damage.

Alatorre (1996) indicates some characteristics of globalization.

It follows a centralizing trend of power and concentration of

wealth and income. The interests of economic groups are due to
monopolistic nature.

It opposes the self-development of peoples and nations.

It promotes an exogenous and centrifugal development, which is oppressive as it unfolds.

that tends to alienate people, communities, and nations from their

deeper potentialities. It sacrifices diversity and sovereignty, and

globalizes at the expense of the national, the local, the different, the unique.

The key and most important characteristics of globalization are the

following:
Free Trade

As the process of globalization grows, it encourages the

development and implementation of various free trade agreements of
goods and services between countries of the same or different continent or
region, in order to expand markets and increase the economy and
productivity.

b) Industrialization

Globalization drove the continuous industrial development of countries.

with strong economies and, at the same time, favored the industrialization of large

number of developing countries, especially in

Latin America and Asia. This also generated greater integration.
international economics and jobs.

c) World Financial System

The financial system became internationalized and gave rise to the market of
world capitals. For this reason, institutions like the Bank
The World and the International Monetary Fund have a responsibility
very important in terms of decision-making and formulation of
financial policies.

Large international corporations have played a role

fundamental in the economic and financial process throughout the
globalization, and have received support from those institutions
financial.

Economic Globalization

Economic globalization refers to the expansion of various

economic activities that generated an accelerated exchange of
 merchandise or products (goods and services) at the national level and
international. For this reason, various regulations have been created regarding

market in order to observe and analyze the economic activity of a country

and the world in general.

e) Connectivity and Telecommunications

The development of technologies, communications, and the internet has

They have been fundamental pieces for globalization.

People, politicians, businessmen, among many others,

they seek fast and borderless communications, in order to share and
exchange knowledge, information, technology, and culture between
countries and regions.

Migration Movement

Globalization has driven the migratory movement of millions of

people in search of a better job and quality of life.
multinational companies or corporations began to expand their
worldwide facilities and to generate new jobs and
personnel transit from one country to another, according to training, education
at the individual's disposal.

g) New World Order

G7 meeting in 2014. A new world order is proposed after the
process of globalization due to new policies, treaties and
commercial, cultural, technological, political connections and
economic, in order to determine an international order and control. By
for example, in the economy new markets open up, it encourages the
free trade in order to intertwine national economies and
internationals.

In political terms, regulations were established that delineated an order,

rights and freedoms in commerce. And culturally, they were exchanged
customs, values and traditions

Globalization has been the means of integration and interdependence.

by which economic and political processes have been modified,
cultural, social, and technological, giving rise to a more
interconnected. It is a dynamic process in the pursuit of increasing
production, trade, and consumption, which in turn has been favored
since the emergence of the internet.

However, globalization has generated a series of advantages and

disadvantages that have occurred over time and that have
seen as a way to overcome limitations and offer contributions.
However, it also has a counterpart whose risks are
increasingly noticeable every day.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

3.1. Advantages of Globalization

It allows for greater communication with anyone around

world

Whether family, friends, acquaintances, coworkers, clients or

any case that requires communication; globalization has
encouraging telecommunications; especially those related to the
information and communication technologies commonly called
(ICT) that allow communication via text, voice, and even
video practically instantaneously.

In addition, thanks to the implementation of roads, ports, and airports;

A person can travel from one place to another in a congruent time.

Cultural exchange:

Another of the great benefits that globalization has brought has been the
internationalization of many cultures of each country, which
includes, among other things; idioms, art, music, literature, and gastronomy.

Multidisciplinary development of science and technology:

It has also allowed the creation of multidisciplinary groups of

different borders with the aim of achieving better results
regarding the research in the field of science and innovation in the
area of technology.

