INTRODUCTION

The presentresearchIt aims to analyze thecorruptionin

Bolivia, for which we have tried to uncover the complexnetworksof
to be able tothat are built in the realms of power or ofservicespublic
to use the "public thing" for personal gain.

Currently, in our country with the new government policy of the state
by the command of the excellent president J. Evo Morales Ayma, it was reached to

to address the rise of corruption in our country due to the various

cameras, addresses, offices, and other places of the state.
We often hear about corruption and the vast majority of the
people think it is something that only happens in politics since
we constantly hear news of this kind on television, cases
which we will call 'transcendence'.

But if we analyze the concept of corruption more carefully, we

We can realize that corruption is present in our daily life.
to live, in our environment and even we ourselves can label ourselves as
“corrupt” many times without us realizing it. Corruption threatens
the dignity of a person, group, or nation, an example of this is the
lies, deceit, bribery, etc.

As we can see, corruption is not so far removed from our daily lives.
to live is something that we ourselves use to achieve our
ends and goals even if we harm other people without caring.

This is something that is on the rise and every day that passes society is
accepting corruption as something normal, which is why it is so difficult to detect

a case of corruption and do something about it.

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Corruption is always seen as something that affects the world and in
particular to the country, to the economy but what about the people? What happens with them?

Do they not belong to the world? Can this evil that happens every day be prevented?

Does it affect society more? Have the serious consequences been measured that
What does corruption cause in human beings? Will there be a definitive solution?

for corruption? These are lingering questions that seem to have a

difficult answer, however there is one.

Corruption is the evil of recent years and before doing something in

against her, we must first inform ourselves and from this change
our own attitudes before demanding the world to change. Corruption
It can be prevented, but this depends on us, not on society.

Deceptions can be considered acts of corruption,

injustices, abuses of any kind. It is also considered
corruption the scandal and the social conditions that do not contribute to
common good.

The objectives will be what is desired to achieve or what is expected from the
work.

The theoretical framework will be the foundation or theoretical support of the

research.

The Solutions, with this it is intended to provide a solution to the research.

what is being done.

The Conclusions is a brief summary that will be given of it.

research, of everything that has been achieved to investigate.

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1. RESEARCH TOPIC

The present topic that will be discussed in the research will be Corruption.
in Bolivia.

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH WORK

Analyze the influence of corruption in Bolivia in the different

fields.
Develop the power networks that are built with corruption
in Bolivia.
Promote and disseminate issues of institutional ethics and transparency
in the exercise of thefunctionpublic and recommend theactionsy
measures to be adopted by the HighAddress, in order to guarantee the

ethics, transparency, integrity, and political neutrality.

3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1.Thecorruptionin Bolivia

Corruption in Bolivia has reached very high levels and in this way
has inevitably become part of everyday life
ordinary citizen, he feels powerless in the face of the gigantic deterioration

moraland material, which day by day comes upon him listening to each
moment the word corruption.

We wake up and go to bed with corruption, we have breakfast and dinner

with corruption and finally everything is corruption, because moreover,

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denounce immoralitypoliticsit is the favorite pastime of the
Bolivians.
Undoubtedly, there are many factors that contribute to strengthening the

uncomfortable feelings that thepopulation, but to a large extent this

it is related to the mistaken idea we Bolivians have of
mix thefunctionsfrom public authorities with family relationships,
offriendshipor business.

There is aculturecollective deeply rooted in the country for turning the

institutionsofStatein rigid, monolithic, and vertical corporations
of a feudal-military type, where a high spirit of camaraderie predominates, a
high degree ofsolidarityand deep loyalties that are repeated
systematically anywhere inthe administrationpublic. And that one
who dares to bare before public opinion the scope and the
economic dimensions that encompass these bureaucratic networks,
practically no one is waiting for the media lynching and its
consequentdeathcivil.

Inside thislogic, all the unions linked to the activities of

State, military,church, judicial power, customs, universities, etc.,
they have as their premise and main obsession, to convert their small spaces
of decision in semi-autonomous and independent local powers, a
luck of 'creole' gestures that are completely inaccessible to him
rest of thecommunityand where the mechanisms ofcontrolin practice
they turn out to be absolutely inoperative.

It is common to observe within any state institution

independent of itsstructureorganizational, the aberrant way of
procreate bonds of affinity, deepen the camaraderie in the best style of the
tribal classes, family classes or those of large mafias.

