NCERT Basics : Class 6

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

1. Name the major nutrients in our food - (2) Deficiency diseases can be
Ans. The major nutrients in our food are – prevented by eating a balanced diet.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, ()
minerals, water and roughage. (3) A balanced diet for the body should
2. Name the following - contain a variety of food items. ( )
(1) The nutrients which mainly give (4) Meat alone is sufficient to provide
energy to our body. all nutrients to the body. ( )
(2) The nutrient that is needed for the Ans. (1) By eating rice alone, we can fulfil the
growth and development of our nutritional requirement in our
body. body. (×)
(3) A vitamin required for maintaining (2) Deficiency diseases can be prevented
good eyesight. by eating a balanced diet. ()
(4) A mineral required for keeping our (3) A balanced diet for the body should
bones healthy. contain a variety of food items. ()
Ans. (1) Carbohydrates and fats (4) Meat alone is sufficient to provide
(2) Proteins all nutrients to the body. ( × )
(3) Vitamin A 5. Fill in the blanks:
(4) Calcium (1) _____ is caused by the deficiency of
3. Name two foods each rich in - vitamin D.
(1) Fats (2) Deficiency of _____ causes a disease
known as Beri-Beri.
Publishing$\PNCF\2024-25\LIVE Module\SET-1\NCERT\6th\Biology\2. Components of food
(2) Starch
(3) Dietary fibre (3) Deficiency of vitamin C causes a
(4) Protein disease known as _____.
Ans. (1) Groundnut and Butter (4) Night blindness is caused due to
(2) Rice and Potato deficiency of _____ in our food.
(3) Fresh fruits and vegetables Ans. (1) Rickets
(4) Fish and Gram (2) Vitamin B1
4. Tick () the statements that are correct. (3) Scurvy
(1) By eating rice alone, we can fulfil the (4) Vitamin A
nutritional requirement in our
body. ( )

[14]
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Ncert Solutions Class 6 Science Chapter 4

Ncert Solutions For Class 6 Science Chapter 4 Sorting

Materials Into Group
1. Name five objects which can be made from wood.

Answer

Five objects which can be made from wood

 Almirah
 Table
 Chair
 Desk
 Door

2. Select those objects from the following which shine:

Glass bowl, plastic toy, steel spoon, cotton shirt

Answer

Glass, bowl, steel spoon

3. Match the objects given below with the materials from which they could be made.
Remember, an object could be made from more than one material and a given material
could be used for making many objects.

Object Material
Book Glass

Tumbler Wood

Chair Paper

Toy Leather

Shoes Plastics

Answer
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Object Material
Book Paper

Tumbler Glass, Plastic

Chair Wood, Plastic

Toy Wood, Paper, Plastic

Shoes Leather

4. State whether the statements given below are 'True' or 'False'.

(i) Stone is transparent, while glass is opaque.

► False

(ii) A notebook has lustre, while an eraser does not.

► False

(iii) Chalk dissolves in water.

► False

(iv) A piece of wood floats on water.

► True

(v) Sugar does not dissolve in water.

► False

(vi) Oil mixes with water.

► False

(vii) Sand settles down in water.

► True

(viii) Vinegar dissolves in water.

► True

Page No: 34
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5. Given below are the names of some objects and materials:

Water, basket ball, orange, sugar, globe, apple, and earthen pitcher

Group them as:

(a) Round shaped and other shapes

(b) Eatables and non-eatables

Answer

(a) Round-shaped: Basketball, orange, globe, apple, earthen pitcher

Other shapes: Water, sugar

(b) Eatables: Water, orange, sugar, apple

Non-eatables: Basketball, globe, earthen pitcher

6. List all items known to you that float on water. Check and see if they will float on an oil
or kerosene.

Answer

Sponge's piece, Plastic Bottle, Paper's piece, Thermocol's piece, Wood, Plastic ball, Cork are the
known to you that float on water. No, they will not float on an oil or kerosene.

7. Find the odd one out from the following:

(a) Chair, Bed, Table, Baby, Cupboard

► Baby as it is living being while others are non-living.

(b) Rose, Jasmine, Boat, Marigold, Lotus

► Boat as it is used for transportation purpose while others are flowers.

(c) Aluminium, Iron, Copper, Silver, Sand

► Sand as it non-metal while others are metals.

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(d) Sugar, Salt, Sand, Copper sulphate

►Sand as it is insoluble in water while others are soluble in water.

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Ncert Solutions Class 6 Science Chapter 5

Ncert Solutions For Class 6 Science Chapter 5 Separation of

Substances
1. Why do we need to separate different components of a mixture? Give two examples.

Answer

We need to separate different components of a mixture:

• to separate harmful or non-useful substances that may be mixed with it.

• to separate even useful components if we need to use them separately.

Two examples are:

• Milk or curd is churned to separate the butter

• Grain is separated from stalks, while harvesting.

2. What is winnowing? Where is it used?

Answer

Winnowing is method of separating components of a mixture. It is used to separate heavier and

lighter components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air. This method is commonly used by
farmers to separate lighter husk particles from heavier seeds of grain.

3. How will you separate husk or dirt particles from a given sample of pulses before
cooking?

Answer

To separate husk or dirt particles from a given sample of pulses before cooking, we need to wash
the pulses with water. Husk or dirt particles being lighter keep floating in water and pulses grain
will settle down so we can easily remove them. Then, water with impurities can be removed by
decantation.

4. What is sieving? Where is it used?

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Answer

Sieving is a method of separation which allows the fine flour particles to pass through the holes
of the sieve while the bigger impurities remain on the sieve. It is used at home to separate
pebbles and stones from sand.

5. How will you separate sand and water from their mixture?

Answer

We can separate sand and water from their mixture by:

• Sedimentation and decantation: Being sand insoluble and heavier than water, it settles down at
the bottom. Then after we can easily separate water from sand.

• Filtration: The mixture of sand and water is poured on a piece of cloth or filter paper so that
water goes down through it and sand remains on the piece of cloth or paper.

6. Is it possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour? If yes, how will you do it?

Answer

Yes, it is possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour. This can be done through the
process of sieving The mixture of sugar and wheat flour is allowed to pass through a sieve. The
fine wheat flour passes through the sieve while sugar remains on the sieve.

7. How would you obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water?

Answer

By the method of filtration, we can obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water. The
sample of muddy water is passed through a filter paper. Clear water will pass through the
filtering medium while mud will remain on water

8. Fill up the blanks:

(a) The method of separating seeds of paddy from its stalks is called ___________.

► Threshing

(b) When milk, cooled after boiling, is poured onto a piece of cloth the cream (malai) is left
behind on it. This process of separating cream from milk is an example of ___________.
► Filtration
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(c) Salt is obtained from seawater by the process of ___________.

► Evaporation

(d) Impurities settled at the bottom when muddy water was kept overnight in a bucket. The clear
water was then poured off from the top. The process of separation used in this example is called
___________.

► Sedimentation and decantation

9. True or false?

(a) A mixture of milk and water can be separated by filtration.

► False

(b) A mixture of powdered salt and sugar can be separated by the process of winnowing.

► False

(c) Separation of sugar from tea can be done with filtration.

► False

(d) Grain and husk can be separated with the process of decantation.

► False

Page No: 45

10. Lemonade is prepared by mixing lemon juice and sugar in water. You wish to add ice
to cool it. Should you add ice to the lemonade before or after dissolving sugar? In which
case would it be possible to dissolve more sugar?

Answer

We should add ice after dissolving sugar because the dissolving power of water decreases with
decrease in temperature. So, if we add ice before dissolving sugar, less amount of sugar will get
dissolved.
NCERT Basics : Class 6

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

1. Correct the following statements and Ans.
rewrite them in your notebook. tip

(a) Stem absorbs water and minerals Margin

Blade Midrib
from the soil.
(lamina) Vein
(b) Leaves hold the plant upright.
Base
(c) Roots conduct water to the leaves.
Petiole
(d) The number of petals and sepals Stipules

in a flower is always equal. Structure of a leaf Tap root

(e) If the sepals of a flower are joined

together, then its petals are also
joined together.
(f) If the petals of a flower are joined
together, then the pistil is joined
to the petal.
Ans. (a) Root absorbs water and minerals
from the soil. 3. Can you find a plant in your house or in
(b) Stem holds the plant upright. your neighbourhood which has a long
(c) Stem conducts water to the but a weak stem? Write its name. In
leaves. which category would you classify it?
(d) The number of petals and sepals Ans. The money plant has a long and weak

Publishing$\PNCF\2024-25\LIVE Module\SET-1\NCERT\6th\Biology\2. Getting to Know Plants

in a flower may be different in stem. It comes under the category of
different plants. climbers. Climbers are plants that
(e) If the sepals of a flower are joined readily take support of neighbouring
together, then its petals may or structures as they have a weak stem.
may not be joined together. 4. What is the function of a stem in plant?
(f) If the petals of a flower are joined Ans. The main function of a stem in plants is
together, then the pistil may or that it helps in the conduction of water
may not be joined to the petal. and minerals from the roots to the
2. Draw (a) a leaf, (b) a taproot, and (c) a leaves and other parts of plants. It also
flower. provides support to branches, leaves,
flowers, fruits and buds of plants.
[36]
 Biology
5. Which of the following leaves have 9. Write the names of the parts of a flower.
reticulate venation? Ans. A flower consists of sepals, petals,
Wheat, tulsi, maize, grass, coriander stamens and pistils. A stamen has two
(dhania), China rose. parts called the anther and the filament.
Ans. The leaves of tulsi, coriander and china A pistil has three parts called the stigma,
rose have reticulate venation, whereas style and ovary.
maize, grass and wheat have parallel 10. Which of the following plants have you
venation. seen? Of those that you have seen, which
6. If a plant has fibrous roots, what type of ones have flowers?
venation are its leaves likely to have? Grass, maize, wheat, chilli, tomato, tulsi,
Ans. Plants with fibrous roots have parallel pipal, shisham, banyan, mango, jamun,
venation in their leaves. For example, guava, pomegranate, papaya, banana,
grass, wheat, maize, etc. have fibrous lemon, sugarcane, potato, groundnut.
roots with parallel venation in leaves. Ans. The given examples are flowering
7. If a plant has leaves with reticulate plants. But, in some plants such as tulsi,
venation, then what kind of roots does it pipal, sugarcane, etc. the flowers are not
have? visible. They are very small in size.
Ans. Plants with reticulate venation in their 11. Name that part of plants which produces
leaves are likely to have tap roots. For food. Name this process.
example, a carrot or a rose plant has Ans. The part of plants which prepares food
leaves with reticulate venation and its is the leaf and the process is known as
roots are tap roots. photosynthesis.
8. Is it possible for you to find out whether 12. In which part of a flower, you are likely
a plant has tap root or fibrous roots by to find the ovary?
looking at the impression of its leaf on a Ans. Pistil/carpel is the part of the flower that
Publishing$\PNCF\2024-25\LIVE Module\SET-1\NCERT\6th\Biology\2. Getting to Know Plants

sheet of paper? contains the ovary.

Ans. Yes. We can recognize the type of root 13. Name two flowers each with joined and
present in a plant by looking at the separated sepals.
impressions of its leaf on a sheet of paper. Ans. Flowers with joined sepals are Cotton
If a leaf is having reticulate venation then and Hibiscus (China rose).
the plant will have tap roots and if a leaf Flowers with separated sepals are Rose
is having parallel venation then the plant and Jasmine.
will have fibrous roots.

[37]
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Ncert Solutions Class 6 Science Chapter 8

Ncert Solutions For Class 6 Science Chapter 8 Body

Movements
1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Joints of the bones help in the ____________ of the body.

(b) A combination of bones and cartilages forms the ___________ of the body.

(c) The bones at the elbow are joined by a ______________________ joint.

(d) The contraction of the _____________ pulls the bones during movement.

Answer

(a) Joints of the bones help in the movement of the body.

(b) A combination of bones and cartilages forms the

skeleton

of the body.

(c) The bones at the elbow are joined by a

hinge

joint.

(d) The contraction of the

muscles

pulls the bones during movement.

2. Indicate true (T) and false (F) among the following sentences.

(a) The movement and locomotion of all animals is exactly the same. ( )
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(b) The cartilages are harder than bones. ( )

(c) The finger bones do not have joints. ( )

(d) The fore arm has two bones. ( )

(e) Cockroaches have an outer skeleton. ( )

Answer

(a) False

(b) False

(c) False

(d) True

(e) True

Page No. 78

3. Match the items in Column I with one or more items of Column II.

Column I Column II

Upper jaw have fins on the body.

Fish has an outer skeleton.

Ribs can fly in the air.

Snail is an immovable joint.

Cockroach protect the heart.

- shows very slow movement.

- have a streamlined body.

Answer

Column I Column II
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Upper jaw is an immovable joint.

Fish have fins on the body, have a streamlined body.

Ribs protect the heart.

Snail shows very slow movement.

Cockroach has an outer skeleton, can fly in the air.

4. Answer the following:

(a) What is a ball and socket joint?

(b) Which of the skull bones are movable?

(c) Why can our elbow not move backwards?

Answer

(a) In a ball and socket joint, the rounded end of one bone fits into the cavity (hollow space) of
the other bone. It can allows movement in all directions.

(b) Lower jaw bone (Mandible bone) is the only movable bone in skull bone.

(c) Elbow joint has hinge joint. This joint allows movement in a plane only and hence it is not
able to move backwards.
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Ncert Solutions Class 6 Science Chapter 9

Ncert Solutions For Class 6 Science Chapter 9 Living

Organisms & Their Surroundings

1. What is a habitat?

Answer

The surrounding where a living organism lives is called its habitat.

2. How are cactus adapted to survive in a desert?

Answer

Adaption to survive in a desert:

(i) Leaves are modified into spines which prevent the loss of water.

(ii) Stem is modified into leaf like structures which store water and perform photosynthesis.

(iii) Stem are spongy and have waxy coating which prevents transpiration.

(iv) Roots are deep which can access water from depths.

3. Fill up the blanks

(a) The presence of specific features, which enable a plant or an animal to live in a particular
habitat, is called ____________ .

(b) The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called _____________ habitat.

(c) The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called ____________ habitat.

(d) Soil, water and air are the _____________ factors of a habitat.

(e) Changes in our surroundings that make us respond to them, are called _____________.

Answer
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(a) The presence of specific features, which enable a plant or an animal to live in a particular
habitat, is called adaption .

(b) The habitats of the plants and animals that live on land are called

terrestrial

habitat.

(c) The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called

aquatic

habitat.

(d) Soil, water and air are the

abiotic

factors of a habitat.

(e) Changes in our surroundings that make us respond to them, are called

stimuli

4. Which of the things in the following list are nonliving?

Plough, Mushroom, Sewing machine, Radio, Boat, Water hyacinth, Earthworm

Answer

Plough, sewing machine, radio, boat

5. Give an example of a non-living thing, which shows any two characteristics of living
things.

Answer

Car (shows motion and creates sound) is an example of a non-living thing which shows two
characteristics of living things.

6. Which of the non-living things listed below, were once part of a living thing?

Butter, Leather, Soil, Wool, Electric bulb, Cooking oil, Salt, Apple, Rubber
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Answer

Butter, leather, wool, cooking oil, apple, rubber

7. List the common characteristics of the living things.

Answer

(i) It shows growth.

(ii) Needs nutrition.

(iii) It reproduce.

(iv) It responds to stimuli.

(v) It respires.

8. Explain, why speed is important for survival in the grasslands for animals that live there.
(Hint: There are few trees or places for animals to hide in grasslands habitats)

Answer

Speed is important for survival in the grasslands for animals that live there because it help them
in protecting themselves from their predators. In grasslands, there are very less numbers of
suitable places available there where animals can hide so speed help them in escaping from their
predators.
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 1. Introducing History

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. a; 5. c

B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

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1. T; 2. T; 3. F (Correct: BCE stands for Before Common Era); 4. T; 5. T

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C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

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1. History is the systematic record of past events. Many of these records were done on
rocks, clays, barks of the birch, etc.

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4. Fossils are remains and imprints of plants, animals or humans preserved in rocks
which have been buried for millions of years.
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5. Artefacts are human-made objects like tools and implements, ornaments, and
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pottery that have been found in various archaeological findings.

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D. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

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1. We need to study history because it tells us about past settlements, economy and
society. It also tells us about clothes and food of the people, their beliefs, their
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faith and their work. The study of history explains how such changes have taken
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place over a long period of time. It tells us how human beings gradually made
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discoveries and inventions which led to their development. Therefore, history

helps us to understand our present and moulds our future as well.
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2. Coins help us to understand the economic condition of the kingdom in which they
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were issued. They help us to ascertain the territorial extent and reign of the rulers.
Sometimes, they also provide valuable personal information of rulers, such as
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their religion. For example, Samudragupta’s coins tell us that he was a good veena
player.
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3. Inscriptions are reliable sources of information about the history of any period
because they provide us names of the kings, the administration of the kingdom,
some important events, the extent of the kingdom, etc. The Ashokan inscriptions
and the Allahabad Pillar Inscription tell us a great deal about the reign of Ashoka
and Samudragupta.

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 4. Religious literary sources comprise of the literature that is related to the religion of
the people of the time. The Vedas and the Puranas contain details of rituals, prayers
and religious practices of the ancient past. Hence, they are classified as sacred or
religious literary sources.
5. The history of India has been greatly influenced by its geographical or physical
features like soil type, rainfall, climate, vegetation and environment which
influence the evolution of human culture and their way of life. The Himalayas in
the north protected the country from invaders, the long coastline of peninsular
India encouraged foreign trade and many kingdoms flourished in the Northern

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Plains.

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1. The sources of history are the records of the past events. These can be divided into

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two groups:

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•• Archaeological sources: These include fossil remains, artefacts, tools and implements,
edicts and inscriptions, monuments, coins, etc. Artefacts include man-made objects

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such as pottery tools, jewellery, seals and toys.

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lived, their occupation and their social set up and coins give information about the
economic condition of the kingdom and its territorial extent.
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2. The history of India has been greatly influenced by its geographical or physical
a

features. In fact, history without geography is incomplete. If history provides the

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time then geography provides the space. Soil type, rainfall, climate, vegetation and
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environment have greatly influenced the evolution of human culture and their
way of life. The Himalayas in the north have protected the country from invaders,
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the long coastline of peninsular India has encouraged foreign trade and many
kingdoms have flourished in the Northern Plains.
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2. Earliest Societies
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A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Palaeolithic; 2. clay; 3. Mesolithic; 4. Hunsgi; 5. scavengers

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 B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. F (Correct: In India, cave paintings have been discovered at Bhimbetka in Madhya
Pradesh); 2. T; 3. F (Correct: People in the Palaeolithic period were aware of the use
of fire.); 4. F (Correct: The Mesolithic people started using pygmy tools which were
small and light); 5. T

C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. Stone Age refers to the period in human history characterised by the production of
stone tools.

.
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2. The three phases of the Palaeolithic Age are Lower Palaeolithic, Middle Palaeolithic
and Upper Palaeolithic.

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3. The Palaeolithic sites can be divided into three types—habitation sites, factory sites

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and habitation cum factory sites.
4. The paintings of early human depict the social life and economic activities of the

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people. They reflect hunting, food gathering, fishing and other human activities.

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5. The Mesolithic people started using microlith or tiny, pygmy tools made of jasper

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chalk or blood stone. They also used animal bones and stones.

D. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

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1. Hunter-gatherers moved from one place to another because:
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a) They moved in search of food. If they stayed in one area for longer periods,
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they would have exhausted plants and animals found in that area.
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b) Large animals of an area moved to other places in search of prey or fodder.

Hence, early men also had to move with them.
a

c) Since plants bear fruits in a particular season, early men moved to other places
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for the rest of the year.

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2. The Mesolithic Age marked a shift from the Palaeolithic Age in the following ways:
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•• There was a rapid development of grasslands which increased the number of

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•• With the increase of grass-eating animals, early man began to understand more
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about the animals, their food habits and their breeding seasons thereby leading
to the domestication of animals.
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•• People started collecting grains and used them as food leading to the beginning
of agriculture.
3. The discovery of fire brought about a change to life of early man. These basic
changes were it being used for various purposes for light, to cook meat, and to
scare away wild animals.

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 4. Making of stone tools involved planning and technique. At first the early man drew
the picture of the tool in his mind according to his requirement and then evolved
the technique of creating it out of a piece of stone.

E. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

1. The Palaeolithic people made crude and unpolished stone tools. Based on these
tools, the Palaeolithic period is divided into three phases. The lower Palaeolithic
people used hand axes, cleavers, and chopping tools. The middle Palaeolithic
people used flakes and the upper Palaeolithic tools included burins and scrapers.
The technology of producing stone tools underwent a change during the Mesolithic

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period. Small stone tools like microlith or tiny, pygmy tools made of jasper chalk

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or blood stone and wooden handles were used for tools and weapons. The use of

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animal bones as tools along with stones marked the biggest change in the life of

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humans from the Palaeolithic Age to the Mesolithic Age.
2. The Palaeolithic humans were hunters and gatherers. They hunted animals and

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gathered edible plants and tubers for food. To protect themselves from adverse

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climatic conditions, they used barks or leaves from trees or skins of animals to

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cover their body. Since they used stone tools, they had to live in hilly areas. They

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could settle down only in the hilly river valleys. People of this period knew about
fire. Archaeologists have also found evidences of ash from the Palaeolithic site of
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Kurnool in India . They would have used fire for various purposes—for light, to
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cook meat, and to scare away wild animals. They expressed themselves through
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rock and cave paintings.

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3. From Hunters to Farmers

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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

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1. b; 2. b; 3. d; 4. c; 5. a
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B. Fill in the blanks.

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1. observation, experience; 2. sedentary; 3. Palaeolithic; 4. Neolithic

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C. Match the columns.

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1. c; 2. d; 3. a; 4. e; 5. b
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D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. The term ‘Neolithic’ is derived from two Greek words, neo meaning ‘new’ and
lithos meaning ‘stone’ implying the New Stone Age.
2. We are able to gather knowledge about the customs and practices of the Neolithic
people through anthropology which is the study of the origins and social
relationships of human beings.

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 3. Sheep and goat are two of the animals that were domesticated during the Neolithic
Age.
4. Some of the earliest agricultural settlements in the Indian subcontinent are
Mehrgarh, Killi Ghul Mohammad, Burzahom, Gufkral, Mahagara, Chirand,
Sarutaru, Daojali Hading, Hallur and Paiyampalli.
5. Burzahom and Gufkral are two village settlements found in the Kashmir region
that belong to the Neolithic Age.

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

.
td
1. With the beginning of agriculture during the Neolithic Age, people started

L
producing their own food by cultivating cereals such as barley, wheat and
rice. Also, people adopted the sedentary lifestyle and started living in village

t.
Pv
communities. Also, owing to food production by humans, they did not have to
depend on meat of animals or wild fruits and berries for their survival.

es
2. It became essential for people who grew crops to stay in the same place for a long

ic
period of time because they had to look after the crops till the grains ripened. Once

rv
the grains were collected, they had to be stored in a proper place to be used till the
next cultivation season.

Se
3. Owing to domestication of plants and animals, the lifestyle of the people changed
n
from nomadic to the sedentary way of life. From hunters and gatherers, they
io
became food producers. They started using animals for agricultural work and used
at

animal products for food and clothing. Also, they grew food for themselves and
uc

for their animals. Thus, domestication of plants and animals has been an important
development in human history.
Ed

4.
a

Palaeolithic Age Neolithic Age

di

Crude and unshaped stone tools were Well-shaped and polished tools began
In

made. to be made.
n

People were scavengers, hunter and People domesticated animals and began
so

food-gatherers. producing food.

ar

People clothed themselves with animal People weaved clothes and started
Pe

skin and bark of the tree. using wool and cotton to cover
themselves.
©

People lived in caves and roamed People built mud houses and huts and
around from one place to another. started living in one place for a long
period of time to look after the grains
sown.
People did not know how to make Pottery-making was a significant
pottery. feature of the age.

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 5. The earliest Neolithic site found in India is in Mehrgarh near the Bolan Pass in
Baluchistan (present day Afghanistan). After 7000 BCE, this settlement saw a
gradual shift from dependence on wild animals to cultivation of food crops and
domestication of animals. Bones of sheep and goat, cattle, etc have been found
at this site, indicating that these were the animals that were commonly used or
available. Remains of houses, square or rectangular in shape, have also been found.

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

1. The Neolithic Age marked the beginning of agriculture when people started
producing their own food. The domestication and herding of animals began which

.
td
were used for milk, meat and helped out in agricultural work. Domestication

L
of plants and animals led to the emergence of village communities based on a

t.
sedentary life. This led to the beginning of new ways of agriculture. The transition

Pv
from hunting, food gathering to food production meant that through human
intervention, some plants were grown more while others were not. Pottery-making

es
led to storage and cooking of food. Slowly people began weaving cotton for
clothes. The making of pottery, weaving, spinning and transportation were also

ic
made possible due to the invention of the wheel.

rv
Se
2. The beginning of agriculture made a significant impact on the life of early humans.
Before the beginning of agriculture, they led a nomadic life. Domestication of
n
animals along with agriculture changed the lifestyle to sedentary one which led
io
to emergence of village communities. He started growing food grains like barley,
at

wheat and rice. He domesticated animals for milk and meat, and also for their
uc

labour. This led to use of wool, cotton and skin for making clothes. The need to
store grains led to pottery making. It also led to invention of wheel. Thus, this is
Ed

how Neolithic people became farmers and herders from hunter-gatherers.

a
di
In

4. The First Civilization in India

n
so

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

ar

1. c; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b
Pe

B. Fill in the blanks.

©

1. Rakhigarhi; 2. Surkotada; 3. barley; 4. Tigris, Euphrates

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. F (Correct: Excavations at the site of Mohenjodaro were carried out in the year
1922.); 2. T; 3. F (The Great Bath was discovered at Mohenjodaro.); 4. T; 5. F
(Correct: The Harappan Civilization began to decline around 1750 BCE.)

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 D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
1. Civilization is a complex lifestyle including life in cities or towns, surplus food
production, sophisticated religious beliefs, use of language in spoken and written
form, social disparity and development of art and craft. Civilization can cover a
wide area which is characterised by similarity in artefacts and other features.
2. The first civilization of India is the Indus Valley Civilization. It was called so
because it flourished around the River Indus.
3. Chanhudaro (along the Indus River in Sindh), Kalibangan (along the Ghaggar
River in Rajasthan), Banawali (in Hissar district of Haryana) and Lothal (a port

.
td
town in Gujarat) are some cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.

L
4. Agriculture, animal husbandry, making bronze figurines, making ornaments, bead-

t.
making, cloth weaving, pottery-making and trade were some occupations of the

Pv
people of the Indus Valley Civilization.
5. Three features of Indus Valley Civilization are their distinguished town palnning,

es
art and craft, and pictographic script.

ic
rv
E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

Se
1. The Harappan cities were well-planned. There was a citadel to the west of each city.
It was at an elevated position with a lower town containing brick houses below the
n
citadel. The houses followed the grid system where the main streets intersected
io
each other at right angles, dividing the city in large rectangular blocks. The cities
at

had an impressive drainage system. The water from the houses flowed into
uc

covered drains in the streets, which had manholes.

Ed

2. In the Indus Valley Civilization, people specialised in craftwork like sculpting,

polishing beads and making seals. They made vessels, ornaments, tools and
a

weapons as well as bronze figurines. Ornaments like beads, pendants, armlets,

di

brooches and bracelets were made. Bead- making was an important craft. The most
In

artistic achievement was the making of seals on which engravings looked realistic.
Cloth weaving, pottery-making and making teracotta figurines were also practised.
n
so

3. Mohenjodaro: The Great Bath is the most important building and comprised of a
tank made of beautiful brick work. At the north and the south ends are brick steps
ar

that lead to the bottom of the tank.

Pe

Harappa: In the citadel at Harappa, we find as many as six granaries.

©

Lothal: A brick dockyard was discovered at Lothal, which, according to the

historians, could have been one of the important cities of the Indus Valley
Civilization.
Kalibangan: In Kalibangan, many houses had their own wells. Also, fire altars have
been found which indicate that some kind of sacrifice was performed here.
4. Numerous female terracotta figurines have been found from various sites of the
Indus Valley Civilization. These are believed to represent the mother goddess.

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 People worshipped the earth as a fertility goddess. The peepal tree was considered
sacred. The most striking deity of the Harappan culture is the horned god on
the seals. This god has three heads and horns. He is shown as sitting in a yogic
posture, placing one foot on the other. He is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a
rhinoceros, a buffalo and two deer. This looks like the image of Lord Shiva. There is
also evidence of Linga worship.
5. The suggested causes behind the decline of Indus Valley Civilization include:
•• Planning and construction became less efficient than earlier times. In
Mohenjodaro it was suggested that the city became weak under the pressure

.
of population. Also, rooms were divided into smaller portions and street plans

td
were no longer followed.

L
•• Expansion of the neighbouring desert increased the salinity of the soil and

t.
Pv
decreased fertility reducing the production of crops.
•• Floods are also considered as cause for decline. Excavations reveal that

es
Mohenjodaro itself was flooded more than once.

ic
•• At other places it is suggested that the rivers changed their course or dried up.

rv
6. Dholavira, in Gujarat, the latest excavated site of Indus Valley Civilization, was

Se
excavated during 1990s. It is one of the largest urban centres of the Indus Valley
Civilization in Kachchh district of Gujarat. This city was divided into three parts
n
io
with great stone walls all around and gateways for entrance. It also had a large
at

open area probably used for public purposes. One of the important finds from the
area is a signboard bearing Harappan inscription. By far it is the largest evidence of
uc

Harappan writing as other evidences are short scripts on seals.

Ed

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

a

1. The excavations at various sites of the Indus Valley Civilization give us some
di

indication of the social life of the people. Structural remains of the houses indicate
In

that class differences were present in the Harappan society. The big houses would
n

have been occupied by the rich, while smaller houses and two-room cottages
so

would have been used by the poorer sections of society. For knowledge about dress
and fashion, we depend on the statues and figurines excavated.
ar
Pe

2. The Harappan cities are distinguished by their town planning. The general layout
of the cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan and Rakhigarhi is similar. To
©

the west of each was the citadel, fortified by crenellated walls. The arrangement
of the houses in the lower town followed the grid system and had an impressive
drainage system. It had important buildings like the Great Bath, granary, etc.
Agriculture was one of the main economic activities of the people along with
animal husbandary. Different art and craft activities were practised and they had
distinguished religious practices, social life and were very active in trade and
commerce.

