Zafirlukast is a drug that can best stasis dermatitis, Cystinuria,

leukotriene formation inhibitor Thrombocytopenia

Milrinone lactate produces a positive Hypocalcemia, Meningitis,
inotropic action, vasodilation and Agranulocytosis – clozapine; Hematuria,
administered only parenterally Pancreatitis
Finasteride is employed in the treatment Hemorrhagic cystitis – cyclophosphamide,
of BPH - Benign prostatic hyperplasia, ifosfamide,
used in alopecia treatment and is
Phenytoin, Allopurinol, Febuxostat,
pregnancy category X drug.
lamotrigine, amphotericin B,
Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Dutasteride are pyrimethamine, Fansidar, Delavirdine,
also used in BPH. Nevirapine, carbamazepine,
oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital,
Warfarin, heparin, valproic acid,
ethosuximide, gabapentin, tiagabine,
Zonisamide, Levetiracetam,
sulfasalazine, Zonisamide can cause
cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine,
steven-jhonson syndrome (erythema
oxaliplatin, bleomycin, dactinomycin,
multiform)
daunorubicin, doxorubicin, Epirubicin,
idarubicin, Mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, Hydralazine, procainamide,
docetaxel, paclitaxel, vinblastine, propylthiouracil, methimazole,
etoposide, teniposide, mechlorethamine, minocycline, carbamazepine, phenytoin,
leflunomide, tacrolimus can cause ethosuximide, methyldopa, penicillamine,
alopecia quinidine, sulfasalazine, thioamides (–
propylthiouracil and methimazole) are
Spironolactone decreases the incidence of
associated with lupus-like sensitivity
hirsutism
reactions.
Pinworms, Seborrheic dermatitis,
Sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, trimethoprim–
Trichomonal infection, Acne
sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin,
Onychomycosis, Wilson’s disease,
ethosuximide, flucytosine, isoniazid,
Hansen’s disease
carbamazepine, Zonisamide can cause
Lactose intolerance, Galactokinase blood dyscrasia
deficiency, Cystic fibrosis,
Isoniazid, amiodarone, hydralazine,
Phenylketonuria, Crohn’s disease,
dapsone, amphotericin B, metronidazole,
Addison’s disease
quinacrine, ethionamide, cidofovir,
Meniere’s syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, didanosine stavudine, vigabatrin, cisplatin
is associated with peripheral neuropathy
Paget’s disease – can be treated by
Salmon calcitonin, Bisphosphonates such Osmotic diuresis with mannitol may help
as alendronate, etidronate, ibandronate, reduce the incidence of cisplatin
pamidronate, risedronate, tiludronate and nephrotoxicity.
zoledronic acid
Cisplatin, ethacrynic acid, NSAIDs,
drug-induced bronchospasm, aminoglycoside, IV loop diuretics,
pseudomembranous enterocolitis, ptosis,
aztreonam, vancomycin, paromomycin, Aurothioglucose is a gold compound.
carboplatin can cause ototoxicity
As an antiarrhythmic drug, tocainide is
Pulmonary toxicity most similar in action to mexiletine
Emollients (e.g., docusate) may increase
the systemic absorption of mineral oil, Quinidine antiarrhythmic agents is
associated with an adverse effect known
which can lead to hepatotoxicity. Thus,
as cinchonism
emollient and lubricant laxatives should
not be given concomitantly. Budesonide and fluticasone propionate
Telavancin, amitriptyline, ciprofloxacin, are employed clinically as intranasal
citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, steroids
diphenhydramine, doxepin, fluconazole,
Sibutramine, mazindol, Benzphetamine
fluoxetine, galantamine, amantadine,
are used as anorexiants
azithromycin, clozapine, dolasetron,
dronedarone, escitalopram, felbamate, Colestipol HCl can best be classified as a
flecainide, foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, bile acid sequestrant
granisetron, isradipine, levofloxacin,
nicardipine, ondansetron, quetiapine, Simvastatin is HMG-CoA reductase
risperidone, sunitinib, tacrolimus, inhibitor and pregnancy category X drug
venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone can
cause QT prolongation Benzodiazepines appear to act as
anxiolytics by potentiating the effects of
Torsades de point – TdP, Nitroprusside GABA
may also cause lactic acidosis,
Photosensitivity, Birth defect, Aplastic Tolcapone is a COMT inhibitor used in the
anaemia treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Gynecomastia, Trifluridine is useful in the treatment of
Salicylate can cause tinnitus. epithelial keratitis caused by herpes
simplex
Black box warning
Terbinafine (Lamisil) is an antifungal agent
Uricosuric drugs
used in treating onychomycosis of the
Latanoprost can best be described as a fingernail or toenail caused by
prostaglandin agonist dermatophytes.