Tourism:

Tourism has been strengthened by globalization thanks to the

opportunity to travel anywhere in the world, communicate and have
instant information at your fingertips with the internet: The
The importance of tourism lies in being an economic activity that
it can leave a large amount of foreign currency to the countries.
3.2. Disadvantages of Globalization:

Loss of national identity:

The loss of national identity occurs when people

they begin to adopt idioms, ways of thinking, and at a general level; the
the culture of other nations at the expense of one's own, to prevent this
National policies on local culture must be encouraged.
and teach to value it.

Foreign influences:

Foreign influences are very common in globalization,

they happen because there is a clear freedom to set up businesses of others
countries at a local or national level, in addition to migration and interests
that foreign governments have in a certain country. For this
It should not happen; a strong and secure state of its system must be cultivated.

economic, taking advantage of the benefits, but not subordinating to

influences.

Job loss:

The loss of employment in globalization is a very relative phenomenon,

since globalization can generate them like making millions
they begin to lose jobs due to globalization.
due to factors such as the low competitiveness that the country has compared to its

international panorama, a low level of preparation among workers

and little incentive for the use of technology and innovation.
4. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION

Cultural globalization refers to the dynamic process of interconnectedness and

assimilation of cultures, from which a homogeneous and common culture is generated
in the world.

Globalization is a process that encompasses, in principle, the economic, political and

social, but it affects both positively and negatively the diversity of
cultures that exist.

Globalization as a mode of production seeks the well-being of society in

general has imposed various economic patterns across the world,
industrial, technological, and political factors that have disrupted various identities
cultural.

That is, cultural globalization is the result of a set of measures that

they seek the continuous development of society and have facilitated and increased
broadly the international relations and cultural exchanges, between the
individuals seeking an opportunity for personal development. In this way
millions of people around the world have interconnected, they have met and
found for various reasons, which has allowed cultural exchange.
Now, taking into account the economic and industrial development driven by
Globalization can be seen even more how this phenomenon has caused
large-scale cultural changes, both in the consumption of goods and of
services.

It should also be mentioned that the important technological development in the area of
communication has allowed social, work, and academic relationships,
relatives, among others, are much easier and faster without losing the
contacts.
From this back and forth of information and exchange of goods and services, it is that
they have interconnected the different cultural expressions that exist and, as
the result of this sum is forming a globalized culture of which
All individuals have notions.

However, each person knows how to recognize their cultural differences, therefore,
they identify as a citizen who has their own cultural identity.

Cultural globalization examples can be seen in those customs that

they have been adapted to the characteristics of others, that is to say, they are redefined and this is

observable through artistic expressions, fashion, gastronomy,

music, among others, in any country.

For example, listening to the song of a famous musical band in all the
continents without the language difference being a barrier, since everyone
fans sing it equally.

4.1. Factors that drove cultural globalization

To understand this phenomenon, we must understand those factors.

that have directly influenced the creation and expansion of the
Cultural Globalization:

The trade blocs. In order to achieve economic integration, there have been
economic borders between the markets of the countries have been opened.
In this way, economic blocs such as MERCOSUR have been created.
EUROPEAN UNION, NAFTA, etc. with the intent of strengthening the
capitals, exchange wealth and unify currencies as is the case of
the EUROPEAN UNION.
Blocks allow the free crossing of borders, facilitating the
direct cultural exchanges, without bureaucratic restrictions. The
individuals bring customs to countries and share them upon their return
acquired experiences, consume in the local economy, participate in
 the cultural diversity and artistic expressions of the countries that
they roam freely.

Mass media. We are faced with the factor

key to Cultural Globalization. If we go back a few
how many years, making a simple phone call was an adventure,
today the proliferation of media: satellite television,
but above all the internet has facilitated interconnection between countries
that are located at opposite poles of the planet.

4.2. Benefits of Cultural Globalization

The benefits of Cultural Globalization are varied and we are going to

analyze them. On one hand, we are faced with a knowledge of the
foreign cultures much superior to what our ancestors could have
(which used to know the world around them only to a few
kilometers)

We can also list as benefits the opportunities that we

provides the opportunity to know other cultures and their ways of life, in this way we can

access a vast world of knowledge that will allow us to choose

our path, whether in beliefs, cultures, etc...