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Public institutions internally reproduce a 'civic spirit'vico"
strong that becomes impenetrable to the rest of the population, what
naturally facilitates and promotes withoutlimitstheactioncorrupted.

There is a deep-rooted culture based on valuesmorals for converting the

spaces of thePublic Administrationin private emporiums, where many
sometimes the boss-employee relationship takes on a rather harmful meaning,
if it is about coaxing under any pretextresourcesof the State.

Howsamplefrom what has been expressed, there we have the pathetic case, where it
defendbusinessparticulars as if they were these frominterestnational. And
the culture of cover-up has to do with standards
cultural reciprocity and exchange of favors.

There is a strong feeling of brotherhood,processofconstructionof

misunderstood loyalties because the state apparatus, with a mentality of
religious sect, where social relationships are automatically invented
very compromising and strongly rooted.

3.2. Forms of corruption

Corruption has accompanied human beings throughout the ages.

since time immemorial. We could say without fear of being wrong:
since man stood upright, as in ancient cultures and the
The Bible confirms to us the first cases of corruption. However, this
it has been noted in recent years where we can see daily
corruption.

Some types of large-scale corruption are:

Corruption of minors: (Pedophilia, sexual abuse, trafficking, etc.)
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 Corruption of women (Prostitution, violence, sexual abuse, etc.)
Corruption in politics (buying people, abuse, etc.)

These are some types of corruption on a large scale, but what happens
in daily life?, What can be considered as corruption? To this
question we can answer that deception, lies, abuses,
injustices, theft, copying, gossip, verbal insults, violence, to assault
against values, against principles, manipulation of people, etc.
are considered acts of corruption because they undermine the dignity of
the people.

3.3. Consequences of corruption

At the national level, the most affected is the economic sphere, since
the country loses large sums of money due to its corrupt individuals. Generally

these people are intimately connected to the political aspect, due to

this is that it is so difficult to detect a case of corruption.

Corruption undermines the legitimacy of public institutions, threatens

against society, moral order, coexistence, justice, as well as the
integral development of indigenous peoples.

As corruption attacks the dignity of people, it this,

corrupted person, can cause serious damage in various areas:
the physical, social, spiritual, and psychological.

This person may change their hierarchy of values and principles, which
accepted corruption as something normal in his life, maybe with the
do not use your values when faced with a situation

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similar, their self-esteem may decrease and fall noticeably. This person
You may not care about values such as respect, solidarity, and charity.

3.4. Justice

Thejustice, thefreedom, economic well-being and social peace cannot

to think of oneself as an exclusive privilege of agroupminority; by the

opposite reach of these noble ideals must gather the

participation of all the individuals that make up the group of the
social relations.

It is imperative to make a healthy and constructive self-criticism to put an end to

with protagonism, exacerbated individualism, and poorly managed trade unionism

understood that pursues the maximization of profits for some

few at the expense of the frustrations, suffering, and postponement of millions
of citizens.

It is a priority to emphasize and exaggerate the disapproval of the

same, since they are rude feelings detrimental to the
majorities.

3.5. Corruption, poverty and development

Corruption, like disease, is found everywhere in the

world. However, there are times, organizations, or countries with epidemics
and others with a controlled situation The countries that are experiencing epidemics

Corruption tends to make countries poorer in general.

controlled situations tend to be generally less poor, it can be
observe a direct correlation between GDP per capita and the indicator of

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perception of corruption. The data provided by the International Monetary Fund

International and the Heritage Foundation warn that countries that show
an average per capita GDP above USD 25,000 as well
coincidentally show low levels of corruption and countries that
they have a per capita GDP of less than USD 2,000 generally show
high levels of corruption.

Economic impact of corruption. The reason for corruption

affects economic development because it generates a poor allocation of
the resources. First, it distorts the incentives by rewarding those who
they have political privileges and not those who are more efficient. This
discourages innovation and economic efficiency and the country tends to
to impoverish oneself in a permanently way. Second, it generates a
diversion of purely productive resources towards activities that are
rentiers and therefore do not increase social welfare. Third,
empirical studies also show that it is common in economies
With high corruption, monopolistic structures are developed and perpetuated.
oligopolistic in the markets.