Ticlopidine HCL inhibits platelet Mafenide is for the treatment of burns

aggregation
Cycloserine is an antitubercular drug.
Nicardipine is indicated for the angina
pectoris and hypertension Isotretinoin is a vitamin A derivative that
Alteplase and reteplase are an example of appears to be useful in the treatment of
a tissue plasminogen activator is produced acne because of its ability to reduce the
by recombinant DNA technology secretion of sebum. It is classified in
pregnancy category X.
 secretions. It appears to act by increasing
Sotalol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic the sensitivity of GI tissues to the action of
blocking agent. Such drugs should be acetylcholine.
avoided in patients with bronchospastic
disorders because they may cause Inhalation of the smoke of cannabis
bronchoconstriction (drug-induced generally results in increased pulse rate,
bronchospasm). perceptual changes, and vascular
congestion of the eye.
Dobutamine is a parenterally
administered agent that is chemically Betamethasone - glucocorticoids, which
related to dopamine. It acts by stimulating one has the greatest anti-inflammatory
primarily beta1-adrenergic receptors to potency when administered systemically
produce an inotropic effect.
Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizing agent
Ropinirole and pergolide are found in many OTC products that are used
dopaminergic agents that enhance in the treatment of acne.
dopamine activity and provide palliative
treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clavulanate potassium is an agent capable
of inactivating beta-lactamase enzymes
Procyclidine is an anticholinergic drug that are often found in microorganisms
used to treat Parkinson's disease. resistant to penicillins. The addition of
clavulanate potassium to ticarcillin
Salmeterol is an agonist acting primarily disodium extends the spectrum of
on beta2-adrenergic receptors to produce antimicrobial coverage of this penicillin to
bronchodilation. It is the longest acting include beta-lactamase producing
sympathomimetic bronchodilating agent organisms.
with a duration of approximately 12
hours. It is available as an aerosol Oxytocin is an endogenous hormone
(Serevent) produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
and as a powder for inhalation. Because of It is a uterine stimulant that promotes
its rather slow onset of action it is used uterine
only for maintenance and prophylaxis. It is contractions, particularly during labor.
not used for treating acute asthma
attacks. Growth hormone and follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) are released by the
Diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine are H1- anterior pituitary gland.
receptor antagonists. They antagonize
actions of histamine such as vasodilation. During the menstrual cycle, levels of
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
Famotidine is an H2-receptor antagonist luteinizing hormone (LH) vary widely. At
that is used to reduce gastric acid the time of ovulation, the concentration
secretion. of each of these hormones reaches a
peak.
Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent that
increases the motility of the upper GI tract Liotrix consists of a uniform mixture of
without increasing the production of synthetic levothyroxine sodium (T4) and
liothyronine sodium (T3) in a ratio of 4:1
by weight. It is a thyroid hormone
supplement. Acyclovir also acts by interfering with DNA
polymerase and is used for the treatment
Thyroid USP contain porcine-derived of herpes simplex and herpes zoster
thyroid desiccated infections.

Propylthiouracil and methimazole are Bacampicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin are

antithyroid agents that inhibit synthesis of aminopenicillins. They are easily
thyroid hormone and thus are useful recognized by the " ... am ..." in their
in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. They name.
inhibit the enzyme iodoperoxidase and
thereby inhibit thyroid hormone Cefpodoxime proxetil and dirithromycin
synthesis. In addition, propylthiouracil are prodrugs, i.e. they are
inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3. pharmacologically inactive until they are
Propylthiouracil is used as enzymatically converted to their active
an antithyroid medication in Grave forms in the body i.e. cefpodoxime and
disease. erythromycin respectively.