In addition, cultural globalization has given us the possibility of

compare and choose among a huge variety of opportunities both
work as well as ways of life. All this accompanied by the means of
communication like the internet that have multiplied and expanded all the
experiences that we have daily making them public for everyone
society.

4.3. Consequences of Cultural Globalization

4.3.1. Positive consequences
From a set of heterogeneous cultures, a culture has been generated.
homogeneous that encompasses general customs recognized by the
individuals.
Cultural, social, and political values have been redefined in
defense of human rights.
Global interconnections have allowed us to know the great
cultural diversity that exists.
Every day there are more societies that, no matter how different they may be,

they share more common things due to globalization.

People are concerned about learning the most spoken languages.
in order to broaden their knowledge and development possibilities.
The media and audiovisuals have promoted, from
various ways, the development of cultural globalization by imposing
brands, trends, linguistic expressions, among others, that are
recognized by a large number of individuals.
Cultural exchange and multiculturalism are increasing.
Cultural globalization has been a phenomenon that has united
millions of people.

4.3.2. Negative consequences

Cultural globalization is a phenomenon that has regularized and

standardized cultural expressions.
The cultures of regions or towns with a smaller number of people.
they have been influenced by the cultures of regions or countries more
great and influential, setting aside their own identity.
Some customs are at risk of being lost or forgotten.
cultural traditions that have been displaced by others of greater significance

influence.
Cultural diversity is reduced as a popular culture is generated.
The customs of the most developed countries are imposed.
influential in the world.
 Cultural globalization is a dynamic phenomenon that arises from
trade, political and social exchanges, which makes it difficult
that culture is not affected and modified.
Cultural globalization can lead to the loss of sovereignty.
of a nation.
The consumption of big brands takes precedence over consumption and
promotion of what is done and represents the culture of a country or
region.

5. THE ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

It is a phenomenon that will undoubtedly go down in history books just like the
Industrial Revolution among others. We are facing a globalization that
It seeks to unite efforts, interests, and desires to create a single market.

5.1. Advantages of economic globalization

The global market network is established among democratic countries.
so diplomatic exits are favored in possible crises.
It promotes cultural and educational exchange.
Helps to bring products, technologies, and other benefits to places in
where they are not produced.
Per capita income has increased.
Economic globalization translates into the development of countries and
this in turn stimulates the creation of development and benefit policies
social.

5.2. Disadvantages of economic globalization

The elimination of tariffs and other taxes could mean the
reduction in the benefits of the least advantaged.
The greatest benefits are obtained by large conglomerates and the
rich countries with coveted raw materials, leading to monopolies.
Stimulates a business strategy that is not compatible with the
environmental preservation.
In some cases, the culture and lifestyles of
certain populations, making them increasingly similar to the
powerful large countries.
 5.3. Strategies
Promulgation and application of laws that favor the integration of the
countries through the free movement of their capital, goods, materials
raw materials and final products at a global level.
Formation of trading blocks: with common currency and the union of
borders have created trade blocs such as Mercosur and the
European Union, for example, among others.

5.4. Implications
International production processes: although the identification of
the origin of a product is a requirement to integrate into the market network
global in fields such as technology and automotive, the processes
productive are distributed in production units located in
various parts of the world.
Trade liberalization: the opening and integration of the
local markets to the global market implies partial or total suppression
of tariff, cultural, political, migratory, and social barriers of
in the same way means the adoption of technological advancements and
industrial.
Specialization: by joining forces and ideas, a specialization is generated.
that mainly benefits the consumer, creating products each
more advanced and also attractive in terms of their value
economic.

6. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION

Political globalization is the process by which institutions and

developed institutions, mechanisms on a planetary scale to address the issues
that affect all the inhabitants of the earth. It consists of the increasing integration
from the various national policies into a global policy, based on the
progressive construction of hierarchies, domains, and the most sophisticated
global regulations of the current world.

