Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of People's Power for Defense

National Experimental Polytechnic University of the Bolivarian Armed Forces

Nucleus Anzoátegui _Headquarters San Tome

Teacher: Bachelor:

Agro Engineer A01

Introduction
The thought and work of the Great Marshal Sucre were unmatched; his life was so
exemplary, astonishing, and extraordinary, that his first biography was written by himself.
Liberator Simón Bolívar. Sucre was a soldier, statesman, diplomat, congressman, first
President of the Republic of Bolivia, extraordinary strategist and military engineer. He founded
newspapers, universities, courts of justice and designed laws. In which was founded a
a brief journey through the life of this great Venezuelan hero, with the purpose of
to recognize the greatness of a man who died in the flower of his youth for the
libertarian values. An unparalleled strategist and owner of legendary benevolence, whose
progressive thinking still marks the way in the construction of a better homeland.
Brother-in-law in coins, cheered in speeches, busts in squares and more, the
Sucre's thought remains proud and shining alongside Bolívar.
Antonio José de Sucre was born in Cumaná (State of Sucre) on February 3, 1795 and is
murdered in Berruecos (Colombia) on June 4, 1830
Official (Chief General) of the Army of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, Grand Marshal
from Ayacucho (Peru). President of Bolivia. Politician and statesman. Son of lieutenant Vicente
of Sucre and Urbaneja and of María Manuela de Alcalá and Sánchez. He is considered the military
the most complete and upright of the heroes of our Independence. He was a paradigm in
the strict compliance with his duty; he was inflexible, tough, and fair. His father, his 2 grandparents
And 4 great-grandparents and more of his great-great-grandparents were military. He lost his mother at the age of 7.
years. The teenager was sent to Caracas under the care of his godfather, the archdeacon of the
cathedral, presbyter Antonio Patricio de Alcalá, to start studies in military engineering
at the School of José Mires. In 1809, with his brother Pedro and other young people, he joined
as a cadet in the Company of Noble Hussars of Ferdinand VII, in Cumaná, unit
organized by Juan Manuel de Cajigal y Niño, governor of the province of Cumaná.
In 1810, the Government Junta of Cumaná appointed him to the position of second lieutenant.
regulated infantry militias. This rank was ratified by the Supreme Board of
Caracas on August 6 of that same year. In 1811, he holds the position in Margarita.
from commander of engineers. On July 31 of that year, he received the dispatch of lieutenant.
In 1812 he is in Barcelona, serving as the commander of the artillery. There, on the 3rd of
July of the mentioned year, along with other notable citizens, signed the minutes of the assembly of
war that met that day to address what is necessary for security of the
Republic, due to the events in Caracas (offensive of Domingo of
Monteverde) and the occupation of Cúpira by a group of supporters of Fernando VII.
After the surrender of General Francisco de Miranda, he returned
to Cumaná, where the new royalist governor Emeterio Ureña granted him a passport.
for him to travel to Trinidad; but there is no record that he made use of that document.
In 1813, under the orders of General Santiago Mariño, he joins the group of republicans.
known as the "liberators of the east" and participates in operations for the
liberation of that part of Venezuela.

As an aide-de-camp to General Mariño, in 1814, he attends the

conjunction of the forces of the East with those of the West in the valleys of Aragua. That
In the year, his brother Pedro was executed in La Victoria by the royalists; and victims of José
Tomás Boves dies in Cumaná, his siblings Vicente and Magdalena. No fewer than 14
immediate relatives will perish in the War of Independence. In 1815, after fighting
under the orders of General José Francisco Bermúdez in Maturín, he goes to Margarita and
escaping from General Pablo Morillo, he goes to the Antilles and Cartagena. In this square,
with Lino de Pombo as immediate boss, he directs the fortification works for defense
from the city against the royalist siege. In December, he is in Haiti. When he was returning
Afterward, Venezuela shipwrecks in the Gulf of Paria. In 1816, Mariño appoints him as chief of
his General Staff and promotes him to colonel. This same chief appointed him in 1817
commander of the province of Cumaná. That year, after the Congress of Cariaco (8
may) is unaware of the actions of that body and authority of Mariño and moves to
Guyana, where he comes under the orders of Simón Bolívar. On September 17 of
that same year he received from Bolívar the appointment as governor of Old Guayana
and commander general of the Lower Orinoco; and also the task of organizing a battalion
with the name Orinoco.

INDEPENDENCE OF ECUADOR PERU AND BOLIVIA

Equestrian statue inAyacucho.

Then the campaign for the liberation of Ecuador began, which

it culminated in theBattle of Pichinchaliberated on May 24, 1822. With this
the victory of Sucre consolidated the independence of theGreat Colombia, it was consummated the one of
Ecuador and the way was ready for the liberation of Peru, after the withdrawal ofSaint Martin.
Sugar entered intoLimain 1823, preceding Bolívar. TheDecember 1from 1823 arrived
aYungayestablishing itself there as it is the central point of the camp. It adjusted
in the vicinity of the 'Valijeros' and 'Pichincha' battalions, which the population
equipped and supplied them until they were ready to march the25 of
FebruarytowardsHuánuco. Participated alongsideBolívartheAugust 6of1824in thebattle of
Junínand on December 9 of the same year, he defeated theViceroy La SernainAyacuchoaction
what the end of Spanish rule in the South American continent meant. The Parliament
he named the PeruvianGrand Marshaland Commander in Chief of the Armies