Neostigmine is used as an anticholinergic Probenecid is a uricosuric and renal

agent in myasthenia gravis. tubular blocking agent. It is capable of
inhibiting the tubular secretion of
Clomiphene is currently the only penicillins
antiestrogen that is approved for the and cephalosporins, thereby increasing
induction of ovulation in women who the plasma levels of these drugs and
have ovulation failure. It also used for the prolonging their action in the body.
prevention of osteoporosis.
The strength of phenoxymethyl penicillin
Most antipsychotic agents are believed to is usually measured in milligrams or units.
act by antagonizing dopamine receptors. Each milligram of the pure drug is
They may also cause some blockade of equivalent to 1600 units of activity. Thus,
cholinergic, α1-adrenergic, and histamine 300 mg of phenoxymethyl penicillin is
receptors. approximately equivalent to 480,000 units
of activity.
Tiagabine and topiramate are
anticonvulsants utilized for the treatment Nafcillin and cloxacillin are both beta
of partial seizures. lactamase resistant penicillins. They are
Buspirone is an antianxiety agent that, employed primarily in treating infections
unlike the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, caused by beta-lactamase-producing
and carbamates, does not produce staphylococci.
significant sedative, muscle relaxant, or
anticonvulsant effects. Chlorhexidine gluconate, glutaraldehyde
and benzalkonium chloride are antiseptic
Nelfinavir is the protease inhibitor. agents used either as surgical scrubs or for
the disinfection of surgical and dental
Cidofovir is an inhibitor of DNA equipment.
polymerase that is used for the treatment
of CMV retinitis.
Diflunisal is a salicylate that is employed in alphaz-adrenergic receptors to reduce
the treatment of mild to moderate pain, sympathetic
rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. outflow from the CNS, thereby reducing
peripheral vascular resistance and
LYMErix is a vaccine that is used to reducing
prevent Lyme disease, a tick-borne heart rate and blood pressure.
infection.
Minoxidil is a direct-acting peripheral
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are vasodilator. Because of its potential for
immunosuppressive agents employed in producing
preventing rejection of transplanted a number of serious adverse effects,
organs. minoxidil is not a first-choice
antihypertensive
Sumatriptan (Imitrex) and other "triptans" agent. Its ability to produce excess hair
such as naratriptan (Amerge), rizatriptan growth (hirsutism, hypertrichosis) has led
(Maxalt), and zolmitriptan (Zomig) are to
primarily used for the treatment of its topical use for the treatment of
migraine alopecia as
headaches. the product Rogaine.

Diacetylmorphine is another name for Bupropion, venlafaxine and citalopram are

heroin. Because of its great ability to anti-depression drug.
cause
dependence, diacetylmorphine may not
be Magnesium-containing antacids (eg,
legally prescribed in the United States. magnesium hydroxide) may cause
diarrhea
Sulfonamides exert their antimicrobial because of their saline cathartic action on
action by competitively antagonizing the
paminobenzoic GI tract. They may also cause
acid (PABA). Sulfonamide resistance hypermagnesemia
may occur if an organism produces in renal failure patients.
excessive amounts of PABA or if
PABAcontaining Clopidogrel (Plavix) and abciximab
products are used concurrently (ReoPro)
with a sulfonamide drug. are platelet aggregation inhibitors.
Filgrastim
Dapsone is a sulfone that is bactericidal (Neupogen) is a human granulocyte
and bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium colony-stimulating factor.
leprae,
the organism believed to be the cause of Carbidopa is a dopa-decarboxylase
leprosy (Hansen's disease). inhibitor
that prevents peripheral decarboxylation
Clonidine is a central alpha-adrenergic of levodopa in the body. This reduces the
stimulant. Its primary action is to adverse effects associated with peripheral
stimulate dopa decarboxylation and reduces the
dose
of levodopa required to control a patient The use of isotretinoin (Accutane), a
with vitamin
Parkinson's disease. Carbidopa is available A derivative, is associated with an
alone (Lodosyn) or in combination with incidence
levodopa of cheilitis (cracking around the margin
(Sinemet). of the lips) greater than 90%. The drug is
administered orally and must not be used
Selegeline (Eldepryl) is an MAO-B inhibitor in
that is used in the adjunctive treatment pregnant women because it carries a high
of Parkinson's disease. risk of causing fetal deformities.

Fentanyl is a potent narcotic agonist Endorphins are endogenous (naturally

analgesic used 1M or IV to promote found in the body) opioid peptides that
analgesia are
during anesthesia. It is also available in a released in response to stress.
transmucosal (Fentanyl Oralet, Actiq) and
transdermal (Duragesic) dosage form. Crack is a free-base form of cocaine. It is
generally smoked and rapidly absorbed
Lactase enzyme is effective in treating through the respiratory membranes.
symptoms of lactose intolerance. These Within
symptoms are most evident shortly after seconds, it reaches the brain and
consuming produces
a lactose-containing food and may central nervous system stimulation and
include bloating and diarrhea. Lactase euphoria.
enzyme Dependence may occur with only a
is available as a liquid (Lactaid), caplets single dose of the drug.
(Lactaid), capsules (Lactrase), or as
chewable A uricosuric drug is one that promotes
tablets (Dairy Ease). It is also added to the excretion of uric acid in the urine.
some Uricosuric
commercial dairy products. agents such as probenecid (Benemid)
and sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) inhibit
Hyperglycemia is not a problem tubular
commonly reabsorption of urate and promote urate
associated with the use of isotretinoin excretion. They are used to treat
(Accutane). Cheilitis (cracked margins of hyperuricemia
the associated with gout or gouty
lips), conjunctivitis, and dry mouth occur arthritis.
in a
large proportion of patients receiving this Alteplase (Activase) is a tissue
drug. Hypertriglyceridemia, pseudotumor plasminogen
cerebri have also been reported. activator produced by recombinant DNA
Isotretinoin technology. It is used in the management
is classified in pregnancy category X and of
will, therefore, potentially cause fetal acute myocardial infarction, acute
abnormalities. ischemic
stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Once that reduces serum triglycerides and
injected very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and
into the circulation, alteplase binds to increases
fibrin in a thrombus and converts the HDL cholesterol by inhibiting peripheral
entrapped lipolysis and descreasing the hepatic
plasminogen to plasmin. This produces extraction of free fatty acids. Cerivastatin
local fibrinolysis and assists in reopening (Baycol) is an HMG-CoA reductase
a blocked blood vessel. inhibitor
that is employed as a cholesterol-lowering
Cimetidine (Tagamet) is an Hz-histamine agent used to reduce elevated total and
receptor antagonist used to decrease LDL
gastric cholesterol levels in patients with primary
acid secretion in patients with peptic ulcer hypercholesterolemia when response to
disease. It has been shown to inhibit the diet
hepatic and other nondrug approaches have not
metabolism of drugs metabolized via been
the cytochrome P-450 pathway, thereby successful. Its use is associated with
delaying hepatic
metabolism and increasing serum levels. dysfunction and danger to the developing
Cimetidine may affect the metabolism of fetus.
drugs such as theophylline, some
benzodiazepines, Acarbose (Precose) and miglitol (Glyset)
phenytoin, and warfarin. are both alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Since
Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is a xanthine they act to reduce the GI absorption of
oxidase carbohydrates,
inhibitor that does not exert a uricosuric they are best taken three times a
effect but does prevent the conversion of day with the first bite of each main meal.
hypoxanthine
to uric acid. It is employed in the Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an
treatment of gout as well as in the antiarrhythmic
management agent used in treating ventricular
of patients receiving therapy for arrhythmias. It may cause a number of
leukemia and other malignancies that serious
increase adverse effects, the most serious being
uric acid formation. pulmonary toxicity.