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 5. The Vedic Age

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. c; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. knowledge; 2. Ganga; 3. Dasa or Dasyus; 4. signposts

C. Match the columns.

.
td
1. a; 2. c; 3. e; 4. b; 5. d

L
D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

t.
Pv
1. The main sources for the study of the Vedic Age are the literary sources like the
Vedas and the archaeological sources like pottery.

es
2. There are four Vedas, namely—the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda and Samaveda.

ic
3. Two types of pottery are of great significance that are associated with the Vedic

rv
period—Painted Grey Ware (PGW) and Black and Red Ware (BRW).
4.
Se
The rivers mentioned in the Rigveda are Sindhu (or Indus), Saraswati (now lost)
and Gomati (modern Gomal). The rivers Ganga and Yamuna are mentioned only
n
io
once.
at

5. Megaliths are large stone boulders or block of rocks arranged by people into a
uc

structure or a monument. Many megaliths have also been built to mark burial sites.
Ed

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

a

1. The Vedic knowledge was transmitted orally from generation to generation in the
di

form of the four Vedas—the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. They
In

were written down in later periods in Vedic Sanskrit. The Rigveda contains 1028
hymns which are divided into ten parts. It is a collection of prayers offered to
n

Agni, the fire god; Indra, the warrior god; Varuna, Surya and other gods by various
so

families of poets and sages. The Samaveda contains tunes for the prayers of the
ar

Rigveda. The Yajurveda contains hymns and rituals which have to accompany their
Pe

recitation. The Atharvaveda contains songs, spells, magical charms to cast away evil
spirits.
©

2. The burials tell us about the customs, practices and social setups of the people. For
example, at Brahmagiri, a skeleton was found with several gold beads, two stone
beads, copper bangles and a conch shell while other skeletons had only a few pots
buried with them. This indicates there was a difference in the social status of the
people. Some may have been poor while others rich; some may have been people
of importance or leaders. Similarly, if collective burials belonging to the same
period are found, it might indicate a tragedy or some sacrificial ceremony.

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 3. The Chalcolithic culture in India traditionally included non-urban, non- Harappan
culture which made their first appearance around 2000 BCE. The Chalcolithic
people built rectangular and circular houses of mud mostly in clusters. They
were not acquainted with burnt bricks. Fire worship seems to have been a very
widespread phenomenon among the Chalcolithic people as fire altars have been
found at a number of sites. At Inamgaon in Maharashtra,a Chalcolithic site, the
dead were buried in urns under the floor of their houses in north-south direction
with some articles. The goods buried with the dead give indications about the
status of the dead person.

.
4. a. Vedic Age: The period during which the Vedas, the Rigveda, Samveda, Yajurveda

td
and Atharvaveda, were composed is known as the Vedic Age. Archaeologists

L
have identified two types of potteries belonging to this period, the Painted

t.
Grey Ware and the Black and Red Ware. The people belonging to this age were

Pv
called the Aryans who came from eastern Afghanistan but the main regions
of this culture were the Punjab and Delhi region. In this age, the people were

es
divided into four social classes according to their work, the brahmins or priests,

ic
the rajas or rulers, the vish or jana for common people and the dasas or dasyus,

rv
the people who opposed the Aryans and spoke different languages and had
different customs. The society was patriarchal and agriculture seems to be the

Se
main source of livelihood for the people.
n
b. Chalcolithic Age: The Chalcolithic culture in India traditionally included non-
io
urban, non-Harappan culture which made their first appearance around 2000
at

BCE and were eventually replaced by iron- using cultures. The Chalcolithic
uc

people built rectangular and circular houses of mud mostly in clusters. They
were not acquainted with burnt bricks. Fire worship seems to have been a very
Ed

widespread phenomenon among the people as fire altars have been found at
a number of sites. The people buried the dead in urns under the floor of their
a
di

houses in north-south direction along with some goods. The goods found along
In

with the burials tell us a lot about the customs, practices and social setup of the
culture. The people followed various occupations. They were agriculturists,
n

hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. Wheat, barley, rice, pulses, peas, sesame and
so

millets were grown. Bones of animals like goat, cattle, buffalo, dog, horse, pig,
ar

spotted deer, crab, fish, etc. have been found. Fruits like jamun, ber, amla, dates,
Pe

etc were also used.

c. Inamgaon: It is a Chalcolithic site located in Maharashtra. Here, burials were
©

different. Generally adults were buried with their head in the north direction.
Sometimes the dead were buried in urns within the houses. Here, the body
of a man was found buried in a cross- legged position in a huge four-legged
clay jar in one of the largest houses at the site. The house had five rooms and
was located at the centre of the Inamgaon settlement. The people at Inamgaon
followed various occupations. Some were agriculturists. Some were hunter-
gatherers and still others were pastoralists. We arrive at this conclusion on the

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 basis of the archaeological findings from the area. Archaeologists have found
evidence of wheat, barley, rice, pulses, peas, sesame and millets. Bones of several
animals like goat, cattle, buffalo, dog, horse, pig, spotted deer, crab, fish, etc,
have been found. Some of the bones bore cut marks which suggest that a few
of these animals were used as food by the people of Inamgaon. There are also
evidences to suggest that fruits like jamun, ber, amla, dates and a lot more were
collected by these people.
d. 
Rigveda: The Rigveda is the oldest of all the four Vedas. It was composed about
3500 years ago. It contains 1028 hymns which are divided into ten parts. It is

.
a collection of prayers offered to Agni, the fire god; Indra, the warrior god;

td
Varuna, Surya and other gods by various families of poets and sages.

L
t.
F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

Pv
1.
Economic life of Early Vedic Period Economic life of Later Vedic Period

es
ic
People in the Early Vedic Period In the Later Vedic Period, agriculture

rv
practised agriculture with cattle- seems to have become the main source

Se
rearing. The Rigveda suggests that of livelihood. It was facilitated by the
cattle formed the most important n use of iron tools for clearing forests and
form of wealth for the people. There ploughing. Shift from pastoral economy
io
were frequent battles for cattle. The to agricultural economy seems to have
at

importance of the cattle can be judged led to the rise of other art and craft
uc

from the word for battle, gavishthi, such as carpentry, weaving, jewellery
which means ‘search for cows’. making, dyeing and pottery-making.
Ed

There seems to have been trade with

different regions as well.
a
di

2. The Rigveda mentions social classes on the basis of the types of work the people
In

did. The group of people who performed rituals were called brahmins or priests.
The term rajas referred to the people who protected the people from invaders.
n

The terms vish and jana were used to refer to common people. The term vaishya is
so

derived from vish. The community as a whole was also termed as jana, for example,
ar

Puru jana or vish, Yadu jana or vish, etc.

Pe

The group of people who opposed Aryans were described as Dasas or Dasyus.
These people spoke different languages and did not perform sacrifices. Later, the
©

term dasa came to refer to slave or women and men captured in war. They were
the property of their owners. The early Vedic society did not have class or caste
distinctions based on birth.
Gradually, these distinctions became rigid. By the later Vedic period, the society
was clearly divided into four distinct classes based on birth. The last position was
occupied by the Shudras.

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 6. Early States

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. c; 2. c; 3. a; 4. a; 5. c

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. sixteen; 2. Ashvamedha yajna; 3. monarchy; 4. birth

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

.
td
1. T; 2. F (In the Ashwamedha Yajna, if the horse is stopped at any kingdom a war

L
is fought between the performer of the yajna and the ruler of the kingdom to decide
who gets to rules the kingdom.); 3. F (Correct: The kings collected taxes in cash

t.
Pv
and kind.); 4. T; 5. F (Correct: Patliputra was situated at the confluence of Ganges,
Gandak and Sone.)

es
D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

ic
1. The use of iron helped people clear large areas of land and they started using iron

rv
tools for agriculture. This resulted in increase of agricultural production.
2.
Se
The four varnas are the Kshatriyas, the Brahmanas, the Vaishayas and the Shudras.
n
3. Magadha, Vajji, Kosala and Avanti remained important out of the sixteen
io
mahjanapadas.
at

4. The kings became more important as kingdoms became bigger than the earlier
uc

tribal states. This happened because people were able to clear more areas of land
Ed

using iron technology and made the janapadas and mahajanapadas different from
the earlier tribal states.
a
di

5. Bimbisara was the first most important ruler of Magadha. His successor was
In

Ajatsatru.
n

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

so

1. The Brahmins occupied the top position in the varna system. Below them were the
ar

Kshatriyas. The Vaishyas occupied the third position in the hierarchy. The Shudras
Pe

were in the lowest position. Initially, the varna system was based on the work the
people did. However, in this period, the caste system became rigid and came to be
©

based on birth.
2. The factors responsible for the emergence of Magadha as the supreme kingdom
include:
•• Strategic location: The capital of Magadha, Rajgriha, was surrounded by five
hills which made it difficult to be conquered. Pataliputra, its later capital, was
also strategically situated at the confluence of the Ganges, the Gandak and the

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 Sone, and therefore, formed a water-fort or jaldurga. The thick forests beyond
Gaya in south Bihar supplied timber for buildings and elephants for the army.
•• Fertile land: Drained by several rivers the land was not only fertile and fit
for agriculture but also provided continuous water supply and cheap water
transport.
•• Mineral deposits: The close vicinity and control over rich deposits of copper and
iron ore in Chhota Nagpur helped to make better weapons and instruments.
Magadha had the advantage of close access to the iron ore deposits which was
used mostly for making weapons.

.
td
•• Military might: Magadha had a large standing army. It was Magadha which first

L
used elephants on a large scale in wars.

t.
3.

Pv
Republic Monarchy

es
1. Functioned under oligarchic Functioned under an individual ruler

ic
assemblies

rv
2. Revenue was claimed by every tribal King was the sole recipient of revenue

Se
oligarch, known as raja
3. Each raja was free to maintain his There was a regular professional
n
io
own army under his senapati standing army
at

4. Monarchy: It was the system of hereditary rule of the king on a state. The king or
uc

ruler was the sole recipient of the revenue and maintained a regular professional
standing army.
Ed

Republic: It was the system where the state functions under the leadership of
a

oligarchic assemblies. The republics consisted of either a single tribe, such as

di

the Shakyas, or a confederacy of tribes, such as the Vajjis. They were democratic
In

in nature and operated through an assembly representing the tribe which was
presided over by one or more representatives elected by the people.
n
so

Varna system: It is the four-fold division of society which was earlier based on the
ar

work people did but later came to be based on birth. The four divisions under the
varna system are the brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas and shudras.
Pe

Janapadas: These were small kingdoms that came into existence at around 600
©

BCE. They got their name from the ruling clan and people started owing strong
allegiance to the janapada to which they belonged.
Mahajanapadas: The janapadas that became large and powerful were categorised
as mahajanapadas. There were about sixteen mahajanapadas between 600 BCE
and 400 BCE and most of them had a seat of power or a capital city. These were, at
times, fortified with wooden, stone or brick walls to offset any danger of outside
attack. They were either a republic or monarchy.

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 F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
1. Till the end of the Vedic period, the king was selected by the community or
jana from amongst them to protect the people and the post was not hereditary.
However, around 600 BCE, the use of iron helped the people to clear large areas
of land and the position of the king started becoming more important. Small
janapadas came into existence and people started owing allegiance to them. The
janapadas got their name from the ruling clan and came to be identified with the
rulers who undertook conquests of new areas and expanded their territories. Thus,
the kings gained importance and the posts became hereditary. Gradually, the kings
were given divine status and they performed various rituals and sacrifices like

.
td
Asvamedha, Rajasuya and Vajapeya as a show of strength and to impress people.

L
2. Vajji was a united republic, known as gana or sangha. It was a good example of

t.
a republican kingdom because it consisted of a confederation of eight smaller

Pv
kingdoms of which Lichhavis, Janatrikas and Videhas were also members. In a
gana or sangha there were many rulers, all of whom were called raja. Each of these

es
rulers represented their own group of people and met together in assemblies to

ic
reach to a common decision through debate and discussions. These ganasanghas or

rv
republics retained their democratic character and remained in existence for a long

Se
time.
3. Out of the sixteen mahajanapadas, Magadh was the strongest kingdom. Several
n
factors contributed to its rise. Magadha was strategically located. Its capital,
io

Rajgriha, was surrounded by five hills and was difficult to conquer. The later
at

capital, Pataliputra, was situated at the confluence of the Ganges, the Gandhak and
uc

the Sone rivers, which formed a waterfort or jaldurga. Thick forests beyond Gaya
Ed

were source of timber for buildings and elephants for army. The rivers irrigated the
land and made it fertile. They also provided cheap water transport. Copper and
a

iron ore from Chota Nagpur helped in making better weapons and instruments.
di

The kingdom had a large standing army. It was the first to use elephants on a large
In

scale in wars. Bimbisara, Ajatsatru and other rulers worked to make Magadha a
n

paramount power. They extended the kingdom through both building of relations
so

and military power. The Nandas increased its territory and the Mauryas took it to
the apex of glory.
ar
Pe
©

7. Rise of New Religions

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. a; 2. c; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c

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 B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
1. Bodh Gaya; 2. Prakrit

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. T; 2. T; 3. F (Correct: Buddha have his first sermon at Sarnath.)

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. The word ‘Upanishad’ literally translates to sitting down near.
2. There were twenty-four Tirthankaras among the Jains.

.
td
3. Jainism was divided into two sects- Digambaras and Shvetambaras.

L
4. ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’ or dharmachakrapravartana was Buddha’s first sermon

t.
Pv
and it was held in Sarnath.

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

es
1. The Upanishads are records of dialogues between teachers and students. The word

ic
Upanishad is derived from the terms upa (near), ni (down) and shad (to sit), that is,

rv
sitting down near. Groups of pupils, in the quiet of the forests, sat near the teacher

Se
to learn from him the secret doctrine. Answers to questions like ‘What is the need
of sacrifices and rituals?’, ‘What is the relationship between the Soul or Atman and
n
the Creator or Brahma?’ and so on, form the core of the Upanishads. These are part
io
of the Vedic literature and were composed around 600 BCE. There are about 108
at

Upanishads, the main ones being Isha, Kena, Katha, Parsha, Mundaka, Koushik,
uc

Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya and Brihadaranyaka. These philosophical texts

Ed

criticised the prevalence of excessive rituals and sacrifices in the society. They laid
stress on the values of right belief and knowledge which formed the basis of Indian
a

philosophy.
di

2. The causes for the rise of new sects in the sixth century BCE include:
In

•• Reaction against excessive rituals: People wanted a simple religion without the
n

elaborate and costly rituals subscribed by the Brahmins.

so

•• Rigid Varna System: The varna system, which was earlier based on occupations,
ar

started to be determined by birth in this period. People of the lower varnas

Pe

were considered inferior by those of the upper varnas. New thinkers like
Buddha and Mahavira opposed this hereditary domination attached to birth.
©

•• Increasing influence of the Vaishyas: Vaishyas were traditionally looked down

upon by the people of higher varnas. With increasing importance of trade,
their importance also increased. The new religious sects suited their needs and
interests because these sects did not attach importance to the varna system.
Also, these religions believed in non-violence and did not condemn the practice
of usury. Thus, Vaishyas supported these religious sects.

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 3. Prakrit was used to teach Buddhism and Jainism because it was easily understood
by the common man. The simple everyday language for religious texts was the
need of the people.
4. Brahmins advocated a system of ashramas with four stages in long journey of a
human’s life.
•• Brahmacharya: A stage when a person obtains knowledge by studying the Vedas.
•• Grihastha: A stage when an individual gets married and starts her/his
household life.

.
•• Vanaprastha: In this stage, an individual lives in forest and meditates.

L td
•• Sanyasa: A stage of renouncing the world and living the life of an ascetic.

t.
Pv
F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
1. The teachings of Buddha were practical and simple which took note of the

es
realities of the day. The doctrine of karma (good or bad action) was essential to
the Buddhist philosophy. Buddha believed that our actions, whether good or bad,

ic
influence us in this life and all the next ones.

rv
Se
Buddha’s teachings are represented by the four noble truths.
1. The world is full of sorrow (dukkha)
n
io
2. The causes of sorrow are desire or thirst (tanha)
at

3. This sorrow can be stopped.

uc

4. This sorrow can be ended by following the eight-fold path. The eight-fold path
Ed

consists of:
i. right faith v. right living
a
di

ii. right thought vi. right efforts

In

iii. right speech vii. right remembrance

n

iv. right action viii. right meditation

so

Buddha laid down a code of conduct for his followers.

ar

•• Not coveting the property of others

Pe

•• Practising non-violence
©

•• Discarding the use of intoxicants

•• Speaking the truth
•• Not indulging in corrupt practices
2. In China, Confucius laid the foundation of Confucianism which had a strong
following in China and taught values similar to Buddhism. In Iran, Zoroaster laid

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 the foundation of Zoroastrianism. His teachings are contained in a book called
Avesta. After the conquest of Persia by the Arabs, the followers of this religion fled
to India and settled in Gujarat and Maharashtra (especially Mumbai) in the eighth
century CE and were known as Parsees.
3.
Similarities Differences
1. Both were started by the members of Buddha stayed away from discussions
the kshatriya varna. on God while Mahavira denied his

.
existence altogether.

Ltd
2. Both opposed brahmanical Jainism laid undue stress on non-
supremacy. violence while Buddhism avoided

t.
Pv
extremes.
3. Both admitted people from lower Jainism was much too austere

es
castes and women. compared to Buddhism.

ic
4. Both attracted the lower varnas Buddhism did not believe in giving up

rv
particularly the vaishyas or traders. the use of clothes unlike Jainism.
5. Both were simple religions without
Se
Buddhism spread beyond India while
n
any elaborate or expensive rituals Jainism remained confined to certain
io
and practices. areas in India itself.
at

6. They taught in the language of the Buddhism attacked the varna system
uc

masses. while Jainism was not that vocal.

Ed
a
di

8. The First Empire: The Mauryas

In
n

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

so

1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a
ar

B. Fill in the blanks.

Pe

1. Seleucus; 2. Chandragupta; 3. Mysore; 4. James Princep

©

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. F (Correct: Kautilya was the mentor and guide of Chandragupta Maurya.)
2. F (Correct: Megasthenese lived at and wrote an account of Pataliputra in the book
called Indica.)

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 3. F (Correct: Ashoka did not conquer any other land after Kalinga as he renounced
conquest after winning the war.)
4. F (Ashoka’s policy of dhamma was a religious policy which was never forced upon
people.)

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire in 321 BCE.
2. The main sources of information about the Mauryas are the edicts of Ashoka, the
Indica of Megasthenes and the Arthashastra of Chanakya.

.
td
3. Chandragupta made a gift of 500 elephants to the Greek general Seleucus Nikator

L
and obtained the territory across the River Indus.

t.
4. Bindusara increased the extent of the Mauryan Empire.

Pv
5. Ashoka appointed special officers called dhamma mahamatta. These officers went

es
from one place to another to teach people about the policies of dhamma. These
officers were also instructed by the king to read the edicts to those people who

ic
were unable to read.

rv
Se
E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.
1. The conquest of Kalinga was a turning point because Ashoka renounced war after
n
io
conquering Kalinga. He was horrified by the suffering caused to the people, the
at

brahmins and the Buddhist monks. He was overcome by grief and remorse. He
abandoned the policy of physical conquest in favour of a policy of dhamma. He also
uc

converted to Buddhism after the conquest of Kalinga.

Ed

2. Ashoka’s dhamma did not include any rituals or performance of sacrifices. It was
related to norms of social behaviour. The basic principles of the dhamma are:
a
di

•• Obedience to one’s mother and father, elders, teachers and other respectable
In

people
n

•• Proper treatment of ascetics, relations, slaves, servants and dependants, the

so

poor and miserable, friends, acquaintances, and companions

ar

•• Abstinence from killing or injuring of all living beings

Pe

•• Spending and accumulating little wealth

•• Truthfulness, morality and purity of heart
©

Ashoka adopted several measures for the spread of dhamma:

•• Ashoka engraved the principles of dhamma on rock and pillar edicts. There are
fourteen rock edicts and seven pillar edicts. In doing so, Ashoka was trying
to establish direct communication with his subjects. These inscriptions were
written in the Prakrit language, which was the local language of the people.

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 •• He appointed special officers called dhamma mahamatta. These officers went
from one place to another to teach people about the policies of the dhamma.
These officers were also instructed by the king to read the edicts to those people
who were unable to read.
•• He even sent messengers to other countries like Sri Lanka, Syria, Greece and
Egypt to spread dhamma.
3. Ashoka intended to resolve the following problems through dhamma:
•• The Mauryan Empire included people from different religions.

.
•• Sometimes, conflicts occurred among different religious groups.

tdL
•• People sacrificed animals.

t.
•• People treated their elders, slaves and servants badly.

Pv
•• There were conflicts among the families and amongst neighbours.

es
4. The Mauryans organised a very elaborate system of administration. The Mauryan

ic
king was the supreme head of the state. He was the final law of the land. To guard

rv
such a vast empire, he maintained a huge army. The Mauryans adopted different
types of governance for different areas. In the areas surrounding the capital city

Se
of Pataliputra, the emperor was in direct control. He appointed officials to collect
taxes from the people who lived in the villages and towns in the area. The other
n
io
areas were divided into different provinces. The emperor was helped by many
at

ministers and members of the royal family. The area under the direct control was
ruled by officials directly appointed by the ruler. Many of these officials were given
uc

salaries. The provinces were ruled by the royal princes who were appointed as
Ed

governors. They followed local customs and traditions to govern the provinces.
Apart from extracting regular revenue from the peasantry, the Mauryan state
a

undertook and regulated numerous economic activities, which earned it a huge

di

income. These included the production of different articles, royal landholdings,

In

trade in different commodities, exploitation of mineral resources, utilisation of

forest wealth, sale of liquor, manufacture of arms, etc. The Mauryan government
n
so

also provided irrigation facilities to the peasantry and imposed water tax. Ashoka
geared all resources and the entire machinery to the welfare of the subjects. The
ar

officers like yuktas, rajukas and pradishikas were sent on tours of inspection every
Pe

year for official business and for imparting instructions on dhamma. Spies were
appointed to keep a watch over the officials and were an important part of the
©

administration.

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

1. Some of the qualities that made Ashoka a great emperor are his unique vision
of understanding of the complex social problems of the society. He accepted
the importance of the principles of Dhamma in its dimensions and gave more
importance to the moral welfare of his subjects and, thus, administration under

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 him got a human face. Also, he is, perhaps, the only king in history to have
renounced conquests after winning a war. The horror and destruction caused by
the war caused him great distress and grief and remorse. His greatness is seen in
his abandonment of the policy of physical conquest in favour of cultural conquest.
He had tolerance for other religions. The principles of Dhamma expounded by him
related to the norms of social behaviour and activities. He believed in establishing
direct communication with his subjects and hence, had his views engraved on
stone pillars and rock edicts for people to read and follow.
2. Ashoka’s dhamma did not include any rituals or performance of sacrifices. It was

.
related to norms of social behaviour. The basic principles of the dhamma are:

td
•• Obedience to one’s mother and father, elders, teachers and other respectable

L
people

t.
Pv
•• Proper treatment of ascetics, relations, slaves, servants and dependants, the
poor and miserable, friends, acquaintances, and companions

es
•• Abstinence from killing or injuring of all living beings

ic
•• Spending and accumulating little wealth

rv
Se
•• Truthfulness, morality and purity of heart
Ashoka adopted several measures for the spread of dhamma:
n
io
•• Ashoka engraved the principles of dhamma on rock and pillar edicts.
at

•• There are fourteen rock edicts and seven pillar edicts. In doing so, Ashoka was
uc

trying to establish direct communication with his subjects. These inscriptions

were written in the Prakrit language, which was the local language of the
Ed

people.
a

•• He appointed special officers called dhamma mahamatta. These officers went

di

from one place to another to teach people about the policies of the dhamma.
In

These officers were also instructed by the king to read the edicts to those people
who were unable to read.
n
so

•• He even sent messengers to other countries like Sri Lanka, Syria, Greece and
ar

Egypt to spread dhamma.

Pe

9. Life in Towns and Villages

©

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. d

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. iron; 2. Suttapitaka; 4. copper; 5. shrenis

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 C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. F (Correct: Tripitaka, narrating events relating to the Buddha and his teachings,
often set in an urban context encourages their use as data on urbanisation.)
2. F (Correct: Arikamedu in Puducherry was a coastal town involved in trade with
the Roman Empire.)
3. T

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. Agricultural intensification means increase in agricultural production because of

.
td
use of better methods like transplantation, irrigation, use of iron tools, etc.

L
2. The growth of towns from strategic rural settlements in north and south India in

t.
the sixth century BCE is known as second urbanisation.

Pv
3. The various types of towns were:

es
i. Political and administrative centres such as Hastinapur, Rajagriha, Shravasti,

ic
Kaushambi, Champa and Ahicchatra

rv
ii. Market towns such as Ujjain

Se
iii. Religious towns such as Kashi and Vaishali
n
iv. Coastal towns such as Sopara, Arikamedu and tamralipti
io

4. Pali texts are the most important source of information about town and village life.
at
uc

5. The items of import were wine and olive oil.

Ed

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

1. The merchants and craftsmen formed their own associations known as shrenis or
a
di

guilds. The literary text of the time mention guilds of smiths, painters, carpenters,
leather workers and ivory workers in towns. These guilds acted as training centres
In

and banks for people. They also procured raw material and distributed the finished
n

product, generally over long distances.

so

2. Coins help us to understand the economic condition of a kingdom. They help us to

ar

ascertain the territorial extent and reign of the rulers. Sometimes they also provide
Pe

valuable personal information about rulers, such as their religion. For example,
Samudragupta’s coins tell us that he was a good veena player.
©

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

1. The sources of that period and the information we can get from each source are:
i. 
Archaeological sources: Evidences of fortification, rows of pots or ceramic rings
arranged in a stack known as ring wells within individual houses have been
found through archaeological excavations. Most houses or palaces, made of
wood or bricks made from mud, have perished with time.

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 ii. 
Carvings on the walls of monuments: Carving on the walls, gateways, pillars
or railings of the old monuments like stupas, temples or cave depicted scenes
from everyday city and village life.
iii. Literature: Several mentions of towns and rulers of this period from
Ashtadhyayi, the book of grammar, written by Panini. The Buddhist text,
Tripitaka, narrates events relating to the Buddha and records his teachings.
These are often set in an urban context which encourages their use as data on
urbanization. Jataka stories give us glimpse the city and village life.
iv. Coins: Coins belonging to the period of second urbanization have been found

.
td
by archaeologists, known as punch marked coins, made of silver and copper.
These bear symbols and designs, each of which was punched on the coin with

L
a separate punch.

t.
Pv
2. Generally, in these villages the bhojaka was the biggest landowner. Other rich
peasants were known as grihapatis or gahapati. Smaller peasants were known as

es
krishakas or kassakas, the cultivators. There also existed the landless labourers or the
dasas and karmakaras who cultivated the lands of the richer people. Besides these,

ic
there were some craftsmen in the village also like potters, blacksmiths, weavers

rv
and carpenters.

Se
n
io

10. Trade and Contact with Distant Lands

at
uc

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

Ed

1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. b
a

B. Fill in the blanks.

di

1. Buddha; 2. Ashvaghosha; 3. image

In
n

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

so

1. T; 2. F (Correct: The three kingdoms that emerged in south India during that period
ar

were the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas.).; 3. F (Correct: The Chola kingdom,
Pe

known as Cholamandalam, was situated at the mouth of the River Kaveri.); 4. T; 5. T

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

©

1. The Indo-Greeks occupied a large part of the north-western region of India in the
first half of the second century BCE. One of the most famous Indo-Greek rulers was
Menander or Milinda.
2. The most famous Kushana king was Kanishka. Under his rule Buddhism reached

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 a supreme position. The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in this period in
which doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism were finalized.
He helped to propagate Buddhism in different parts of the country and in Central
Asia and China. He also built a stupa and monastery at Peshawar.
3. The path or the route that the Chinese followed to take their silk up to west Asia
came to be known as the Silk Route. It started from China and passed through
central Asia and Afghanistan and reached west Asia.
4. Buddhist art flourished in Amravati and Nagarjunakonda in the eastern Deccan.

.
5. The Chinese travellers Fa-Hien, Hiuen Tsang and I-Tsing left an account of the

td
places they visited, particularly the Buddhist learning centres like Nalanda and

L
Taxila and the troubles they encountered during the journey. Their writings tell us

t.
about the rule of the kings during whose reign they came and their impressions of

Pv
Buddhism.

es
6. Pandyas: Korkai

ic
Cholas: Puhar or Kaveripattanam

rv
Cheras: Muziris

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

Se
n
1. A new school of art, the Gandhara School, developed at Gandhara under the Greek
io
influence. It flourished under the Indo-Greeks. In this style, the images of Buddha
at

and Bodhisattvas showed distinct Greek features.

uc

2. The Gandhara School of Art developed and flourished under the Indo-Greeks at
Ed

Gandhara. In this style, the images of Buddha and Bodhisattvas showed distinct
Greek features. The Mathura School of Art flourished in Mathura during the reign
a

of Kanishka. It also created images of Buddha and Bodhisattvas.

di
In

3. Under the Kushanas, the Gandhara School of Art and the Mathura School of Art
flourished. Both schools created images of Buddha and Bodhisattvas. Ashvaghosha
n

was a poet in the court of Kanishka. He created Buddhacharita, a biography of

so

Buddha. Kanishka started the Saka Era in 78 CE. This calendar is used by the
ar

Government of India. Buddhism reached a supreme position in the reign of

Pe

Kanishka. He helped to propagate Buddhism in different parts of the country

and abroad. He also built a stupa and a monastery at Peshawar which served as a
©

great centre of Buddhist learning and culture. Purusapura and Taxila became great
centres of Buddhist culture under the Kushanas.
4. The Kushanas levied tolls on the traders travelling in the Silk Route and in return
offered them protection from the robbers on the route. They received a lot of gold
from the Altai Mountains in Central Asia. Thus, the route was a source of great
income to the Kushanas.

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 F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
Menander, an Indo-Greek king, accepted Buddhism. Milinda-Panha contains dialogues
between him and the Buddhist monk Nagasena and explains how the king was
converted to Buddhism. Though many Kushana kings adopted Buddhism, it reached
a supreme position under Kanishka’s rule. He helped to propagate it in different parts
of the country and abroad. Monks from India carried doctrines of Buddha to central
Asia and China. He built a stupa and a monastery at Peshawar which served as a great
centre of Buddhist learning and culture. The Satavahanas, in the Deccan, patronized
Buddhism and built many stupas, endowing them with magnificent gifts. Some traces
of Buddhism were found in Tamil country where the early cave inscriptions refer to

.
td
some places occupied by the Buddhists and give record of donations by worshippers.