To face global problems, such as climate change or depletion

regarding natural resources, it is necessary for countries to act together.
which is turning the different policies of different countries into a question
global.

While it is true that globalization has driven the formation and union of the
countries in blocks to be governed by common guidelines and laws, one of the
the best examples of this type of organizations is the United Nations
United.

Citizens also contribute to political globalization by associating and

actively participating, for example, in an NGO.

The incorporation into a global policy implies ceding part of the regulation through
of national policies and begin to be governed by block policies. We
we are
common. Globalization has created a new economic world (t), which has us
it leads to a special business vision that aims to encompass the entire economy
in a single market.

Although globalization has an eminently economic nature,

It cannot be forgotten that behind many decisions lies politics.
market liberalization or the elimination of tariffs are determined
from the spheres of political power, although with a great influence from the
large companies.

6.1. Characteristics of Political Globalization

Political Globalization is a curious phenomenon full of advantages and

disadvantages where the economy is the basis of this globalization.
Let's look at some points and characteristics of this phenomenon:

Decentralized power: the signing countries of the blocks yield

part of the regulatory power within the territory to the organizations
multinationals, something that critics see as a loss of
 sovereignty and globalizationists as a way to prevent power
absolutist.
International cooperation: issues like global warming,
The famine, among others, requires the cooperation of the largest number.
of countries to solve them.
Free trade: although it is an economic factor, it is through
of the internal political relationships and agreements that the governments
they incorporate or not into global cutting policies.
Diplomatic solutions: the established bodies such as
logical consequence of political globalization, drive the solutions
diplomatic relations between conflicting countries.
Military Regulation: global policies and legislations as well
they contemplate the regulation of the use and development of weapons by
of governments, also regulate military activities
interventionists.
Justice: the creation of international courts is another factor of the
political globalization. These judicial instances seek to administer justice
in cases of genocide, international territorial conflicts or
war crimes. It helps reduce legal injustices.

6.2. Consequences of Political Globalization

The consequences of this process are very varied. In contrast to the

intended blurring of borders to eliminate nationalisms,
numerous movements are emerging that seek precisely
return to more national structures

Political Globalization has brought us a series of consequences since

the economy is the foundation of globalization and for this reason it has brought us

a series of changes and consequences such as the following:

Migration: trade blocs open their borders, their citizens

travel with only a few requirements. The basic idea is that cultures
 enrich the cultural exchange and that the opening of borders facilitates
and stimulates trade.

Cosmopolitanization of the population: the phenomenon of migration, about

All large cities have become urban centers of diversity.
cultural, ideological and customary. This has generated interests and ways
in life increasingly similar.

Better educated population: access to specialized education has

increased tremendously with the creation of opening policies
borders. The internet has also allowed to broaden the perspective that
I had about the other cultures.

Decentralization of power: The first characteristic of the

political globalization is the creation of supranational organizations that
they assume part of the power that has traditionally been exercised by the

national governments. This amounts to a loss of sovereignty due to

part of the States.

Increase of ultranationalist groups: Despite the fact that, supposedly,

globalization should mean the disappearance of borders, in
in many parts of the planet, the consequence is just the
opposite. On one hand, various sectors of the population seem
consider that the new centers of power, which are supranational,
are very far from the real problems of society. The
loss of sovereignty of national governments and the discontent with
some of the effects of economic globalization are causing
the emergence of strong ultranationalist movements. These groups,
that they have even reached power in certain European countries, advocate
for a return to strong States, recovering competencies
granted to international organizations. Likewise, they defend a
return to the traditions of each country.
 Expansion of human rights: Political globalization has
achieved that human rights have reached a large part of the
planet. Tolerance towards different sexual, political, or
Social issues have imposed themselves in a large part of societies.

6.3. Benefits of Political Globalization

The benefits of Political Globalization are broad and extensive and

They depend on factors according to the country, but we will focus on the
most important points would be:

Human rights: global pro-rights organizations

humans have brought knowledge about them to nations that
they had no idea what this was, moreover it is monitored and legislated in favor

of the respect for them.