Dihydrotachysterol is a synthetic product Methadone (Dolophine) is a narcotic

of tachysterol, a substance similar to agonist
vitamin analgesic with actions similar to those
D. It is used in combination with calcium of morphine. It is twice as potent when
and used
parathyroid hormone in the treatment of parenterally than when used orally. It is
hypoparathyroidism. employed
in the treatment of severe pain and in
Gemfibrozil (Lopid) is a fibric acid maintenance treatment of narcotic
derivative addiction.
A pure narcotic antagonist is one that Repaglinide (Prandin) acts by stimulating
reverses the release of insulin from the pancreas.
the effects of opioids without producing
agonist action of its own. Naltrexone The naturally occurring adrenal cortical
(ReVia) is an example of a pure narcotic steroids exert both salt-retaining
antagonist. Other drugs listed, (mineralocorticoid)
butorphanol, buprenorphine, nalbuphine, and anti-inflammatory (glucocorticoid)
sufentanil have agonist activity. The synthetic steroids prednisone
and some antagonist activity. and prednisolone exert similar actions
on the body. The use of these agents is
Rizatriptan benzoate (Maxalt), a serotonin often
5HT1-receptor agonist and methysergide associated with fluid and sodium
(Sansert), a semisynthetic ergot retention. It is used in crohn’s disease and
derivative, rhumatoic disorder
are used in treating migraine
headaches. Dronabinol (Marinol) is a marijuana
derivative
Constipation is a common effect because and granisetron (Kytril) is a selective
morphine decreases peristaltic activity in serotonin receptor antagonist used for the
the prevention of nausea and vomiting
GI tract. Constriction of the pupils, CNS associated
and with cancer chemotherapy.
respiratory depression, and nausea and
vomiting Amrinone (Inocor), like digoxin, is a
are all effects also associated with drug that produces a positive inotropic
morphine effect.
use. In addition, amrinone also produces
vasodilation.
Primidone (Mysoline) is an anticonvulsant The drug is used for the short-term
drug used in a variety of convulsive management of congestive heart failure in
disorders. patients who have not responded
Primidone and its two active metabolites, adequately
phenobarbital and to digoxin, diuretics, or vasodilators. Use
phenylethylmalonamide of
(PEMA), have anticonvulsant activity. the drug has been associated with the
development
Pamidronate (Aredia) is an agent used in of thrombocytopenia, arrhythmias,
treating Paget's disease of the bone, a and GI upset. It is administered by IV
condition bolus
characterized by abnormal bone or infusion.
resorption
and the development of fractures. The In monitoring a patient receiving warfarin
use of the drug seems to decrease the for the treatment of acute myocardial
dissolution infarction, it is important to maintain the
of hydroxyapatite crystals, the building INR between 2 – 3. The International
blocks of bone tissue. Normalization Ratio
(INR) is a measure of the degree of
anticoagulation Liothyronine sodium (Cytomel) is a
of the patient. Ideally, for a patient synthetic
who has experienced a myocardial form of the natural thyroid hormone
infarction, T3. Approximately 25 µg of liothyronine
the INR should be maintained at about 2 sodium is equivalent to 100 µg of
to 3. levothyroxine
Higher levels do not seem to improve the sodium (T4).
therapeutic outcome and are likely to
increase Mesalamine (Asacol) or 5-aminosalicylic
the chance of bleeding. acid (5-ASA) is a breakdown product of
sulfasalazine
Lactulose (Cephulac, Chronulac), a that is believed to be useful in
synthetic treating chronic ulcerative colitis.
disaccharide, is an analog of lactose.
Unlike lactose, which is hydrolyzed Ibuprofen (Motrin) and oxaprozin
enzymatically (Daypro) are nonsteroidal anti-
to its monosaccharide components, inflammatory
oral doses of lactulose pass to the colon drugs (NSAIDs) and should be avoided in
virtually patients who are sensitive to aspirin
unchanged. In the colon, bacteria because
chemically of possible cross-sensitivity reactions.
convert the lactulose to low-
molecularweight Aspirin is believed to inhibit clotting by its
acids and carbon dioxide. The acids action on cyclooxygenase. Single aspirin
produce an osmotic effect that draws doses are known to inhibit
water platelet aggregation. This is believed to
into the colon and makes the stools more occur
watery. by the acetylation of platelet
They also permit ammonia in the body cyclooxygenase
to be converted to ammonium ion in the by aspirin. This in turn prevents the
acidic colon and allow it to be eliminated synthesis
