Paper 2 at a glance
Data types: determine the type of data and operations
Algorithm: Step by step design of a solution can be performed on a data item.
Pseudo code: textual representation of algorithm 1. INTEGER: + or - whole numbers, for calculation. E.g.
Flowchart: graphical representation of algorithm Count = 25, NoOfStudents=100
Variable: A memory location used to store values that can 2. REAL: + or - Numbers with fractional part, for
be changed during program execution calculation. Price=78.90
Constant: A memory location used to store values that 3. CAHR: a single character (symbol, letter or digit , but
cannot be changed during program execution digit is not for calculation) Section='A', Gender = 'F'
SEQUENCE: All statement are executed in order 4. STRING: a series of alpha numeric and symbolic
Step Example characters, but numbers are not for calculation.
Name="Abdullah", Address="H # 65/2, Street #22",
Input INPUT Price, Quantity Tel="0300-2737146"
Process Amount Price * Quantity 5. BOOLEAN: may store Yes or No, True or False, 1 or 0.
OUTPUT PRINT Amount 6. DATE: May store calendar date like 15/12/2021
REPETITION / LOOP / ITERATION:
To execute a set of statements several time
FOR … TO … NEXT WHILE … ENDWHILE REPEAT … UNTIL
SELECTION/CONDITIONAL: Count-Controlled Loop Pre-Condition Loop Post-Condition Loop
To determine program flow path on the basis of When number of Condition is given at Condition is given at the
given condition repetition is already the beginning end
IF Selection CASE Selection given
1 or 2 outcomes Several outcomes Input data of 30 Input marks, reject if Input weight of
IF Marks >=50 CASE OF Marks students marks is more than passengers in a lift, stop
THEN >=90: Grade "A*" 100 and input again input if total weight is
Result "Pass" >=80: Grade "A" more than 600
ELSE >=70: Grade "B" FOR Count 1 TO 30 INPUT Marks Total 0
Result "Fail" >=60: Grade "C" INPUT Marks WHILE Marks>100 REPEAT
ENDIF >=50: Grade "D" NEXT Count PRINT "Error!" INPUT Weight
>=40: Grade "E" INPUT Marks Total Total + Weight
OTHERWISE: Grade "U" END WHILE UNTIL Total >=600
ENDCASE
Executes when Executes when condition
Make code shorter, more condition is true is false
efficient
Will be executed a set May not be executed Will be executed at least
number of times even once once
Count 0
Count Count + 1 Highest 0
IF Num > Highest THEN Highest Num
Total 0
Total Total + Num
Lowest 100
IF Num < Lowest THEN Lowest Num
INPUT "Enter data to search ", SearchData
Found = FALSE FOR Round = 1 TO (MaxIndex-1)
Index = 0 FOR Index = 1 TO (MaxIndex-Round)
WHILE Index< MaxIndex AND Found=FALSE IF Data[Index] > Data[Index+1] THEN
IF Data[Index] = SearchData THEN Temp = Data[Index]
Found=TRUE Data[Index] = Data[Index+1]
OUTPUT "Found at ", Index Data[Index+1] = Temp
ELSE ENDIF
Index = Index + 1 NEXT Index
ENDIF NEXT Round
ENDWHILE
IF Found=FALSE THEN OUTPUT "Not Found"
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ARRAYS: A data structure used to store several elements
of same data types Flowchart: Graphical representation
DECLARE Num[1:5] OF STRING of algorithm
FOR Count = 1 TO 5 Start/End
INPUT Num[Count]
NEXT Count Process
Input/Output
Decision
Procedure/
Function
Flow Arrow
String Handling Functions
LENGTH To return number of characters including space in a string
For Example:
Name="Inqilab Patel"
LENGTH(Name) will return 13 including space
SUBSTRING To Return part of string for example:
SUBSTRING(string, startposition, number of characters)
SUBSTRING(Name,1,7) will return "Inqilab"
SUBSTRING(Name, 9, 5) will return "Patel"
UCASE To Return string in upper case, for example:
UCASE(Name) will return "INQILAB PATEL"
LCASE To return string in small case, for example:
LCASE(Name) will return "inqilab patel"
Library routines (built-in functions)
ROUND To return number with number of places decimals
ROUND(Number, number of decimal places)
ROUND(76.2389, 2) will return 76.24
ROUND(76.2342, 0) will return 76
RollNo Name Class Marks Result
RANDOM To return a random number between 0 and 1 inclusive
101 Abdullah OL 92 Pass ROUND( )
102 Muzna AS 92 Pass will return a random number between 0 and 1
103 Laiba AS 93 Pass ROUND(RANDOM()*20)
will return a number between 0 and 20
104 Muzna OL 85 Pass
Fields: a piece of data organised in columns
Records: collection of all related fields, organised in rows
Primary key: a field that contains unique data items
SQL script: to display all records: Fields Data types To display roll number of name of
SELECT ALL students in AS:
RollNo Integer
FROM STUDENTS SELECT RollNo, Name
Name Text FROM STUDENTS
To display all name and marks in Marks real WHERE Class = "AS"
ascending order of marks : To count how many students are in OL:
SELECT Name, Marks SELECT COUNT(RollNo)
FROM Marks FROM Students
ORDER BY Marks ASC WHERE Class = "AS"
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