Globalized moral values: values such as tolerance, the
equality, equity, etc. are now global concepts that the
organisms promote. A kind of culture is being created.
global, where the mix of many cultures is creating a
universal.
Prevents despotic behaviors: they have been created
mechanisms for citizens to act in cases of injustice
social that governments commit or wish to commit.
The great technological development has caused that relationships
humanities have been strengthened. Access to information is greater
that never.

6.4. Risks of Political Globalization

The risks of Political Globalization are varied, like any phenomenon.

it has its benefits and risks, although many claim that it has many
more positive points than negative ones, still, let's get to know them:

Rise of ultranationalist movements: as power is ceded

legislative regulation tears at the sovereignty of countries giving rise to
 with the emergence of radical groups, this type of movements usually goes
accompanied by extremes.
Loss of identity: migration risks the preservation of
national identity being influenced by external customs. The
cultures unique to each people become eclipsed by the way of
predominant life of the great countries, especially the Western ones.
Economic control: a global political regulation leads to a
neocolonialism based on the economic power of the most countries
rich.

7. TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION

We can synthesize the term technological globalization or simply techno.

globalization as the phenomenon of 'globalization' experienced by the world
of invention and innovation. More succinctly, it has referred to the fact that
that the generation, transmission, and dissemination of technologies has been increasing
progressively in its scope.

When we evoke the term 'the globalization of technology', it does not

One can talk about it without bringing in another term and another process, which is 'globalization'.

"economic," this last process can be defined as the extension of markets.

financial and trade across the planet. The reason they are related
these processes, "the globalization of technology" and "economic globalization"
it is because, for example, when one wants to extend the markets and the
products are created through inventions and the development of technology, which does
It is then possible the rapid increase of globalization, mainly economic.

The authors who were in favor of globalization mention that technology

over time it will make the borders between nations disappear and new ones will be born
so homogeneous political and economic institutions. They also mention
that today no country can distance itself from changes in technology through
of the media, for example.

7.1. Advantages of Technological Globalization:

 Thanks to globalization, it is possible to communicate with people who
they live in places very far from us through a mobile phone or
email, etc. Allows us to all be integrated.
It is possible to communicate about other cultures or other foreign data.
The fact of traveling abroad has become more accessible despite the
cost.
The manufactured products that are produced in a country can be
export to others, that is why globalization is directly
related to capitalism.

7.2. Disadvantages of Technological Globalization:

The media makes the population believe ideals that do not

they are certain, but they open up the opportunity for a market.
There is a part of society that cannot access globalization.
actual for having few resources. This is the biggest disadvantage.
important, since globalization does not influence the entire population of
same way.
Communication occurs between people outside of ourselves but between the
relatives have been lost.
All the devices we use in our daily lives emit gases from
greenhouse effect is causing the overheating of the
earth.
Technology makes the land produce more but they are killing the
natural bacteria that fertilize it naturally and contaminate the environment
environment

7.3. Dimensions of technological globalization

7.3.1. Global development of technology:

Organizational decentralization has caused the emergence of

different production nodes around the globe. The companies
multinationals have different centers in geographical areas
 different. In each of the regions, the wealth that
they contribute the concrete resources of that place.

7.3.2. Collaboration and global participation:

In a connected world that is permanently online, the

collaboration between countries is higher. The transmission of information and
knowledge among citizens from different places on the planet is
snapshot. The same occurs in communications between nations or
companies, appearing much more accessible than a few years ago
decades.

7.3.3. Global marketing of the produced technology:

The goods and services that are produced globally

consumed globally. The proliferation of objects originating
from different regions in local establishments or businesses
evidence the significance of the process. Technology is a good of
worldwide character that has high value for export.

7.4. Contradictions

In any case, global techno-globalization also raises contradictions.