L
With the growth of Mahayana Buddhism, statues of Buddha and Bodhisattvas were

t.
made at Gandhara and Mathura. Religious and pilgrimage centres like Barhut,

Pv
Bodhgaya and Sanchi prospered and Purusapura and Taxila became great centres
of Buddhist culture. Amravati and Nagarjunakonda in eastern Deccan were centres

es
of Buddhist art and Mahachaitya was a pilgrim place. Taxila, Mathura, Benaras and

ic
Nalanda emerged as centres of Buddhist learning attracting students from all over

rv
the country and abroad. Buddhism also spread towards South-east Asia to Sri Lanka,

Se
Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia. Theravada Buddhism was more popular here.
n
io
11. New Empires and Kingdoms
at

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

uc

1. b; 2. b; 3.c; 4. d
Ed

B. Fill in the blanks.

a
di

1. Kumaradevi; 2. nine; 3. Harshavardhana; 4. Pulakesin II

In

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

n

1. F (Correct: The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha were defeated by

so

Samudragupta.); 2. T; 3. T; 4. F (Correct: Fa-Hien visited India during

ar

Chandragupta II’s reign.)

Pe

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

©

1. Chandragupta I expanded his territory through favourable marriages and

conquests.
2. The inscription engraved on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad, dating fourth
century CE, known as Prayaga Prashasti, gives information about Samudragupta’s
accession and conquests. The thirty three line eulogy was composed by
Samudragupta’s court poet, Harisena, and also describes the king as a lover of
poetry and music.

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 3. The history of Harsha’s time has been reconstructed from his biography,
Harshacharita written by Banabhatta, and literary accounts of the Chinese traveller,
Xuan-Zang, who visited Harsha’s kingdom and left detailed descriptions of what
he saw and observed.
4. Hiuen Tsang visited Harsha’s kingdom and left detailed descriptions of what he
saw and observed.

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

1. Pulakesin II, the grandson of Pulakesin I, was a contemporary of Harshavardhana

.
and the most famous of the Chalukyan kings. He increased his kingdom by

td
annexing the entire Andhra kingdom. His reign is remembered as the greatest

L
period in the history of Karnataka. He defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of

t.
the River Narmada.

Pv
2. There were three types of general assemblies in the village. The ur consisted of

es
the tax-paying residents of an ordinary village. In the sabha, membership was
restricted to the brahmins of the village, or was found exclusively in a village gifted

ic
to brahmins. The nagaram was found more commonly in trade centres such as

rv
cities and towns and was an organisation of merchants.

Se
3. Learning and education was given royal patronage during Harsha’s reign.
He himself was a great author. He wrote three plays in Sanskrit— Ratnavali,
n
io
Priyadarshika, and Nagananda. He had many great scholars such as Banabhatta,
at

Subandhu and Dandin in his court. He gave a special grant to the Nalanda
University that had more than ten thousand students. He had donated a hundred
uc

villages to this university.

Ed

4. Details of Samudragupta’s campaigns are inscribed in the Prayaga Prashasti:

a

•• Samudragupta defeated nine rulers of Aryavarta. He annexed their territories

di

and integrated them into the Gupta Empire.

In

•• The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha or south India were defeated by

n

Samudragupta. He showed favour to these kings. He released them and

so

allowed them to rule over their own territories.

ar

•• The frontier kingdoms like Samatata in south-east Bengal, Kamarupa in Assam,

Pe

Nepala (Nepal) and others and the republican states of the Malavas, Yaudheyas,
Madrakas, Abhiras, etc paid him tributes. They carried out his orders and paid
©

him homage.
•• The foreign rulers of north-western India like the later Kushanas and the Saka
chief and residents of different island countries including Simhala or Sri Lanka
also submitted to him and offered daughters in marriage.
•• Samudragupta reduced all states in the forest regions of central and Deccan
India to the position of servants.

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 F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
1. After the fall of the Kushanas in the north and the Satvahanas in the Deccan and
south India, there was no great political power for decades during the fourth
century CE. Thus, Gupta Empire emerged on the ruins of the Kushana Empire and
established its hold over a good part of both the Kushana and the Satvahana areas.
Chandragupta I, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II followed the policies of
conquests, favourable marriages and expansion. Besides this, they had an elaborate
system of administration which was in operation in areas directly under their
control. The king remained the central figure of administration. He was assisted by
a council of ministers. He issued written instructions to officials on all important

.
td
matters. The Guptas at their peak must have had a big army organisation. The

L
army itself consisted of elephants, cavalry, infantry and chariots. All these helped

t.
the Guptas in establishing a successful empire.

Pv
es
12. Culture and Science

ic
rv
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.
1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. c
Se
n
io
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
at

1. Ilango; 2. Abhijnanashakuntalam; 3. Jatakas; 4. Pi

uc

C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

Ed

1. A stupa is a mound containing relics like teeth, hair, bone and ashes of Buddha or
a

his followers placed in a casket at its centre.

di

2. Meghadutam and Abhijnanashakuntalam are two important works of Kalidasa.

In

3. Garbhagriha is the room in the Hindu temple where the image of the deity is
n

placed. Devotees offer prayers and rituals are performed here.

so

4. The Puranas contain stories about gods and goddesses such as Vishnu, Shiva,
ar

Durga and Parvati. They were written in simple Sanskrit.

Pe

D. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

©

1. Aryabhatta, the most famous mathematician of the Gupta period, calculated

the value of pi as 3.1416 and the length of a solar year as 365.3586805. He also
believed that the earth was a sphere which rotated on its axis and the shadow
of the earth falling on the moon caused eclipses. All this has been confirmed by
modern science. An inscription from Allahabad suggests that the decimal system
was known in India at the beginning of the fifth century CE. Indians had also
developed the zero which was adopted by the Arabs and spread to Europe. Iron

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 Pillar at Mehrauli in Delhi which was made in the fourth century CE under Gupta
rulers but has shown no signs of rust yet. China, our neighbor, invented paper
during this period.
2. The building of temples and stupas was not easy and were built in several stages.
A good quality stone had to be found and transported to the place where the
stupa was to be built. Then the artisans and craftsmen had to work hard to carve
the stone to beautiful walls, pillars, ceilings and floors. This means that building
a stupa or a temple was expensive and could usually be undertaken by the kings
and queens only. Sometimes rich devotees also contributed to the building of

.
the temples by bringing in gifts that could be used for decorating the temples or

td
stupas. Guilds of merchants, farmers, garland makers and smiths also contributed.

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We get to know about this through the inscriptions carved out in their names on

t.
the walls, railings and pillars.

Pv
E. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

es
1. The greatest specimen of paintings during the Gupta times is found at the caves of

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Ajanta in Maharashtra. Many of these hollowed caves were Buddhist monasteries.

rv
On the walls of these caves, we find paintings based on Buddha and his previous

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births (depiction of the Jataka stories). These paintings are realistic and natural and
their beauty and colours have not faded even after 1500 years. It would have been
n
hard to make these paintings in the dark caves. Probably, they were made in the
io
light of torches. Artists of these paintings used colours extracted from plants and
at

minerals.
uc

2. The Guptas built the earliest Hindu temples dedicated to deities such as Vishnu,
Ed

Shiva and other Hindu god which showed their marvelous architecture. These
were constructed around the garbhagriha, room where the image of the deity was
placed, where the devotees performed prayers or the religious rituals. The temples
a
di

at Deogarh and Bhitargaon are good examples. The greatest specimen of paintings
In

during the Gupta times is found at the caves of Ajanta in Maharashtra. On the
walls of these caves, we find paintings based on Buddha and his previous births
n

(depiction of the Jataka stories).These paintings are realistic and natural and their
so

beauty and colours have not faded even after 1500 years. During the Gupta period,
ar

a good amount of Sanskrit literature was produced like Kalidasa’s Meghadutam,

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Abhijnanashakuntalam, Shudraka’s Mrichchhakatika. During this period the two

great Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata as well as Puranas were
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compiled. Aryabhatta calculated the accurate value of pi, developed zero, and
decimal system was used during Gupta rule. The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli in Delhi
which was made in the fourth century CE under Gupta rule has shown no signs of
rust so far. Thus, The Gupta Age was a period rich in art, literature and science and
technology.

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 Test Paper

A. Choose the correct option.

(Chapters 1-6)
1. d; 2. b; 3. c; 4. a; 5. c; 6. d; 7. a

B. Answer the questions in 20-30 words.

1. We need to study history because it tells us about past settlements, economy and

.
society. It also tells us about clothes and food of the people, their beliefs, their faith

td
and their work. Therefore, history helps us to understand our present and mould

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our future too.

t.
Pv
2. Stone Age refers to the period in human history characterised by the production of
stone tools. It is classified into Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age.

es
3. The Mesolithic man started using microlith or tiny, pygmy tools made of jasper

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chalk or blood stone. They also used animal bones as tools along with stones.

rv
4. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization had an impressive drainage system.

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The water from the houses flowed into the drains in the streets. The drains were
sometimes covered with bricks or stone slabs. The drains in the streets had
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manholes.
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at

5. Bimbisara was the first most important ruler of Magadha. His successor was
Ajatsatru.
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Ed

C. Answer the questions in 30-40 words.

1. In the Indus Valley Civilization, there were specialists who were trained to do one
a

kind of work, such as sculpting, polishing beads and making seals. Copper and
di

bronze were used for making vessels, ornaments, tools and weapons. The people
In

demonstrated great skills in making bronze figurines. They used gold and silver to
n

make ornaments like beads, pendants, armlets, brooches and bracelets. Shells were
so

also used for ornaments. Bead-making was an important craft. Metals and stones
like carnelian, steatite, agate, chalcedony and jasper were used. The most artistic
ar

achievement was the making of seals on which engravings looked realistic. Cloth
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weaving, pottery making and terracotta models were also practised.

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2. Mohenjodaro: The Great Bath is the most important building and comprised of a
tank made of beautiful brick work. At the north and the south ends are brick steps
that lead to the bottom o the tank. It can be emptied by a drain.
Harappa: The Harappan cities are distinguished by their town planning. There are
six granaries at Harappa
Lothal: A brick dockyard was discovered at Lothal, which, according to the
historians, could have been one of the important cities of Indus Valley Civilization.

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 Fire altars have also been found which indicate that some kind of sacrifice was
performed.
Kalibangan: Fire altars have been found which indicate that some kind of sacrifice
was performed.
3. The discovery and use of iron was a turning point in the Vedic period because its
use truly revolutionised agriculture.
4. It became essential for people who grew crops to stay in the same place for a long
period of time because they had to look after the crops till the grains ripened. Once
the grains were collected, they had to be stored in a proper place to be used till the

.
td
next cultivation season.

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5. The Vedic knowledge was transmitted orally from generation to generation in the

t.
form of the four Vedas-the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. They

Pv
were written down very late in Vedic Sanskrit. The Rigveda contains 1028 hymns
which are divided into ten parts. It is a collection of prayers offered to Agni, the fire

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god; Indra, the warrior god; Varuna, Surya and other gods by various families of

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poets and sages. The Samaveda contains tunes for the prayers of the Rigveda. The

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Yajurveda contains hymns and rituals which have to accompany their recitation.

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The Atharvaveda contains songs, spells, magical charms to cast away evil spirits.
n
D. Answer the questions in 80-100 words.
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1.
at

Republic Monarchy
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1. Functioned under oligarchic Functioned under an individual

Ed

assemblies
2. Revenue was claimed by every tribal King sole recipient of revenue
a

oligarch, known as raja

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3. Each raja was free to maintain his There was a regular professional
In

own army under his senapati standing army

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2. The factors responsible for the emergence of Magadha as the supreme kingdom
so

include:
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•• Strategic location: The capital of Magadha, Rajgriha, was surrounded by five

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hills which made it difficult to be conquered. Pataliputra, its later capital, was
also strategically situated at the confluence of the Ganges, the Gandak and the
©

Sone, and therefore, formed a water-fort or jaldurga. The thick forests beyond
Gaya in south Bihar supplied timber for buildings and elephants for the army.
•• Fertile land: Drained by several rivers the land was not only fertile and fit
for agriculture but also provided continuous water supply and cheap water
transport.

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 •• Mineral deposits: The close vicinity and control over rich deposits of copper and
iron ore in Chota Nagpur helped to make better weapons and instruments.
Magadha had the advantage of close access to the iron ore deposits which was
used mostly for making weapons.
•• Military might: Magadha had a large standing army. It was Magadha which first
used elephants on a large scale in wars.

Test Paper II

.
td
(Ch 7-12)

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t.
A. Choose the correct option.

Pv
1. a; 2. d; 3. b; 4. c; 5. c; 6. c; 7. c

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B. Answer the questions in 20-30 words.

ic
1. The Upanishads are records of dialogues between teachers and students. The word

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Upanishad is derived from the terms upa (near), ni (down) and shad (to sit), that is,

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sitting down near. Groups of pupils, in the quiet of the forests, sat near the teacher
to learn from him the secret doctrine. These are part of the Vedic literature and
n
were composed around 600 BCE. There are about 108 Upanishads.
io
2. Important cities of the Mauryan Empire include Pataliputra, its capital, Taxila and
at

Ujjain.
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3. Bindusara increased the extent of the Mauryan Empire. He campaigned in the

Ed

Deccan, extending Mauryan control in the peninsula as far south as Mysore. By

the time of his death in 272 BCE, the entire subcontinent, excluding Kalinga, was
a

practically under Mauryan control.

di

4. The path or the route that the Chinese followed to take their silk up to west Asia
In

came to be known as the Silk Route. It started from China and passed through
n

central Asia and Afghanistan and reached west Asia.

so

5. After the fall of the Kushanas in the north and the Satvahanas in the Deccan and
ar

south India, there was no great political power for decades during the fourth
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century CE. Thus, Gupta Empire emerged on the ruins of the Kushana Empire and
established its hold over a good part of both the Kushana and the Satvahana areas.
©

Chandragupta I, Samudragupta and Chandragupta II followed the policies of

conquests, favourable marriages and expansion. Besides this, they had an elaborate
system of administration which was in operation in areas directly under their
control. The Guptas at their peak must have had a big army organisation.

C. Answer the questions in 30-40 words.

1. Mahavira asked his followers to discard clothes completely and live a more austere

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 life. They had to observe all the five doctrines in their lives. The vow of non-killing
was to be practised to the maximum and non-violence was a ritual for the Jainas.
The five doctrines were:
•• Do not commit violence
•• Do not speak a lie
•• Do not steal
•• Do not acquire property
•• Observe celibacy

.
td
2. In China, Confucius laid the foundation of Confucianism which had a strong

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following in China and taught values similar to Buddhism. In Iran, Zoroaster laid

t.
the foundation of Zoroastrianism. His teachings are contained in a book called

Pv
Avesta. After the conquest of Persia by the Arabs, the followers of this religion fled
to India and settled in Gujarat and Maharashtra (specially Mumbai) in the eighth

es
century CE and were known as Parsees.

ic
3. The conquest of Kalinga was a turning point because Ashoka renounced war after

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conquering Kalinga. He was horrified by the suffering caused to the people, the

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Brahmins and the Buddhist monks. He was overcome by grief and remorse. He
abandoned the policy of physical conquest in favour of a policy of dhamma. He
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also converted to Buddhism after the conquest of Kalinga.
io
at

4. The Guptas were great patrons of art. During their rule, caves were hollowed and
many became Buddhist monasteries. Paintings were made on the walls of these
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caves based on Buddha and his previous births (Jataka stories). The paintings were
Ed

realistic and natural and their beauty and colours have not faded even after 1500
years. Artists used colours extracted from plants and minerals and painted in the
a

light of the torches. Ajanta Caves are an example.

di

5. The imports included brocades, coral, frankincense, glass vessels, money and
In

wine. The exports included spices, precious stones like turquoise, lapis lazuli and
n

carnelian and Chinese silk and yarn.

so
ar

D. Answer the questions in 80-100 words.

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1. The various types of towns that existed in the sixth century BCE are:
•• Political or administrative towns: Some towns that grew out of previous villages
©

or settlements grew as political and administrative centres such as Hastinapur,

Rajagriha, Shravasti, Kaushambi, Champa and Ahicchatra.
•• Market towns: There were many urban centres which grew as market towns.
Each of these catered to a variety of villages usually located where there was
an agricultural surplus that could be used for exchange. The exchange could be

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 extended to goods from more distant places if the market was on a trade route,
such as at Ujjain.
•• Religious towns: Some of towns grew tremendously because they were religious
centres, as in the case of Kashi or Vaishali.
•• Coastal towns: Some coastal towns grew on account of the trade with other
countries. Examples include Sopara, Arikamedu and Tamralipti.
2. There were three types of general assemblies in the village. The ur consisted of
the tax-paying residents of an ordinary village. In the sabha, membership was
restricted to the brahmins of the village, or was found exclusively in a village

.
td
gifted to brahmins. The nagaram was found more commonly in trade centres such

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as cities and towns and was an organisation of merchants. The ur was open to all

t.
the tax-paying adults of the village, but in effect the older members played a more

Pv
prominent role with some forming a small executive body. The sabha functioned
largely through its committees called the variyams. Both usually constituted

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smaller committees of different sizes from among their members for specialised
work. First of all, the assemblies collected the assessed land revenue for the state or

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the temple. Secondly, they levied additional tax for a particular purpose such as the

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construction of a water tank. Thirdly, they settled agrarian disputes like conflicts

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over tenures and irrigation rights. Fourthly, they maintained records of charities
and taxes. The larger assemblies kept a small staff of paid officials, but most of the
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work was done on a voluntary basis in the smaller assemblies.
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at

3. Details of Samudragupta’s campaigns are inscribed in the Prayaga Prashasti:

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•• Samudragupta defeated nine rulers of Aryavarta. He annexed their territories

Ed

and integrated them into the Gupta Empire.

•• The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha or south India were defeated by
a

Samudragupta. He showed favour to these kings. He released them and

di

allowed them to rule over their own territories.

In

•• The frontier kingdoms like Samatata in south-east Bengal, Kamarupa in Assam,

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Nepala (Nepal) and others and the republican states of the Malavas, Yaudheyas,
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Madrakas, Abhiras, etc paid him tributes. They carried out his orders and paid
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him homage.
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•• The foreign rulers of north-western India like the later Kushanas and the Saka
chief and residents of different island countries including Simhala or Sri Lanka
©

also submitted to him and offered daughters in marriage.

•• Samudragupta reduced all states in the forest regions of central and Deccan
India to the position of servants.

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 GEOGRAPHY
1. The Earth in the Solar System

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. d

.
td
B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

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1 T; 2. F (Correct: The light from the Sun takes about eight minutes to reach the

t.
Earth.); 3. F (Correct: The star nearest to the Sun is Proxima Centuari./The largest

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asteroid is called Ceres.); 4. T

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C. Fill in the blanks.

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1. Jupiter; 2. orbit; 3. inner planets; 4. Ceres

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Se
D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
1. All the objects that we see in the sky are called celestial bodies or heavenly bodies.
n
They include the stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, meteoroids and comets.
io
at

2. The galaxy to which our solar system belongs is called the Akash Ganga or the
Milky Way.
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3. The two types of movements of the planets are rotation and revolution.
Ed

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

a
di

1. Asteroids are celestial bodies similar to planets. They revolve around the sun in
In

their own elliptical orbits which lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. These
are also called planetoids. There are about 40,000 such asteroids, the largest of
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which is Ceres. These asteroids are believed to be the fragments of a former planet
so

which exploded after its formation.

ar

2. Meteoroids are small pieces of rocks which revolve around the Sun. Some of these
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particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere with great velocity. Due to friction with the
atmosphere, they get heated up and start glowing. This is how meteors are formed.
©

Most meteors burn out, but some are quite large and fall on the Earth’s surface,
creating a hole or a crater. They are then called meteorites.
3. Periodical comets are glowing heavenly bodies that can be seen at fixed intervals.
They revolve around the Sun in elongated orbits and are mostly made up of dust,
ice particles and gases. When they approach the Sun, The gases get heated up and
start glowing. An example is the Halley’s Comet which appears after every 76
years. It was last sighted in 1986.

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 4. There is no life on the Moon because there is no air or water there, both being
essential for life. Also, as the Moon has no atmosphere, days are very hot while
nights are extremely cold.

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

The differences between a star and a planet are:
•• A star is made up of hot, burning gases while a planet is made up of solid
materials.
•• A star produces its own heat and light while a planet does not have light of its own.

.
td
It reflects the light from the Sun.

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•• A planet is comparatively much smaller in size than the star.

t.
•• A star moves around the centre of a galaxy while a planet moves around a star.

Pv
es
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2. Latitudes and Longitudes

rv
Se
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.
1. c; 2. c; 3. a; 4. d; 5. b
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B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
at

1. T; 2. F (Correct: The frigid zone is the coldest zone.); 3. F (Places in the east are
uc

ahead in time than places in the west.); 4. T

Ed

C. Fill in the blanks.

a

1. axis; 2. Great circles; 3. Temperate; 4. two Poles

di
In

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

n

1. A set of imaginary circular lines drawn horizontally between the two poles parallel
so

to the equator are called parallels of latitude. They run in an east-west direction.
ar

2. A set of imaginary vertical lines drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole are
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called meridians of longitude. They run in a north-south direction.

3. The hottest zone of the Earth is the Torrid Zone which lies between the Tropic of
©

Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The coldest zones of the Earth are the Frigid
Zones. The North Frigid Zone lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole
while the South Frigid Zone lies between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole.
4. Local time is the time reckoned by the noon Sun at a given place. All places located
on the same meridian have noon on the same time. Hence, this is the local time for
that meridian, that is, all places located on that meridian.

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 E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.
1.
Latitudes Longitudes

1. A set of imaginary circular horizontal A set of imaginary circular lines drawn

lines drawn between the two poles vertically from the North Pole to the
parallel to the Equator South Pole

2. Run in east-west direction Run in north-south direction

.
3. Are parallel to each other Meet at the poles

td
L
4. L
 ength keep on decreasing as we Are of equal length and all pairs of

t.
move from the Equator towards the meridians divide the globe

Pv
poles

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5. There are 180 parallels There are 360 meridians

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2. GMT stands for Greenwich Mean Time. It is the time of the Prime Meridian which

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passes through the British Royal Observatory at Greenwich near London and is

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taken as the 0° longitude. GMT is taken as the standard time and the time for all
longitudes is measured with reference to it. For each degree of longitude towards
n
the east four minutes have to be added, while four minutes have to be subtracted
io

for each degree of longitude towards the west. IST, or Indian Standard Time, is the
at

local time of the standard meridian of India which passes through Allahabad. This
uc

time is followed all over the country. The difference in time between IST and GMT
Ed

is 5 ½ hours. As our country is to the east of Greenwich, our standard time is 5 ½

hours ahead of GMT.
a

3. Places located on different meridians have different local times. The difference
di

between the local times of two places can be easily calculated. The Earth takes 24
In

hours to complete one rotation that is to cover 360 degrees of longitude. So to cover
n

1 degree of longitude it will take (24 × 60 / 360) minutes or 4 minutes. Places in the
so

east are ahead in time than places in the west.

ar

4. The imaginary line drawn exactly midway between the two poles is called the
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Equator. It divides the Earth into two equal halves or hemispheres. As the Equator
is the starting point of latitudes, it is considered to be the 0° latitude. As opposed
©

to latitudes, as all meridians are equal in length and run from North Pole to South
Pole, one particular meridian had to be chosen as the reference line. It was decided
by all countries that the meridian passing through the British Royal Observatory
at Greenwich near London would be taken as the starting line. It is regarded as
the 0° longitude and called the Prime Meridian. It divides the Earth into two equal
halves—the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.

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 F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
1. The three heat zones of the earth are:
i. Torrid Zone: This zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn and is also known as the tropical zone. This is the hottest zone on the
Earth as it receives more or less direct rays of the Sun throughout the year.
ii. Temperate Zones: There are two temperate zones on the Earth. The North
Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle,
while the South Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Capricorn and the
Antarctic Circle. The temperate zones receive slanting rays of the Sun and thus

.
td
are neither too hot nor too cold.

L
iii. Frigid Zones: There are two frigid zones, one in the north and the other in the

t.
south. The North Frigid Zone lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole

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while the South Frigid Zone lies between the Antarctic Circle and the South
Pole. These two zones receive extremely slanting rays of the Sun. Thus, these

es
zones are very cold.

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2. Since the local time varies by 4 minutes for each longitude, there would be a lot

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of confusion regarding train and flight timings, business schedules and even our

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daily routines if each meridian passing through a country were to follow its own
local time. The standard meridian of India is 82½°E, which passes through the
n
city of Allahabad. Its local time is known as Indian Standard Time (IST). There
io
is a difference of almost 2 hours between the local time of the easternmost and
at

westernmost points of India. So the local time of the standard meridian is followed
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all over the country.

Ed
a

3. Motions of the Earth

di
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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

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1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. d
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B. Write T for True and F for False.

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1. T; 2. F (The deflection of winds and ocean currents are caused by the rotation of
the Earth.); 3. F (The places near the Equator has more or less equal days and nights
©

throughout the year.); 4. T

C. Fill in the blanks.

1. 66 ½°; 2. Circle of illumination; 3. west to east; 4. Equator

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 D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
1. The Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 66 ½° with its orbital plane. This tilt is called
the inclination of the Earth’s axis.
2. Circle of illumination is an imaginary line that marks the transition between
darkness and illumination on the Earth’s surface.
3. The effects of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun are:
•• variation in length of days and nights
•• distribution of heat over the Earth

.
td
•• occurrence of seasons

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4. The two factors responsible for the occurrence of seasons are:

t.
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•• the revolution of the Earth
•• the inclination of the Earth’s axis at a fixed angle and direction

es
5. On 21st March and 23rd September, the Sun is vertically over at the Equator. This

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causes equal days and nights all over the world.

rv
Se
E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.
1
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Rotation Revolution
at

1. Spinning movement of the Earth on Movement of the Earth around

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its axis the Sun along a fixed path

2. Takes 24 hours to complete one Takes 365 days and one day to complete
Ed

rotation which is considered one day one revolution. We consider 365 days as
one year; a leap year has 366 days
a
di

3.Causes formation of day and night, Causes variation in the length of days
In

sunrise in the east and sunset in the and nights, distribution of heat over the
west, flattening of the Earth at the Earth, seasons
n

poles and bulging at the Equator,

so

deflection of winds and ocean

ar

currents
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2. The effects of the Earth’s rotation are:

©

•• occurrence of day and night

•• sunrise in the east and sunset in the west
•• deflection of winds and ocean currents
•• flattening of the Earth at the poles and bulging at the Equator
•• occurrence of tides twice a day

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 • it gives us 24 hours
• since the Earth rotates from west to east, the heavenly bodies seem to move
from east to west
3. If the Earth’s axis were vertical to the plane of the orbit, any place would have
received the Sun’s rays in the same way all round the year. Thus, the days and
nights would have been of equal length throughout the year all over the world.
The inclination of the Earth’s axis, which is always inclined in the same direction
and in the same angle, causes varying lengths of day and night. In summer, days
are longer than nights while in winter nights are longer than days.

.
td
4. The Earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to complete one revolution and this time is

L
considered to be one year. However, for the sake of convenience, we count only

t.
365 days in a year and after every four years, the balance of 6 hours adds up to a

Pv
day (24 hours). This extra day is added to the month of February. Thus, every four
years February has 29 days instead of the usual 28, and the year has 366 days. Such

es
a year is called a leap year.

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5. Vertical rays of the Sun give more heat than slanting rays because the vertical rays

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are direct and concentrated in a smaller area while the slanting rays are spread

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out over a larger area. Also, the vertical rays pass through a shorter distance of the
atmosphere than the slanting rays. Thus, they lose less heat.
n
io
F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
at

1. The spinning movement of the Earth on its axis is called rotation. The Earth rotates
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from west to east and takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation. We consider
this time to be one day. Due to rotation of the earth, each part alternately faces the
Ed

sun and moves away from the sun. This causes alternate days and nights.
a

2. The occurrence of different seasons on Earth is caused by the revolution of the

di

Earth and the inclination of the Earth’s axis at a fixed angle and direction. The
In

diagram given below shows the position of the Earth in its path of revolution on
four different dates.
n
so
ar
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©

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 G. Complete the following table.
21 June 23 September 22 December 21 march
Northern Faces the Sun has autumn Away form the has spring
Hemisphere Sun
Southern Away for the has spring Faces the Sun Has autumn
Hemisphere Sun

4. Maps

.
td
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

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1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b

t.
Pv
B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. T; 2. F (Correct: Topographical maps show both natural and human-made

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features.); 3. F (The title of a map tells us what kind of information is being provided

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in the map.; 4. T

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C. Fill in the blanks.

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1. model; 2. flat, scale; 3. atlas; 4. Cartography;
n 5. legend or key
D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
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1. A person who draws maps is called a cartographer. Cartographers use a method
at

called map projection to show the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map.
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2. Thematic maps show the distribution of forests, crops, minerals, industries etc.
Ed

3. Every map should have a title because it tells what kind of information is being
provided in the map. For example, ‘World-Physical’ shows the major physical
a

features of the world.

di
In

4. The common signs and symbols that are internationally accepted and used in maps
are called conventional symbols.
n
so

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

ar

1. A map is a representation of the Earth as a whole, or a part of the Earth drawn on a

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flat surface, according to a given scale. It can show continents, countries, cities and
even a local area with all the details. It is easy to handle and to carry as it can be
rolled up or folded.
©

2. A physical map shows the landforms and water bodies on the Earth’s surface,
such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, lakes and seas. The different features
are shown with different colours. On the other hand, a political map shows the
boundaries of administrative units such as countries, states and districts. Different
types of boundaries are shown with different symbols. They also show the
locations of cities, towns and villages.

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 3. A small-scale map uses a small scale like 1 cm = 1000 km to show large areas of the
Earth like continents or countries. On the other hand, a large-scale map uses a large
scale like 1 cm = 10 km to show small areas like a district or a town.
4. On a map it is difficult to show features like settlements, bridges, post offices,
railway lines, vegetation, etc, because there is not enough space to actually draw
them. They are depicted by using certain colours, symbols or letters. The common
signs and symbols that are internationally accepted and used in maps are called
conventional symbols. Every map has a legend or a key which explains the
different colours and symbols used in it. Certain colours, symbols or letters. The
common signs and symbols that are internationally accepted and used in maps are

.
td
called conventional symbols. Every map has a legend or a key which explains the

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different colours and symbols used in it.

t.
F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

Pv
1. Advantages

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Globe Map

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1. A small three dimensional model of the Representation of the Earth as a

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Earth whole, or a part, drawn on a flat

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surface according to a given scale
2. Shows the exact shape of the Earth- Can show continents, countries, cities
n
spherical, slightly flattened at the poles and even a small local area with all
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and bulging at the Equator the details
at

3. Mounted on an axis-can be rotated Easy to handle and carry as can be

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easily, just like Earth rolled up or folded

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4. Shapes of continents and oceans are

shown quite accurately
a

5. Different physical features and location

di

of places marked more or less clearly

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Disadvantages
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1. It is bulky and cannot be Cannot show accurately the curved surface of
carried and stored easily the Earth
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2. Cannot show details of Every map has some distortions; a map can
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landforms and location of either show the correct size or the correct
small towns, etc. shape, but not both
©

3. Cannot provide detailed The shapes and sizes of continents and oceans
information about climate, get distorted; maximum distortion occurs in
vegetation, minerals, transport regions around the poles while reasonably
routes, etc. less distortion in the Equatorial region
Larger globes can show some Electronic maps are accurate and updated as
details but are difficult to handle are generated by computers using satellite
images
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 2. The different types of maps are:
•• Political maps show the boundaries of administrative units such as countries,
states and districts. Different types of boundaries are shown with different
symbols. They also show the locations of cities, towns and villages.
•• Physical maps show the landforms and water bodies on the Earth’s surface,
such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, lakes and seas. The different
features are shown with different colours.
•• Topographical maps or contour maps are maps that show great details of both
natural and man-made features of a small area, with the help of conventional

.
td
symbols. Imaginary lines joining places which have the same height above sea

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level are called contours. On these maps contour lines are used to show the

t.
relief features. All over the world geographers, geologists, defence personnel

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and surveyors use such maps.
•• Climatic maps show weather conditions like temperature, pressure, wind

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direction, rainfall etc.