in of thromboxane A2, a prostaglandin that
the stool. is a
potent vasoconstrictor and an inducer of
Milk of magnesia contains magnesium platelet aggregation.
hydroxide as its active ingredient. This
acts Both triamterene (Dyrenium) and
osmotically to produce a laxative effect. spironolactone
Aluminum hydroxide reacts with (Aldactone) inhibit sodium reabsorption
phosphate in the distal tubule. Spironolactone
ion in the intestine to form insoluble is an aldosterone antagonist that prevents
aluminum phosphate which is eliminated the
in formation of a protein important for
the feces. This may be of value in treating sodium
hyperphosphatemia transport in the distal tubule. Triamterene
in chronic renal failure. inhibits
sodium reabsorption induced by drugs such as phenylephrine, naphazoline,
aldosterone and tetrahydrozoline, which require
and inhibits basal sodium reabsorption. dosing
Triamterene is not an aldosterone at 3- to 4-hour intervals.
antagonist.
Auranofin (Ridaura) is employed in the
Labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate) is a treatment of rheumatoid arthritis The use
nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking of gold compounds such as auranofin
agent (Ridaura), gold sodium thiomalate
primarily used for the management of (Myochrysine), and aurothioglucose
hypertension. (Solganal)
In addition to its beta-blocking action, has been associated with a wide variety
labetalol is also able to block of adverse effects, including blood
alpha1adrenergic dyscrasias, dermatitis, and renal disorders.
receptors. This lowers standing Patients using such compounds must be
blood pressure and may result in monitored constantly for adverse effects.
hypotension
and syncope. Glucagon is a polypeptide secreted by
the pancreas. It acts to enhance
Colchicine is a substance that may be gluconeogenesis
employed orally or parenterally to relieve and glycogenolysis, thereby causing
the higher levels of glucose in the blood.
pain of acute gout. It appears to act by Glucagon is used to treat severe
reducing hypoglycemia.
the inflammatory response to deposited It is generally administered
urate crystals and by diminishing intramuscularly
phagocytosis. or intravenously. Pioglitazone
Although it relieves pain in cases of acute (Actos) and repaglinide (Prandin) are oral
gout, colchicine is not an analgesic or a antidiabetic
uricosuric agents.
agent. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, and nausea have all been reported Iron is primarily absorbed in the
with duodenum
the use of colchicine. Bone marrow and the jejunum by an active transport
suppression mechanism. The ferrous salt form is
and thrombocytopenia have also been absorbed
associated with colchicine use. approximately three times more readily
than the ferric form. The presence of
Oxymetazoline (Afrin, Duration) and food, particularly
xylometazoline dairy products, eggs, coffee, and tea, in
(Otrivin), when used as topical the GI tract may decrease the absorption
nasal decongestants, produce an effect of
that iron significantly, although the concurrent
may persist for 8 to 12 hours. This is in administration of vitamin C maintains iron
sharp in
contrast to other topical nasal the ferrous state, thereby enhancing its
decongestant absorption
from the GI tract. Scopolamine is available in a transdermal
patch dosage form (Transderm Scop) for
Iron is required by the body to maintain prevention
normal oxygen transport. of nausea and vomiting associated
Iron is an essential component of with motion sickness in adults. It is
hemoglobin, applied
myoglobin, and several enzymes. to the skin behind the ear at least 4 hours
Approximately before
two-thirds of total body iron is the antiemetic effect is required. The
in the circulating red blood cells as part of drug is then released from the
hemoglobin, transdermal
the most important carrier of oxygen product for 3 days.
in the body.
Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is the
Prolonged use of organic nitrates (eg, synthetic analog of naturally occurring
nitroglycerin) is likely to result in the human
development of tolerance. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by
development of tolerance to the action the posterior pituitary gland. It is
of nitroglycerin and other nitrates may administered
occur with repeated use. Sensitivity to the intranasally for the treatment of primary
action nocturnal enuresis. A single dose of the
of nitroglycerin is generally restored after drug will produce an antidiuretic effect
several hours of withdrawal from the lasting
drug. from 8 to 20 hours.