There is a scientifically evidenced asymmetry in the development of the
countries that are involved in the process. On many occasions, the
organizations have taken advantage of this process to move their production
to regions where labor is cheaper and the conditions
labor conditions leave much to be desired.
But different dimensions of the same fact are really presented in
function of which country we are referring to. In general terms the
the strongly economic character of globalization presupposes a
worsening of the differences between more developed societies and
less developed. Production is carried out in less
developed and consumption is in the more developed societies.

7.5. Positive and negative consequences

 The consequences are evident today. It is a process that
it has positive and negative impacts. The evaluation of this impact is
constant due to the transformation speed that characterizes the
process. In strictly material terms, the metamorphosis that occurs in the
production is almost daily; new designs and shapes are sold anywhere
commercial sector every day.

The simplicity with which the individual presents themselves in society through
the new technologies raise new challenges and difficulties in the face of
the times that are coming

This alteration of structures leads to new consumption patterns

by the citizens. The new source of identity that inaugurates the
technological development creates a new world parallel to the real world; the world

virtual. The power with which virtual spaces such as networks emerge
social shows the scope of this systemic variation.

7.6. Change of behaviors

The behavior is completely modified by the inclusion of the

new technologies and the process of techno-globalization. The
awareness of the existence of a global society becomes more evident.
In the past, it was harder to have meetings where individuals...
they had a lot of information about the other person. Currently
immediate access to useful information about other individuals allows
people having a broader prior knowledge of the entirety of the
population.
The simplicity with which the individual presents themselves in society through the
new technologies raise new challenges and difficulties in the face of the times
that come. Narcissistic behaviors are addressed by professionals
based on the repeated use of a technology that is consumed in a country,
but manufactured in another.

8. SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION
Social globalization, or also called the social dimension of globalization, is
it refers to the impact that this process has on the life and work of people,
as well as in their families and societies. It includes the concerns and the
problems related to the impact of globalization on employment, the
working conditions, income, and social protection. Beyond the world of
work, the social dimension encompasses issues related to security,
culture and identity, social inclusion or exclusion, and family cohesion
and the communities.

Some argue that the current model of globalization has worsened the
problems of unemployment, inequality and poverty while others
they claim that globalization has helped to reduce the incidence of such
problems. Of course, these problems existed before globalization. But
it is evident that for globalization to be sustainable both politically
as in the economic sphere, it must contribute to solving them. Therefore, the goal
it is a globalization that meets the needs of all people.

Social globalization has a very important character as it is a

increase in communications, as well as the interdependence between the
individuals, societies or nations would generate an exchange of knowledge by
just like the perceptions that each person carries. Thanks to
Hello, one could search for solutions to problems from various points of view.
remember that many heads think better than one

8.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Globalization

8.1.1. Advantages
 Human relationships have strengthened and have been able to
overcome various limitations such as distance thanks to
technological development, now we have access to the
information, technological resources such as programs, software
more quickly and at a lower cost.
Greater accessibility to exchange and access information
of national and international interest.

8.1.2. Disadvantages

Increase in external debt, largely due to developing countries.

of development.
The increase in social inequality, between the rich and the poor,
has limited access to and use of various educational resources,
technological and economic in many social groups in
poverty situation.
Great power of multinationals, existence of monopolies.
Public policies shrink to mercantile measures and their
national specificity fades in making them compatible
with the needs of global markets.
Increase in the number of confrontations between groups
social groups that seek to reclaim their social, religious values
and cultural ones that have been established through
globalization.
9. REFERENCES

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Cultural globalization is the process by which cultural values, ideas, and practices are shared and spread across different societies around the world. This phenomenon is driven by advancements in technology, communication, and transportation, enabling people and cultures to connect and interact more than ever before. As a result, cultural globalization can lead to the mixing of cultures, the exchange of traditions, and the emergence of a more interconnected global society. However, it can also raise concerns about cultural homogenization, where dominant cultures overshadow local traditions and identities.
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