At the front of these, he/she marched to theHigh Peru, where, along with the
libertarian leaders, founded the Republic of Bolívar (later known as the Republic of
Bolivia) in tribute to the Liberator, who entrusted him with the drafting of its Constitution,
which was promulgated in 1826 under the premise of being 'the most liberal Constitution of
world." At the forefront of the Bolivian government, Sucre enacted progressive laws; he executed the
political division of the country according to the Constitution proposed by Simón Bolívar;
he promoted public education; organized the administrative apparatus; and, directed
ambitious programs for economic recovery. TheApril 18of1828, it exploded
a riot inChuquisaca.7TheMarshalSucre was shot twice. This incident
caused the Marshal to make the decision to abandon the position of President of
Bolivia to avoid conflicts and contribute to the pacification of the Republic. The Assembly
local appointed him honorary president, but he resigned in1828due to the riots and the
pressure from Peruvians opposed to Bolivian independence. He then withdrew to
Ecuador accompanied by his daughter and his wife, the Marchioness of Solanda

The Armistice of Santa Ana

After she was liberatedNew Granada and the Republic of createdColombiaBolívar

signature with the Spanish generalPablo Morillo, on November 26, 1820, aArmistice,
as well as a Treaty for the Regularization of War. Sucre drafted thisTreaty of
Armistice and Regulation of the Warconsidered by Bolívar as "the most beautiful"
monument of mercy applied to war.' The importance of the documents
drafted by Sucre, in what meant his first diplomatic performance, was the
temporary halt of the struggles between the patriots and the royalists, and the end of the war
a death that began in 1813. The Santa Ana Armistice allowed Bolívar to buy time
to prepare the strategy of theBattle of Carabobo, which secured independence
Venezuelan. The document marked a milestone in international law, as Sucre established
worldwide the humanitarian treatment that began to be received since then
defeated by the victors in a war. In this way, he became a pioneer of
human rights. The projection of the treaty was so great that Bolívar in
one of his letters wrote: "this treaty is worthy of the soul of Sucre. The Treaty of
The truce aimed to suspend hostilities to facilitate the talks.
between the two sides, with a view to reaching a final peace. This Treaty was signed by
six months and forced both armies to remain in the positions they occupied
at the time of its signing. The Armistice Treaty was "By which from now on in
forward "there will be war betweenSpainyColombiahow the towns do it
civilized.

THE BATTLE OF PICHINCHA

Equestrian statue of Antonio José de Sucre, Grand Marshal of

Ayacucho, in his hometown, Cumaná.

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which is guarded by

two motionless soldiers, wearing period costumes. In the background, there is a large monument,
referred to as the 'Altar of the Fatherland' in Honor of the Battle.

The Battle ofPichinchait happened on May 24, 1822, in

the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, over 3,000 meters above sea level, near
the city ofQuitoin present-day Ecuador. The meeting, which took place in the context of
theHispano-American Independence Wars , faced the independence army
under the command of the Venezuelan General Antonio José de Sucre and the royalist army
commanded by the Field MarshalMelchor De AymerichThe defeat of the forces
loyal realists toSpainled to the liberation ofQuitoand guaranteed independence
from the provinces that belonged to the Royal Audience of Quito, also known as
the Presidency of Quito, the Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction of which
eventually the Republic emerged fromEcuadorWhen dawn broke, without Sucre it
Knowing this, the sentinels positioned near Quito spotted the Patriot troops.
ascending the slopes of Pichincha. Aymerich, then aware of the
Sucre's intention to flank it by means of ascending the volcano, ordered his army
1,894 men ascended the mountain as quickly as possible to confront there.
Sugar.
Having been found in abattlefieldso unlikely, the two commanders do not
they had no other option but to gradually send their troops into battle. There was little
space to maneuver on the steep slopes of Pichincha, among deep
ravines and dense thickets. The men of the Paya, after recovering from the
initial shock, they repositioned under enemy fire, waiting for the arrival of the
Trujillo battalion. The startled Sucre, only waiting for the Spaniards to be more
tired of their own troops, he sent the Yaguachi battalion, made up of
Ecuadorians. The Alto Magdalena battalion attempted a flanking movement,
but without success, as the land did not allow it. Soon, the
battalions Paya, Trujillo and Yaguachi, suffering many casualties and with little ammunition,
they began to retreat. By then, the fate of the battle for the Patriots
it seemed to depend on Albion, which was transporting the much-needed ammunition; and without
embargo, their whereabouts were unknown. As time passed, the Royalists
they seemed to gain control of the battle. El Trujillo was forced to retreat, while
the Peruvian battalion Piurahuyó before facing the enemy. In the midst of the
desperation, the reserve men of the battalion Payase were ordered to charge against
the enemy with their bayonets. Both sides suffered heavy losses, but the situation
it more or less stabilized for the Patriots. Despite this, Aymerich, as part of
his strategy, during the ascent to Pichincha separated from his main force the
Aragon battalion, ordering it to advance to the summit of the volcano, and then attack.
to the Patriots from the rear, breaking their lines at the moment
indicated. The Aragonese was the best battalion of the royalist army; it was made up of
Spanish veterans who had acted both inWar of Independence
Spanishas in other battles inSouth America, and at that moment was found
about the Patriots and ready to attack. Fortunately for the Patriots, when
Aragon was about to charge against the weakened Patriot line, but was halted abruptly by
the Albion, which unexpectedly entered the battle. It turns out that Albion managed
advance to a position higher than that of the Spaniards. Soon, the Magdalene joined
to the battle, and the Aragón after suffering heavy casualties, disintegrated. Then
elMagdalena advanced to the Patriot line to replace Paya, and charged against the
Realist line, which ultimately broke.