This is due, on one hand, to the fact that the corruptor must recover through
higher prices the costs associated with corruption and, on the other hand,
because the corrupt officer reduces his risk of detection if he always negotiates
with the same companies. Political impact. Corruption reproduces and
it consolidates social inequality and preserves the networks of complicity between

the political and economic elites. On one hand, according to studies of the
corruption disadvantages the most oppressed sectors since they
sectors do not have the resources to lobby and allocate
resources to pay bribes. Second, public policies are based on
the benefit of privileged groups instead of the needs of all

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society, this generates a widespread distrust in the system
political and the effectiveness of public policies tends to decrease.

3.6. Social Impact of Corruption

In a system of widespread corruption, the interest in bribes

replace the criteria of professional management, being destroyed
incentives to develop career paths based on merit and,
consequently, reducing the social value of capital formation
human and social values such as honesty.

3.7. Impact on households

Impact on households. According to the National Cost Survey of the

Corruption committed by the Anti-Corruption Network of Bolivia in the year 2005, it

estimated that Bolivian households face an annual expense due to bribes

close to Bs. 905 million. Additionally, nearly half of the households
Bolivia had to pay at least one bribe in the last year to obtain
some of the public services and almost 13 out of every 100 application procedures
public services required the payment of a bribe to process
said procedure.

On the other hand, households belonging to the poorest quintile, income

monthly amounts close to the national minimum wage, have to pay for
bribes an amount that represents about 16.9% of their total income
annual. Households that belong to the highest quintile, higher incomes
For a monthly salary of Bs. 5000, they have to pay bribes equivalent to 1.3%.
of their annual income.

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The data shows that the disease of corruption in Bolivia tends to
being a chronicle, it also constitutes a highly 'illegal' tax
regressive that affects the poorest households to a greater extent.

3.8. Impact on companies

Impact on companies. According to the survey on corruption that

faced by companies conducted by the World Bank and the Corporation
International Finance in the year 2006, in Bolivia, about 32% of the
companies were affected by irregular charges to expedite their
procedures, 36% of companies suffered from bribery demands to
obtain government contracts and about 65% of the companies
they believe that corruption is the main obstacle they face in order to
to be able to expand.

Additionally, the survey reveals that small companies are the

most affected by illegal charges and 83% of foreign companies
I believe that corruption is the main obstacle in Bolivia.

Corruption reduces economic growth by decreasing incentives to

the investment, argues that this mechanism operates in several ways.
First, businesses conducted on the basis of bribery are riskier.
that legal projects exist because there are no legal property rights and
therefore, the investment portfolio of the economy has higher levels
of optimal risk. Second, if businesses are obtained through connections
or illegal payments, it disincentivizes the entry of potential entrepreneurs to
the markets in particular, foreign investors.

In fact, the quality of incoming leads is deteriorating.

precisely because the only interested parties are those who have
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greater skills for corruption and not the most efficient,
empirical support was found that addresses the hypothesis that the
corruption drives away investment flow in a country.

3.9. Impact on society

The impact of corruption on households and businesses can be in

certain measure identified and reported, that is to say, it can be known
who were the affected, how much their well-being was reduced, etc. in
change, the impact of corruption on society tends to be more
complex and difficult to identify.

If the public official engaged in corrupt acts to provide to a certain

company a monopolistic power or privileged rights, the company
privileged will have the power to set rents and monopolistic prices that
they deteriorate the well-being of the entire population, however, when saying 'the entire

"population" makes it difficult to measure its impact and there is no

precise identification of the affected.

This type of corruption affects the efficiency in the use of the

public resources, therefore, the role of the State as a provider of goods
public, justice, security, and intervenor in situations where there is
externalities are not carried out properly, market failures do not
can be corrected and the possibilities of State intervention in the
market to achieve higher levels of well-being tend to
deteriorate and poverty increases.

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3.10. Implementation of transparency systems
independent public information.

The lack of transparency of information increases the possibilities of

corruption. Enrique Zamorano, expert from the Inter-American Bank
Development, he argued, that: the lack of transparency endangers a
effective government, in addition the social consensus is built upon the
information.

In that sense, for example, Professor José Zalaquet from the University
from Chile stated that: "the right to free access must be promoted to
public information and active transparency. One way to achieve this
it is driving the enactment of laws on access to public information and
then training people on how to use them.

It is also necessary to litigate cases before the courts and even

bring them before regional human rights protection instances
(once internal resources are exhausted), as has been done in cases of
that the access to information laws alone cannot overcome or
with sufficient speed, the bureaucratic reluctance forged through a
long practice of state secrecy.