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•• Tourist maps show details of places of tourist interest like hill stations, beaches,

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national parks, historical monuments etc.

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•• Thematic maps show the distribution of forests, crops, minerals, industries etc.
n
io
G. Identify the following conventional signs.
at

1. Metalled road;  2. Grass&Shrubs;  3. Police Station;  4. Lake

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Ed

5. Realms of the Earth

a
di

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

In

1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c; 5. d
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B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

ar

1. T; 2. F (Correct: Antarctica is larger than Australia.); 3. F (Correct: Europe is

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bound in the north by the Arctic Ocean and in the west by the Atlantic Ocean.); 4. T;
5. F (Correct: Winds always blows from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.)
©

C. Fill in the blanks.

1. Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench; 2. Panama Canal; 3. Indian Ocean;
4. light, heavy; 5. plant, animal

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 D. Match the columns.
1. c; 2. b; 3. e; 4. a; 5. d

E. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. The Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea separate Europe from Asia.
2. Australia is the smallest continent. It is often called the Island Continent.
3. 71% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water. As a result, it appears blue in
colour when seen from space.

.
4. The five layers of the atmosphere are troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

td
thermosphere and exosphere.

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t.
5. The air pressure depends on the temperature of the air. Warm air is light and exerts

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low pressure while cold air is heavy and exerts high pressure. Air pressure varies
from place to place and from time to time depending on the varying temperature.

es
6. An ecosystem is a distinct zone in the biosphere with its own climate, plant life and

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animal life. Biosphere is made up of numerous ecosystems.

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F. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.
1.
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Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean because the coasts along the Atlantic Ocean are
n
very irregular and therefore provide excellent locations for ports and harbours. As
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a result, the ocean is busiest in terms of passenger and cargo traffic.
at

2. The main components of the atmosphere are Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%),
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and remaining 1% is made up of gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon,

Ed

helium, ozone, water vapour, dust particles, pollen grains and many impurities like
smoke, salts and other chemicals in varying quantities.
a
di

G. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

In

1. The outermost solid layer of the Earth is called the lithosphere. It is made up of
rocks and layers of soil. It is also known as the crust of the Earth. The lithosphere
n
so

is of great importance to us. It consists of a variety of rocks and minerals which

are used in construction, in industries and as fuels. It provides us with land that
ar

is put to various uses. It provides us with soil, the most essential requirement for
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agriculture.
2. The hydrosphere is useful to us in a number of ways. These are:
©

i. The water cycle is one of the factors that make life possible on Earth.
ii. Water in the air results in weather phenomena.
iii. Oceans have a moderating effect on the climate of coastal regions.

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 iii. The ocean waters are home to a great variety of marine life, which is a source
of livelihood to many people.
iv. Waterways serve as a cheap means of transport.
v. Water from rivers and lakes as well as underground water is used for irrigation
and our daily requirements.
vi. Electricity can be generated from water.
3. The main components of the atmosphere are Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)
and remaining 1% is made up of gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon,

.
helium, ozone, water vapour, dust particles, pollen grains and many impurities like

td
smoke, salts and other chemicals in varying quantities. These are useful because:

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•• Nitrogen is required to maintain the fertility of the soil.

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•• Oxygen is the gas that animals breathe in.

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•• Carbon dioxide helps plants to produce food in the presence of sunlight. It also
keeps the Earth warm by absorbing the heat radiated from the surface. This is

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called the greenhouse effect.

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•• Ozone protects us from the harmful ultra violet rays of the Sun.

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•• The water vapour in the atmosphere causes weather phenomena.
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•• The dust particles form the nucleus for condensation which results in the
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formation of clouds.
at
uc

4. All the realms of the Earth are interrelated and are interdependent on each other. If
the delicate balance that exists between them is disturbed, it can cause destruction
Ed

and can even endanger life on Earth. For example, the increase in the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere results in global warming. This is causing
a

melting of glaciers (hydrosphere), which in turn are responsible for floods on land
di

(lithosphere) and rising of level of oceans (hydrosphere). As a result there is loss

In

of life (biosphere) and coastal land (lithosphere). Thus, imbalance in one realm can
n

cause disturbance in all other realms of the Earth.

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6. Major Landforms of the Earth

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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

©

1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. d

B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. F (Correct: Mountains generally occur in long chains called ranges.); 2. T; 3. F
(Correct: Volcanic plateaus are rich in black soil.); 4.T

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 C. Fill in the blanks.
1. Young fold; 2. Tableland; 3. Mineral deposits; 4. deposition of sand, silt and clay
carried by rivers

D. Match the columns.

1. c; 2. e; 3. a; 4. b; 5. d

E. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. Mountain ranges: Himalayas, Aravallis

.
td
Plateaus: Chotanagpur Plateau, Deccan Plateau

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Plains: The Northern Plains, Western and Eastern Coastal Plains

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Pv
2. Based on their origin, mountains can be classified into four types— fold mountains,
block mountains, volcanic mountains and residual mountains.

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3. Mountain regions are scantily populated because steep slopes, lack of agricultural
land, lack of transport facilities and extreme cold climate make them unsuitable for

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human habitation.

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4. A plateau is a comparatively flat land that rises abruptly from the surrounding
area. Its surface is undulating and it usually has steep slopes on one or more sides.
n
It is also called a tableland.
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However, a plain is a flat, low-lying land surface with a very gentle slope. In some
at

regions, plains are absolutely level while in others the surface is undulating.
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Ed

F. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

1.
a

Fold Mountain Block Mountain

di

1. f ormed due to compression and formed as a result of upliftment or

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folding of horizontal layers of subsidence of blocks along the faults

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sediments formed on the crust due to forces of

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compression or tension
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2. v
 ery high, with steep slopes; sharp, shaped like a block
pointed peaks
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3. Himalayas, Andes Vosges

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2. Huge amounts of sediments are deposited on the sea bed, forming horizontal
layers. When these layers of sediments are compressed from both sides, they are
squeezed and folded. Gradually they get uplifted and form fold mountains. The
Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes and the Rockies are all young fold mountains
formed in the recent geological ages. They are very high, with steep slopes and
sharp, pointed peaks. The old fold mountains like the Urals, the Appalachians

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 and the Aravallis, unlike the young fold mountains, are low in height and have
gentle slopes and rounded peaks. The forces of erosion have acted upon them for
centuries and have considerably worn them down.
3. When volcanic eruption takes place along narrow fissures or cracks in the Earth’s
crust, magma spreads out over large areas. As a result, layers of lava sheets are
formed which form plateaus. Such plateaus are called volcanic plateaus. Examples
are the Deccan Plateau in India, the Snake Plateau in the U.S.A. the Antrim Plateau
in Northern Ireland and the Ethiopian Plateau.
4. Alluvial or depositional plains are formed as a result of the deposition of materials

.
td
in low-lying areas. The most common type of such plains is the alluvial plain
formed by the deposition of sand, silt and clay carried by rivers. The Northern

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Plains of India, formed by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers and the

t.
Mississippi-Missouri basin of North America are examples of depositional plains.

Pv
G. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

es
1. Plateaus are a useful natural resource because:

ic
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•• Plateaus are rich in mineral deposits. The African Plateau is rich in gold,
diamond, copper, uranium etc. In India, the Deccan and the Chhotanagpur

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plateaus have vast reserves of coal, iron-ore, manganese, bauxite etc.
n
•• Rivers in the plateau regions form waterfalls as they drop abruptly down the
io
steep slopes. These waterfalls are utilised for generation of hydroelectricity. The
at

Victoria Falls in Africa, the Niagara Falls in North America and the Jog Falls in
uc

India are some examples.

Ed

•• Volcanic plateaus are rich in black soil. They are very fertile and good for crops
like cotton and sugarcane.
a

2. 90% of the world’s population lives in plains because the flat surface of the plains
di

helps the construction of transport network, buildings, industries, etc. Also, river
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plains have abundant supply of water which is important for human settlement.
n

Additionally, most plains have fertile soil which is ideal for agriculture.
so
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7. India: Location and Physical Features

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©

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a

B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. F (Correct: Bangladesh lies to the east of India.); 2. T; 3. F (Correct: The average
height of the Himadri is 6000 m.); 4. T; 5. F (Correct: The Eastern Ghats are lower than
the Western Ghats.)

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 C. Fill in the blanks.
1. Rajasthan; 2. Karakoram; 3. Inland; 4. Volcanic

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. The water bodies located on the three sides of the Indian peninsula are the Arabian
Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Indian Ocean in the south.
2. The Shivaliks are made up of loose, soft rocks and, hence, earthquakes are common
here.
3. The major hill ranges that make up the Purvachal Mountains are Patkai Bum,

.
td
Naga, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Mizo and Lushai hills.

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4. A delta is formed by the deposition of sediments at the mouth of a river. It is

t.
usually triangular in shape and has a network of distributaries. The Ganga and the

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Brahmaputra, together, form the world’s largest delta.

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5. The Lakshadweep Islands are made up of corals.

ic
E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

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1. India is located in the south-central part of the continent of Asia. It is situated at the

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head of the Indian Ocean, the only ocean named after a country. This position is
very strategic and helps in trade with both the eastern and the western countries.
n
io
2. The north-western part of the Deccan plateau covering Maharashtra and parts of
at

Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh is called the Deccan Trap. This region is made up
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of sheets of lava which had oozed out from huge cracks on the Earth’s surface
millions of years ago.
Ed

3.
a

Western Ghats Eastern Ghats

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1. The hills are continuous. The hills are discontinuous, broken by

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deltas of the Deccan rivers.

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2. They are high. They are low.

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3. Swift rivers such as Narmada and Long broad rivers such as Mahanadi,
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Tapi flow through them. Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri drain the
region.
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4.
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Western Coastal Plain Eastern Coastal Plain

1. It is a narrow strip, bordered by the It is a wide plain, bordered by the
Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
2. It merges with the Gujarat Plain. It merges with the Ganga- Brahmaputra
Delta.
3. There are estuaries and lagoons or It includes the large deltas of Mahanadi,
backwaters, particularly in Kerala. Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

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 F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
1. The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are:
•• The Greater Himalayas: Also known as the Himadri. Average height 6,000 m.
Has some of the highest snow-capped peaks in the world. Mt Everest in Nepal
and Kanchenjunga in India are part of this range. Glaciers, like Gangotri and
Yamunotri, are soure of many rivers in northern India.
•• The Lesser Himalayas: Also known as Himachal. Average height 4,500 m. Many
beautiful hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, etc. are located here.

.
•• The Outer Himalayas: Also known as Shivalik. Average height is less than 1,250

td
m. Made up of loose, soft rocks. Earthquakes and landslides are common. Many

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broad valleys, or Duns, are located here. Dehra Dun is an example.

t.
Pv
2. The Northern Plains lie to the south of the Northern Mountains, and are also
known as the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The plains are made up of alluvium deposited

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by the rivers Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra and their tributaries. These alluvial
deposits make the plains extremely fertile and suitable for agriculture.

ic
rv
The Northern Plains stretch for about 2,500 km, from Punjab in the west to Assam
in the east. From west to east, they can be divided into three sections—the Indus

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Plain, the Ganga Plain and the Brahmaputra Plain.
n
The Indus Plain is drained by the river Indus and its tributaries, Chenab, Jhelum,
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Ravi, Beas and Satluj. While its major part lies in Pakistan, the Indian portion is
at

located in Punjab and Haryana.

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The Ganga Plain, the most extensive part of the Northern Plains, covers Uttar
Ed

Pradesh, northern Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. lt is drained by River
Ganga and its tributaries, Yamuna, the chief tributary, and Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi,
a

Son and Damodar.

di

The Brahmaputra Plain is located in Assam. It is drained by river Brahmaputra and

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its tributaries, Subansiri, Bharali, Manas, Dhansiri, Tista, etc. The Brahmaputra
n

rises in Tibet, where it is called the Tsangpo. It enters India in Arunachal Pradesh
so

and after flowing through Assam, it enters Bangladesh where it is joined by the
ar

Ganga. These two rivers together form the largest delta in the world, the Ganga-
Brahmaputra delta. It is also known as the Sundarban delta and a major part of it
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lies in Bangladesh.
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3. The Deccan Plateau lies to the south of the Narmada Valley. It is bound in the
north by the Satpura Range, the Mahadeo Hills, Maikala Hills and Kaimur Hills. It
extends up to the tip of the peninsula. The hills bordering the western edge of this
plateau are collectively called Western Ghats. They consists of the Sahyadri, the
Nilgiri, the Anaimalai and the Cardamom Hills. The hills which form the eastern
edge of the Deccan Plateau are collectively called the Eastern Ghats. The Deccan
Plateau is drained by Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada and Tapi.

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 G. Place the following names under the correct heading.
Himalayas Northern Plains Peninsular Plateau Coastal Plains
Annapurna Satluj Vindhya Konkan
Gangotri Subansiri Chota Nagpur Malabar
Nathu La Kosi Sahyadri Coromandel

.
td
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8. India: Climate, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.
1. c; 2. a; 3. d; 4. b

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B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

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1. T; 2. T; 3. F (Correct: Mango showers are good for the growth of Mangoes.);

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4. T; 5. T n
C. Fill in the blanks.
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1. Tropical monsoon; 2. South-west; 3. retreating monsoon; 4. monsoon; 5. Gaur
at
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D. Answer the following questions in 10–20 words.

Ed

1. The four seasons experienced in India are winter, summer, monsoon and retreating
monsoon.
a

2. In northern India, light rainfall during winter is caused by the cyclonic storms
di

which originate in the Mediterranean Sea and travel towards India. These winds
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are called the western disturbances.

n

3. Trees belonging to thorn forests have long roots to enable them to obtain water
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from deep below the ground. They have small leaves to help reduce the loss of
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water.
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4. The two special features of the mangrove trees are:

•• They can survive in both fresh water and salt water
©

•• They have special roots, called breathing roots

5. Elephant: Forests of peninsular India and Assam
Indian bison: Chota Nagpur Plateau and the peninsular region
Crocodile: Ponds, rivers and marshes

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 E. Answer the following questions in 50–70 words.
1. The examples that show that India experiences great variations in climatic
conditions include:
•• Some places are extremely hot while some are very cold. Coastal areas
have moderate climate with little difference between summer and winter
temperatures. On the other hand, places situated far away from the sea have
extreme climate, with hot summers and cold winters.
•• The annual rainfall in Mawsynram in Meghalaya is the highest in the world,
while some places in the Thar Desert remain extremely dry.

.
td
2. The Coromandel Coast in Tamil Nadu gets some rain in winter due to the north-

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east monsoon winds. These winds blow from land to sea and are generally dry. But

t.
while crossing the Bay of Bengal, they pick up moisture. When they strike against

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coastal Tamil Nadu, they cause heavy rainfall.

es
3. Southwest or advancing monsoon enter India from June till September from the
south-west. These winds blowing from sea to land, over the Indian Ocean, the

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Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, carry a lot of moisture. They cause heavy

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rainfall over India on striking against the mountains. On the other hand, the

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northeast or retreating monsoon is active in October and November. These winds
blow from land to sea and do not cause rain. There are clear skies and rise in
n
temperature. The only exception is Tamil Nadu where they bring rain after crossing
io
the Bay of Bengal.
at

4.
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Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests

Ed

1. Also called tropical rainforests Also called monsoon forests

2. F
 ound in areas with more than 200 Found in areas with annual rainfall
a
di

cm of annual rainfall and a short dry between 100 and 200 cm, with a long
In

season dry season

3. W
 estern slopes of Western Ghats, Eastern slopes of Western Ghats, north-
n

parts of West Bengal and Orissa, eastern part of the Deccan Plateau, the
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the north-eastern states and the Northern Plains and the foothills of the
ar

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Himalayas

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4. T
 rees shed leaves at different times Trees shed leaves for six to eight weeks
of the year, hence forests appear during dry season; different species
©

evergreen; very dense, tall and shed leaves at different times, hence
hardwood type of trees, broad leaves forests do not appear absolutely bare;
which form a canopy quite dense with undergrowth, trees are
shorter and more widely spaced than
rainforests

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 5. A number of species of trees with Economically most important forests
thick undergrowth of shrubs and
creepers
6. Ebony, mahogany, rosewood and Teak, sal, sandalwood, bamboo,
cinchona are common shisham and mahua are common
5. The steps taken for the conservation of wildlife include:
•• A number of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and bird sanctuaries have been
set up

.
•• First week of October is observed as wildlife week every year

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•• Hunting and killing of animals in the endangered species is banned and is

t.
punishable

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•• Counting of animals in wildlife sanctuaries and national parks is undertaken at
fixed intervals to keep control

es
ic
F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

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1. The factors that affect the climate of India are:

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•• Latitude: The Tropic of Cancer passes almost through the centre of India,
dividing the country into two halves. Thus, the southern part of the country lies
n
in the tropical zone and the northern part lies in the temperate zone.
io
at

•• The Himalayas: The lofty Himalayas along the northern part of India stand as
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a barrier against the bitterly cold winds coming from the Arctic region. Thus,
they act as a climatic divide, separating the two distinct climatic regions of
Ed

central Asia and India. They also trap the monsoon winds, forcing them to shed
their moisture within India.
a
di

•• Surrounding seas: India has a long coastline. The Arabian Sea and the Bay Bengal
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have a moderating influence on the climate of the coastal areas. The interior
parts, which are far away from the seas, have extreme climate.
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•• Altitude and relief: The temperature decreases with height. Therefore, hill
stations such as Shimla and Mussoorie, being situated at high altitudes, are
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colder than the places in the plains which are situated on the same latitudes.
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The relief of our land also results in variations of climatic conditions. For
example, the western slopes of the Western Ghats get very heavy rainfall, but
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places to the east of the Ghats receive low rainfall as they lie in the leeward side
of the mountains, which is a rain shadow area.
•• Air pressure conditions and surface winds: Temperature and air pressure
conditions vary over different parts of the country, giving rise to differences in
local climate. For example, in winter the north- east monsoon winds blow from

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 land to sea and are thus dry. In summer, the south-west monsoon winds blow
from sea to land, causing heavy rainfall.
2. The monsoon season starts from June and continues till the end of September. By
the end of May, northern and north-western India becomes extremely hot. As a
result, the low pressure zone over this region becomes very strong. As the seas are
comparatively cool during this time, they are areas of high pressure. Winds from
the high pressure areas are attracted towards the low pressure. Blowing over the
Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, these winds carry a lot of moisture.
As they strike against the mountains and hills, they cause heavy rainfall over India.

.
Since these winds enter India from the south-west, they are called the south-west

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monsoon or the advancing monsoon. Most parts of India receive rainfall during

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this season. The monsoon winds withdraw from India during the months of

t.
October and November.

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3. The Himalayan region has mixed deciduous and coniferous forests. The tree types

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change with altitude as the deciduous forests are found on the foothills, with sal
and bamboo as the most important trees. The temperate deciduous forests are

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found between 1,000 m and 1,600 m and comprise mainly of oak, chestnut and

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chir trees. Coniferous trees like pine, cedar, spruce and silver fir are found between

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1,600 m and 3,300 m in the Himalayas. Alpine shrubs and grasslands can be seen
above 3,300 m and up to the permanent snowline. Thus the vegetation changes
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with altitude in the Himalayan region.
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4. Forests are useful to us in the following ways:

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•• Forests provide us with plenty of useful products, out of which, timber is the
most important. The evergreen and deciduous trees provide hardwood for
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making doors, windows and furniture. The coniferous trees yield softwood,
which is used for making plywood, packing boxes and matchsticks. It is the
a

principal raw material for making paper and newsprint.

di
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•• The forests also yield a host of other products such as lac, resins, gums,
medicinal herbs, fruits, dyes, honey, cellulose, grasses and leaves.
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•• They help in maintaining the ecological balance, by absorbing carbon dioxide

and releasing oxygen.
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•• They prevent soil erosion by binding the soil with tree roots. In this way floods
are also controlled.
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•• Forests increase the moisture content in the air. They provide natural habitat for
wildlife.

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 Test Paper
Chapters 1-4

A. Choose the correct option.

1. c; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. d; 6. b

B. Define.
1. Map: A map is a representation of the Earth.

.
td
2. Planet: Heavenly bodies that revolve around the Sun are called planets.

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3. Time Zone: Since it takes 24 hours to complete one rotation, there are 24 time zones

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of one hour each. Each time zone covers 15 degrees of longitude.

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C. Answer the following questions.

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1. The gigantic explosion of the cosmic egg that started the universe and took place

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about 15 billion years ago is known as the Big Bang. Atoms and later molecules

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were formed due to the Big Bang.

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2. The axis of the Earth is an imaginary line that joins the North Pole and the South
Pole. It is tilted at an angle of 66 ½° with the plane of the Earth’s orbit.
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3. The days and nights are not of equal length because the Earth revolves around the
at

Sun with its axis always inclined at 66 ½°.

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4. Topographical maps or contour maps show great details of both natural and man-
made features of a small area with the help of conventional symbols. Contour lines
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(imaginary lines joining places with same height above sea level) are used to show
relief features.
a
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5. A set of imaginary horizontal lines drawn between the two poles and parallel to the
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Equator are called the parallels of latitude.

n
so

D. Answer the following questions in 50-60 words.

1. The favourable conditions that support life on Earth are:
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•• Moderate temperature: As the Earth is neither too close to the Sun nor too
far from it, it is neither too hot like Mercury nor too cold like Neptune. The
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moderate temperature conditions on Earth are favourable for plant and animal
life.
•• Suitable atmosphere: The atmosphere, the blanket of air surrounding our Earth,
has gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone, all of which are
necessary for plant and animal life.

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 •• Presence of water: The atmospheric conditions on the Earth are conducive to
the existence of the water cycle. Due to this, water in the liquid form is available
continuously for all living beings. The existence of water makes life possible on
Earth.
2. The three zones of the Earth are:
•• Torrid Zone: This zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn and is also known as the tropical zone. This is the hottest zone on the
Earth as it receives more or less direct rays of the Sun throughout the year.
•• Temperate Zones: There are two temperate zones on the Earth. The North

.
td
Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle,

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while the South Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Capricorn and the

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Antarctic Circle. The temperate zones receive slanting rays of the Sun and thus

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are neither too hot nor too cold.
•• Frigid Zones: There are two frigid zones, one in the north and the other in the

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south. The North Frigid Zone lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole

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while the South Frigid Zone lies between the Antarctic Circle and the South

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Pole. These two zones receive extremely slanting rays of the Sun. Thus, these

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zones are very cold.
3. The effects of the rotation are:
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•• occurrence of day and night
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•• sunrise in the east and sunset in the west

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•• deflection of winds and ocean currents

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•• flattening of the Earth at the poles and bulging at the Equator

a

•• occurrence of tides twice a day

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•• it gives us 24 hours
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•• since the Earth rotates from west to east, the heavenly bodies seem to move
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from east to west

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4. The common signs and symbols that are internationally accepted and used in maps
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are called conventional symbols. There is not enough space on a map to actually
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draw features like settlements, bridges, railway lines, vegetation, etc. These are
depicted in certain colours, symbols or letters that are internationally accepted.
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These give uniformity to the maps and make them easy to read and understand.
5. Torrid Zone: This zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn. It is the hottest zone on the Earth as it receives more or less direct rays
of the Sun throughout the year.

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 Frigid Zone: There are two frigid zones, one in the north and the other in the south.
The North Frigid Zone lies between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole while the
South Frigid Zone lies between Antarctica Circle and the South Pole. These two
zones receive extremely slanting rays of the Sun. These are very cold regions.

E. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

1. The differences between a star and a planet are:
•• A star is made up of hot, burning gases while a planet is made up of solid
materials.

.
•• A star produces its own heat and light while a planet does not have

td
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•• light of its own. It reflects the light from the Sun.

t.
•• A planet is comparatively much smaller in size than the star.

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•• A star moves around the centre of a galaxy while a planet moves around a star.

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2.

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Latitudes Longitudes

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1. A set of imaginary circular horizontal A set of imaginary circular lines drawn

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lines drawn between the two poles vertically from the North Pole to the
parallel to the Equator South Pole
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2. Run in east-west direction Run in north-south direction
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3. Are parallel to each other Meet at the poles

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4. L
 ength keep on decreasing as we Are of equal length and all pairs of
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move from the Equator towards the meridians divide the globe
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poles
5. There are 180 parallels There are 360 meridians
a
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3. The Earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to complete one revolution and this time is
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considered to be one year. However, for the sake of convenience, we count only
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365 days in a year and after every four years, the balance of 6 hours adds up to a
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day (24 hours). This extra day is added to the month of February. Thus, every four
years February has 29 days instead of the usual 28, and the year has 366 days. Such
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a year is called a leap year.

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4. Advantages
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Globe Map
1. 
A small three dimensional model of Representation of the Earth as a whole,
the Earth or a part, drawn on a flat surface
according to a given scale
2. 
Shows the exact shape of the Earth- Can show continents, countries, cities
spherical, slightly flattened at the and even a small local area with all the
poles and bulging at the Equator details

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 Disadvantages
1. I t is bulky and cannot be carried Cannot show accurately the curved
and stored easily surface of the Earth
2. C annot show details of landforms Every map has some distortions; a map
and location of small towns, etc. can either show the correct size or the
correct shape, but not both

F. Observe the given diagram and answer the following questions.

1. The Northern Hemisphere experiences its longest day on the 21st of June and the

.
td
Southern Hemisphere experiences its longest day on the 22nd December.

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2. At this time the Northern Hemisphere has autumn while the Southern Hemisphere

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has spring.

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Chapters 5-8

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A. Choose the correct option.

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1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c; 5. d; 6. b

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B. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words. n
1. The Ural Mountains, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea separate Europe from Asia.
io
2. When volcanic eruption takes place along narrow fissures or cracks in the Earth’s
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crust, magma spreads out over large areas. As a result, layers of lava sheets are
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formed which form plateaus. Such plateaus are called volcanic plateaus.
Ed

3. Most of the rivers and streams of this vast sandy desert either drain into salt water
lakes or disappear into the sand. As the rivers do not reach the sea, the Thar Desert
a

is an area of inland drainage.

di

4. The climate experienced in India is the tropical monsoon climate. The characteristic
In

features of the tropical monsoon type of climate are:

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so

•• high temperatures almost throughout the year

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•• dry winters in most parts of the country

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5. The types of plants that are found in a particular region is called vegetation.
©

C. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

1. The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases. The main components of the
atmosphere are Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%), and remaining 1% is made up
of gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon, helium, ozone, water vapour, dust
particles, pollen grains and many impurities like smoke, salts and other chemicals
in varying quantities.

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 2. Plains are the most thickly populated regions of the world because the flat surface
of the plains helps the construction of transport network, buildings, industries, etc.
Also, river plains have abundant supply of water which is important for human
settlement. Additionally, most plains have fertile soil which is ideal for agriculture.
3.
Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers
1. They are perennial They are non-perennial
2. T
 hey rise in the Himalayan glaciers They rise in the plateau region and are

.
td
and are snow-fed rain-fed

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3. They are suitable for navigation They are mostly unsuitable for

t.
navigation

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4. E
 xamples are Ganga, Yamuna and Examples are Narmada, Mahanadi and

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Brahmputra Tapi

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4. The Himalayas in the northern part of India act as a barrier against the bitterly cold

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winds coming from the Arctic region. They act as a climactic divide, separating the

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two distinct climatic regions of central Asia and India. They also trap the monsoon
winds, forcing them to shed their moisture, and bring rains to India. The long
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coastline of India, comprising of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, have a
io
moderating influence on the climate of the coastal areas. The interior parts, away
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from the sea, have extreme climate.

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D. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

Ed

1. Hydrosphere is important because:

a

•• The water cycle is one of the factors that make life possible on Earth.
di

•• Water in the air results in weather phenomena.

In

•• Oceans have a moderating effect on the climate of coastal regions.

n
so

•• The ocean waters are home to a great variety of marine life, which is a source of
livelihood to many people.
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•• Waterways serve as a cheap means of transport.

•• Water from rivers and lakes as well as underground water is used for irrigation
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and our daily requirements.

•• Electricity can be generated from water.
2. Mountains are an important natural resource because:
•• Mountains are a storehouse of water. Many perennial rivers originate in
the glaciers. These rivers provide us with water for irrigation and our daily
requirements. Dams are built across them to generate hydroelectricity.

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 •• The river valleys and the gentle slopes of the mountains are used for cultivation
of crops and fruits.
•• Mountains provide minerals for industries and stones for construction.
•• The mountain slopes are covered with dense forests, which are the home to a
variety of wildlife. They also provide valuable softwood, medicinal herbs and
other products. The meadows on the slopes of the mountains are excellent
grazing grounds for sheep.
3. The two coastal plains of India are the Eastern Coastal Plains and the Western
Coastal Plains.

.
td
Western Coastal Plain Eastern Coastal Plain

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t.
1. It is a narrow strip, bordered by the It is a wide plain, bordered by the

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Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.

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2. It merges with the Gujarat Plain. It merges with the Ganga- Brahmaputra
Delta.

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3. There are estuaries and lagoons or It includes the large deltas of Mahanadi,

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backwaters, particularly in Kerala. n Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

4. The tropical evergreen forests, or the tropical rainforests, are found in areas with
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more than 200 cm of annual rainfall and a short dry season. These are found on
at

the western slopes of the Western Ghats, parts of West Bengal and Orissa, the
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northeastern states and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Ed

As the trees shed their leaves at different times of the year, these forests appear
evergreen. The forests are dense and the trees are tall and of the hardwood type.
a

The leaves are broad and form a canopy preventing sunlight from penetrating
di

deep into the forest. A number of species grow in the same area with a thick
In

undergrowth of shrubs and creepers. Ebony, mahogany, rosewood and cinchona

are the common trees.
n
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5. The layers of the atmosphere are called troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

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thermosphere or ionosphere and exosphere.