Despite the context of the Wars of

Independence of America, the Battle of Pichincha is considered a minor conflict.
in terms of its duration as well as the number of combatants, its consequences
were quite significant. TheMay 25In 1822, Sucre entered with his army into the
city of Quito, where he accepted the surrender of all Spanish troops established
in the territory that the government ofColombiahe called 'Department of Quito', to the
consider it an integral part of the Republic of Colombia since its creation17
of Decemberof1819.

When Sucre recaptured Cuenca on February 21, he obtained from

the local council a decree in which the integration of its city was proclaimed and
province to theRepublic of ColombiaSo, with the surrender of Quito, which in turn
put an end to the Realist resistance in the northern province ofGrassBolívar was able to enter
in the city, as he finally didJune 16 from 1822. Among the enthusiasm
general of the population, the former Province of Quito was incorporated into the Republic of
Colombia. For its partGuayaquil, who still had not decided their future, with the presence of both
ofBolívarlike the victorious Gran Colombian army in their territory, proclaimed the
incorporation of Guayaquil to Gran Colombia theJuly 13from 1822.

The Capitulation of Pichincha

The Capitulation of the Battle of Pichincha. Oil on canvas by Antonio Salas.

At noon under a shining sun, the soldiers

from freedom at the summit of Pichincha at more than 3000 meters high they cried out
victory. The victory was Sucre's, which was completed with the capitulation of the chief
patriot granted to Marshal Aymerich on May 25 of the same year. With the
operations whose final actions took place on the slopes of Pichincha and in the
city ofQuito, Sucre decided in his favor the wavering and delicate situation of Guayaquil;
gave freedom to the territory that makes up today's Republic ofEcuador, and facilitated his/her

incorporation to theGreat ColombiaOn June 18 of that year, Bolívar promoted him to

division general and appoints him as the intendant of the department of Quito. In charge of the
Ecuador's destinations are developing a positive work of progress: establishes the Court of Justice
ofCuencaand in Quito the first republican newspaper of the time: El Monitor. It was established in
that city the Economic Society. A good proof of its personal activity is that,6
of SeptemberIn 1822, he issued and signed 52 communications in Quito. Interested in the
Education can affirm that it found 7 schools in Cuenca and left 20.
 Peru requests help from Gran Colombia

After the withdrawal ofJosé de San Martín, theCongress

ConstituentI appoint the President of the Governing Board General.José de La Mar.
He committed a good part of the army to ambitious campaigns that failed in
the battles of Tarata and Moquegua, leaving the Peruvian government in a delicate
military condition. Military defeats and political struggles among the patriots
Peruvians weakened the Peruvian independence forces. The government ofRiva
Agüerohe was pressured by public opinion to request intervention from
Bolívar. TheLiberator, who was in Guayaquil monitoring the events
inPerusent the 6,000 men he already had to the first Peruvian requests
prepared in Ecuador in two successive expeditions of 3,000 men, with the
General Sucre in command of the forces and in charge of negotiating with Peru the
terms in which TheGreat Colombiawould intervene in the war.

4. THE BATTLE OF JUNIN

Battle of Junín. Oil on canvas.

TheBattle of Junínwas one of the last confrontations,

that the royalist and independence armies held during the process of
theindependence of PeruThe battle took place in the pampa of Junín in the
actualdepartmentofJunín, theAugust 6 of1824the victory of the
independence fighters, raised the morale of the independence troops. In the year 1824 the
realists held power in the central sierra and Upper Peru (nowBolivia).Simon
Bolívar, Liberator and President of Greater Colombia continued the war of
emancipation with thePeruBolívar had an army of 8,000 men, equivalent to
number to the realist, but the realist forces were dispersed among thevalley of
MantaroyHigh Peru. This was due to the uprising in Upper Peru ofGeneral
Realist Olañetathat fractured the defense of the viceroyalty and forced theviceroyto send about
theUpper Peru an important part of their armies, about 5,000 regulars, under the command
ofJerónimo Valdez that were based onFullBolívar, aware of this advantage
he took the opportunity to isolate the solitary forcesrealistslocated in the
north. InJuneIn 1824, Bolívar leads his army towards the central highlands ofPerufor
confronting the royalist generalJosé de Canterac.

The Liberator Army consisted of six thousand Gran Colombians and

four thousand Peruvians who were headed south of the continent. In Junín, on the 6th of
August 1824, both armies clash. Not a single shot was fired. The fight was
withswordsyspears. Junín became a great victory for theLiberatorThe
Chilean heroBernardo O'Higgins I had crossed the mountain ranges to accompany
Simón Bolívar and Sucre in that decisive meeting. While the troopsgrain
Colombiansthey were disembarking at the port ofCallaounder the command of General Antonio
José de Sucre, the generalAndrés de Santa Cruz, that until a short time before had
fought in the ranksrealists, he came to share the libertarian ideas ofJosé de San
Martinand was sent to reinforce the troops ofSugar, starting its march towards theHigh
PeruIn August of1823entered the city ofThe Peace, and forced to engage in combat,
Santa Cruz victorious in theBattle of Zepita against a division of the general
Valdez, theAugust 25of1823.