Regular insulin is secreted by the beta Citalopram (Celexa) and sertraline

cells of the pancreas. In its unmodified (Zoloft) are classified as SSRIs. Venlafaxine
form, (Effexor) is not an SSRI or a tricyclic
regular insulin is clear, has a short (0.5 to antidepressant.
1 It acts to inhibit neuronal uptake of
hr) onset of action, and a relatively short serotonin and norepinephrine.
(6 to
8 hr) duration of action. Lispro insulin Dicloxacillin (Dynapen, Pathocil) is
solution a beta-Iactamase-resistant penicillin and
has a more rapid onset and shorter would be suitable for treating an infection
duration caused by beta-Iactamase-producing
of action than regular insulin. Because staphylococci.
regular insulin is a clear product, it can be Other penicillins that would also be
administered either SC or IV. suitable include oxacillin (Prostaphlin,
Bactocill),
Fluvastatin (Lescol) is a cloxacillin (Cloxapen, Tegopen), and
cholesterollowering nafcillin (Nafcil, Unipen). All of these
agent contraindicated for use during products
pregnancy because of its great potential are available for oral use.
for causing fetal harm. The drug is in FDA
pregnancy category X. Cyanocobalamin, or vitamin B12, is
essential
for proper growth, cell reproduction, receptors than for beta2-receptors,
formation of blood components, and making it
many less likely to affect respiratory function.
other functions. In order for
cyanocobalamin Pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine, Pilostat) is a
to be absorbed properly from the GI tract, direct-acting miotic agent used to
it decrease elevated
must combine with a glycoprotein called intraocular pressure. By causing miosis
intrinsic (constriction of the pupil), greater outflow
factor. In the absence of proper levels of aqueous humor is promoted and
of intrinsic factor, cyanocobalamin is intraocular
administered pressure falls. Carbachol (Isopto
parenterally or intranasally. Carbachol)
is another direct-acting miotic used in
Phenytoin (Dilantin) is an anticonvulsant situations in which pilocarpine is
used in controlling grand mal and ineffective
psychomotor or causes adverse effects. Dorzolamide is
seizures as well as other convulsive indirect acting agent
disorders. Adverse effects commonly acts by inhibiting the action of carbonic
associated with phenytoin use include anhydrase.
nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, ataxia,
hirsutism and Atropine is a belladonna alkaloid capable
many other neurologic, dermatologic, and of causing a wide range of effects in the
hematologic disorders. Because of the human
high body. Increased heart rate, diminished
frequency of adverse effects associated sweating, reduction of gastric secretion
with and
the use of this drug, patients must be tone, and mydriasis (dilation of the pupil
monitored of
closely during therapy. the eye) are commonly associated with its
administration.
Latanoprost (Xalatan) is a prostaglandin
F2a analog that reduces intraocular Ranitidine (Zantac) and other histamine
pressure H2-receptor antagonists competitively
by increasing the outflow of aqueous block
humor. H2-receptor sites, particularly those found
in
Betaxolol (Betoptic) is a beta-adrenergic gastric parietal cells. These agents do not
blocking agent - beta1-selective used block histamine release, antibody
ophthalmically to reduce production,
intraocular pressure, particularly in or antigen-antibody reactions and they do
patients not bind histamine.
with chronic open-angle glaucoma. Unlike
other ophthalmic beta-blockers, the Haloperidol (Haldol) is an antipsychotic
action of agent available in oral and parenteral
betaxolol is more specific for beta1- forms.
adrenergic It has pharmacologic actions similar to the
Phenothiazines e.g. chlorpromazine agranulocytosis, a potentially life-
(sedation, extrapyramidal effects, threatening
etc.). Chemically, haloperidol is a blood disorder.
butyrophenone.
Didanosine (Videx) is a reverse
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is an agent that transcriptase
has potent antiestrogenic effects because inhibitor that is active against the human
of immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Its use has
its ability to compete with estrogen for been associated with the development of
binding peripheral
sites in target tissues such as the breast. It neuropathy and pancreatitis.
is used in the treatment of metastatic
breast Dactinomycin (Cosmegen) and plicamycin
cancer in women, particularly in patients (Mithracin) are antineoplastic agents
with tumors that are estrogen-receptor- classified as antibiotics because they are
posi tive. It is also used to reduce the derived
incidence of from a microbial source. These agents
breast cancer in high-risk women. appear to act in a cytotoxic fashion by
interfering
Permethrin (Nix, Elimite) is a topical with DNA and/or RNA synthesis.
scabicide and pediculocide. It acts by Their use is associated with the
disrupting development
the nerve cell membranes of parasites, of nausea and vomiting as well as with
resulting in their paralysis. bone
marrow depression.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol, APAP) is an