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Troposphere: The temperature decreases with height in this layer.

Stratosphere: The temperature increases with the height.
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Mesosphere: The coldest temperature is found in this layer.

Ionosphere: It lies 75-1000km above the Earth’s surface.
Exosphere: It is the outermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere.

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 CIVICS
1. Diversity

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a

.
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B. Fill in the blanks.

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1. 22; 2. Warm; 3. Agriculture; 4. God’s own country

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C. Match the columns.
1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. A

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D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

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1. Diversity is the state of being widely varied, that is, it is the aspect of being

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different from one another.
2. Linguistic diversity means that a number of languages are being used in the
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country. In India, at least 800 languages and 22 dialects have been identified. Of
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these, 22 languages have been adopted as national languages.

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E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

Ed

Despite the multiplicity of religions, languages, castes, regions and culture, there
has always been an underlying unity in India because of its immense capacity to
a

absorb and assimilate different cultures of the world. People belonging to different
di

regions have made valuable contributions to the development of the country. During
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our freedom struggle, people from different backgrounds worked together against
n

the British policy of divide and rule. In spite of the religious, linguistic and regional
so

diversity, we came together as a nation to fight the British and became an independent
nation. National integrity lies in unity. The whole country is bound as a civilization due
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to its common history, thereby, preserving the national identity.

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F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

©

1. The varied landforms of India have shaped the culture of the country. In the
north and east, the Himalayas and the three perennial river systems, Ganga,
Brahmaputra and Indus, have moulded the culture of the region. People living
in mountains depend on sheep, goats and cows for their food requirements and
wear warm clothes throughout the year. Their main source of earning is wool.
People living in the plains depend on agriculture and experience wide variations
in climate. The west is marked by a rough terrain and a desert while in the south

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 we have the coastal regions. People living in coastal regions carry on agriculture
and fishing and wear light clothes throughout the year. These geographic divisions
have had a lasting influence on the eating habits, clothing, customs and economic
activities of the region giving rise to diversity.
2. India has a great variety in landforms which in turn has shaped its culture. In the
north and east we find the Himalayas and the three perennial river systems—
Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus. The west is marked by a rough terrain and a
desert while in the south we have the coastal regions. These geographic divisions
have had a lasting influence on the eating habits, clothing, customs and economic

.
activities of the region giving rise to diversity.

td
For example, people living in the mountainous area of Ladakh depend on sheep,

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goats and cows for their food requirements as very little agriculture is possible

t.
here. They wear warm clothes throughout the year. The main source of their

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earnings is wool. In contrast, people in Kerala, a coastal state surrounded by sea

es
on one side and hills on the other, practise agriculture and fishing. Their main
food includes rice, vegetables and fish. Since the temperature here is moderate

ic
throughout the year, they wear light clothes. In short, each region and state has

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carved out its own cultural niche.

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However, the regional and cultural diversity in India is the result of not only its
geography but also its history. Foreigners from various parts of the world came
n
and settled down in India. They also added to the cultural diversity. They brought
io

with them their own customs and practices which intermingled with the existing
at

ones giving it a composite look. For example, the Mughals brought with them the
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Persian language which merged with Hindi to give rise to a new language, Urdu. It
Ed

became the lingua franca of India under the Mughals and even today is one of the
official languages.
a
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2. Diversity: Prejudice and Discrimination

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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

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1. d; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a
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B. Fill in the blanks.

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1. Equality; 2. prejudice; 3. B R Ambedkar; 4. economic

C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. F (Correct: Discrimination exists in India.); 2. T; 3. F (Poverty creates discrimination
and inequality.); 4. T

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 D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
1. Stereotyping is forming a mental image of a group based on opinion without
regard to individual differences.
2. Inequality means not giving equal rights and facilities to all strata of society.
3. Discrimination means treating people in a less favourable way because they are
members of a particular group.

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

1. Stereotype is a mental image of a group based on opinion without regard to

.
td
individual differences. We create impressions about a large number of people into

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one set pattern or type and pass them through word of mouth or other media. This

t.
generalisation gets exaggerated and we recognise a community and people with

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these attributes only. Discrimination, on the other hand, means treating people in
a less favourable way because they are members of a particular group. It occurs

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when a group of people are not given the same benefits or status as everybody else.

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2. Prejudice is harmful as it hurts the feelings of others. It may lead to tension

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between individuals or groups, hostile actions, prevent relationships from

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developing or may prevent open-minded and tolerant thinking.
3. We can help counter inequality by providing equal opportunities to all. People
n
should be taught to rise above caste hierarchy and fight for their rights. They
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should be provided education and job opportunities to bring them at par with
at

the majority. All should be educated that no one is born above or below the other
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castes.
Ed

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

a

1. The Constitution framers, particularly B. R. Ambedkar, fought for the rights of

di

the dalits and sought to provide equal rights and opportunities to all. People were
In

allowed to follow their religions as they wished and to practise their customs and
festivals in any way they deemed fit. India thus, adopted a secular look, that is,
n
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all religions were equal before law. It did not adopt any religion as state religion.
In the social and economic arena, the Constitution granted equal opportunities to
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all. It laid down special sections to empower the economically and socially weaker
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sections of the society namely the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and the
other backward classes. Untouchability was abolished and declared a punishable
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offence. People were free to choose the kind of work they wanted to do, and the
government jobs were open to all. Equality is a value that one should keep striving
for, to bring about happiness and unity in the society. It is necessary if we want to
have a just society.

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 2. Stereotype: Women are bad drivers.
Prejudice: A poor person’s home is preconceived as being dirty and unhygienic.
Discrimination: Untouchables are still not allowed to enter temples.
Inequality: The caste system is an example of inequality where the upper castes
consider themselves superior to the lower castes.

3. The Government

.
tdL
A. Choose the correct answer.

t.
1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. b; 5. a

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B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

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1. T; 2. F (Correct: In India, the task of governance is divided at three levels.); 3. F

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(Correct: The government can be of different types depending upon the source from

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which the government derives its powers.); 4. T; 5. F (Correct: Women were given

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voting right in the United States of America in the year 1920.)
n
C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
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1. The government is a body or agency which is needed to make decisions for the
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country. It governs the country and gets things done for the people.
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2. Right to vote.
Ed

3. The three types of government are democracy, which derives its powers from the
people, the monarchy or the rule of the king or the queen and dictatorship, the
a
di

authoritarian form of government.

In

4. The government functions at three levels—the national or central level, the state
level and the local level for the ease of governance of a vast country like India.
n
so

D. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

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1. The government takes decisions regarding the construction of roads, canals and
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bridges, setting up of hospitals or providing housing and electricity facilities to the

people. It takes actions against crimes in the society and maintains peace and order.
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The modern government also works for the social welfare of the people. It also
provides protection to the people of the country against foreign invasion. It works
to maintain peace with other nations and to promote an exchange of ideas between
its own country and other countries. In case of natural calamities like earthquake
or cyclone, it provides relief to the people. Providing important services like postal,
railways, banking, etc is also an important task of the government.

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 2.
Democracy Monarchy
Derives its powers from the people The monarch has complete powers
Elections are held; people vote and Hereditary position
choose their representatives
Takes decisions on behalf of the people Monarch runs the government and
takes complete control over the
decisions
Answerable to the people for decisions Not answerable to the people for their

.
td
and actions actions and decisions

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3. Universal adult franchise means that every adult has the right to vote. For example,

t.
in India every citizen above eighteen years age has the right to vote. It has been

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implemented globally.

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4. Women who demanded and fought for the voting rights for the women after
the First World War were called suffragettes. Their movement is called women’s

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suffrage movement. Owing to their efforts, women were given voting rights in

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France in 1946, in America in 1920, and in UK in 1928 along with many other

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countries. n
5. If people feel that a particular law is not being followed properly, they can go to the
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court and claim that the law is being violated. For example, if a student is denied
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admission to the school on the basis of his economic background/caste, he can go

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to the court and claim discrimination. The court would then take the necessary
action against the school authorities. Thus, they can also participate in the law
Ed

enforcement procedure.
a

E. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

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1. Democracy is a better form of government because it is a representative form

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of government. In this, the people themselves decide who would govern them
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as against the monarchy where the monarch inherits the throne. People vote in
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elections and choose their representatives who are answerable to the people for
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their actions and decisions. In contrast, the monarch has all the powers and is not
answerable to the people for his/her actions and decisions. If the representative
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government does not perform well, it can be removed from office in the next
elections but a monarch cannot be removed by the people. This makes democracy a
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better form of government. (Answers may vary.)

2. Suffrage is the right to vote in a political election. The women had to struggle
across the globe for their voting rights. Earlier people believed that a woman’s
job was to look after their homes and children and politics and all other activities
outside the home were men’s domain. During the First World War, the men were

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 away at war and the women had to undertake the task of earning bread, organising
and managing different kinds of work and taking important decisions. This forced
people to acknowledge the capabilities of women who started demanding voting
rights for all women. These women were called suffragettes and their movement
was women’s suffrage movement. Finally, they were given voting rights in
America in 1920, in UK in 1928 and in France in 1946.

4. Elements of a Democratic Government

.
tdL
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

t.
1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c

Pv
B. Match the columns.

es
1. d; 2. b; 3. e; 4. a; 5. c

ic
rv
C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

Se
1. Apartheid means ‘separateness’ in Afrikaans language. It described the rigid racial
division between the governing white-skinned minority population and the dark-
n
skinned majority population.
io

2. The three elements of democratic government are participation, equality and

at

justice.
uc

3. The methods that people employ to criticise the government include criticism done
Ed

through media like TV or newspapers, direct protests like dharna, strike, rallies
and signature campaigns.
a
di

4. The Untouchability Offences Act 1955 prohibits the practice of untouchability.

In

D. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

n

1. As a result of apartheid, there was a rigid racial division between the governing
so

white-skinned minority and the dark-skinned majority population. Till the early
ar

1990s, it was the governing policy of the country. The dark-skinned people were
Pe

forbidden to socialise with the whites and were not allowed in the white areas
without permit. They lived in worst available land while the best was reserved for
©

the whites and services at hospitals and public facilities were barred for them. The
whites dominated them and used violence extensively to subdue them. The whites
lived a privileged life at their expense. The blacks rose in revolt that resulted in the
Soweto riots. An anti-apartheid struggle was started by Nelson Mandela and his
African National Congress in the 1960s.

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 2. People participate in a democratic government in the following ways:
•• By voting in the elections and choosing their representatives. People feel they have
the power to elect or re-elect their representatives.
•• By expressing their views openly on the policies of the government.
•• By criticism of the government, whenever required, through the media, like TV
or newspapers, through direct protests, like dharna, strike, rallies, and through
signature campaigns.

E. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

.
td
1.

L
Apartheid Untouchability

t.
Pv
 acial segregation-rigid racial division Lower castes in the society are not
R
between the governing white-skinned allowed to mix with the upper castes in

es
minority and the dark-skinned majority India and are considered of lower birth
population in South Africa

ic
rv
Se
Nelson Mandela and his African Mahatma Gandhi, BR Ambedkar
National Congress started a struggle n and many others fought for equal
against apartheid and finally rights for the untouchables which
io
succeeded in establishing a democratic has resulted in ban on untouchability
at

government in 1994 which is a punishable offence under the

uc

Constitution
Ed

Under both apartheid and

a

untouchability, those discriminated

di

against were denied equality and

In

justice. Both were denied education,

n

services at hospitals and public

so

facilities. They lived on worst available

land.
ar
Pe

2. Equality and justice are interrelated because if people are not treated equally they
can seek justice from the government. A government cannot be truly democratic
©

unless it provides equality and justice to its people. The Constitution of India has
made provisions to provide equality and justice to all. For example, if a person is
not treated equally in office, he/she can seek justice. Also, people will seek justice if
they are aware of their right to equality.

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 5. Panchayati Raj

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. a

B. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.

1. 1. T; 2. F (Correct: All villages in India have a Gram Panchayat.); 3. F (Correct:
Members of the Gram Sabha elect the members of the Gram Panchayat from
among themselves through secret voting.); 4. T

.
td
C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

L
1. The three levels of the Panchayati Raj system are the Gram Panchayats, the

t.
Pv
Panchayat Samiti or the Janpad Panchayat and the District Panchayat or the Zila
Parishad.

es
2. Members of the Gram Sabha elect the members of the Gram Panchayat from

ic
among themselves through secret voting.

rv
3. The sarpanch presides over the meetings of the Gram Panchayat and supervises

Se
its work. She/He implements the development work. She/He is selected from the
elected members of the Gram Panchayat.
n
io
4. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj was formed at the government level to govern the
Panchayati Raj.
at
uc

5. The primary duty of the Nyaya Panchayat is to help resolve minor cases at the local
level in an inexpensive way. This helps the parties involved save time and money.
Ed

D. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

a
di

1. The Panchayati Raj system is a three-tier system of self governance with Gram
In

Panchayats at the village level, the Panchayat Samiti or the Janpad Panchayat at the
block level and the District Panchayat or the Zila Parishad at the district level. The
n

system fulfils the needs and solves the problems of the rural areas. All the adults of
so

the village are members of the Panchayati Raj system at some level.
ar

2. All men and women of the village above eighteen years of age are members of
Pe

Gram Sabha. Hence, it can be said to be a general body meeting of the village.
It ensures development of the people through their participation and mutual
©

cooperation in the decision-making process. It plays a crucial role in electing

the members of the panchayat, who are answerable to the Gram Sabha for their
work, and making them fulfil its role and responsibilities. It acts as a check on the
panchayat and prevents it from misusing its powers.
3. The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the members of the Gram
Sabha from among them. The Gram Sabha acts as a check on the Gram Panchayat

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 and prevents it from misusing its powers. The representatives elected to the Gram
Panchayat are answerable to the Gram Sabha for their actions and need to get their
work approved by the Gram Sabha.
4. The two sources of income of the Gram Panchayat are the tax levied on houses
and shops and other open spaces in the village and professional tax, taxes on
pilgrimages, fairs and markets and animal trade. Another source is the grants it
receives from the state government and the Zila Parishad.
5. Our Constitution mandated reservation of 33% of panchayat posts for women and
their representation has steadily increased to 42%. Women have now begun to take

.
td
charge of their official responsibilities in panchayats. In Tamil Nadu and Karnataka,
empowerment of women through the panchayats has led to their networking

L
into federations of elected women representatives. They have discovered

t.
added strength to assent their collective voice in issues of social reform, such as

Pv
discontinuing child marriages, ensuring that girl children go to school and curbing

es
liquor consumption among rural men folk.

ic
E. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

rv
1. The main functions of the Gram Panchayat are:

Se
•• Levying and collecting taxes, tolls and fees from their village
n
•• Ensuring welfare of the people at the village level including health, education,
io
communal harmony, social justice particularly gender and caste based
at

discrimination, dispute resolution, welfare of children, especially the girl child

uc

•• Construction and repair of village wells and hand pumps, roads, drainage and
Ed

school buildings and plantation of trees

•• Maintenance of records relating to births, deaths and marriages in the village
a
di

•• Implementing government schemes for generating employment in the village

In

2. In some of the villages, we also find Nyaya Panchayats. It is the task of the
n

village panchayat to appoint the members of the Nyaya Panchayats. The Nyaya
so

Panchayats listen to cases such as minor thefts, trespassing, family feuds and other
small cases. They can impose fines up to a hundred rupees but cannot send anyone
ar

to prison. The advantage of the Nyaya Panchayat is that it helps to resolve minor
Pe

cases at the local level in an inexpensive way. Such cases are resolved fast and help
the parties involved save money and time.
©

6. Rural Administration

A. Choose the correct answer to fill in the blanks.

1. a; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c

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 B. Match the following columns.
1. c; 2. d; 3. e; 4. a; 5. b

C. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. FIR stands for First Information Report. It is a written document prepared by the
police and contains the complaint lodged by a victim.
2. Patwari is an important and effective official at the village level. She/he is often
known by different names in different areas such as lekhpal or karamchari, or a
village officer.

.
td
3. Khasra is the register of harvest inspection which the patwari conducts in the

L
months of October, February and April.

t.
4. The three inspections carried out by the patwari in a year are kharif parhtaal in 1

Pv
October, rabi parhtaal from 1 February and zaid parhtaal in April.

es
5. The superintendent of police is incharge of all the police stations in the district
while the station house officers (SHO) are in charge of each police station.

ic
rv
D. Answer the following in 50-70 words.

Se
1. At the village level, the police maintain law and order and help in solving disputes
and crimes at the local level. The villagers can report disputes to the police who can
n
io
then help in finding the culprits and take action against them.
at

2. The written complaint lodged with the police is known as an FIR or first
uc

information report. It is an important document because it is only after the FIR is

registered in the police station that the police start the investigation process. The
Ed

police may not investigate the case even if an FIR has been filed, if the case is not of
a serious nature or if the police feel that there is not enough ground to investigate.
a

However, the police must record the reasons for not doing so.
di
In

3. The tehsildar, resolves the disputes in the tehsil which he/she heads. He/ she also
supervises the work of the patwaris and checks that the land revenue is properly
n

assessed and collected by them. Land disputes are heard in the tehsildar’s office
so

and settled locally.

ar

4. The new inheritance law known as the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005
Pe

came into force on 9 September 2005. The Act brings all agricultural land at par
with other property and makes Hindu women’s inheritance rights on land legally
©

equal to those of men in all the states. The act also gives all daughters (married
or not) the right to reside in or seek partition of the family house. Earlier married
women did not even have the right to reside at their parents’ home and unmarried
daughters had residence but no right in the partitioned property.

E. Answer the following in 80-100 words.

1. It is the responsibility of the patwari to report at once all serious calamities

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 affecting the land or the crops and all severe outbreaks of diseases amongst men
and beasts. She/he must aid the headman in revenue collection and keep a diary
and a workbook. The entries should be made on the day on which the events come
to the notice of the patwari.
She/he is responsible for the safe custody of all the records, maps and equipments
of the area under her/his charge. In the workbook, she/ he enters the work done
by her/him on each day. Since farmers may change the crops cultivated by them
or facilities like wells or tube wells may be dug at places where they did not exist
earlier, therefore, the patwari must keep her/his records updated.

.
td
The land records help to resolve any dispute in the village that relates to property
and its ownership. One such record is the khasra, a register of harvest inspections

L
(parhtaal). The patwari conducts the field harvest inspections in the month of

t.
October, February and April, wherein she/ he records facts regarding crop grown,

Pv
soil classification and cultivable capacity of the cultivators. The first six monthly

es
inspection starting from 1 October is called as kharif parhtaal while the second
commencing from 1 February is called rabi parhtaal. In the month of April the zaid

ic
parhtaal is done.

rv
2. The new inheritance law brings all agricultural land at par with other property and

Se
makes Hindu women’s inheritance rights on land legally equal to those of men in
all the states. This has benefitted millions of women dependent on agriculture for
n
their survival. The act also gives all daughters (married or not) the right to reside
io

in or seek partition of the family house. Earlier married women did not even have
at

the right to reside at their parents’ home and unmarried daughters had residence
uc

but no right in the partitioned property. This law has helped to being women at par
Ed

with men as far as the agricultural and residential property is concerned.

3. The maintenance of land records by the patwari helps the panchayat to investigate
a

the causes of conflict and resolve the cases locally. Also, the maintenance of records
di

by the patwari helps the panchayat to levy taxes on the properties and use the
In

income for development of the village. The panchayat also has the record of which
n

land is available for development in the village.

so
ar
Pe

7. Urban Administration
©

A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

1.b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. b

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. 200,000; 2. schools; 3. adult franchise; 4. administrative staff; 5. loans

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 C. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. F (The counsillors are elected on the basis of adult franchise.); 2. T; 3. T; 4. F (Correct:
People can protest against the municipal corporation if it fails to do its duty.); 5. T

D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

1. Councillors, also known as ward councillors, are members of the municipal
corporation. They are elected on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years.
2. The standing committee of the municipal corporation takes policy decisions.
3. The members of the corporation and the panchayat are elected for a period of five

.
td
years.

L
4. The municipal commissioner along with his/her administrative staff implements

t.
all the decisions of the corporation.

Pv
5. Ward committees, comprising of representatives of two or more wards, are set up

es
to decide on the work to be done in those wards regarding water supply, health,
transport, garbage collection, etc.

ic
rv
E. Answer the following questions in 50-60 words.

Se
1. Municipalities are set up in smaller urban areas or cities with population of more
than 20,000 while municipal corporations are set up in larger urban areas or cities
n
io
with population over 200,000. The head of the municipal corporation is the mayor
who is assisted by the deputy mayor while the head of the municipality is the
at

chairman who is assisted by the deputy chairman.

uc

2. Octroi is an important source of income for the municipal corporation. Various

Ed

taxes like water tax, property tax, entertainment tax, pilgrimage tax contribute
to its income. There are also taxes on education and other amenities. It receives
a

income by selling its own land. Besides these, the government also grants loans to
di

the corporation whenever it undertakes a project involving huge expenditure. State

In

governments also provide financial assistance and grants to the corporation.

n

3. Like the Panchayati Raj, the municipal corporations work for the welfare of the
so

people in the areas under them. Like the different levels of the Panchayati Raj, the
ar

municipal corporations are responsible for establishing health services, running

Pe

primary and secondary schools, upkeep of open areas, making development plans
and implementing them. Also, for both institutions taxes and loans and grants from
©

the government are the main sources of income. Both encourage participation of
the people through elections and are answerable to the people.

F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

1. The basic functions of the municipal corporations and municipalities are:
•• Water purification and supply

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 •• Sewage treatment and disposal
•• Garbage disposal and street cleanliness
•• Solid waste management
•• Building and maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers
•• Street lighting
•• Maintenance of parks and open spaces
•• Maintenance of cemeteries and crematoriums

.
td
•• Registering of births and deaths

L
2. The municipal commissioner heads the administrative staff of the municipal

t.
corporation. She/he is appointed by the government. She/ he implements all

Pv
the decisions of the municipal corporation and prepares the annual budget.
Committees are set to decide on various issues affecting the life of the citizens. The

es
commissioner and her/his administrative staff implement these decisions.

ic
The administrative structure of the municipal corporation includes departments

rv
like health, transport, civil works, education and water supply. Each department

Se
has an officer who assists the commissioner in her/his work like the chief engineer,
chief medical officer and education officer.
n
The municipal corporation covers a large area and population. Therefore, the
io

administrative structure includes a number of workers.

at
uc

3. The municipal corporation is responsible for the administration and civic

infrastructure of the city, thus affecting the life of the people. Its main functions
Ed

include:
•• Water purification and supply
a
di

•• Sewage treatment and disposal

In

•• Garbage disposal and street cleanliness

n
so

•• Solid waste management

ar

•• Building and maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers

Pe

•• Street lighting
•• Maintenance of parks and open spaces
©

•• Maintenance of cemeteries and crematoriums

•• Registering of births and deaths
It is also responsible for establishing hospitals, maintaining fire brigade, running
primary and secondary schools, constructing houses for the poor, building rest

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 houses and lodges, running libraries, planting trees and developing parks and
gardens. It also supplies electricity and transport services in some cities, makes
and implements development plans and is responsible for prevention of pollution
and protection of environment. Thus, the municipal corporation works and affects
every area in the life of the people.

8. Rural Livelihoods

.
td
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

L
1. a; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b

t.
Pv
B. Match the columns.
1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a

es
ic
C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.

rv
1. market; 2. cultivate; 3. borrow; 4. occupations

Se
D. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
n
1. T; 2. T; 3. F (Large farmers get their lands cultivated by small farmers and landless
io
labourers.); 4. F (80% of the rural population finds it difficult to make ends meet.)
at
uc

E. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.

Ed

1. The different types of farmers are large farmers, middle farmers, small farmers and
landless labourers.
a

2. Landless labourers are farmers who do not own land and work as agricultural
di

labourers in the fields of richer farmers.

In

3. Some non-farming activities carried out by large farmers are like that of owning
n

sugar mills or flour mills.

so

4. The primary occupation in rural areas is agriculture and farming.

ar
Pe

F. Answer the following questions in 50-60 words.

1. The different categories of farmers are:
©

•• Large farmers: They own more than five hectares of land for cultivation. They
generally hire people to cultivate their land and pay them in cash or kind. They
sometimes rent their lands to other farmers. They have very good incomes.
•• Middle farmers: They own land between two to five hectares on which they
generally grow crops for themselves and their families. They engage in
subsistence farming and have moderate income.

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 •• Small farmers: They own less than two hectares of land. It is difficult for them
to make both ends meet and have to borrow money or seeds to cultivate their
fields. After repaying loan, they have little produce left to survive for few
months and then find work elsewhere to supplement their income.
•• Landless labourers: They do not own any land and work in fields of rich
farmers as agricultural labourers. They have meagre income and have to work
elsewhere to supplement their income.
2. People in rural areas also depend upon collection from forest, animal husbandry,
dairy produce, fishing, etc. Collection of tendu leaves, honey, herbs from the forests

.
td
and their sale to the traders is a source of additional income for the villagers.
People pursuing different professions like doctors, nurses, teachers who earn their

L
income through their services are also found in the village community.

t.
Pv
3. A moneylender is a person whose main occupation is lending money to people on
high interest rates. His income comprises of the interest he earns on the money he

es
lends to the people in need. A trader is a person whose main occupation is trading,
mainly farm produce and allied items in villages. He may lend money or seeds,

ic
fertilizers, etc to small farmers and they have to sell their produce to him at the

rv
rate he decides. He buys the produce at a low rate and sells it at a high rate, thus

Se
making profit. n
G. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
io
at

1. The landholding in the villages is not uniform among all farmers. Most of the land
in the villages is owned by 20% of the farmers while 80% of the farmers have very
uc

small pieces of land or are landless labourers. The following is the distribution
Ed

pattern of land and the respective income of the farmers:

•• Large farmers: They own more than five hectares of land for cultivation. They
a
di

generally hire people to cultivate their land and pay them in cash or kind. They
sometimes rent their lands to other farmers. They have very good incomes.
In

•• Middle farmers: They own land between two to five hectares on which they
n
so

generally grow crops for themselves and their families. They engage in
subsistence farming and have moderate income.
ar

•• Small farmers: They own less than two hectares of land. It is difficult for them
Pe

to make both ends meet and have to borrow money or seeds to cultivate their
fields. After repaying loan, they have little produce left to survive for few
©

months and then find work elsewhere to supplement their income.

•• Landless labourers: They do not own any land and work in fields of rich
farmers as agricultural labourers. They have meagre income and have to work
elsewhere to supplement their income.
2. Farming and agriculture is the most important occupation in the village. Majority
of the population in the villages are farmers. They may cultivate their own fields,

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 rent their land to other farmers or work in the fields of rich farmers, depending on
the size of their land or the lack of it. Agriculture is the main source of income for
these people. A number of allied occupations are also practised in the village which
are directly or indirectly related to farming. There are traders, moneylenders,
people running the transport business, blacksmiths, etc who earn their living
indirectly from agriculture. Thus, agriculture plays a pivotal role in rural areas.

9. Urban Livelihoods

.
tdL
A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.

t.
1. a; 2. c; 3. c; 4. b; 5. a

Pv
B. Match the columns.

es
1. d; 2. e; 3. b; 4. a; 5. c

ic
rv
C. Fill in the blanks.

Se
1. primary; 2. hawkers; 3. jobless; 4. self-employed; 5. benefits
n
D. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
io
1. Those occupations which require processing of the raw material produced
at

by primary occupations and their conversion into utility products are termed
uc

as secondary occupations. For example, textile manufacturing, iron and steel

industries, etc.
Ed

2. Casual workers are paid wages on the daily basis for the days they work in an
a

establishment. For the days they are not employed, they do not get any money.
di

3. The occupations which provide various services to the people are termed as
In

tertiary occupations, for example, banking, railways, post offices, teaching, etc.
n

4. Migration is the movement of people, generally from rural to urban areas.

so
ar

E. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.

Pe

1. Migrant workers live in slums in the cities. They live in tents with others in similar
condition. Some people also live on the road side. They sleep on the pavements
©

and make them their home. The migrant workers who work as street vendors may
sleep on their carts at night. The cart is their home.
2. Regular workers have permanent jobs and get regular salary at the end of the
month. They can expect their jobs to continue for a long time and get benefits
like pension, medical facilities and holidays. However, the wage earners do not
have permanent jobs. They work on day-to- day basis and get a daily wage. They

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 have no job security and benefits enjoyed by regular employees. They have long
working hours while the payment is less.
3. Street vendors or hawkers are an important part of the urban economy as they have
been providing different services and goods to the middle and lower middle-class
urban population for decades. Tea hawkers on small crossings and intersections
offer a social gathering place where the poor and middle-class population assemble
and share their thoughts and experiences over a cup of tea after a tiring day at
work.
4. People migrate from rural to urban areas because they have no land or insufficient

.
td
land to cultivate. They mostly work as landless labourers in villages. The income
is meagre and uncertain. This makes them come to the cities in search of job

L
and money. They are able to earn and save money which they can send to their

t.
dependents in the villages to save them from starvation.

Pv
F. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.

es
1.

ic
rv
Regular employees Wage earners Businessmen

Se
Work on regular basis Work on day-to-day basis Self-employed
Permanent job with Employment is not Employ a number of
n
regular salary permanent and get daily people as supervisors and
io
wages helpers
at

Job security and benefits No job security or Rent or own a shop for
uc

like pension, medical benefits, working hours business purposes

Ed

facilities and holidays are long and payment is

less
a

Can expect their jobs to Work if a particular

di

continue for a long time requires them, otherwise

In

remain jobless
n

2. Street vendors work and probably live on the streets. These people work on their
so

own and organise themselves to be able to procure for themselves the material
ar

they require for their occupations. Their shops are generally makeshift structures
or arrangements which can be dismantled any time. A roadside tikkiwala, for
Pe

example, has a cart as his shop on which he places a small cylinder and utensils
and sleeps at night on it. These vendors have no security and their movement is
©

restricted to some areas though they form a bulk of the population working on the
streets. The Street Vendors Act, 2014 protects the rights of the street hawkers and
provides them a vending zone wherever possible.

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 Test Paper 1

A. Choose the correct option.

1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. c
B. Answer the questions in 20-30 words.
1. Linguistic diversity means that a number of languages are being used in the
country. In India, at least 800 languages and 2000 dialects have been identified. Of
these, 22 languages have been adopted as national language.

.
td
2. In India untouchables were not allowed to enter temples, this is an example of
discrimination. Another example is women were not given the right to vote in

L
Saudi Arabia earlier.

t.
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3. People participate in a democratic government in the following ways:
•• By voting in the elections and choosing their representatives. People feel they

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have the power to elect or re-elect their representatives.