The outlook could not be more bleak for the patriots. The
Peru's independence was not consolidated, as on February 29, 1824 the
realists managed to occupy Lima again. But this time, the political upheavals
that lived in Spain decisively influenced the fragmentation of the troops
Spanish in America. The generalPedro Antonio Olañeta, absolutistrecalcitrant, it
rebelled against the viceroyThe Serna, which was trendingliberalyconstitutionalist, because
he attributed to this the desire to separate from the monarchy to free Peru from the
the absolutism that Olañeta wanted to impose. Bolívar found the royalists divided and
promptly organized an army made up of Colombians. The Battle of Junín on the 6th of
August 1824 lifted the morale of the patriot army, it was decisive in the followingbattle
from AyacuchoGeneral Sucre, who was marching at the front of the infantry, when he arrived at
The Junín field heard the shouts of joy for the victory. The entire confrontation lasted
approximately forty-five minutes at an altitude of 4,100 meters above sea level
from the sea. The victory in the Pampa de Junín would revive the morale among the united army.
Thanks to the lances of the Gran Colombian plainsmen (Colombians and Venezuelans),
that shone in the NevadosAndesPeruvians.
 General Sucre... You say Liberator... The opportunity that
I expected it to be presented. The Spanish general Pedro Olañeta and his army of four
A thousand men are unaware of the authority of the Viceroy. For a long time, Olañeta has...
governed Upper Peru and resents the authority of La Serna. The Viceroy no longer has twelve thousand
soldiers, as I had before, but barely eight thousand, who are now fighting against the others
Four. The time has come! (Dialogue of Bolívar with Sucre before the Battle).

Supreme Military Chief Sucre

Upon the arrival of the first Gran Colombian expedition to the port ofThe Callao, Santa Cruz and
Gamarra was on the offensive nearThe Peacewith almost all the forces
Peruvian women.Limait had been left almost unarmed by the Peruvian army, situation
Brigadier Canterac took advantage of this to organize an army of 8,000 men.
inJaujawith which he marched on the capital, entering Lima on theJune 18The
Congress appointed Sucre as commander in chief, who on June 18 had only 3,700.
men evacuated the city to El Callao. In the following days, there were several
encounters between the vanguards of both forces, including a bloody battle
in Carrizal and La Legua theJuly 1. TheJune 21the Peruvian congress proclaimed to
Sucre Supreme Military Chief.

5. THE BATTLE OF AYACUCHO

Battle of AyacuchoOil on canvas byMartín Tovar and

goods.

The Battle of Ayacucho was the last major confrontation

within the ground campaigns of theWars of Independence
Hispano-American(1809-1826). The battle took place in the Pampa de la Quinua in the
department of Ayacucho, Peru, theDecember 9 of1824The victory of the
independence seekers, meant the disappearance of the last oneviceroyaltythat remained standing, the
ofPeru, and put an end to Spanish colonial rule in South America; thus sealing
theindependence of Peruwith a military capitulation that would transform years later
afternoon in diplomatic treaty signed inParisAugust 14, 1879. Before the start
From the battle, General Antonio José de Sucre was rallying his troops:
Soldiers!, the efforts of today depend on the fate of
South America; another glorious day will crown your admirable perseverance.
Soldiers!: Long live the Liberator! Long live Bolívar, Savior of Peru!

Antonio José de Sucre

The device organized by Canterac anticipated that the division

Surround the enemy group alone by crossing the Pampas River to
to hold her down, while the rest of the royalist army descended frontally from the hill
Condorcunca, abandoning its defensive positions. Sucre realized.
immediately after the risky maneuver, and with the division ofCordovaattacked
directly to the disorganized mass of royalist troops, who were unable to form into
the battle descended in rows from the mountains. The violent clashes of the
line formations pushed the dispersed shooters of the Villalobos division,
who dragged the masses of militiamen in their retreat without the bulk also.
neither the Monet division nor the Reserve division, which remained on the mountain,
they had any chance to participate in the battle. On the other end, the second
division ofJosé de La Marbut the third division ofJacinto Larathey stopped together the
attack by the veterans of Valdés' vanguard division. The battle was
won for the independents, the Royal Army of Peru destroyed, and the Viceroy wounded,
he was taken prisoner. At one in the afternoon, the Battle of Ayacucho had ended with the
round triumph of the army of freedom. The colonial curtain had fallen forever on the
Pampa de la Quinua, the stage of one of the stellar moments of humanity.
But the duels of courtesy and humanity continued to occur.Viceroy
The Serna, injured and taken prisoner, he handed over his sword, General Sucre rejected it, telling him:
Honor to the defeated. May it continue in the hands of the Brave.
Surrender could not have been more generous or chivalrous. Thus it was shown that the
nobility and chivalry were as South American as they were Spanish.