A recent study by the International Budget Partnership can help with

visualize the reality of Bolivia on the issue of transparency, for
example, argues that the implementation and management of the Budget
The National Attorney General of Bolivia lacks transparency and mechanisms.
accountability effectiveness. Therefore, the possibilities of
corruption and embezzlement of resources tend to be greater.

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3.11. Rigid regulations that effectively combat the
corruption

Indicate the minimum characteristics that a regulation should have for

effectively combating corruption in Bolivia, the legal problems of
the current regulations, etc.

3.11.1. The Companies:

Declaration of will. Professor Antonio Argandoña of the

University of Navarra in Spain holds that top management of the
the company must clearly express its willingness and purpose to comply
without fail all the laws, strictly prohibiting any form of
corruption, active or passive, regardless of origin, destination, amount, etc.

The statement must be made in a code of conduct, or in letters to the

employees, public speeches, company magazines, website, etc. and must
to be repeated periodically.

The statement must be accompanied by action.

It is essential that in all decisions care is taken, even the

appearance, that one always acts in accordance with that principle. The
action must involve a strategy to fight against corruption,
establishing criteria and clearly defined responsibilities.

In detail, it must be: a) Companies must scrupulously comply

with the current regulations regarding the financing of political parties
politicians, campaigns, and candidates, establishing clear regulations in their
Code of ethics. b) Explicitly state the prohibition of giving gifts, payments,

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 services, commissions, etc., that exceed a certain amount and that can
to be interpreted as a violation of the code of ethics. c) Establish
clearly defined reporting and consultation mechanisms.

3.12. Fraud

Fraud, in law, implies an oblique attack on the law, because whoever does it

the comet is supported by a lawful norm in fact, but it does so with the
aiming to evade the application of another, thereby causing a disguised deception
under the appearance of legality.

Traditional examples of abuse of law are eloquent. The assumption

more commonly known is the international law fraud: in a legal system
legal framework that does not allow divorce, it may happen that the
spouses change nationality by resorting to habitual residence in
another State where divorce is indeed authorized.

Once completed, they regain their original nationality.

It is easy to see that his desire was not actually for change
nationality, and yet, they have done so in accordance with the law.

The same happens with so-called marriage of convenience,

celebrated to achieve, in a simple way, to evade the rules about
immigration: a party through marriage becomes
legal resident in the country where you wish to work, and the other obtains in return

an economic compensation or of another kind.

In the law fraud, there appears therefore a coverage norm, which is the
used as camouflage, and a defrauded norm (the one that prohibited the
divorce or the one ordering the expulsion from the country of the illegal resident). The

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The sanction against acts in fraud of law consists of applying the regulations.
what was intended to be evaded.

In the described example, the divorce will not be considered valid; in the
second, those who have made the
subterfuge, and all of this, regardless of the penalties provided for
the acts carried out under the protection of the coverage norm: invalidity of

change of nationality or annulment of marriage, in each case.

Still, the most common civil fraud in practice, which presents a

the main interest is the fraud of creditors. A debtor claims to be insolvent,
this is, lacking assets with which to make a payment of a
debt, but such insolvency has been caused by a deterioration in wealth
conscious and voluntary of his heritage: for example, he has been giving away or

transferring your properties to another person's name in order to

when the due date of the debt arrives, I will not have
goods with which to pay the creditor.

The creditor has a action to declare such fraudulent.

donations, with the aim of returning the assets to the debtor's estate
that should not have come from him.

In tax law, fraud is understood as the transgression of a norm.

to pay less taxes than would correspond to pay. In the
In the criminal field, fraud is understood as the deception caused by the

divergence between what is said and what is truly thought, what

it provokes another person to act in the way that you want them to.

For example, if a public official reaches an agreement with a private individual

in a specific operation to defraud the State, commits a crime of
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The data shows that the disease of corruption in Bolivia tends to
being a chronicle, it also constitutes a highly 'illegal' tax
regressive that affects the poorest households to a greater extent.

3.8. Impact on companies

Impact on companies. According to the survey on corruption that

faced by companies conducted by the World Bank and the Corporation
International Finance in the year 2006, in Bolivia, about 32% of the
companies were affected by irregular charges to expedite their
procedures, 36% of companies suffered from bribery demands to
obtain government contracts and about 65% of the companies
they believe that corruption is the main obstacle they face in order to
to be able to expand.

