Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of Popular Power for Education

Santa Teresa - Miranda State

National Experimental Polytechnic University

From the beloved National Force

1st Semester of Mechanical Engineering

Miranda Center - Santa Teresa del Tui Extension.

THE BRAIN
HUMAN

Prof.: Student:

Elvis Espinoza EmilioArnal

Ci22.503012

Santa Teresa del Tui, May 21, 2012

History and evolution of the human brain.

The evolution of the human brain has been absolutely dizzying, so much so that it is very difficult
to find in other groups of organisms a complex structure that has transformed both in
such a short time. In the last three million years, brain size has tripled with
regarding the great apes (to achieve comparable increases they usually had to
to span hundreds or tens of millions of years). Furthermore, its organization has changed.
profoundly, with the privileged development of certain areas, especially of the cerebral cortex,
what is the headquarters of the higher faculties and that has increased its area in such a way
spectacular.

It was previously thought that the evolution of the brain could have been guided by mutations in some
how many master genes, which would mean that our differences with other great apes, such as
the chimpanzees would be practically minimal. But there is increasing evidence that in our
In evolutionary history, hundreds or even thousands of mutations in proteins have occurred that
They participate in some way in brain development or metabolism. The genetic difference with
the chimpanzees wouldn't be so small after all, as the recent has come to corroborate.
publication of the chimpanzee genome (although it is becoming increasingly clear that the
chimpanzees can exhibit amazing mental abilities.

Triune brain theories (Roger Sperry, Carl Sagan, Paul McLean, Elaine)
de Beauport and Zoraida Montes.
THEORY OF THE BRAIN ACCORDING TO ROGER SPERRY:

Dr. Roger Sperry discovered and demonstrated starting in 1952, that the human brain is not one.
but they are two. From then on it was known that we have two brains: The cerebral hemisphere
left and the right cerebral hemisphere. Sperry, Nobel Prize 1981, found that each brain
represents two different realms of consciousness, sensations, perceptions, thoughts and
memories.

THEORY OF THE BRAIN ACCORDING TO CARL SAGAN:

Carl Sagan, a scientist quite dedicated to bringing science closer to humanity and promoting
concepts such as good coexistence with our peers and with the planet that embraces us.
As an introduction, I will say that taking into account the evolution of species, the brain has evolved
adding layers throughout the evolution that goes (generally) from reptiles to the being
human.

our brain is the most important part we have after the heart since it processes and
makes our whole organism act in a voluntary way.

THEORY OF THE BRAIN ACCORDING TO PAUL MCLEAN:

Paul McLean, creator of the triune brain model, discovers three structures or systems.
cerebral: reptilian or basic, limbic, and neocortex; each is distinct in its physical structure and
Chemistry, they process the information they receive according to their own modality.
Reptilian System: it is characterized by being the seat of basic intelligence, it is the so-called intelligence of
 routines, rituals, parameters. Their behaviors, for the most part, are unconscious and automatic.
Receives messages from the limbic system and the neocortex. Takes charge of its behavior when it feels threatened.
due to the sanction, generating a reactive behavior. People act from this structure in
attention to your vital needs.

BRAIN THEORY ACCORDING TO ELAINE de BEAUPORT:

Elaine de Beauport: that doctor succeeds in uniting concepts given by Sperry and McLean,
contextualizing and reaching the conclusion of the triune brain in:

neocortical system: composed of the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere

limbic system: composed of six structures

amygdala
thalamus
hypothalamus
olfactory bulbs
the septal region
the hippocampus

basic system or reptile: it is the one that assimilates customs, habits, and patterns of
conduct

THEORY OF THE BRAIN ACCORDING TO ZORAIDA MONTES: she expressed her affinity with the idea of the two
brains saying that one of them expressed itself in a linear form and the other in a spatial form.
I propose creating connections between the right hemisphere and the left through mind maps to
link the logical side with the creative side.

In my opinion, those who have made the greatest impact are Roger Sperry and Elaine de Beauport.

Sperry because he was the first to provide well-founded concepts

Elaine de Beauport because I delved into fundamental studies.