Bolívar was calling from Lima to thePanama Congress, the7

of Decemberfor the unity of the new independent countries. The project was
ratified only by Gran Colombia. Four years later theGreat Colombiaa
Due to a lack of institutional vision and Bolívar's personalism, it dismembered.
following the disintegrative process of the movementindependence advocateAs a result of the victory
from Ayacucho, in which 5,780 soldiers participated,23theMarshalSucre enters triumphant
in theCuzcoand freedom afterwards for the provinces of Upper Peru. In 1825, he calls for the
representatives of those provinces to meet in assembly, and with the consent
from Bolívar this decides the creation ofBoliviaThe work accomplished by the is significant.
Marshal Sucre inBoliviaespecially in the organization of the Public Treasury and
of the general administration. He was committed to promoting the freedom of the slaves and the
land distribution to the Indians, and especially for the benefit of education and culture.
Before Congress, he was categorical in declaring that: "Convinced that a people do not
it can be free, if the society that composes it does not know its duties and rights,
I have given special care to public education." In the course of the 13
weeks that go from February 3 to May 5, 1826, gave toBolivia13 decrees
regarding the creation of schools of science and arts, as well as institutes for orphans and
orphans in all departments, and to establish primary schools in all
cantons of the Republic. History records the account of its pride: 'Education
public is what has made the most progress. The schools are established and
they march well in all the capitals of the departments, where they have also
open mutual teaching schools that advance quickly. In 1829 the
The republic requires your services to send the army that must face the offensive.
Peruvian in the south ofEcuadorTriumph in the battle of Tarqui and offer to the defeated
a capitulation that is a model of generous Americanist fraternity, true to its motto
that "Our justice was the same before and after the battle." His daughter Teresita, who
he will live only 2 years, he was born on July 10, 1829. In La Paz, a natural son had been born.
his and that of Rosalía Cortés, José María, on January 13, 1826. The province of Cumaná,
to whom she held permanent affection chose him as her representative to Congress. In
path toBogotáhe/she has knowledge of the separatist agitation thatJosé Antonio
Páezit fosters in Venezuela. In the difficult circumstances of 1830, it stands out in the
political task due to its consequence towards the person and the work of Bolívar. The
Admirable Congress, meeting in Bogotá, elects its president in January of that year;
February, the same body assigns him a conciliatory mission before the Government.
ofVenezuela.

The capitulation of Ayacucho

 Capitulation of Ayacuchooil ofDaniel Hernández).

It is the treaty signed by the chief of staff.José of

Canteracand Sucre after the battle of Ayacucho, on December 9, 1824. His
The main consequences were several:

1. The Surrender only of the Army under his command.

2nd The Realist permanence in Callao.

3rd Peru, born into independent life, with an economic debt to the countries that
they contributed militarily to their independence.

Don José Canterac, lieutenant general of the royal armies of His Majesty, in charge of
superior commander of Peru for having been wounded and captured in the battle of this day
Most excellent Lord Viceroy Don José de La Serna, having heard from the gentlemen
generals and chiefs who met after the Spanish army, filling in all
senses how much the reputation of their weapons has been demanded in the bloody day of
Ayacucho and throughout the war in Peru, had to yield the field to the troops.
independent; and having to reconcile at the same time the honor to the remains of these forces,
with the decrease of the country's evils, I have deemed it appropriate to propose and adjust with
the general division of the Republic of Colombia, Antonio José de Sucre,
commander in chief of the United Liberating Army of Peru.Battle of Ayacuchoit was the
last battle of the emancipatory process. Under Sucre's orders, he fought a
effective representation of the continental unit in officials coming from Venezuela,
Colombia Ecuador,Panama, Argentina, Peru Bolivia
ParaguayBrazil, Chile, Uruguay, Curaçao, Puerto Rico, GuatemalayMexicoin addition
from others coming from different nations of Europe.

Recognitions for the victory of Ayacucho

The Pantheon of Heroes (oil ofArturo Michelena).

Bolívar, who writes and publishes in 1825 his Brief Summary of the life of the general
Sugar, the only work of its kind carried out by the Father of the Homeland, does not skimp
praises for the culminating feat of his loyal lieutenant:
The Battle of Ayacucho is the pinnacle of American glory,
and the work of General Sucre. Its arrangement has been perfect, and its execution
"divine." Future generations await the victory of Ayacucho to bless it and
to contemplate her sitting on the throne of freedom, dictating to the Americans the exercise of
his rights, and the sacred empire of nature.

You are called to the highest destinies, and I foresee

that you are the rival of my Glory. (Bolívar, Letter to Sucre, Nazca, April 26, 1825)

The Congress of Colombia then made Sucre General in

Boss, and the Congress of Peru granted him the rank of Grand Marshal of Ayacucho.

6. ENTRY OF MARISCAL DE SUCRE TO THE HEIGHTS OF PERU

View of the Congress Palace ofBolivia.

After the triumph ofAyacucho, and following precise instructions fromBolívar, the general
Sucre entered Bolivian territory on February 25, 1825.24His role was limited to giving
legal validations to a process that the Bolivians themselves had already initiated.
General Olañeta remained inPotosí, where he received the 'Union' battalion
coming fromFullunder the command of Colonel José María Valdez, summoned a Council of
War that agreed to continue the resistance. Olañeta distributed his troops among the
fortress of Cotagaita with the 'Chichas' battalion under the command of Medinacelli, Valdez with the
"Union" was sent to Chuquisaca and he marched to Vitichi, with 60,000 gold pesos from the
Mint House ofPotosí. In Cochabamba it rose up, with the First Battalion
Fernando VII the colonel José Martínez; followed inGreat Valley, by the Second
Battalion 'Fernando VII', deposing Brigadier Francisco Aguilera theFebruary 12. He
Colonel José Manuel Mercado occupied Santa Cruz on theFebruary 14, Chayanta was left in
hands of Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Arraya, with the "Santa Victoria" squadrons and
American Dragons
Colonel Francisco López spoke out for the independence supporters on February 22.
ThecolonelMedinacelli, with three hundred soldiers, rebelled against Olañeta on the 2nd
in April 1825 they faced each other in theBattle of Tumuslathat culminated in the death of
Olañeta. On April 7, General José María Valdez surrendered in Chequelte, before the
General Urdininea, putting an end to the war in theHigh Peru.

7th Congress of Chuquisaca

 Facade of the House of Liberty inSugar) where there
meeting 1825, the assembly of deputies from the five high Peruvian provinces
called by themarshalAntonio José de Sucre, to deliberate on the fate of
Upper Peru.