Additionally, the survey reveals that small companies are the

most affected by illegal charges and 83% of foreign companies
I believe that corruption is the main obstacle in Bolivia.

Corruption reduces economic growth by decreasing incentives to

the investment, argues that this mechanism operates in several ways.
First, businesses conducted on the basis of bribery are riskier.
that legal projects exist because there are no legal property rights and
therefore, the investment portfolio of the economy has higher levels
of optimal risk. Second, if businesses are obtained through connections
or illegal payments, it disincentivizes the entry of potential entrepreneurs to
the markets in particular, foreign investors.

In fact, the quality of incoming leads is deteriorating.

precisely because the only interested parties are those who have
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For this, it is necessary to prepare children, young people, and ordinary people to

that they do not grow up in an environment of ignorance regarding corruption, already

that for these, the corrupt, abuse their power and deceive them
easily. If we learn well what corruption is, we will be able to vaccinate ourselves.

of this evil. We must teach them to take ownership of the values of honesty,
solidarity, respect, truth, justice, benevolence, and charity

To prevent corruption, we must ensure that it is lived in an environment of

companionship and solidarity, that only in this way will it be possible to address this in depth.

problem and find real solutions to the problems of corruption

that the world has suffered and will continue to suffer our country as well.

To combat corruption at the national and global level, it is important that

all the nations and countries of the world unite (departments of Bolivia)
and work together to fight against corruption, since each country by itself
alone cannot fight against her. For this, it is important to avoid the
differences, the conflicts and the problems that may arise between them.

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, corruption is the plague of these recent times, without

The embargo has existed practically since the Bolivian stood up.
As the history of the Bolivian has progressed, additional elements have been added.

more and more types of corruption that seem to be part of our

daily life, this is because no real awareness has been taken of the
great damage that corruption can cause to an individual and therefore,
to society and the whole world, but it seems that no one is interested
end corruption except for Transparency International
(T.I.) and the United Nations (UN), however, their
efforts have been futile to put an end to this evil.
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Ending corruption has not been and will not be an easy task, but it is
responsibility of all, of the rulers, of the media
communication, from the schools and especially from the parents
that they are the main educators, who through their lives must show
the path that will lead their children to be well-rounded individuals who use
its values, its principles when the situation warrants it and that they will fight

for a more honest, more humane world and most importantly without
corruption.

Children need your example to learn and realize that

Despite this evil that afflicts the world today, one can live in it.
in a fair, honest, and loyal way. Don't forget that before asking society
do something about this evil and if we want to live in a world
better and without corruption, change starts at home.

In summary, corruption is to harm or attack the dignity of a

Bolivian person demanding to be respected.

To combat corruption, it is necessary to lay a solid foundation to receive

educationyteachingin ethical and solidarity values for the common good
common andrightsand civic responsibilities.

It is imperative to calmly realize that life does not end in the

search for the satisfaction of personal interests and those of friends, is
It is imperative to feel that one is part of a social globality, as such,
collusions are feasible with the participation of the entire civil society,
with sincerity and transparency.

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It is important to givesignalsunambiguous to the population of maturity and

awareness to carry out withsuccessthismissionthat for now it seems

certainly impossible.

An erroneous mechanism ofselectionof elites, unfailingly facilitates the

success of those individuals who seek their private favors through
a ruthless use of political power

We have to recover theconceptinsisting that the preservation and

revaluation of the role of theindividualit is essential to guide the
developmentand the progress of the peoples.

Corruption is an evil that afflicts everyone, it is neutral as it does not discriminate.

country, social class, race or religion. But what is corruption? According to its

Denotative definition of corruption is 'to alter and distort the form of something.'

thing", from the church's point of view is "Any form of taking or

unjustly retaining someone else's property, even if it does not contradict the provisions

from civil law, deliberately withholding borrowed goods or objects

lost, defraud in the exercise of commerce, pay unfair wages,
raising prices, tax fraud, poorly done work, etc.

Corruption from an ethical standpoint is nothing more than the practice of skipping over

generally accepted ethical rules in a society. Those norms

that each human group adopts and enshrines, because they consider it

essential to stimulate their collective action, to survive, to

develop and civilize their coexistence.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOTO
Corruption

PETER AND LIECHTENSTEIN

2008 'Corruption in Bolivia in habits' Days

"Unable to access external links or content."

Internet, Google Pages

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