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•• By expressing their views openly on the policies of the government.

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•• By criticism of the government, whenever required, through the media, like TV
or newspapers, through direct protests, like dharna, strike, rallies, and through
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signature campaigns.
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4. Diversity is the state of being widely varied, that is, it is the aspect of being
at

different from one another. It adds richness to the culture of the country. People
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become open and tolerant to the customs which are not their own.
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C. Answer the questions in 30-40 words.

1. India is a land of great diversity. We have linguistic diversity, religious diversity,
a

diversity in food and festivals, regional and cultural diversity. Despite this, there
di

is unity in diversity. There is respect for each other’s language and knowledge of
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a common language like Hindi or English have helped people communicate with
n

each other. There are a wide variety of religions and the mode of worship of each
so

religion is different but each teaches the same thing. The food and festivals vary
ar

from region to region but the common element is that they celebrate humanity.
Thus, India exhibits unity in diversity.
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2. Equality and justice are interrelated because if people are not treated equally they
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can seek justice from the government. A government cannot be truly democratic
unless it provides equality and justice to its people. The Constitution of India has
made provisions to provide equality and justice to all. For example, if a person is
not treated equally in office, he/she can seek justice. Also, people will seek justice if
they are aware of their right to equality.
3. Stereotype is a mental image of a group based on opinion without regard to
individual differences. We create impressions about a large number of people into

172 © Pearson India Education Service Pvt. Ltd.

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 one set pattern or type and pass them through word of mouth or other media. This
generalisation gets exaggerated and we recognise a community and people with
these attributes only. Discrimination, on the other hand, means treating people in
a less favourable way because they are members of a particular group. It occurs
when a group of people are not given the same benefits or status as everybody else.
4. India is bestowed with a great variety in landforms. In the north and east there
are the Himalayas and the tree perennial river systems, Ganga, Brahmaputra and
Indus. The west is marked by a rough terrain and a desert while in the south there
are the coastal regions.

.
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5. As a result of apartheid, there was a rigid racial division between the governing
white-skinned minority and the dark-skinned majority population. Till the early

L
1990s, it was the governing policy of the country. The dark-skinned people were

t.
forbidden to socialise with the whites and were not allowed in the white areas

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without permit. They lived in worst available land while the best was reserved for

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the whites and services at hospitals and public facilities were barred for them. The
whites dominated them and used violence extensively to subdue them. The whites

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lived a privileged life at their expense. The blacks rose in revolt that resulted in the

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Soweto riots. An anti-apartheid struggle was started by Nelson Mandela and his

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African National Congress in the 1960s. n
D. Answer the questions in 80-100 words.
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1. Democracy is a better for of government because it is a representative form of
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government. In this, the people themselves decide who would govern them as
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against the monarchy where the monarch inherits the throne. People vote in
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elections and choose their representatives who are answerable to the people for
their actions and decisions. In contrast, the monarch has all the powers and is not
answerable to the people for his/her actions and decisions. If the representative
a
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government does not perform well, it can be removed from office in the next
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elections but a monarch cannot be removed by the people. This makes democracy a
better form of government.
n
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2. Suffrage is the right to vote in a political election. The women had to struggle
across the globe for their voting rights. Earlier people believed that a woman’s
ar

job was to look after their homes and children and politics and all other activities
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outside the home were men’s domain. During the First World War, the men were
away at war and the women had to undertake the task of earning bread, organising
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and managing different kinds of work and taking important decisions. This forced
people to acknowledge the capabilities of women who started demanding voting
rights for all women. These women were called suffragettes and their movement
was women’s suffrage movement. Finally, they were given voting rights in
America in 1920, in UK in 1928 and in France in 1946.
3. We can help counter inequality by providing equal opportunities to all. People
should be taught to rise above caste hierarchy and fight for their rights. They

© Pearson India Education Service Pvt. Ltd. 173

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 should be provided education and job opportunities to bring them at par with
the majority. All should be educated that no one is born above or below the other
castes. Also, we should treat everyone, irrespective of their caste or status, in the
same manner.

E. Give reasons for the following.

1. Ladakh is bounded by the Karakorams in the north and the Great Himalayas in
the south. As very little agriculture is possible, people depend on animals. Ladakh
was recognised as the best trade route between Punjab and central Asia and was
traversed by caravans carrying textiles, spices, raw silks, carpets, dyestuffs, etc. As

.
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a result of the cultural exchanges the original tribes of Ladakhis and Tibetans, the

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clothes the Ladakhis wear are more like those of Tibet and central Asia. Buddhism

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is the dominant religion, but the region has a substantial Muslim population owing

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to introduction of Islam from the west about four hundred years ago. Thus, the
imposing structures show a blend of Islam and Tibetan styles and both Muslims

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and Buddhists sing and perform Kesar Saga, the national epic of Tibet.

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Test Paper 2

A. Choose the correct option. Se

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1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. c; 7. a
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B. Answer the questions in 20-30 words.

1. The two sources of income of the Gram Panchayat are the tax levied on houses
Ed

and shops and other open spaces in the village and professional tax, taxes on
pilgrimages, fairs and markets and animal trade. Another source is the grants it
a
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receives from the state government and the Zila Parishad.

In

2. Patwari is an important and effective official at the village level. She/he is often
known by different names in different areas such as lekhpal or karamchari, or a
n
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village officer.
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3. Councillors, also known as ward councillors, are members of the municipal

corporation. They are elected on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years.
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4. Those occupations which require processing of the raw material produced

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by primary occupations and their conversion into utility products are termed
as secondary occupations. For example, textile manufacturing, iron and steel
industries, etc.
5. The wage earners do not have permanent jobs. They work on day- to-day basis
and get a daily wage. They have no job security or benefits enjoyed by regular
employees like pension, medical facilities and holidays. They remain jobless on the
days their services are not required.

174 © Pearson India Education Service Pvt. Ltd.

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 C. Answer the questions in 30-40 words.
1. All men and women of the village above eighteen years of age are members of
Gram Sabha. Hence, it can be said to be a general body meeting of the village.
It ensures development of the people through their participation and mutual
cooperation in the decision-making process. The members of the Gram Panchayat
are elected by the members of the Gram Sabha from among them. The Gram Sabha
acts as a check on the Gram Panchayat and prevents it from misusing its powers.
The Gram Panchayat takes decisions about development and welfare of the village
and implements them on day to day basis.

.
2. Khasra is the register of harvest inspection which the patwari conducts in the

td
months of October, February and April. She/he records facts regarding crop grown,

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soil classification and cultivable capacity of the cultivators. The first six monthly

t.
inspection starting from 1 October is called as kharif parhtaal while the second

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commencing from 1 February is called rabi parhtaal. In the month of April the zaid
parhtaal is done. The khasra number is the plot number given to a specific piece of

es
land in the village.

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3. Street hawkers work and probably live on the streets. These people work on their

rv
own and organise themselves to be able to procure for themselves the material

Se
they require for their occupations. Their shops are generally makeshift structures
or arrangements which can be dismantled any time. These vendors have no
n
security and their movement is restricted to some areas though they form a bulk
io

of the population working on the streets. Efforts are being made to recognise street
at

vendors as a job to earn livelihood. Hawkers are nowadays organising themselves

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into committees that take decisions regarding them.

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4. The government should make available loans on easy terms for the farmers such
that they are able to repay their loan amount to the moneylender and are also able
a

to sustain till the next harvest. The repayment terms should be farmer friendly. The
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government should also procure produce from farmers so that they are paid a good
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price and are not forced into the debt cycle again.
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5. Migrant workers live in slums in the cities. They live in tents with others in similar
so

condition. Some people also live on the road side. They sleep on the pavements
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and make them their home. The migrant workers who work as street vendors may
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sleep on their carts at night. The cart is their home.

D. Answer the questions in 80-100 words.

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1. The main functions of the Gram Panchayat are:

•• Levying and collecting taxes, tolls and fees from their village
•• Ensuring welfare of the people at the village level including health, education,
communal harmony, social justice particularly gender and caste based
discrimination, dispute resolution, welfare of children, especially the girl child

© Pearson India Education Service Pvt. Ltd. 175

Solution_06_CTRB_BOOK Folder.indd 175 20-02-2020 3.08.09 PM

 •• Construction and repair of village wells and hand pumps, roads, drainage and
school buildings and plantation of trees
•• Maintenance of records relating to births, deaths and marriages in the village
•• Implementing government schemes for generating employment in the village
2. Octroi is an important source of income for the municipal corporation. Various
taxes like water tax, property tax, entertainment tax, pilgrimage tax contribute
to its income. There are also taxes on education and other amenities. It receives
income by selling its own land. Besides these, the government also grants loans to
the corporation whenever it undertakes a project involving huge expenditure. State

.
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governments also provide financial assistance and grants to the corporation.

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3. The different categories of farmers are:

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•• Large farmers: They own more than five hectares of land for cultivation. They
generally hire people to cultivate their land and pay them in cash or kind. They

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sometimes rent their lands to other farmers. They have very good incomes.

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•• Middle farmers: They own land between two to five hectares on which they

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generally grow crops for themselves and their families. They engage in

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subsistence farming and have moderate income.
•• Small farmers: They own less than two hectares of land. It is difficult for them
n
to make both ends meet and have to borrow money or seeds to cultivate their
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fields. After repaying loan, they have little produce left to survive for few
at

months and then find work elsewhere to supplement their income.

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•• Landless labourers: They do not own any land and work in fields of rich
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farmers as agricultural labourers. They have meagre income and have to work
elsewhere to supplement their income.
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E. Define the term.

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•• FIR: FIR stands for First Information Report. It is a written document prepared by
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the police and contains the complaint lodged by a victim.

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•• Octroi: It is a tax collected on the goods brought into a town.

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•• Livelihood: It is the means of securing the necessities of life.

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•• Migration: The movement of people, generally from rural to urban areas, is called
migration.
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•• Budget: It is an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time.

•• SHO: It stands for the station house officer (SHO) who is in charge of the police
station and has a number of constables under him/her to carry out his/her orders.

176 © Pearson India Education Service Pvt. Ltd.

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 • क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।
• पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।
• इस किवता क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभाव साझा करने को किहए।

अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)
ठहरकर सोच�
उत्तर 1. किव ने च�टी जैसे छोट� जीव का उदाहरण इसिलए िदया ह� क्य�िक च�टी ही खाना लेकर बार-बार दीवार पर चढ़ती ह� और इस �यास म�
कई बार िगरकर िफसलती ह�। लेिकन वह कभी िहम्मत नह� हारती ह�। वह िनर�तर कोिशश करती ह� और अंत म� दीवार चढ़ ही जाती ह�।
उत्तर 2. गोताखोर बार-बार समु� म� ड�बिकयाँ लगाता ह� लेिकन वह जा-जाकर भी खाली हाथ लौटकर आता ह�। मगर वह इस बात से कभी

d.
िनराश नह� होता ह� अिपतु दुगुने उत्साह क� साथ िफर से ड�बक� लगाता ह�। इसी उत्साह और कोिशश म� वह सफल होता ह� और उसक�

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मुट्ठी म� मोती होता ह�।

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अवसर बातचीत का

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उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– म� अपने िम� से यह कह��गा/कह��गी िक आत्मिवश्वास ही सफलता क� क��जी ह�। उसे स्वयं पर आत्मिवश्वास

s
रखना होगा क्य�िक �त्येक असफलता हम� जीवन म� क�छ-न-क�छ िसखाती ह�। यह सच ह� िक असफलता ही सफलता क� पहली सीढ़ी

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होती ह�। असफलता� से ही अनुभव का स्तर बढ़ता ह� और व्य�क्त सीखता ह�।)

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उत्तर 2. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– मेरी समझ क� अनुसार जीवन का दूसरा नाम ही संघषर् ह�। जीवन म� बह�त से कायर् ह� जहाँ हम� कई किठनाइय�
का सामना करना पड़ता ह�। अत: हम� जीवन म� साहस क� साथ हर समस्या का सामना करना चािहए। आशावादी व्य�क्त साहसी होता ह�।
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साहसी व्य�क्त सभी लोग� क� मदद करते ह�। मुसीबत म� फ�से लोग� को बचाना ही सबसे साहसी काम ह�।)
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उत्तर 3. छा� स्वयं कर�|
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समझ क� उड़ान
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उत्तर 1. (क) कोिशश करने वाल� क� (ख) मोती (ग) गोताखोर क� (घ) असफलता को (ङ) संघषर् का
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उत्तर 2. (क) इन पं�क्तय� का भावाथर् यह ह� क� छोटी-सी च�टी दाना लेकर दीवार पर चढ़ रही ह�। वह बार-बार दीवार से िगरती ह� लेिकन
िफर चढ़ने लग जाती ह�। उसक� मन का िवश्वास ही उसम� साहस पैदा करता ह�। इसिलए उसे दीवार से चढ़ना-िगरना िबलक�ल
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भी अखरता नह� ह�।

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(ख) इन पं�क्तय� का भावाथर् यह ह� िक किव कहता ह� िक जब गोताखोर सागर म� ड�बक� लगाता ह�, तो उसे आसानी से मोती नह�
िमलते ह�। वह न जाने िकतनी बार ड�बिकयाँ लगाता ह�। लेिकन खाली हाथ लौटने पर भी उसे िनराशा नह� होती ह� अिपतु वह
on

िफर दुगुने उत्साह क� साथ ड�बक� लगता ह�। लेिकन इस बार उसक� मुट्ठी भरी होती ह� अथार्त उसे मोती िमल जाता ह�।
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(ग) इन पं�क्तय� का भावाथर् यह ह� िक असफलता एक चुनौती क� समान ह�। हम� इसे स्वीकार करना चािहए। हम� अपनी किमय� को
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सुधारकर अपने ल�य क� ओर अ�सर होना चािहए।

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कलम से
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उत्तर 1. (क) नन्ही च�टी से हम� यह �ेरणा िमलती ह� िक हम� अपने ल�य-मागर् म� आने वाली बाधा� से डरना नह� चािहए। हमे िनर�तर
कोिशश करनी चािहए तभी हम अपनी मंिज़ल पर पह��च सक��गे।
(ख) किव क� कहने का अथर् ह� िक जब तक हम� सफलता नह� िमलती ह� तब तक हम� अपनी न�द और आराम को छोड़ना पड़�गा।
हर मुसीबत का डटकर सामना करना होगा। संघषर् क� मैदान को छोड़कर भागना नह� ब�ल्क उसका साहस क� साथ सामना
करना होगा।
(ग) हम� असफलता को एक चुनौती मानकर स्वीकार करना चािहए। हम� स्वयं क� किमय� को देखना चािहए और उसम� सुधार करना
चािहए। ऐसा करने से िन�श्चत तौर पर हम� सफलता िमलेगी।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 3

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 (घ) असफल होने पर कभी भी िनराश नह� होना चािहए क्य�िक हर असफलता हम� क�छ-न-क�छ ज़�र िसखाती ह� िजससे हमारा
अनुभव बढ़ता ह� और हम सफलता क� ओर अ�सर होते ह�।
(ङ) स्वयं पर िवश्वास करना बह�त ज़�री ह� क्य�िक यिद हम स्वयं पर और अपने काम पर िवश्वास कर�गे, तभी दूसर� भी हमार� काम
पर िवश्वास कर�गे और हम� गंभीरता से ल�गे। आत्मिवश्वास ही सफलता क� पहली सीढ़ी ह�।
सृजन संसार
उत्तर– (1) बार-बार असफल होने पर भी उत्साह न खोना ही सफलता ह�।
(2) बार-बार सफलता न िमलने का अथर् यह नह� ह� िक आपको कभी सफलता नह� िमलेगी ब�ल्क वह सफलता पहले से ज़्यादा
मज़बूत होगी।
(3) िबना अभ्यास क� कोई भी अनुभव काम नह� आता ह�, िफर सफलता िबना अभ्यास क� क�से िमल सकती ह�।

d.
भाषा क� दुिनया

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अथर् क� खोज म�

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उत्तर 1. (क) नैया नाव जलयान

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(ग) जल नीर वा�र

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(घ) मुक्ता सीिपज स्वाितसुत
उत्तर 2. (क) अिवश्वास (ख) पराजय Se
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(ग) किठन (घ) अस्वीकार
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(ङ) सफलता (च) जीत

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उत्तर 3. (क) गोताखोर – मयंक एक अच्छा गोताखोर ह�।

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(ख) उत्साह – हम� अपना कायर् उत्साह से करना चािहए।

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(ग) चुनौती – हम� अपने मागर् म� आने वाली हर चुनौती का डटकर सामना करना चािहए।
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(घ) त्याग – जीवन म� त्याग क� िबना सफलता असंभव ह�।

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(ङ) मैदान – हम� संघषर् क� मैदान को छोड़कर भागना नह� चािहए।

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उत्तर 4. (क) उत्साह दूना होना – उत्साह बढ़ना।

(ख) नैया पार न होना – कायर् म� सफलता न िमलना।
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(ग) रग� म� साहस भरना – तन मन म� जोश का संचार होना।

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उत्तर 5. (क) हार – गले क� माला पराजय

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(ख) मत – वोट दृ�ष्टकोण

(ग) पानी – जल चमक
(घ) हर – �त्येक िशव
भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. (क) च�टी दीवार पर सौ बार िफसलती ह�।
(ख) लहर से डरकर नौका पार नह� होती ह�।
(ग) हम� अपनी असफलताएँ स्वीकार करनी चािहए।

4 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 4 1/24/2023 1:46:55 PM

 उत्तर 2. (क) कोिशश – क� + ओ + श् + इ + श् + अ
(ख) नौका – न् + औ + क� + आ
(ग) उत्साह – उ + त् + स् + आ + ह् + अ
(घ) मुट्ठी – म् + उ + ट् + ठ् + ई
(ङ) संघषर् – स् + अं + घ् + अ + र् + ष् + अ
(च) चुनौती – च् + उ + न् + औ + त् + ई
उत्तर 3. (क) िवशेषण (ख) ि�या (ग) ि�यािवशेषण (घ) समुच्चयबोधक
भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर– (क) नन्ही च�टी जब दाना लेकर चलती ह�,

d.
चढ़ती ह� दीवार� पर, सौ बार िफसलती ह�।

Lt
(ख) ड�बिकयाँ िसंधु म� गोताखोर लगता ह�,

t.
जा-जाकर खाली हाथ लौटकर आता ह�।

Pv
खेल-खेल म�

s
उत्तर– 1. िववेक 2. आत्मसम्मान 3. एका�ता 4. धैयर् 5. अनुशासन 6. िवन�ता

e
ic
7. आत्मिवश्वास 8. इच्छाश�क्त 9. स� 10. साहस 11. कल्पना 12. जुनून

rv
क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर् Se
n
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
on
a rs
Pe
©

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 5

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 5 1/24/2023 1:46:56 PM

 उत्तर 3. (क) सही (ख) सही (ग) गलत (घ) गलत
(ङ) गलत (च) सही (छ) सही
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) बल्लू दादा बच्च� को खूब प्यार करते थे। वे उनका ध्यान रखते थे और उनक� साथ खूब खेलते थे। वे बच्च� को �ेम से रहने क�
सीख देते थे। इसिलए सभी बच्चे भी उन्ह� बह�त पसंद करते थे।
(ख) खरगोश ने जानवर� से कहा िक हम� िबना सोचे-समझे िशका�रय� पर हमला नह� करना चािहए। बुद्िधमान हमेशा सोच-समझकर
ही काम करते ह�। हम� कभी भी श�ु को कमज़ोर और मूखर् नह� समझना चािहए।
(ग) बल्लू दादा को बड़ी-बड़ी चारदीवारी म� बंद िकया ह�आ था। उस पर छत नह� थी। एक जगह बड़ा-सा एक बंद दरवाज़ा था।
िशका�रय� ने उनक� पैर� को मोट�-मोट� रस्स� से बाँध रखा था।

d.
(घ) बल्लू दादा को छ�ड़ाने क� िलए मं�ी खरगोश ने एक तरक�ब िनकाली। चील, भेिड़य�, चूह�, बंदर� और िगद्ध� ने उस तरक�ब

Lt
को सफल बनाने म� मं�ी खरगोश क� पूरी मदद क�। िगद्ध� ने मरने का नाटक िकया। चूह� ने रस्से क�तर� और सुर�ग� बनाई�।

t.
भेिड़य� और बंदर� ने िशका�रय� पर हमला िकया। इस �कार उन्ह�ने बल्लू दादा को िशका�रय� क� क�द से छ�ड़ाया।

Pv
(ङ) सभी जानवर� ने मं�ी खरगोश क� कहने पर अपने रहने का स्थान बदल िलया क्य�िक मं�ी खरगोश को लगा िक िशकारी कभी
भी यहाँ आ सकते ह� और उन सब को भी क�द कर सकते ह�।

e s
(च) इस कहानी से हम� यह सीख िमलती ह� िक हम� आपस म� िमल-जुलकर रहना चािहए। मुसीबत आने पर घबराना नह� चािहए

ic
अिपतु सूझ-बूझ से काम करना चािहए।

rv
Se
उत्तर 2. (क) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– यह सच ह� िक जंगली जानवर िशका�रय� को घायल कर सकते थे लेिकन उन्ह�ने ऐसा नह� िकया। वे
क�वल बल्लू दादा को पकड़कर ले गए और सभी बच्च� को छोड़ गए। शायद वे िह�सा म� िवश्वास नह� रखते ह�गे।)
n
(ख) बल्लू दादा सभी बच्च� का ध्यान ऐसे रखते थे, मानो वह सभी खुद उनक� बच्चे ह�। बच्चे भी बल्लू दादा क� िबना एक िदन भी
io

नह� रह पाते थे। सभी जानवर बल्लू दादा को बह�त मानते थे। जब उन्ह� िशका�रय� द्वारा क�द कर िलया गया तो वे सभी उनक�
at

सहायता करने को तुर�त तैयार हो गए।

uc

(ग) हम� बच्च� को सदा प्यार से समझाना चािहए क्य�िक बच्चे प्यार क� भाषा तुर�त समझ जाते ह�। ऐसे बह�त से उदहारण देखे जा
Ed

सकते ह�। जो अध्यापक बच्च� को �ेम से पढ़ाते ह� और डाँट से नह� बच्चे उनक� बात� ध्यानपूवर्क सुनते ह�। लेिकन यिद बच्च� को
कोई बात डाँटकर समझाई जाए तो उनको उस अध्यापक से भय लगने लगता ह�। अत: सभी बच्चे �ेमपूवर्क ही बात� को सही
a
di

तरीक� से समझते ह�।

In

सृजन संसार
on

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

rs

भाषा क� दुिनया
a

अथर् क� खोज म�
Pe

उत्तर 1. (क) उधम मचाना – शरारत करना

©

(ख) मौज मानना – मज़े करना

(ग) थककर चूर होना – बह�त थकना
(घ) दुबक जाना – डरकर िछप जाना
(ङ) जोिखम उठाना – खतरा मोल लेना
(च) पीठ थपथपाना – सराहना करना
(छ) हमला करना – आ�मण करना
(ज) अंधाधुंध करना – िबना सोचे-समझे काम करना
© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 9

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 9 1/24/2023 1:46:58 PM

 (झ) मन भारी होना – दुखी होना
(ञ) चेहरा िखल उठना – �सन्न होना
उत्तर 2. (क) समस्या (ख) �शंसा (ग) बेवक�फ़ (घ) क�द
उत्तर 3. (क) पानी – जल, चमक
(ख) पता – मालूम, स्थान क� जानकारी
(ग) मत – नह�, िवचार
(घ) कर – हाथ, एक ि�या
भाषा क� समझ

d.
उत्तर 1. (क) धन्यवाद – ध् + अ + न् + य् + अ + व् + आ + द् + अ

Lt
(ख) स�म्मिलत – स् + अ + म् + म् + इ + ल् + इ + त् + अ

t.
(ग) समस्या – स् + अ + म् + अ + स् + य् + आ

Pv
(घ) मं�ी – म् + अं + त् + र् + ई

s
उत्तर 2. (क) श�ु� को कभी कमज़ोर नह� समझना चािहए।

e
ic
(ख) म� हाथ पर हाथ धरकर नह� बैठ सकता।

rv
(ग) आिखर हम तुम्हार� मं�ी ह�।
(घ) मंि�य� ने अचानक हमला करने से मना िकया। Se
n
उत्तर 3. (क) क� (ख) िक (ग) िक (घ) क� (ङ) िक
io
at

भाषा क� र�ग
uc

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Ed

खेल-खेल म�
a

उत्तर– 1. शुि�या 2. शािमल

di

3. बेवक�फ़ 4. नुकसान
In

5. नज़र 6. कामयाब
on

7. मु�श्कल 8. यक�न
rs

9. आवाज़ 10. खुश

a
Pe

11. सपना 12. क�दी

13. क�मत 14. इ�तज़ार
©

15. तरक�ब 16. ज़�री

17. वक्त 18. इशारा
19. शाम 20. तारीफ़
क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

10 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 10 1/24/2023 1:46:58 PM

 • सभी छा�� को �ोत्सािहत कर�।
• छा�� क� �यास� क� सराहना कर�।

पाठ का उद्देश्य
इस पाठ का उद्देश्य लौहपु�ष सरदार वल्लभ भाई पट�ल क� असाधारण काय� क� बार� म� बताना ह�। 'स्ट�च्यू ऑफ यूिनटी' सरदार वल्लभभाई पट�ल
का भारत को िदए गए अतुलनीय योगदान� का �तीक ह�। इस �ितमा क� दशर्न कर हम सरदार वल्लभ भाई पट�ल क� �ित सच्ची �द्धांजिल व्यक्त
करते ह�। उन्ह�ने ही एक मज़बूत स्वतं� भारत क� न�व रखी थी। वे भारत क� एकता क� �तीक ह�।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�। संभािवत उत्तर� पर चचार् भी कर�।

d.
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।

Lt
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।

t.
इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को किहए।

Pv
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

e s
ठहरकर सोच�

ic
rv
उत्तर 1. प� और फोन का अपना अलग-अलग महत्व ह�। फोन द्वारा हम अपने संदेश को तुर�त दूसर� व्य�क्त को भेज सकते ह�। लेिकन फोन

Se
द्वारा हम अपनी बात� को संिक्षप्त �प म� ही �कट कर सकते ह�। प�� द्वारा हम अपने मनोभाव� को खुलकर व्यक्त कर सकते ह�।
िनस्संदेह प�� से आत्मीयता भी झलकती ह�।
n
उत्तर 2. िसमी क� माँ को स्वाधीनता सं�ाम और सरदार पट�ल जी क� बार� म� बह�त जानकारी थी। ऐसा शायद इसिलए हो सकता ह� क्य�िक उसक�
io

माँ क� इितहास क� बार� म� गहरी �िच रही होगी। िवशेष तौर पर स्वतं�ता सं�ाम क� बार� म� वह बह�त जानकारी रखती थी।
at

अवसर बातचीत का
uc
Ed

उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�।

उत्तर 2. छा� स्वयं कर�।
a
di

उत्तर 3. या�ा पर जाने से पहले हम� अपने कपड़�, साबुन-�श, जूते-जुराब, मोबाइल और चाजर्र, ज़�री दवाएँ, सूटक�स, एटीएम काड� आिद
In

चीज़� को सही तरीक� से रखना चािहए। सफ़र पर जाने से पहले अपनी या�ा का िटकट और पहचान प� भी संभालकर रखना चािहए।
on

उत्तर 4. या�ा पर जाते समय, यिद हम र�ल या बस म� सफ़र करते ह� तो हमे सुरक्षा क� साथ चलना चािहए। हम� रात म� नह� घूमना चािहए। हमार�
पास सभी ज़�री नंबर होने चािहए। हम� ऐसे होटल म� �कना चािहए जहाँ सुरक्षात्मक और आरामदायक वातावरण हो। नए लोग� से कम
rs

बात कर� और िकसी से अिधक जान-पहचान न कर�। आप अपनी पसंद क� अनुसार क� ही जगह� पर घूम�।
a
Pe

समझ क� उड़ान
उत्तर 1. (क) 31 अक्तूबर को (ख) मामा-मामी ने (ग) िपताजी को (घ) नानाजी को
©

उत्तर 2. (क) गलत (ख) सही (ग) सही (घ) गलत

(ङ) गलत (च) सही
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) िसमी अहमदाबाद जाकर बह�त खुश थी क्य�िक वहाँ उसक� मामा-मामी और प�रवार क� अन्य सदस्य� ने पहले से ही �त्येक िदन
घूमने क� योजना बना रखी थी। उसे वहाँ बह�त आनंद आ रहा था।
(ख) एकता क� मूितर् िवश्व क� सबसे ऊ�ची मूितर् ह�। इसक� ऊ�चाई 182 मीटर ह�। इसे सरदार सरोवर बाँध क� पास नमर्दा नदी क� बीच
साधू बेट नामक द्वीप पर बनाया गया ह�। इस मूितर् क� वास्तुकार भारत क� सु�िसद्ध मूितर्कार रामवनजी सुतार ह�।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 13

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 13 1/24/2023 1:47:00 PM

 (ग) सरदार पट�ल क� नीितगत दृढ़ता क� िलए राष्�िपता महात्मा गाँधी ने उन्ह� ‘लौहपु�ष’ क� उपािध दी थी। उन्ह�ने स्वतं� भारत को
एक िवशाल राष्� बनाने म� महत्वपूणर् योगदान िदया था।
(घ) एकता क� मूितर् िवश्वभर म� चचार् का िवषय बनी ह�ई ह�। यहाँ सरदार पट�ल क� स्मृितय� म� बना एक िवशाल सं�हालय ह�। यहाँ
�क�ित �ेिमय� क� िलए सुंदर उपवन ह� और लंबी फ�ल� क� घाटी ह�। ट�ट िसटी म� एक साथ 500 से अिधक लोग ठहर सकते ह�।
इसिलए िवश्व क� कोने-कोने से पयर्टक इस मूितर् को देखने आते ह�।
(ङ) िसमी ने बताया िक जब हम इस मूितर् को देख रह� थे तो उसक� माँ एक क�शल गाइड क� तरह उसे सरदार पट�ल और स्वतं�ता
सं�ाम क� बार� म� बराबर जानकारी भी दे रही थी। िसमी क� इन बात� से पता चलता ह� िक उसक� माँ इितहास क� बार� म� अच्छा
ज्ञान रखती थी।
उत्तर 2. (क) महापु�ष� क� स्मारक� से हम� �ेम, त्याग और भाईचार� क� �ेरणा िमलती ह�। उन्ह�ने हम� जीवन जीने क� कला िसखाई ह�। सभी
महापु�ष� ने सद्मागर् और परमाथर् का संदेश िदया गया ह�। इनक� स्मारक� पर हम इनको नमन कर इनक� आचरण को अपनाने का

d.
संकल्प करते ह�।

Lt
(ख) प� लेखन का हमार� जीवन म� िवशेष महत्व ह�। यह एक बह�त ही �भावशाली िवद्या ह�। हम अपनी आने वाली पीढ़ी को प� क�

t.
महत्व क� बार� म� समझा सकते ह�। प�� को सजाकर रखने का एक अलग ही आनंद होता ह�। प� लेखन म� हम दूसर� को अपनी