TheFebruary 9 of1825the Marshal Antonio José de Sucre

yCasimiro Olañeta, lawyer from Chuquisaca and nephew of the mentioned general,
they called all the high Peruvian provinces to gather in a congress that
I had to decide the fate of the nation.

Abascalas a result of the revolution of16 of

Julyof1809in La Paz, or firmly uphold the absolute independence of the Alto
Peru, not only in relation to Spain, but also with reference toUnited Provinces
from the River Plateand to thePeruBoth the government of Buenos Aires and Peru admitted
this third alternative, on the other hand, Bolívar, while he did not publicly disavow Sucre
he reproached him in a private letter about this initiative, as he understood that encouraging it at that moment

An act of sovereignty of that nature conspired against the interests of the Great
Colombia, since the territory of theRoyal Audience of Quitocould pretend the same
I treat that of Charcas. The General Constituent Congress of Buenos, by decree of
May 9, 1825, declared that "although the four provinces of Upper Peru, have
has always belonged to this State, it is the will of the constituent general congress,
that they remain in full freedom to dispose of their fate, as they see fit.
his interests and his happiness," clearing the path to Peruvian independence.

8. Declaration of the independence of Bolivia

Act of the Independence of Bolivia in Liberty, Sucre.

Called again theAssemblyDeliberating

inChuquisacaby Marshal Sucre, on July 9, 1825, and concluded it was determined the
complete independence of theUpper Peruunder the republican form, by sovereign of its
children. Finally, the president of the AssemblyJosé Mariano Serrano, along with a
commission, drafted the 'Act of Independence' dated August1825, in
honor to theBattle of Junínwon bySimón Bolívar.29Independence was declared
by 7 representatives ofCharcas14 ofPotosí, 12 byThe Peace13 byCochabambay 2
forHoly CrossThe declaration of independence, drafted by the president of
CongressJosé Mariano Serranoin its expository part, it says in a vibrant tone:
The world knows that Upper Peru has been in the continent of
America, the altar where the first blood of the free was shed and the land where there exists the
tomb of the last of the tyrants. The departments of Upper Peru, adds in its part
resolute, they protest to the face of the whole earth, that their irrevocable resolution is
govern themselves.

9. THE BIRTH OF BOLIVIA

Marshal Sucre is the redeemer of the children of the Sun.

By a decree, it was determined that the new state

it would be named "Bolívar", in homage to the Liberator, who was also designated
"Father of the Republic and Supreme Chief of the State." Bolívar thanked for these honors,
but declined the acceptance of the Presidency of theRepublic, for which position he appointed
to theMarshalofAyacuchoAntonio José de Sucre. After a time, it was debated again the
name of the young nation, and a deputy from Potosí named Manuel Martín Cruz, said
Just as Romulus comes, so will Bolívar come, so will Bolivia.
From Romulus, Rome; from Bolívar, Bolivia.

Bolívarupon hearing this news, he felt flattered by the

young nation. Bolívar at that moment did not readily accept independence.
from Bolivia, due to concerns about her future, because of the geographical situation
ofBoliviait situates it in the center of South America, and according to Bolívar, this would mean that it would be
a nation plagued and that would face future wars, issues that curiously are
they fulfilled.BolívarI wished whatBoliviawill form part of another nation
preferablyPerubut what deeply convinced him was the attitude of the
popular masses. TheAugust 18, upon arrival in La Paz there was a demonstration of
popular rejoicing. The same scene was repeated when the Liberator arrived atOruro,
after toPotosíand finally toChuquisacaThis fervent expression of the
population, moved Bolívar, who called her his "Beloved Daughter" to the new oneNation.

10. War of Gran Colombia with Peru

TheColombo-Peruvian War(1828-1829) was an armed conflict that faced

to the Republic ofGreat Colombia against the Republic ofPerufor the domain
ofQuito(todayEcuador) and other areas claimed byPeruIt started with theInvasion
Peruvian from Bolivia and culminated favorably for the great Colombians in the decisive
Battle of Tarqui.31The relationships with thePeruthey had been tense since the beginning of
1827 when a revolt inLimaoverthrew the regime established there bySimon
Bolívarbefore his return home.32The new Peruvian government had also
fostering the "Third Division" in its incursion intoEcuador, andSimón Bolívar was
convinced that thePeruI was willing to promote problems, with the precise
objective of annexing the Republic ofBolivia, Guayaquiland possibly more territory
Ecuadorian. There were also concrete disagreements regarding issues
bordering between the two countries, some debts incurred by Peru with theGran
Colombiain the help given for the common fight againstSpainand also about others
points. Both countries began hostilities at the end of1828Peru achieved
captureGuayaquilbut the greatest confrontation of the conflict was theBattle of Portete
from Tarquiin the highlands of southern Ecuador, in February of1829This battle the
the great Colombians led by theMarshalAntonio José de Sucre.