agent with analgesic and antipyretic The anti-inflammatory and analgesic
actions action
similar to aspirin. Unlike aspirin, of NSAIDs is believed to result from
acetaminophen inhibition
does not significantly inhibit peripheral of prostaglandin synthesis.
prostaglandin synthesis, which may
account for its relative lack of anti- Doxazosin (Cardura) is an alpha1-
inflammatory adrenergic
activity. Acetaminophen does not inhibit blocking agent used in the treatment of
platelet function, affect prothrombin time, hypertension. By causing dilation of
or arterioles
produce GI distress. and veins, the drug causes the lowering
of both supine and standing blood
Clozapine (Clozaril) is an antipsychotic pressures.
agent indicated for use in patients who do The "first-dose" effect is the development
not respond to standard antipsychotic of
therapy marked hypotension and syncope
(phenothiazines, etc.). Use of clozapine (fainting)
has been associated with the on administration of the first few doses of
development of the
drug. Administering low initial doses of It is usually administered parenterally
the in the treatment of acute iron poisoning.
drug at bedtime can minimize this effect.
Dosage may be increased gradually until Acetazolamide (Diamox) is a carbonic
the anhydrase inhibitor used clinically in the
drug is better tolerated. treatment of chronic open-angle
glaucoma as
Carbon monoxide is a colorless and well as secondary glaucoma. It is also used
odorless product of the incomplete for treatment of edema caused by
combustion congestive
of hydrocarbons. When it is inhaled and heart failure or drug use, or associated
carried to the blood, it reacts with with
hemoglobin certain forms of epilepsy. Because
to form carboxyhemoglobin. This acetazolamide
reaction dramatically reduces the increases the excretion of sodium,
oxygencarrying potassium, bicarbonate, and water, many
capacity of the blood and, unless patients
corrected quickly, results in the death of develop alkaline urine.
the
individual. The renal excretion of amphetamines can
be diminished by alkalinization of the
The most serious potential consequence urine. Acetazolamide would tend to dimin
of sulingestion ish the excretion rate of amphetamine
of a liquid hydrocarbon such as kerosene sulfate.
or gasoline is the aspiration of the poison
into the res piratory tract. Aspiration of a Thiazide diuretics such as
liquid hydrocarbon such hydrochlorothiazide
as gasoline or kerosene may result in (Esidrix, HydroDIURIL) increase the
severe renal excretion of sodium, chloride, and
inflammation of pulmonary tissues, potassium while decreasing the excretion
interference of
with gas exchange, pneumonitis, and calcium and uric acid.
possible death. Emesis or gastric lavage is
avoided in such patients to avoid Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) is an
aspiration. alkylating
Catharsis using magnesium or sodium agent related to the nitrogen mustards.
sulfate Patients using this agent should be
may be attempted. Supportive therapy is advised
recommended for such patients unless to take the drug on an empty stomach.
antimicrobial Since
agents are required to treat respiratory hemorrhagic cystitis may occur with the
infection. use
of this drug, patients should be advised to
Deferoxamine mesylate (Desferal) is a drink lots of fluids.
chelating agent that has a high affinity for
ferric iron and a relatively low affinity for Metronidazole, chlorpropamide and
calcium. disulfiram are aldehyde dehydrogenase
inhibitors. They do interfere with ethanol to serum protein, it must be administered
metabolism. They cause intolerance to by
alcohol so that consumption of even a rapid IV injection (bolus). Repeated
small administration
amount may produce a broad array of of the drug may cause sodium and
unpleasant water retention and the need for adjuvant
effects. These include flushing, diuretic
throbbing headaches, nausea, sweating, therapy. An oral form of diazoxide
and (Proglycem) is used in the management of
palpitations. Disulfiram is used in the hypoglycemia.
management
of selected chronic alcoholics. Miconazole (Micatin, Monistat) is a
broad-spectrum antifungal agent effective
Isocarboxazid, phenylzine and against yeast infections (Candida albicans)
tranylcypromine are are MAO inhibitors. as
Patients using them should avoid well as dermatophyte infections (tinea
tyraminecontaining cruris,
foods as well as cold and allergy tinea corporis).
products.
Mafenide (Sulfamylon) is a bacteriostatic
A drug indicated for the treatment of both agent that is active against many gram-
diarrhea positive
and constipation is polycarbophil. and gram-negative organisms. Topical
Polycarbophil (Mitrolan) is a synthetic products containing mafenide are applied
hydrophilic compound that is capable of to
absorbing 2nd- and 3rd-degree burns in order to
large amounts of water. It is indicated reduce
for use as a bulk laxative in the treatment the chance of infection and increase the
of constipation. It is also employed in speed
the treatment of diarrhea, in which it of healing.
absorbs