Pv
बाते िवस्तार से समझा सकते ह�। अत: प� िलखना एक अच्छा गुण ह�। िसमी ने प� िलखकर अपने इस गुण को �कट कर प�-
िवद्या को जीवंतता �दान क� ह�।

e s
(ग) िसमी क� प� को पढ़कर क�ह� को बह�त �सन्नता ह�ई। वह प� पढ़कर इतनी व्याक�ल हो गई िक वह पहली उड़ान से ही

ic
अहमदाबाद क� िलए रवाना हो गई।

rv
Se
(घ) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– पयर्टन को बढ़ावा देने क� िलए ठोस �यास िकए जाने चािहए। पयर्टन स्थल� को सड़क, र�ल और वायु
मागर् से जोड़ना चािहए। पयर्टन क� अनुक�ल स्थल� को िवकिसत करने क� िलए अिधक-से-अिधक �यास िकये जाने चािहए।)
n
(ङ) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– मुझे अपने नाना-नानी क� यहाँ बह�त ही अच्छा लगता ह�। नाना-नानी भी मुझे हर साल देश क�
io

ऐितहािसक स्थान� क� सैर कराते ह�। मुझे भी धािमर्क और ऐितहािसक स्थल� पर घूमने म� आनंद आता ह�।
at
uc

भाषा क� दुिनया
Ed

अथर् क� खोज म�
उत्तर 1. (क) पतन (ख) पराधीनता
a
di

(ग) मानना (घ) अनेकता

In

(ङ) शहरी (च) िवस्मृित

on

उत्तर 2. (ख) सं�हालय (ग) �त्येक (घ) �धानमं�ी

rs

भाषा क� समझ
a
Pe

उत्तर 1. वह मधुर गाती ह�।

वह बह�त मधुर गाती ह�।
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वह सबसे मधुर गाती ह�।

उत्तर 2. शब्द उपसगर् मूल शब्द
�वृ�त्त � वृ�त्त
उपवन उप वन
स्वतं� स्व तं�
सुगंध सु गंध

14 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 14 1/24/2023 1:47:00 PM

 उत्तर 3. (क) िवशाल (ख) �ामीण (ग) स्वाधीनता (घ) सुंदर (ङ) लंबी
उत्तर 4. (क) �ठना – र् + ऊ + ठ् + अ + न् + आ
(ख) �कना – र् + उ + क� + अ + न् + आ
(ग) पु�ष – प् + उ + र् + उ + ष् + अ
(घ) �पवान – र् + ऊ + प् + अ + व् + आ + न् + अ
(ङ) जुझा� – ज् + उ + झ् + आ + र् + ऊ
भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर– (क) 8 (च) 6

d.
(ख) 4 (छ) 10

Lt
(ग) 1 (ज) 7

t.
(घ) 5 (झ) 2

Pv
(ङ) 3 (ञ) 9

s
खेल-खेल म�

e
ic
उत्तर– मोहनदास करमचंद गाँधी – राष्�िपता

rv
जवाहरलाल नेह�
सुभास चं� बोस
–
–
चाचा
नेता जी
Se
n
io

भगत िसंह – शहीदे आज़म

at

रब��नाथ ट�गोर – गु�देव

uc

बालगंगाधर ितलक – लोकमान्य

Ed

राजा कणर् – दानवीर

सी. एफ. एं�यूज – दीनबंधु
a
di

डॉ. ए. पी. जे. अब्दुल कलाम – िमसाइल मैन

In

सरोिजनी नायड� – भारत कोिकला

on

िचतर�जन दास – देशबंधु

rs

पु�षोत्तम दास ट�डन – राजिषर्

a
Pe

लालबहादुर शास्�ी – शांित पु�ष

जय�काश नारायण – लोकनायक
©

मदनमोहन मालवीय – महामना

क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 15

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 15 1/24/2023 1:47:00 PM

 पाठ का उद्देश्य
इस पाठ का उद्देश्य भारतीय सेना का गौरवगान कर देशभ�क्त क� लौ जगाना ह�। भारतीय सैिनक अपने घर-प�रवार से दूर देश क� रक्षा करते ह�।
देश क� रक्षा म� ही हमारी रक्षा ह�। हम� इन वीर और परा�मी सैिनक� को नमन करना चािहए। देश पर शहीद होने वाला ही मातृभूिम का सपूत होता
ह�। भारतीय सेना वास्तव म� पूजनीय ह� क्य�िक वे िनस्वाथर् भाव से हमारी रक्षा करने म� लगी ह�ई ह�।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�।
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।
इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को किहए।

d.
Lt
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

t.
ठहरकर सोच�

Pv
उत्तर 1. सैिनक बनना �ेष्ठ काम� म� से एक इसिलए माना जाता ह� क्य�िक सैिनक पूर� देश को अपना प�रवार समझते ह� और सीमा पर डटकर

s
सबक� रक्षा करते ह�। उनका जीवन बह�त किठन होता ह� लेिकन िफर भी वे िदन-रात दुश्मन� से हमारी रक्षा करते ह�। वे सच्चे देशभक्त

e
होते ह�।

ic
rv
अवसर बातचीत का
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वंय कर�।
Se
उत्तर 2. सवर्�थम हम� सैिनक� और उनक� प�रवार को आदर देना चािहए। यिद सैिनक का प�रवार िकसी आिथर्क संकट म� ह� तो हम� उनक� मदद
n
करनी चािहए। शहीद सैिनक� क� प�रवार वाल� को यथा संभव मदद देनी चािहए। हमारा भी यह कतर्व्य ह� िक सैिनक� क� तरह िनस्वाथर्
io

भाव से देश क� उन्नित म� योगदान द�।

at
uc

उत्तर 3. छा� स्वयं कर�।

समझ क� उड़ान
Ed

उत्तर 1. (क) अपने साहस और श�क्त पर

a
di

(ख) वायुसेना सैिनक

In

(ग) नौसेना क� कौशल क�

on

(घ) थलसेना-नौसेना-वायुसेना
rs

उत्तर 2. (क) थलसेना

a

(ख) वायुसेना
Pe

(ग) नौसेना
©

(घ) नौसेना
उत्तर 3. (क) सैिनक िकसी भी संकट का सामना डटकर करता ह�। श�ु का सामना अंितम दम तक करता ह�। उसे सदा अपनी वीर भुजा� पर
िवश्वास होता ह�।
(ख) जब कभी भी देश म� आपदा आती ह� तो सबसे पहले इन्ह� सैिनक� का हाथ हमारी मदद क� िलए आगे बढ़ता ह�।
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) थलसेना का कायर् देश क� एकता सुिन�श्चत करना होता ह�। वह देश को बाहरी और आंत�रक खतर� से बचाती ह�। थलसेना
सीमा� पर शांित और सुरक्षा बनाए रखकर देश क� सेवा करती ह�।

18 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 18 1/24/2023 1:47:01 PM

 (ख) वायुसेना का मुख्य कायर् उस देश क� वायु-सुरक्षा, वायु-चौकसी और आवश्यकता पड़ने पर वायु-युद्ध करना होता ह�।
(ग) नौसेना भारत क� राष्�ीय-िहत� और समु�ी-सुरक्षा क� रक्षा करती ह�। भारत क� समु�� से जुड़� वािणज्य और समु�ी-व्यापार क� रक्षा
करती ह� और समु�ी व्यापार को बढ़ावा देती ह�।
(घ) एक सैिनक म� शारी�रक और नैितक दोन� तरह क� साहस क� आवश्यकता होती ह�। सैिनक म� आत्म-अनुशासन, वफ़ादारी और
आत्मिवश्वास क� गुण होने चािहए।
(ङ) िवप�त्त या आपदा� क� समय सेनाएँ ही सबसे पहले अपना हाथ आगे बढ़ाती ह�। च�वात-भूक�प-बाढ़ या सूखे म� इन्ह� का
सहयोग मनुष्य� को सबसे पहले �ाप्त होता ह�। ये वीर सैिनक ही जन-धन क� रक्षा करते ह�।
उत्तर 2. (क) हम सैिनक स्क�ल म� �वेश लेकर भी सैिनक बनने क� तैयारी कर सकते ह�। हम� अपनी पढ़ाई क� दौरान अनुशािसत जीवन-शैली
अपनानी होगी। स्क�ल म� एन. सी. सी. म� �वेश लेकर हम सैिनक बनने क� श�आत कर सकते ह�। हम� एक स्वस्थ इ�सान बनना
होगा तभी हम देश सेवा क� योग्य बन�गे। इसक� साथ हम एन. डी. ए. और सी. डी. एस. जैसी परीक्षाएँ पास करक� भी सैिनक

d.
जीवन म� �वेश कर सकते ह�।

Lt
(ख) यह सत्य ह� िक एक सैिनक अपने जीवन म� बह�त त्याग करता ह�। सवर्�थम वह सैिनक बनकर स्वयं को देश क� िलए समिपर्त

t.
Pv
करता ह�। वह साल� अपने घर-प�रवार से दूर रहकर देश क� रक्षा करता ह�। सैिनक क� त्याग को शब्द� म� व्यक्त नह� िकया जा
सकता ह�। वह अपना संपूणर् जीवन देशसेवा म� लगा देता ह�।

s
(ग) भारत को ज़मीनी युद्ध या देश क� आंत�रक सीमा� क� सुरक्षा क� िलए थलसेना रखनी पड़ती ह�। साम�रक युद्ध या बंदरगाह�

e
ic
और समु�ी सीमा क� सुरक्षा नौसेना करती ह�। वायुसेना वायु-युद्ध और आकाश से श�ु पर िनगरानी रखने का कायर् करती ह�।

rv
इसिलए देश क� सुरक्षा क� िलए तीन� सेना� क� महत्वपूणर् भूिमका ह�।
सृजन संसार Se
n
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।
io

भाषा क� दुिनया
at
uc

अथर् क� खोज म�
Ed

उत्तर 1. (क) हाथ बढ़ाना – भारतीय सैिनक �ाक�ितक िवपदा म� सबसे पहले मदद का हाथ बढ़ाते ह�।
(ख) करतब िदखाना – जादूगर नए-नए करतब िदखाकर बच्च� को ह�सा रहा था।
a
di

(ग) चौकस रहना – भारतीय जवान देश क� सीमा पर सदा चौकस रहते ह�।
In

उत्तर 2. (क) ग्लािन (ख) लोभ

on

(ग) कायर (घ) िम�

rs

(ङ) भक्षक (च) पराजय

a

उत्तर 3. (क) भारतवासी (ख) थलसेना

Pe

(ग) नौसेना (घ) वायुसेना

©

(ङ) रात-िदन (च) जंगल-पवर्त

(छ) वायुवीर (ज) युद्धपोत
(झ) शांितकाल
भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. (क) सामािजक (ख) पा�रभािषक
(ग) आिधका�रक (घ) व्यावहा�रक

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 19

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 19 1/24/2023 1:47:01 PM

 उत्तर 2. (क) वाक्य �योग – आज घर-घर म� िदवाली मनाई जा रही ह�।
– �त्येक घर म� दीवाली मनाई जा रही ह�।
(ख) वाक्य �योग – पुिलस ने कोना-कोना छान मारा लेिकन क�छ हाथ न आया।
– पुिलस ने हर कोना छान मारा लेिकन क�छ हाथ न आया।
भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर- छा� अध्यापक क� सहायता से कर�।
खेल-खेल म�
उत्तर- ले�फ्टन�ट क�प्टन

d.
कनर्ल नायक

Lt
िसपाही ि�गेिडयर

t.
हवलदार सूबेदार

Pv
फ�ल्ड माशर्ल मेजर

e s
जनरल

ic
क�छ नया कर�

rv
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�।
Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
on
a rs
Pe
©

20 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 20 1/24/2023 1:47:01 PM

 पाठ का उद्देश्य
इस पाठ का उद्देश्य देशभक्त� को याद करते ह�ए देश क� �ित समपर्ण भाव जगाना ह�। िनस्संदेह देश हम� इतना क�छ देता ह� िक हम आजीवन
उसक� सेवा कर� तो भी कम ह�। अत: �त्येक नाग�रक को िकसी-न-िकसी �प म� देशसेवा करनी चािहए क्य�िक देश क� िवकास म� ही नाग�रक� का
िवकास ह�। साथ ही बच्च� म� देशभ�क्त क� भावना जगाने क� िलए हम� वीर जवान� को याद करना चािहए। उनक� वीर गाथा� क� कहानी बच्च�
को सुनानी चािहए। इसक� अित�रक्त नाटक िदखाकर देशभ�क्त जगानी चािहए। उन्ह� आज़ादी का महत्व बताना चािहए और उनम� देश�ेम जगाने क�
कोिशश करनी चािहए।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� पर बातचीत कर�। संभािवत उत्तर� पर चचार् भी कर�।
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।

d.
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।

Lt
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

t.
Pv
ठहरकर सोच�

s
उत्तर 1. गोखलेजी ने ‘सरव�ट्स ऑफ इ�िडया सोसायटी’ क� स्थापना क� थी। उन्ह� इस काम क� िलए क�छ होनहार युवक� क� तलाश थी। राज��

e
बाबू से िमलने क� बाद उन्ह� लगा िक वे बह�त ही होनहार युवक ह� और उनक� अंदर देश�ेम क� भावना भरी ह�ई ह�। अत: उन्ह�ने उनको

ic
देश काय� से जोड़ना चाहा था।

rv
Se
उत्तर 2. गोखलेजी क� मुख से िनकली आकाशवाणी सत्य सािबत ह�ई। एक बार वकालत क� िसलिसले म� राज�� बाबू चंपारण गए। वह� उनपर
गाँधीजी क� चंपारण आंदोलन का ऐसा �भाव पड़ा िक उन्ह�ने वकालत छोड़कर पूर� मन से स्वयं को देशसेवा म� समिपर्त कर िदया।
n
अवसर बातचीत का
io
at

उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– सेनािनय� ने देश क� स्वतं�ता क� िलए अनेक कष्ट सहन िकए। वे अपने प�रवार से डरकर देशसेवा कर रह�
uc

थे। उन्ह�ने आज़ादी क� िलए कई-कई साल जेल काट�। अं�ेज़ िसपािहय� क� मार सही। लेिकन उन्ह�ने अं�ेज़ी सरकर क� आगे कभी भी
घुटने नह� ट�क� और आजीवन देशसेवा करते रह�।)
Ed

उत्तर 2. देशसेवा �त्येक व्य�क्त का कतर्व्य ह� क्य�िक देश से उनक� पहचान जुड़ी ह�। छा� ज़�रतमंद बच्च� को भोजन, कपड़� और पुस्तक�� आिद
a

देकर मदद कर सकते ह�। वे वृक्षारोपण कायर्�म म� भाग लेकर वायु �दूषण को कम करने म� अपना योगदान कर सकते ह�। वे अपने
di

िवद्यालय म� रक्तदान िशिवर का आयोजन कर सकते ह�। वे स्वयं-सेवक बनकर समाज म� सकारात्मक बदलाव ला सकते ह�।
In

समझ क� उड़ान
on

उत्तर 1. (क) सन् 1910 म� (ख) �ी परमेश्वर लाल ने

rs

(ग) वकालत (घ) चंपारण म�

a
Pe

उत्तर 2. (क) वकालत (ख) राज�� बाबू

(ग) गोखलेजी (घ) नील
©

उत्तर 3. (क) सही (ख) गलत (ग) सही (घ) गलत

(ङ) गलत (च) सही
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) गोखलेजी और राज�� बाबू क� मुलाकात सन् 1910 म� ह�ई थी। गोखलेजी को देशसेवा क� िलए क�छ होनहार युवक� क� तलाश
थी। �िसद्ध बै�रस्टर �ी परमेश्वर लाल ने गोखलेजी को इसक� िलए राज�� बाबू का नाम सुझाया था।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 23

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 23 1/24/2023 1:47:03 PM

 (ख) गोखलेजी ने राज�� बाबू को समझाया िक तुम्हार� पेशे म� �ितष्ठा और पैसा दोन� ह�। यिद तुम्हारी वकालत चल िनकली तो तुम
िन�श्चत तौर पर बह�त पैसा कमाकर आराम क� िज़ंदगी गुज़ार सकते हो। लेिकन देशसेवा का संकल्प लेने क� बाद ऐशो-आराम
क� िज़ंदगी संभव नह� ह�। इसम� तुम्ह� अनेक कष्ट उठाने पड़�गे लेिकन अंत म� लोग तुम्ह� पूज�गे।
(ग) जब राज�� बाबू को लगा िक घर�ेम और देश�ेम म� घर का वज़न ज़्यादा भारी पड़ रहा ह� और वे इतनी आसानी से इस �ेम-बंधन
को काट नह� पाएंगे तब उन्ह�ने गोखलेजी क� पास जाकर अपनी सारी प�र�स्थितयाँ बताई। िफर गोखलेजी ने भी उन्ह� पाने क�
आस छोड़ दी।
(घ) राज�� बाबू क� काम को िसलिसले म� चंपारण जाना पड़ा। वहाँ उस समय गाँधीजी का चंपारण आंदोलन चल रहा था। राज�� जी
पर उस आंदोलन का ऐसा �भाव पड़ा िक उन्ह�ने वकालत छोड़कर देशसेवा का संकल्प िलया और आज़ादी क� आंदोलन म� क�द
पड़�। स्वतं�ता �ा�प्त क� बाद वे भारत क� �थम राष्�पित बन�। अत: गोखलेजी क� आकाशवाणी सच सािबत ह�ई।
(ङ) गोखलेजी एक गरीब घर म� पैदा ह�ए थे। उनक� प�रवार वाल� को उनसे बड़ी-बड़ी आशाएँ थी िक वे पढ़-िलखकर प�रवार को

d.
सुखी बनाय�गे। लेिकन जब गोखलेजी ने उन्ह� देशसेवा का �त लेने क� िलए कहा तो उनक� भाई इतने दुखी ह�ए िक क�छ िदन� तक

Lt
उनसे बात तक नह� क� थी। उनक� माँ तो बह�त रोई�।

t.
उत्तर 2. (क) राज�� बाबू क� प�रवार वाले चाहते थे िक वे प�रवार क� साथ ही रह�। जब उन्ह�ने अपने भाई को देशसेवा क� बार� म� बताया तो वे

Pv
खूब रोये थे। वे उन्ह� अपने से दूर नह� करना चाहते थे। इसी तरह उनक� माताजी, चाचीजी और बहन क� भी इच्छा थ� िक वे
प�रवार म� रहकर ही अपना काम कर�। आंदोलन म� कब क्या हो जाएँ सभी को इस बात का डर था।

e s
(ख) गोखलेजी ने ‘सरव�ट्स ऑफ इ�िडया सोसाइटी’ क� स्थापना क� थी। इसका उद्देश्य लोगो को स्वं�ता क� संबंध म� जाग�क करना

ic
और उन्ह� स्वतं�ता आंदोलन म� भागीदारी क� िलए तैयार करना था। इसका मुख्य कायर् राष्�ीय िमशन�रय� को भारत क� सेवा क�

rv
िलए �िशिक्षत करना और भारतीय लोग� क� सच्चे िहत� को बढ़ावा देना था। अत: गोखलेजी को इस कायर् ह�तु होनहार युवक� क�
ज़�रत थी। Se
(ग) राज�� बाबू बह�त ही सरल और गंभीर �क�ित क� व्य�क्त थे। वह सभी को िनमर्ल भाव से िमलते थे। उनक� सरलता म� ज्ञान-गा�रमा
n
io

भी छ�पी रहती थी। स्वाभािवक सरलता क� कारण वह अपने ज्ञान-वैभव का �भाव �ित�ष्ठत नह� करते थे। उनका व्य�क्तत्व
at

सादगी, सेवा, त्याग और देशभ�क्त क� गुण� से प�रपूणर् था।

uc

सृजन संसार
Ed

उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�।

भाषा क� दुिनया
a
di

उत्तर 1. (क) अिवश्वास (ख) अनादर (ग) अवगुण (घ) अिनच्छा

In

(ङ) दुभार्ग्य (च) अ�ितष्ठा (छ) अनुदार (ज) शैतान/असाधु/पाखंडी

on

उत्तर 2. (क) चल िनकलना – सफल होना

rs

(ख) पानी फ�रना – बरबाद कर देना

a
Pe

(ग) कोहराम मचाना – रोना-पीटना

(घ) काम म� उतरना – काम करना
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(ङ) फ�ट-फ�ट कर रोना – बह�त रोना

(च) िहम्मत ट�टना – िनराश होना
(छ) पटरी पर आना – िबगड़ा काम िफर से बनना
(ज) र�ग चढ़ना – �भाव पड़ना
उत्तर 3. (क) �ितष्ठा (ख) परमेश्वर
(ग) �ीक�ष्ण (घ) सरस्वती
(ङ) िवश्वास (च) प�र�स्थित

24 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 24 1/24/2023 1:47:03 PM

 भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. (क) संज्ञा
(ख) �िवशेषण
(ग) ि�या
(घ) समुच्चयबोधक
उत्तर 2. िदख + आवट – िदखावट सवर्जन + इक – सावर्जािनक
सज + आवट – सजावट समाज + इक – सामािजक
िलख + आवट – िलखावट प�रभाषा + इक – पा�रभािषक

d.
बन + आवट – बनावट अथर् + इक – आिथर्क

Lt
उत्तर 3. (क) जानकारी – ज् + आ + न् + अ + क� + आ + र् + ई

t.
(ख) वकालत – व् + अ + क� + आ + ल् + अ + त् + अ

Pv
(ग) मुलाकात – म् + उ + ल् + आ + क� + आ + त् + अ

s
(घ) साधारण – स् + आ + ध् + आ + र् + अ + ण् + अ

e
ic
(ङ) आकाशवाणी – आ + क� + आ + श् + अ + व् + आ + ण् + ई

rv
भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�। Se
n
खेल खेल म�
io
at

उत्तर– राष्�ीय फ�ल – कमल

uc

राष्�ीय फल – आम
Ed

राष्�गान – जन गण मन
a

ितर�गे का नीला च� – अशोक

di

राष्�ीय पेड़ – बरगद

In

राष्�ीय पशु – बाघ

on

राष्�ीय गीत – वन्दे मातरम

rs

राष्�ीय ध्वज – ितर�गा

a
Pe

26 जनवरी – गणतं� िदवस

राष्�ीय नदी – गंगा
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राष्�ीय मु�ा – �पया

क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 25

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 25 1/24/2023 1:47:03 PM

 पाठ का उद्देश्य
�स्तुत पाठ का उद्देश्य पुस्तक संस्क�ित को बढ़ावा देना ह�। पुस्तक ज्ञान क� वह िखड़क� ह� जो हमे संसार क� बार� म� बताती ह�। पुस्तक� का
अध्ययन हम� िचंतन-मनन करना िसखाता ह�, जो हमार� लेखन कौशल को बढ़ाता ह�। हमारी रचनात्मकता को एक नया आयाम देता ह�। हम किवता,
कहानी, लेख� आिद क� द्वारा अपने िवचार� को �कट करते ह�।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� पर बातचीत कर�। संभािवत उत्तर� पर चचार् भी कर�।
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।

d.
इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को किहए।

Lt
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

t.
ठहरकर सोच�

Pv
उत्तर 1. िसव अपनी उदासी का कारण स्वयं नह� जान पा रही थी। जब वह उदास होती तो घर क� सबसे छोट� कमर� क� िपछली िखड़क� क� पास

s
जाकर बैठ जाती थी। शायद िसव क� उदासी का कारण उसका अक�लापन रहा होगा।

e
ic
उत्तर 2. िसव को िलखने क� िलए कोई िवषय नह� सूझ रहा था। उसक� माँ ने कहा िक जो भी देखती-सुनती और सोचती हो, उसे ही िलख दो।

rv
लेिकन िसव दैिनक ि�या� को िलखना लेखन नह� मानती थी। इसिलए वह असमंजस म� थी िक िलखने क� शु�आत क�से कर�।
अवसर बातचीत का Se
n
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�।
io

उत्तर 2. (संक�त– हम इस बात से पूणर्तः सहमत ह�। आजकल बच्चे पुस्तक� से वास्तव म� दूर होते जा रह� ह�। उनम� पुस्तक�� पढ़ने क� �िच समाप्त
at

होती जा रही ह�। बच्चे अपना अिधकांश समय मोबाइल गेम या िविडयो देखने म� िबताते ह�। यह बह�त ही दुख क� बात ह�।)
uc

उत्तर 3. (संक�त– मुझे छ�ट्टी क� िदन अपने िपताजी क� साथ घर क� आँगन म� लगे पौध� क� साफ़-सफ़ाई करना अच्छा लगता ह�। मुझे फ�ल बह�त
Ed

अच्छ� लगते ह�। हमने अपने घर म� तरह-तरह क� फ�ल� क� पौधे लगाए ह�ए ह�।)
a

उत्तर 4. छा� स्वयं कर�।

di

समझ क� उड़ान
In

उत्तर 1. (क) िखड़क� क� पास (ख) िटकट-सं�ह (ग) माँ क� (घ) िसव का
on

उत्तर 2. (क) 6 (ख) 2 (ग) 4 (घ) 1 (ङ) 5 (च) 8 (छ) 3 (ज) 7

a rs

उत्तर 3. छा� स्वय कर�।

Pe

कलम से
©

उत्तर 1. (क) िसव जब कभी उदास होती थी तो वह सबसे छोट� कमर� क� िपछली िखड़क� क� पास बैठती थी।
(ख) िसव ने एक पि�का म� िकसी लेिखका क� िलखने का कमर� का िच� देखा। उस िच� म� करीने से सजी िकताब�, पुराना
टाइपराइटर, मह�गा फाउ�ट�न पेन, क�छ कागज़, क�स�, सोफ़�, लकड़ी का ट�बल ल�प और कई िच� थे। इसक� अलावा बड़ी-बड़ी
िखड़िकय� क� सामने एक लेिखका सज-धजकर इठलाती ह�ई बैठी ह�। बस उसी िदन से िसव ने लेिखका बनने क� ठान ली थी।
(ग) िसव ने िलखने से पहले िज़द करक� अपना कमरा सजाया। सुंदर-सी ट�बल-क�स� लाई। हल्क� नीले र�ग क� पद� बनवाए। छोटी-सी
िकताब� क� अलमारी गढ़वाई। स्याही वाला पेन िलया और िफर िलखने क� िलए सुंदर सफ़�द कागज़ मेज़ पर रखे।
(घ) िसव ने जब िलखना शु� िकया तो सबसे पहले माँ क� बार� म� िलखा। वह माँ क� परछाई क� बार� म� िलखते-िलखते, जो काम माँ
िदनभर करती ह� उन्ह� भी साथ-साथ िलखने लगी। िलखते ह�ए उसे लगा िक माँ बह�त काम करती ह�।

28 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 28 1/24/2023 1:47:04 PM

 (ङ) डािकया िसव का घर अच्छी तरह जानता था क्य�िक वह अकसर उसक� िपता क� नाम का पासर्ल देता था। लेिकन िसव क� नाम
आए बड़� पासर्ल को देखकर वह �म म� पड़ गया था। उसे यक�न नह� हो रहा था िक यह पासर्ल िसव का ह� और वह िसव का
नाम नह� जनता था इसिलए उसने स्वयं को मूखर् कहा था।
उत्तर 2. (क) िसव को लगा िक उसक� वही िकताब छपकर आई ह� जो क�छ उसने उन सफ़�द कागज़� पर िलखा था। उसक� पुस्तक म� कई
िच� थे। एक िच� म� वह िततिलय� क� साथ उड़ रही थी। उसक� पुस्तक ट�बल पर रखी थी। उसका कमरा िबलक�ल उस
लेिखका क� कमर� जैसा था। फोटो म� िसव अपनी िकताब� क� अलमारी क� सामने रखे दीवान पर इठलाये ह�ए बैठी थी।
(ख) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– म� बड़� होकर अध्यापक बनना चाहता ह�� क्य�िक मुझे पढ़ने म� बह�त आनंद आता ह�। मुझे ऐसा लगता
ह� िक एक अच्छा अध्यापक हज़ार� बच्च� को ज्ञान बाँटकर उन्ह� एक अच्छा नाग�रक बनाता ह� तािक वे देश क� स्वािभमान म�
अपना सहयोग दे सक��। मेर� अध्यापक बनने का एक कारण यह भी ह� िक ज्ञान बाँटने से और बढ़ता ह�। अत: मेरा उद्देश्य ह� िक
म� भी बड़ा होकर सभी बच्च� को िनस्वाथर् भाव से ज्ञान �दान क��।)

d.
(ग) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– मेर� प�रवार म� मेरी माताजी क� महत्व क� बार� म� शब्द� म� बताना बह�त ही मु�श्कल ह�। मेरी माताजी

Lt
हमार� प�रवार क� रीढ़ ह�। वह सुबह पाँच बजे से रात दस बजे तक अनेक कायर् करती रहती ह�। �ात: उठकर हम दोन� भाई-

t.
बहन को तैयार कर स्क�ल भेजना, समय पर हमार� भोजन का ध्यान देना, िपताजी का लंच तैयार करना और उनक� सामान को

Pv
व्यव�स्थत करक� रखना। दादा-दादीजी को िनयिमत �प से दवाइयाँ देना। उन्ह� समयानुसार भोजन देना। इसक� साथ ही घर क�
साफ़-सफ़ाई करना। घर म� आने वाले अितिथय� क� सेवा जमकर करना। म� मानता ह�� िक हमार� िलए इतना सब क�छ करते ह�ए

s
भी वह सदा मुसकराती रहती ह�। अत: म� कह सकता ह�� िक मेरी माताजी �शंसनीय ह�।)

e
ic
सृजन संसार

rv
उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�।
भाषा क� दुिनया
Se
n
io

अथर् क� खोज म�
at

उत्तर 1. (क) जान – मालूम �ाण

uc

(ख) �ाप्त – िनकट उत्तीणर्

Ed

(ग) फ�ल – पुष्प फ�लना (ि�या)

a

(घ) पर – पंख ऊपर

di

(ङ) मान – आदर मानना (ि�या)