11. THE BATTLE OF TAQUI

TheBattle of Portete de Tarqui was freed the27 of

Februaryof1829in the so-called Portete de Tarqui, a few kilometers from Cuenca in
Ecuador, among troops of theGreat Colombia, commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and
Peruvian troops commanded byJosé de La MarAfter the definitive independence
ofPeruthe country was largely under the protectorate of theGreat Colombiafor
orders ofSimón Bolívar, which closely controlled its affairs. Furthermore, still
was stationed inLimathe 3rd Division of the Gran Colombian army that had
collaborated in independence.Bolivarhad to abandonLimain1826, for
trying to solve the serious problems that arose in theGreat Colombia. This
the fact was exploited by prominent members of the government and the Peruvian army
to eliminate the Colombian influence, and to be able to include within the national territory the
new Republic ofBolivia(the ancientUpper Peru), as well as the Colombian department
of Azuay (corresponding to the current southern part of Ecuador, with its capital in
Cuenca), and the city ofGuayaquil, where an influential part of the bourgeoisie supported
the incorporation to Peru. In June of1827the legislative elections proclaimed
president of Peru to the generalJosé de La Mar that, initially residing in
Guayaquil had strong commercial interests. La Mar organized two armies, one that
he/she addressedBoliviaand another towards present-day Ecuador. The diplomatic negotiations with

Bolívar failed, and in July of1828the war officially began. The28 of

Novemberof1828The sea penetrated Gran Colombian territory and occupied everything.
Azuay department, La Mar also occupiedGuayaquil, evacuated by the general
great ColombianJuan Illingworthwaiting for reinforcements.

Monument to Antonio José de Sucre in the National Pantheon of Venezuela.

In light of the situationMarshalSugar, so back already

aQuitoAfter resigning from the Bolivian presidency, I concentrated the Southern army.G
Gran Colombiana defeated a Peruvian detachment on February 27.
main encounter between the two armies. The Peruvian army consisted of 8,000.
soldiers and the Great Colombian only 4,200. The combat lasted half an hour in the
Portete de Tarqui, where the Colombian army was covered in glory, on February 27
1829. The great Colombian victory was largely due to the confrontation for
separated against each battalion of the Peruvian army, which at no time acted in
unitary form and left its battalions isolated from each other. The result of the
the battle forced La Mar to accept the conditions of Sucre, established in the Treaty
of Girónran Colombianear Cuenca to pressure the Peruvian troops, which on the 10
in February 1829 they had occupied Cuenca. After a brief encounter near
the population ofSaraguro, where the avant-garde
 The capitulation of Tarqui

The objectives of the Peruvian General were annexation.

ofDepartment of Guayaquiland the Department of Azuay to the Republic of Peru
through a naval blockade ofGuayaquil, invasion and conquest ofDistrict of
Onof theGreat ColombiaIn the face of the invasion by the Peruvian army, Marshal Gran
Colombian Sucre prepared to fight, wishing until the last to achieve by.
peaceful means the boundary arrangement. Their efforts did not have favorable results
due to the fact that the General of Peru La Mar did not accept such at any time
propositions. When he was defeated in theBattle of Portete de Tarqui for
theMarshalSucre. La Mar signed the Girón Treaty on February 28, but violated it by not
vacate Guayaquil arguing that the treaty concluded was not valid, already
that it was only up to Congress to decide. The Guayaquil Treaty that was signed on the 22nd
In September 1829, I tried to resolve the outstanding points of the Girón Treaty without
complete success. The Girón Treaty contained the following points:

1st The invading army must vacate all territories of the State of Quito.

2nd In the definitive Treaty that must be held in Guayaquil, all will be resolved
claims of Gran Colombia.

3rd For boundary matters, the principle of UTIS POSSIDETIS will be taken as the basis.
JURIS of 1809.

THE GREAT COLUMBIA

After Sucre came to help theGreat Colombia, invaded by the Peruvian

born in Cuenca, Ecuador, José de la Mar, whom he defeated in theBattle of Portete
from Tarquiand after the signing of the Piura treaty, he marched toBogotáat a time when the
Gran Colombia was already in the process of disintegration, fundamentally due to
separatist movements such as that ofthe Cosiatain his hometownVenezuela.39In the reform
Constitutional of 1830 in theGreat Colombia, his enemies manage to set the standard that
To be president or vice president, one had to be 40 years old (Sucre was 35). And
it is also very likely that this was the cause of his assassination. With Sucre alive,
would continue the political vision of Bolívar and the unity of Greater Colombia. Simón Bolívar,
which described the greatness of Sucre with a biography in which it is recorded
quotes like this:

Map of theGreat ColombiaTheMarshalSugar shared the

political vision of Bolívar and the unity of the 'Great Homeland'.

General Sucre is the Father of Ayacucho: he is the redeemer of

the children of the Sun; it is the one who has broken the chains with which Pizarro enveloped the empire of
the Incas. Posterity will represent Sucre with one foot on Pichincha and the other on the
Potosí, carrying in its hands the cradle of Manco-Capac and contemplating the chains
from Peru broken by his sword

14. Last letter to Bolívar

Written inBogotáMay 8, 1830:

The pain of the most sorrowful farewell. Words are not
that can easily explain the feelings of my soul regarding you: You them
he knows, for he has known me for a long time and knows that it is not his power, but his friendship that
that has inspired in me the most tender affection for you. I will keep it, whatever it may be.
let it be the luck that befalls us, and I flatter myself that you will always keep your appreciation for me
who has excused me. I will know how to deserve it in all circumstances. Goodbye, my general,
Receive, by token of my friendship, the tears that this moment makes me shed.
your absence. May you be happy everywhere and count on services everywhere.
and with the gratitude of his most faithful and passionate friend.

LAST DAYS

: Assassination of Antonio José de Sucre

"The death of Sucre in Berruecos." Oil on canvasArturo Michelena.