Left hemisphere:

The left hemisphere is the motor part capable of recognizing groups of letters forming words, and
groups of words forming sentences, both in terms ofspeak,lthe writing,lthe numbering,
themathematicsand thethe logiclike the necessary faculties to transform a set of
information in words, gestures, and thoughtsJohn Hughlings JacksonBritish neurologist, already
In 1878, he described the left hemisphere as the center of the faculty of expression. Depending
of its severity, athe embolismthat affects this structure can lead to functional losses,
functional loss of speech and affect motor skills on the right side of the body. According to the
psycholinguistic theorythe process of constructing a sentence is governed by a certain number of
related ideas, but the mechanism that allows the mind to group words to form
Grammatical phrases are not completely deciphered. The hemisphere stores concepts that are later
translate into words (love, love, love, love, love) rather than a textual memory. That is, the
the brain understands ideas, concepts and stores them in a non-verbal language, which then
translate to a language or language learned by the individual through lthe culture. Ittests of
intelligence that investigates vocabulary, verbal comprehension, memory, and calculation
mental arithmetic, they detect the origin of the activity in the left hemisphere. The hemisphere
left specializes in itlanguagearticulated, motor control of the speech articulator apparatus,
information managementon logic, penproportional sampling, information processing in series
one by one, information managementmathematicsmemoryverbal, logical aspectsgrammatical
of the language, organization of thethe syntax,discriminationin phonetics,attentionfocused, control of
time, planning, execution and decision making and long-term memory.

Right hemisphere:

The right hemisphere governs as many specialized functions as the left. Its shape of
Elaborating and processing information is different from the left hemisphere. It does not use the mechanisms.
conventional methods for the analysis of thoughts used by the left hemisphere. It is a
integrative hemisphere, center of non-verbal viso-spatial faculties, specialized in
sensationsfeelingsprosodyand special skills; such as visual and auditory, not of the
language like theartisticand musical.conceive the situations and the strategies of thought
in a total way. It integrates various types of information (sounds, images, smells, sensations) and
it transmits them as a whole. The method of elaboration used by the right hemisphere is adjusted
to the type of immediate response required in visual processes and spatial orientation. The
the right frontal lobe and the right temporal lobe seem to be responsible for exercising the
specialized non-verbal activities of the right hemisphere. This corresponds, in many
aspects, with the speech control functions that they exercise thefrontal lobeand thetemporal lobe
of the left hemisphere. The other two lobes of the right hemisphere, the

THE MEANING:
They are the physiological mechanism ofthe perception. The estudio and classification of the senses is carried out
cable for a lotand sciences,above all theneurosciences, thepsychologycognitive andthe philosophy of the
perception

Sense of sightor vision: it is the ability to detect theelectromagnetic waves

inside ofvisible lightforthe eyeand interpret the image as seen by the brain. There is
disagreement on whether it constitutes one, two, or three distinct senses, given that various receptors are
responsible for color perception (light frequency) and brightness (light energy). Some
They discuss that the perception of depth also constitutes a sense, but it is known that
this is really a post-sensory cognitive function derived from having vision.

Sense of tasteThe taste: it is one of the two chemical senses of the body. It is well known
that there are at least four types of tastes or receptors inthe tongueand therefore, as it is
It is to be expected that anatomists are the ones who discuss whether these constitute four or more senses, given
that each receptor transports information to a slightly different region of the brain. The
four well-known receptors detected sweet, salty, bitter, and sour, although the
Sweet and bitter receptors have not been definitively identified.

Sense of hearingor hearing: it is the sense of the perception of vibrations from the medium that
they range between 20 and 20,000Hz. Elsoundit can also be detected as conducted vibrations to
through the body by touch. The frequencies that are outside the cited range, lower and more
high, are only detected in this way.

Sense of smellor smell: it is the other 'chemical' sense. It is different from taste, in that there is
hundreds of olfactory receptors, each one binds to a molecule of particular characteristic,
according to current theory. In the brain, smell is processed by the olfactory system. The neurons
olfactory receptor in thenosethey differ from most other neurons in that they die
and regenerate on a regular basis.

TheSense of touchit is the perception of pressure, generallyon the skin.

Latermoceptions both the perception of heat and its absence (cold), which can
considered an intermediate step of heat. It is also the first of the group of non-senses.
explicitly identified by Aristotle. There is again a certain disagreement about
How many senses does this really represent due to the thermoreceptors in the skin?
they are absolutely different from the homeostatic thermoreceptors that provide
the regulation of the body's internal temperature.
Lanociceptionit is the perceptionfrom the pain. Lthe three types of pain receptors are
cutaneous (skin), somatic (joints and bones) and visceral (organs of the body).
Laproprioceptionit is the perception of the knowledge of the body or of the situation of the
different parts of our body.
 Bibliography:

Andrews, DG (2001). Neuropsychology. PPsychology Press. ISBN9781841691039.

Buxton, RB (2002). An Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles

and Techniques. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521581134.

Campbell, Neil A. and Jane B. Reece. (2005). Biology. Benjamin Cummingss. ISBN 0-8053-
7171-0

). Fisch and Spehlmann's EEG Primer: Basic Principles of

Digital and Analog EEG.. Elsevier Health Sciences.ISBN 9780444821485.

Psychology