excess free fecal water and helps create Lypressin (Diapid) is a synthetic
formed stools. vasopressin
analog possessing antidiuretic activity
Zileuton (Zyflo) and montelukast without producing a pressor or oxytocic
sodium (Singulair) are leukotriene effect. It is used clinically in the
receptor management
antagonists. of symptoms of diabetes insipidus.
Lypressin
Diazoxide (Hyperstat) is a nondiuretic is administered as a nasal spray.
antihypertensive agent structurally
related to Sotalol (Betapace) and amiodarone
the thiazides. It is used in the emergency (Cordarone)
reduction are both Group III antiarrhythmic
of elevated blood pressure. Because agents. This means that they both act to
diazoxide is rapidly and extensively bound prolong
the repolarization phase (phase 3).
The sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents Alteplase (Activase) is a thrombolytic
appear to reduce blood glucose levels by agent. It is a tissue plasminogen
stimulating the release of insulin from the activator produced by recombinant DNA
beta cells of the pancreas. They are only technology. It is used intravenously in the
effective management of acute myocardial
in patients who have some capacity for infarction
endogenously producing insulin. (AMI) patients in order to lyse thrombi
obstructing
Finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) is an coronary arteries. It is administered
androgen as soon as possible after the onset of AMI.
hormone inhibitor used to treat benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as well as Dyphylline is a theophylline derivative.
male-pattern hair loss (alopecia). These agents act by inhibiting the enzyme
phosphodiesterase, thereby increasing
Vidarabine (Vira-A) is an antiviral agent cyclicAMP
that possesses activity against herpes levels and producing bronchodilation.
simplex Salmeterol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist,
virus. It is administered by slow IV infusion and nedocromil sodium is an inhaled
for the treatment of herpes simplex agent
encephalitis that inhibits mediator release from mast
and is used ophthalmically for the cells.
treatment of herpes simplex infections of
the Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and
eye. oxaprozin (Daypro) are both nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Dalteparin sodium (Fragmin) is a
lowmolecular- Cromolyn sodium (Intal, Nasalcrom,
weight heparin derivative used in Opticrom) is a drug with anti-asthmatic,
preventing or treating thromboembolic antiallergy,
complications and mast cell stabilizing activity. It has no
following surgery or ischemic bronchodilator or anti-inflammatory
complications activity. Cromolyn appears to inhibit
of unstable angina and MI. degranulation
of sensitized and nonsensitized mast
Zidovudine (Retrovir) inhibits replication cells that may occur after exposure to
of some retroviruses, including HIV. It is certain
used antigens. Cromolyn products are used
orally in managing patients with HIV prophylactically
infection to treat bronchial asthma, allergic
who have evidence of impaired immunity. rhinitis, and mastocytosis. Cromolyn
The intravenous form is used for some should not be used in treating acute
adult patients with symptomatic HIV asthmatic
infection attacks.
who have a confirmed presence of
pneumocystis Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) is a calcium
carinii pneumonia (PCP).
channel-blocking agent used orally and is administered intramuscularly or
parenterally intravenously
in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. for the relief of moderate to severe
Amlodipine and isradipine are used in the pain.
treatment of
angina pectoris and/or essential Mestranol is an estrogen commonly
hypertension. employed
Oral verapamil is also used for these in several oral contraceptive products.
indications. Norethynodrel, norethindrone,
levonorgestrel, ethynediol diacetate are
Cefixime (Suprax) is a third-generation progastrin.
cephalosporin. Third-generation
cephalosporins Propranolol (Inderal) is a nonspecific
generally have greater gram-negative beta-adrenergic blocking agent that
activity, less gram-positive activity, greater exhibits a
penetration of the central nervous high degree of lipid solubility. As a result,
system, it
and higher cost than cephalosporins in is more likely than other beta blockers to
firstor enter
second-generation groups. the CNS and produce CNS adverse effects.

Reflex tachycardia is commonly seen

with the use of peripheral vasodilators
such
as minoxidil (Loniten) and hydralazine
(Apresoline). The drop in blood pressure
produced
by the use of these agents causes
increased
renin secretion, heart rate, and output
as well as sodium and water retention.
This may worsen both angina and
congestive
heart failure. These adverse effects
observed
with the use of peripheral vasodilators
may
be managed by the concurrent
administration
of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent
and/or a diuretic.

Buprenorphine (Buprenex) is an opioid

narcotic agonist-antagonist. As an
analgesic,
it is about 30 times as potent as
morphine. It