Sucre was known in the army by the nicknames 'Mulei' or 'Mulengue', a reference that
General Luis Urdaneta did when he writes to Juan José Flores from Tocaima.
Days before the murder: "... I informed García, the deputy from Cuenca, of everything that
I had to tell you and now I add that it is necessary for you to double your vigilance with the
M... Three days before the crime, the newspaper 'El Demócrata' from Bogotá published the
next article: "We have just learned with astonishment, through letters we have received by
the mail from the South, that General Antonio José de Sucre has left Bogotá...
Letters from the South also assure that this general was already marching towards the province of

Grass to attack her; but the brave General José, friend and steadfast supporter of
Government and freedom also ran to meet that chieftain and in help
of the invincible Pastusos. Obando might do with Sucre what we did not do.
withBolivar…” As it appears, the murder of Sucre was like a “Chronicle of a death
"announced", since it was planned and executed in the Berruecos Mountains,
aboutgrasstheJune 4th from 1830 with malice, savagery, advantage and
premeditation, his corpse remained there for more than 24 hours until the
nearby residents gave him a Christian burial. If the marshal
I would have gone through Buenaventura, there General Pedro Murgueitio was waiting to give him.
death; if he chose the route through Panama, General Tomás Herrera was lurking.
Neiva was being watched by the generalJosé Hilario LópezThe Liberator, who rarely is
...I think that the aim of this crime has
"I refuse to deprive the homeland of a successor of mine..."Bolívarthat was sick on the coast
of theAtlanticUpon learning about the tragic event, he exclaimed: "Holy God! It has been spilled.
the blood of Abel!... The cruel bullet that wounded his heart killedColombiaand took away the
life

For a long time, the news circulated that it was the generalJuan José Flores,
compatriot and companion of independence deeds who had devised the crime,
due to the sympathy of the people of Quito for the Marshal and the possibility of him settling down
in Quito with his wife, the woman from QuitoMariana de Carcelén (Marquise of Solanda y
ofVillarocha) and his daughter, to become the first president of theEcuador– how
he held the presidencies of Bolivia and Peru - a position that Flores held since
1830.TheLiberatorSimon Bolivarhe writes a letter to the widow of the Grand Marshal of
Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre, Mrs. Mariana Carcelén, thanking her for the
offer to keep her husband's swordNovember 5of1830From this
way the Marquise of Solanda complied with one of the clauses of the will of
Sucre, however, Bolívar ordered in his own will that the sword of the hero
only returned to his wife DoñaMariana CarcelénThe mortal remains
ofMarshalSugar was taken toQuitofor his wife, theMarchioness of Solanda, and
kept secret in thePalace of the Dean, a family property located in the
Valley of the Chillos, on the outskirts of Quito. In 1832, fulfilling the will of
Sucre, who wished to be buried in the Ecuadorian capital, was secretly interred.
in the Convent of Carmen Bajo. In 1900, during the presidency of General Eloy
Alfaro, were taken to the Metropolitan Cathedral ofQuito, where it occupies a chapel.
An elderly nun, who had heard the story from her predecessors, recounted it to the
Archbishop of Quito, Federico González Suárez, that the Marchioness of Solanda was visiting
always the altar where the remains were placed. Alerted the Government, a committee
The doctor recognized the skeleton found, and identified it by the gunshot wounds on the
skull and arm, product of the Berruecos crime and the uprising in Bolivia. (Without
there is no consensus regarding the whereabouts of the remains of the Great Marshal anymore
that in the early 20th century, the first woman to enter the Academy of History of
Venezuela, Lucila Luciani stated in 'Wonderful Story of Some Remains' the impossibility
that the remains of the great marshal Antonio José Sucre were in Ecuador and
break down a series of arguments to affirm that the remains would still be in
Colombia

The catafalque containing the remains of the Grand Marshal is made of andesite from
Pichincha volcano, and the mausoleum is decorated with allegories of Independence, The
Freedom and Victory. The Venezuelan government donated a replica of the sword of
Liberator, which is located on the wall of the mausoleum. Periodically, the Guard of
Granaderos of Tarqui, who guard the nearby Palace of Government, pays honors to the
hero.

It has been proposed to repatriate his remains to his homeland,Venezuela, to be placed on the altar
that is designed for him in theNational Pantheon, in Caracas. In his honor was
baptized onecityfrom Bolivia, thestatewhere it was born and several municipalities in

Venezuela, adepartmentfrom Colombia, the international airport and several neighborhoods

from the city of Quito and thecurrencyancient of Ecuador.
 CONCLUSION

In the epilogue of this document, it can be noted that the spirit of Antonio José de
Sucre rose as a revolutionary, reformist, liberal, and thinker.
action, becoming an example of civility, loyalty, and love for America. As
The President of Bolivia demonstrated to be a statesman and an ideologist with deep roots
constitutionalists, recognized by Bolívar for demonstrating a pragmatic vision.

His personality has been reflected in his speeches,

Therefore, to conclude, I would like to mention a fragment of your last
message to the Congress of Bolivia, mentioned in August 1828 and that surely
Today we would like to hear similar words spoken by our leaders:

The Constitution makes me inviolable; no one

I bear responsibility for the acts of my government. I therefore ask that I be
remove this prerogative, and let my entire conduct be scrupulously examined.
If by April 18 I am justified for a single infraction of the law; if the Chambers
Constitutional judges consider that there is grounds for forming a case against the Ministry, I will return from
Colombia to submit to the ruling of the Laws. I demand this reward all the more reason,
how much I solemnly declare that in my administration, I have governed: the good or
I have done evil; for, fortunately, nature has excluded me from among those.
miserable beings that chance elevates to magistracy and who, delivered to their
Ministries renounce even the obligation to think about the peoples they govern.

The feats of the Great Marshal of Ayacucho transcend the merely historical.
Owner of a boundless generosity, he demonstrated his heroism and chivalry.
inside and outside the battlefield, these actions led experts to
to consider him unique among the host of patriotic heroes.