In

उत्तर 2. (क) भूिम (ख) नर�श (ग) घुटना (घ) कमरा (ङ) उल्लास
on

उत्तर 3. (क) समीर रोज़-रोज़ पाक� जाता ह�।

rs

(ख) मोिहनी सदा बड़ी-बड़ी बात� करती ह�।

a
Pe

(ग) मीता स�ब्ज़य� को अलग-अलग कर रही थी।

(घ) रोहन ज़ोर-ज़ोर से दरवाज़ा बजा रहा था।
©

भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. बड़ी छाया काली छाया छोटी छाया
उत्तर 2. ि�या संज्ञा
(क) पढ़ना – पढ़
(ख) काटना – काट

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 29

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 29 1/24/2023 1:47:04 PM

 (ग) पलटना – पलट
(घ) करना – कर
उत्तर 3. (क) और (ख) िक (ग) और (घ) और (ङ) िक
भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर (क) अंतद�शीय प� – यह प� क�वल भारत म� ही संचरण िकया जाता ह�।
(ख) मास्टर काड� – इसका �योग संदेश िलखने क� िलए िकया जाता ह�।
(ग) िलफ़ाफ़ा – इसका �योग चपटी वस्तु को ढकने या लपेटने क� िलए िकया जाता ह�।
(घ) डाक-िडब्बा – इसका उपयोग डाक लाने और ले जाने क� िलए िकया जाता ह�।

d.
(ङ) डािकया – डािकए का कायर् डाक को एक स्थान से दूसर� स्थान तक पह��चाने का होता ह�।

Lt
खेल-खेल म�

t.
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Pv
क�छ नया कर�

e s
प�रयोजना कायर्

ic
rv
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
on
a rs
Pe
©

30 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 30 1/24/2023 1:47:05 PM

 पाठ का उद्देश्य
रहीम क� दोह� का उद्देश्य यह ह� िक हम� बड़ी वस्तु देखकर छोटी वस्तु क� उपेक्षा नह� करनी चािहए क्य�िक �त्येक वस्तु क� अपनी उपयोिगता
होती ह�। रहीम क� अनुसार �ेम क� बंधन को कभी तोड़ना नह� चािहए क्य�िक एक बार जो यह ट�ट गया ह� तो दुबारा नह� जुड़ता और यिद जुड़ता ह�
तो इसम� गाँठ पड़ जाती ह�।
रहीम जी कहते ह� िक उत्तम �वृ�त्त वाले िकसी भी हाल म� उत्तम ही रहते ह�। सूरदास क� पद का अथर् यह ह� िक �भु ने अपने �प म� िवनोद-लीला
कर ली ह�। इस बाल मु�ा और माता से डरने म� उन्ह�ने भ�क्त का �ताप िदखाया ह�।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�।
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।

d.
Lt
इन दोह� और पद क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को किहए।
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

t.
Pv
ठहरकर सोच�

s
उत्तर 1. ज्ञान मानव को अंधकार से �काश क� ओर ले जाता ह�। यह िवश्व क� रहस्य� को खोजता ह�। ज्ञान स्वयं को जानने का सशक्त साधन ह�।

e
ic
इसिलए अच्छा ज्ञान भी व्यथर् हो जाता ह� जब हम उसे जानते ह�ए भी नह� अपनाते ह�।

rv
उत्तर 2. माता यशोदा �ीक�ष्ण से इसिलए नाराज़ हो गई थी क्य�िक सभी गोिपयाँ जब क�ष्ण क� िशकायत करती ह� िक उनक� लल्ला ने उनका
Se
सारा मक्खन चुरा िलया ह� तो उन्ह� यह िबलक�ल अच्छा नह� लगता था िक कोई उनक� पु� पर चोरी का आरोप लगाए।
अवसर बातचीत का
n
io

उत्तर 1. �ी क�ष्ण बचपन म� बह�त ही नटखट थे। वह अकसर नंदबाबा और माता यशोदा को तंग िकया करते थे। वे अपने सखा� क� साथ
at

गोिपय� क� घर� से माखन चुराकर खाते थे।

uc

उत्तर 2. जीवन म� नीित और उपदेश देने वाली बात� का बह�त महत्व होता ह�। इन बात� से हमार� जीवन म� साथर्कता आती ह�। इनक� उपयोग से
Ed

हम एक अच्छ� मनुष्य बन सकते ह� और स्वयं को सद्मागर् क� ओर �े�रत करते ह�। नीित क� बात� म� जो बात� कही गई ह� वह हमार�
जीवन क� सच्चाई ह�। अपने अबोध म� हम िवपक्ष �प से िकसी वस्तु को नह� देख पाते ह�। अत: नीित और उपदेश देने वाली बात� का
a

हमार� जीवन म� महतवपूणर् स्थान होता ह�।

di
In

उत्तर 3. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– हम उन्ह� �ेमपूवर्क िमल-जुलकर रहने क� िलए �े�रत कर�गे। आपस म� झगड़ने से हम समय क� बबार्दी करते
ह� और मनुष्य क� भलाई आपस म� �ेमपूवर्क रहने से ही ह�। आपस म� झगड़ना िकसी भी समस्या का समाधान नह� ह�। हम� आपस म�
on

बैठकर सद्भावपूवर्क हर समस्या का समाधान करना चािहए।)

rs

उत्तर 4. छा� स्वय कर�।

a
Pe

समझ क� उड़ान
उत्तर 1. (क) साँप (ख) धागा (ग) सुबह (घ) �ीक�ष्ण
©

उत्तर 2. (क) नह� (ख) हाँ (ग) नह� (घ) हाँ (ङ) हाँ (च) नह�
उत्तर 3. (क) जो रहीम उत्तम �क�ित, का क�र सकत क�संग।
रिहमन िबस व्यापत नह�, िलपट� रहत भुजंग।।
(ख) रिहमन देिख बड़�न को, लघु न दीिजए डा�र।
जहाँ काम आवै सुई, कहाँ कर� तरवा�र।।
(ग) रिहमन धागा �ेम का, मत तोड़ो चटकाय।
ट�ट� से िफर न जुर�, जुर� गाँठ पड़ जाय।।
© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 33

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 33 1/24/2023 1:47:06 PM

 कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) रहीम ने कहा ह� िक हम� आपस म� �ेम और सद्भाव से रहना चािहए। उनका मानना ह� िक िमल-जुलकर रहने से ही हमारा
कल्याण होता ह�। अत: हम सबको िमल-जुलकर रहने को ही �ाथिमकता देनी चािहए।
(ख) सज्जन लोग� का स्वाभाव सदा ही अच्छा होता ह�। ऐसे लोग� पर बुर� लोग� का कोई �भाव नह� पड़ता ह�। िजस �कार ज़हरीले
साँप चंदन क� वृक्ष से िलपट� रहते ह� लेिकन उनपर ज़हर का कोई �भाव नह� डाल पाते ह�, इसी �कार सज्जन लोग� पर भी बुर�
लोग अपना �भाव नह� डाल पाते ह�।
(ग) रहीम ने कहा ह� िक हम� सभी वस्तु� को महत्व देना चािहए। �त्येक वस्तु चाह� वह छोटी हो या बड़ी, सबका अपना-अपना
महत्व और उपयोग होता ह�। िजस तरह युद्ध म� तलवार का महत्व होता ह� उसी तरह वस्� बनाने म� सुई का उपयोग करते ह�।
अत: तलवार सुई का काम नह� कर सकती ह�।

d.
(घ) �ीक�ष्ण ने माता यशोदा को अपनी सफ़ाई म� अनेक मत िदए। जैसे, म� तो सुबह ही गाय� चराने चले गया था, मेर� तो हाथ भी

Lt
छोट�-छोट� ह�, म� तो साँझ म� ही घर आया ह�� आिद। उन्ह�ने अपनी माता को भोली भी कहा जो सबक� बात� म� आ जाती ह�।
(ङ) सूर क� पद से माता यशोदा क� कोमल हृदय क� बार� म� पता चलता ह�। सूरदास ने यशोदा को ना�रयल क� तरह िदखाया ह� जो बाहर

t.
Pv
से कठोर और अंदर से नमर् िदल ह�। वह गोिपका� क� बात� सुनकर �ोधवश क�ष्ण को डाँटती अवश्य ह� लेिकन क�ष्ण क� बात�
सुनकर उन्ह� तुर�त गले से भी लगा लेती ह�। सूरदास ने यशोदा क� माध्यम से वात्सल्य क� भाव को उजागर िकया ह�।

e s
उत्तर 2. (क) हम� आपस म� िमल-जुलकर रहना चािहए। आपस म� िमलकर रहने से हम� कई लाभ होते ह�। जैसे, हम पर�शानी म� दूसर� को मदद

ic
ले सकते ह�। िकसी भी काम म� अपने िम�� या आसपास क� लोग� क� सहायता ले सकते ह�। आपस म� िमल-जुलकर रहने से �ेम

rv
और सौहादर् बढ़ता ह�। अत: हम सभी को िमल-जुलकर रहना चािहए।
Se
(ख) सज्जन व्य�क्त सदा दूसर� का सम्मान करता ह�। वह हर प�र�स्थित म� धीरज रखने वाला, �मशील और सत्पु�ष� का संग करने
वाला होता ह�। वह बह�त ही अनुशािसत होता ह� और अपने सभी कायर् समय अनुसार करता ह�।
n
io

(ग) �स्तुत पाठ म� रहीम क� दोह� और सूरदास जी का पद ह�। दोह� या पद नीितपरक और उपदेश देने वाले होते ह�। यह हम� जीवन
at

जीने का सलीका िसखाते ह�। इनक� सीख को जीवन म� उतारने से हमारा जीवन िन�श्चत तौर पर सुखमय बनता ह�। ये छोट� होते
uc

ह�ए भी िज़ंदगी क� बड़ी-से-बड़ी समस्या का हल बता देते ह�। इसिलए पाठ का नाम अनमोल मोती रखा गया ह� क्य�िक ये दोह�
और पद भी िकसी मोती से कम नह� होते ह�। िजस �कार मोती अनमोल होता ह� उसी �कार दोह� या पद भी हमार� िलए अनमोल
Ed

मोती क� समान ह� जो हमे संकट क� समस्या रास्ता िदखाते ह�।

a

सृजन संसार
di
In

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

भाषा क� दुिनया
on
rs

अथर् क� खोज म�
a

उत्तर 1. (क) मेरी – मोरी (ख) मक्खन – माखन

Pe

(ग) िविध – िबिध (घ) भोली – भोरी

©

(ङ) िवष – िबस (च) तलवार – तरवा�र

उत्तर 2. (क) �ेम – प्यार, स्नेह
(ख) उत्तम – �ेष्ठ, बिढ़या
(ग) भुजंग – साँप, नाग
(घ) लघु – छोटा, सू�म
(ङ) मैया – माँ, जननी
(च) साँझ – शाम, संध्या

34 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 34 1/24/2023 1:47:06 PM

 भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. (क) आई पाई खाई जाई
(ख) डोली बोली गोली झोली
(ग) राजा बाजा ताजा खाजा
(घ) कच्चा सच्चा बच्चा गच्चा
उत्तर 2. (क) भोर, भयो मधुबन, मोिह
(ख) बालक, बिहयन छोट�, छ�क�
(ग) मैया, मोरी, माखन

d.
भाषा का र�ग

Lt
उत्तर – (क) खड़ी बोली – शाम होने पर घर आया ह��।

t.
(ख) खड़ी बोली – माँ, तुम मन से बह�त भोली ह�।

Pv
(ग) खड़ी बोली – मुझे जंगले भेज देती हो।

e s
खेल खेल म�

ic
उत्तर– ऊपर से नीचे बाएँ से दाएँ

rv
मक्खन
ग्वाल बाल
मधुवन
शाम
Se
n
io

रहीम भोली
at

माता यशोदा
uc

दान रहीम
Ed

यश दाम
a

शोर ताला
di

क�छ नया कर�

In

प�रयोजना कायर्
on

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

a rs
Pe
©

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 35

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 35 1/24/2023 1:47:06 PM

 • िशवराि� क� िदन मॉरीशस क� िहन्दू लोग कौन-से वस्� पहनते ह�?
• मॉरीशस क� एक पूर� मोहल्ले का नाम क्या ह�?
• मॉरीशस म� अिधकांश भारत क� लोग िकस राज्य क� लोग रहते ह�?
• मॉरीशस म� िकसक� खेती होती ह�?
अंत म� छा�� क� �िति�या जान�—
• आपको पाठ क�से लगा?
• क्या आपको दूर देश क� या�ा करना पसंद ह�?
• छा�� क� सभी उत्तर उदारतापूवर्क स्वीकार कर�।

d.
• छा�� क� काय� क� �शंसा कर�।

Lt
पाठ का उद्देश्य

t.
Pv
इस पाठ का उद्देश्य भारतीय संस्क�ित और सभ्यता का महत्व दशार्ना ह�। भारत क� उत्तर �देश और िबहार क� वे लोग िजनक� पूवर्ज काम करने
मॉरीशस गए थे, क�छ साल� बाद वे वह� बस गए। यहाँ क� राजकाज क� भाषा अं�ेजी थी। िक�तु भारत क� इन लोग� ने अपने पूवर्ज� क� िवरासत को

s
बचाए रखा। इन्ह�ने भारतीय संस्क�ित का िवस्तार िकया। मॉरीशस म� िशवालय� का िनमार्ण करवाया। यहाँ क� भारतीय लोग� क� घर म� रामायण का

e
पाठ होता ह�। भोजपुरी यहाँ क� दूसरी जनभाषा ह�। इन्ह� सब िवशेषता� का वणर्न कर लेखक ने इसे छोटा िह�दुस्तान कहा ह�।

ic
rv
पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�। Se
n
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।
io
at

पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।

uc

इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को कह�।

Ed

अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)
ठहरकर सोच�
a
di

उत्तर 1. मॉरीशस म� 67 �ितशत भारतीय मूल क� लोग ह�। उन्ह� भारतीय संस्क�ित और सभ्यता से बह�त प्यार ह�। उन्ह�ने भारत क� पर�परा� को
In

जीिवत रखा ह�आ ह�। इसिलए उन्ह�ने वहाँ क� स्थान� क� नाम भारत क� जगह से िमलते-जुलते रखे ह�।
on

उत्तर 2. लेखक क� कहने का अिभ�ाय यह ह� िक जब वे नेशनल पाक� म� शेर� को देखने गए तब वहाँ सात-आठ शेर लेट� ह�ए थे। उन्ह� आठ-दस
rs

मोटर� घेरकर खड़ी थ�। लेिकन शेर� ने उनक� तरफ़ िबलक�ल भी नह� देखा। लेखक ने कहा िक मुझे ऐसा लगा क� शेर� क� नज़र म� हम
a

तुच्छ से भी तुच्छ �ाणी हो।

Pe

उत्तर 3. छा� स्वयं कर�।

©

उत्तर 4. छा� स्वयं कर�।

अवसर बातचीत का
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– मॉरीशस क� भारतीय मूल क� ल�ग� ने अपने पूवर्ज� से िमले संस्कार� का यथावत पालन िकया ह�। उनक� घर�
म� रामयण पाठ होना या वहाँ सभी िह�दू त्योहार� को हष�ल्लास क� साथ मनाना इस बात का �तीक ह� िक भारतीय मूल क� लोग आज भी,
वहाँ रहते ह�ए भी अपने देश क� संस्क�ित से जुड़� ह�ए ह�।)
उत्तर 2. हम� स्वछता को बनाए रखने क� िलए नािलय� क� गंदगी, निदय� क� आसपास जमा क�ड़ा निदय� म� नह� फ��कना चािहए। सड़क� क�
सफ़ाई करनी चािहए। सरकारी संस्थान�, स्क�ल� और घर� म� स्वच्छता बनाए रखने क� िलए लोग� को िशिक्षत बनाना चािहए। स्वच्छता
पखवाड़ा अिभयान क� माध्यम से लोग� को स्वच्छता क� �ित िज़म्मेदार बनाना चािहए।

38 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 38 1/24/2023 1:47:08 PM

 उत्तर 3. छा� स्वयं कर�।
समझ क� उड़ान
उत्तर 1. (क) भारत (ख) नैरोबी (ग) िह�द महासागर म� (घ) अं�ेजी (ङ) ईख
उत्तर 2. (क) सही (ख) सही (ग) गलत (घ) सही (ङ) गलत
उत्तर 3. (क) परी तालाब (ख) गाँधी टोपी (ग) श्वेत (घ) परी तालाब (ङ) मॉरीशस को
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) मॉरीशस म� रहने वाले अिधकांश लोग िबहार और उत्तर �देश से संबंध रखते ह�। उनक� मातृभाषा भोजपुरी ह�। इसिलए यहाँ क�
अिधकतर लोग भोजपुरी बोलते ह�।

d.
(ख) लेखक को ऐसा इसिलए लगा क्य�िक जब वे पह��चे तो वहाँ सात-आठ शेर लेट� या सो रह� थे। लेिकन आश्चयर् क� बात यह थी

Lt
िक उन शेर� म� से िकसी एक ने भी उन लोग� क� ओर नज़र उठाकर नह� देखा। इसिलए लेखक का मानना था िक मानो शेर
उन्ह� तुच्छ समझ रह� थे।

t.
Pv
(ग) लेखक क� बात� से मालूम होता ह� िक नैरोबी का नेशनल पाक� िचिड़याघर नह� ह�। यह शहर से बाहर बह�त बड़ा जंगल ह� िजसम�
पेड़ कम और घास अिधक ह�। जंगल म� सभी तरफ़ अच्छी सड़क�� िबछी ह�ई ह�। पयर्टक यहाँ आराम से गािड़याँ चलाते ह�।

e s
(घ) मॉरीशस द्वीप भूमध्य र�खा से कोई 20 अंश द�क्खन और देशांतर र�खा 60 अंश क� िबल्क�ल पास ह� िक�तु उससे प�श्चम क�

ic
ओर बसा ह�आ ह�। मॉरीशस क� अिधकतम लंबाई 47 िकलोमीटर और चौड़ाई लगभाग 48 िकलोमीटर ह�। मॉरीशस द्वीप का

rv
क्षे�फल लगभग 1150 वगर् िकलोमीटर ह�।
Se
उत्तर 2. (क) लेखक ने भारतीय संस्क�ित को िचरायु इसिलए कहा ह� क्य�िक भारतीय� ने मॉरीशस म� रहकर अनेक अत्याचार सह� ह� लेिकन
कभी भी िकसी �लोभन म� नह� फ�से। उन्ह�ने अपनी संस्क�ित और धमर् को सदा बचाए रखा और जहाँ भी गए वहाँ एक छोटा-सा
n
io

िह�दुस्तान बना डाला।

at

(ख) जब लेखक मॉरीशस पह��चा तो रात क� लगभग दस बज रह� थे। उस समय वहाँ बह�त अँधेरा था और बा�रश हो रही थी। लेिकन
uc

िफर भी लेखक और उनक� सािथय� क� स्वागत म� वहाँ बह�त-से लोग खड़� था। हवाई अड्ड� क� स्वागत का दृश्य देखकर ही
Ed

लेखक ने कहा िक हम जहाँ आए ह�, वह एक छोटा-सा भारत ही ह�। यह द्वीप िह�द महासागर का मोती ह� और भारत समु� का
वह सबसे खूबसूरत िसतारा ह�।
a

(ग) अपनी या�ा� क� अनुभव अपनी डायरी या नोटबुक म� िलखने का मुख्य कारण अपनी स्मृितय� को संजोकर रखना ह�। डायरी
di

िलखने वाले लोग अकसर अपनी भावना� को िलखकर �कट करना पसंद करते ह�। यिद हम अपनी भाषा म� सुधार करना
In

चाहते ह� तो डायरी िलखना सबसे अच्छा माध्यम ह�। डायरी लेखन सािहत्य क� एक �मुख िवधा ह�।
on

(घ) भारत और मॉरीशस क� बीच संबंध सन् 1730 म� शु� ह�ए थे। दोन� देश� क� बीच सांस्क�ितक और ऐितहािसक संबंध मज़बूत
rs

और सौहादर्पूणर् ह�। मॉरीशस क� 67 �ितशत से अिधक आबादी भारतीय मूल क� ह� िजसे 'भारतीय-मा�रसक्षी' कहा जाता ह�।
a

अत: दोन� देश� क� बीच मधुर संबंध ह�।

Pe

सृजन संसार
©

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

भाषा क� दुिनया
अथर् क� खोज म�
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 39

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 39 1/24/2023 1:47:08 PM

 उत्तर 2. शब्द िवलोम उिचत अथर्
(क) ज़्यादा कम अिधक
(ख) रात िदन राि�
(ग) शाम सुबह संध्या
(घ) खूबसूरत बदसूरत सुंदर
(ङ) इच्छा अिनच्छा कामना
(च) सफलता असफलता कामयाबी
(छ) सूयार्स्त सूय�दय सायंकाल

d.
उत्तर 3. (क) �ाम – गाँव (ख) सूयर् – सूरज

Lt
(ग) समु� – समंदर (घ) क्षे� – खेत

t.
(ङ) द�क्खन – दिक्षण (च) वषार् – बरखा

Pv
भाषा क� समझ

s
उत्तर 1. पु�ल्लंग स्�ीिलंग पु�ल्लंग स्�ीिलंग

e
ic
�ाणवान �ाणवती �ीमान �ीमती

rv
बलवान बलवती बुद्िधमान बुद्िधमती
गुणवान गुणवती आयुष्मान Se
आयुष्मती
n
io

उत्तर 2. (क) और (ख) मगर (ग) जहाँ (घ) िक

at

(ङ) और (च) िक (छ) िक, और

uc

उत्तर 3. (क) भारत – भ् + आ + र् + अ + त् + अ

Ed

(ख) महासागर – म् + अ + ह् + आ + स् + आ + ग् + अ + र् + अ
a

(ग) िसतारा – स् + इ + त् + आ + र् + आ
di

(घ) भोजपुरी – भ् + ओ + ज् + अ + प् + उ + र् + ई
In

(ङ) रामायण – र् + आ + म् + आ + य् + अ + ण् + अ
on

भाषा क� र�ग
rs

उत्तर– (क) देश (ख) मेर� (ग) पिथक (घ) कोतवाल

a
Pe

खेल-खेल म�
©

उत्तर– (क) पोट� लुई (ख) अं�ेजी (ग) मॉ�रिशयाई (घ) मदरल�ड
(ङ) डोडो (च) सेगा (छ) ��योल
क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

40 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 40 1/24/2023 1:47:08 PM

 • क्या आप भी िनमर्ला क� तरह रटकर पढ़ते ह�?
• छा�� को �ोत्सािहत कर�।
• छा�� क� सभी उत्तर उदारतापूवर्क स्वीकार कर�।
• छा�� क� कायर् क� �शंसा कर�।

पाठ का उद्देश्य
इस पाठ का उद्देश्य यह ह� िक हम� पढ़ाई क� साथ-साथ अपने स्वास्थ्य का भी ध्यान रखना चािहए। अतः हम� खेलना और घूमना भी चािहए
क्य�िक एक स्वस्थ शरीर म� ही स्वस्थ म�स्तष्क का िनवास होता ह�। बच्च� को रटने क� आदत कभी नह� डालनी चािहए क्य�िक रटने से बच्चे पाठ
क� आलावा िकसी भी चीज़ का अध्ययन करने म� �िच नह� रखते ह�।

d.
पाठ क� बाद

Lt
अध्यापक पाठ पर आध�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�।

t.
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।

Pv
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।

s
इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को कह�।

e
ic
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदार्िशर्का)

rv
ठहकर सोच�
Se
उत्तर 1. िनमर्ला को हमेशा फ�ल होने का डर रहता था। लेिकन वह पाठ को समझने क� जगह रटने म� िवश्वास रखती थी। रटने क� कारण ही वह
n
सही तरीक� से �श्न� क� उत्तर याद नह� कर पाती थी।
io
at

उत्तर 2. आजकल क� बच्च� पर �ाथिमक कक्षा से ही पढ़ाई का बोझ पड़ा ह�आ ह�। बच्च� को कई-कई िवषय� क� पढ़ाई करनी पड़ती ह�। स्क�ल
uc

से आकर ही बच्चे अपना होमवक� करने म� जुट जाते ह�। अतः बच्च� को बह�त थकान हो जाती ह�। इसिलए उन्ह� खेल-क�द का मौका
बह�त ही कम िमल पाता ह�।
Ed

उत्तर 3. रटा ह�आ ज्ञान हािनकारक होता ह� क्य�िक पाठ को मूल �प से समझे िबना क�वल �श्न� क� उत्तर याद करना मूल ज्ञान नह� ह�। रटने पर
a

बच्चा िबना समझे बस पढ़ता जाता ह�। रट� ह�ए ज्ञान क� कारण बच्चा अकसर िकसी �श्न का उत्तर अन्य �श्न म� दे देता ह�, िजससे वह
di

परीक्षा म� कई दफ़ा फ�ल भी हो जाता ह�।

In

अवसर बातचीत का
on

उत्तर 1. हम उसे समझाय�गे िक एक स्वस्थ शरीर म� स्वस्थ म�स्तष्क का िनवास होता ह�। िनर�तर पढ़ते रहने से हमारा शरीर अस्वस्थ हो सकता
rs

ह�। हमारी आँख� कमज़ोर हो सकती ह�। एक अच्छ� िवद्याथ� क� िलए पढ़ाई क� साथ-साथ खेल-क�द और मनोर�जन भी बह�त ज़�री ह�।
a

िवद्याथ� का शारी�रक और मानिसक िवकास होना चािहए तभी वह भिवष्य म� सफलता पा सकता ह�।
Pe

उत्तर 2. मेरा िवचार ह� िक शायद उनको फ�ल होने का डर बना रहता होगा या उनको लगता होगा िक वह पाठ सही तरीक� से याद नह� कर पा
©

रह� ह�। इसी कारण वे रट�त िवद्या क� द्वारा ही हमेशा पढ़ाई म� लगे रहते ह�।
उत्तर 3. नह�। हम� िकसी भी बच्चे क� ज्ञान का मज़ाक नह� उड़ाना चािहए। लड़िकय� का िनमर्ला पर ह�सना िबलक�ल अनुिचत था। हम� िनमर्ला
जैसे बच्च� को िम� बनाकर उनको पढ़ाई क� तरीक� िसखाने चािहए। उन्ह� पढ़ाई से डरना नह� ब�ल्क उससे �ेम करना सीखाना चािहए।
इसक� साथ ही उन्ह� खेल� और योग का महत्व भी समझाना चािहए।
उत्तर 4. छा� स्वयं कर�।
उत्तर 5. िवद्याथ� को स्वयं को स्वस्थ रखने क� िलए अपनी साफ़-सफ़ाई का ध्यान रखना चािहए। उन्ह� अपनी ऐसी िदनचयार् बनानी चािहए
िजसम� �ितिदन सुबह और शाम क� सैर शािमल हो। उन्ह� कम-से-कम एक घंटा अवश्य खेलना चािहए। उन्ह� फ़ास्ट �ड से दूर रहना
चािहए और घर म� बना पौ�ष्टक भोजन ही खाना चािहए।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 43

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 43 1/24/2023 1:47:09 PM

 समझ क� उड़ान
उत्तर 1. (क) मालती (ख) मुकदमा (ग) अध्यािपका जी (घ) अमे�रका क� (ङ) िशमला
उत्तर 2. िकसने कहा िकससे कहा
(क) मालती ने – क�सुम से
(ख) लता ने – क�सुम से
(ग) मालती ने – लता से
(घ) लता ने – मालती से
(ङ) क�सुम – मालती से

d.
(च) सुलेखा ने – मुख्याध्यािपका से

Lt
(छ) मुख्याध्यािपका ने – िनमर्ला से

t.
(ज) िनमर्ला ने – मुख्याध्यािपका से

Pv
उत्तर 3. (क) एकांक� (ख) िवष्णु �भाकर (ग) छह (घ) सुलेखा ने

s
कलम से

e
ic
उत्तर 1. (क) िनमर्ला िदनभर बस अपना पाठ रटती रहती थी। यहाँ तक क� िवद्यालय म� आधी छ�ट्टी क� समय भी उसक� हाथ म� पुस्तक रहती

rv
थी। वह न तो खेलती थी और न ही घर क� काम करती थी। रात को भी अकसर वह सोते-सोते पाठ रटने लगती थी।
Se
(ख) सुलेखा ने िनमर्ला को भीमसेनी कहने का कारण यह बताया िक भीमसेनी का अथर् बलवान होता ह�। लेिकन सभी लड़िकयाँ
n
सुलेखा को दुबली-पतली होने क� कारण मज़ाक म� भीमसेनी कहती थी।
io

(ग) िनमर्ला मुख्याध्यािपका को सभी �श्न� क� उत्तर गलत दे रही थी, इसपर सभी लड़िकयाँ उसपर ह�स रही थ�। इस कारण िनमर्ला
at

रोने लगी।
uc

(घ) मुख्याध्यािपका ने िनमर्ला को यह सज़ा सुनाई िक तुम तीन महीने तक िकताब� को हाथ नह� लगाओगी। अपनी सारी पुस्तक��
Ed

उनक� पास जमा करा द� और इस दौरान िकसी पहाड़ी स्थान पर घूमने जाए। वहाँ से लौटकर �ितिदन एक घंटा घूमे और दो घंट�
खेले।
a
di

उत्तर 2. (क) िदन-रात पढ़ने पर भी िनमर्ला सही उत्तर नह� दे पा रही थी क्य�िक उसका िवश्वास पाठ को समझने क� जगह रटने म� था। रट�
In

ह�ए ज्ञान क� कारण �श्न� क� उत्तर उसे पूरी तरह से याद नह� थे और वे गलत उत्तर दे रही थी।
on

(ख) इसका मुख्य कारण यह था िक लगातार पढ़ाई क� कारण िनमर्ला िदन�िदन कमज़ोर होती जा रही थी। उसे पढ़ाई का डर बना
रहता था। मुख्याध्यािपका ने उसक� िगरते स्वास्थ्य को देखते ह�ए उसे क�छ िदन� क� िलए िकसी पहाड़ी स्थान पर घूमने क� िलए
rs

कहा था तािक वे �क�ित का आनंद उठा सक�। उसक� शारी�रक और मानिसक िवकास क� िलए ही मुख्याध्यािपका ने उसे िकताब�
a
Pe

से दूर रहने को कहा था।

(ग) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त- म� िनमर्ला को पढ़ाई करने का सही तरीका बताऊ�गी। म� उसे स्वस्थ रहने क� लाभ बताऊ�गी। उसे खेल�
©

और योग का महत्व बताऊ�गी। म� उसे स्वस्थ रखने क� िलए उसक� मदद हमेशा क��गी।
(घ) इस एकांक� से हम� यह सीख िमलती ह� िक हम� कभी भी अपना पाठ रटना नह� चािहए। हम� पढ़ाई क� साथ-साथ खेलना भी
चािहए तािक हम शारी�रक तौर पर मज़बूत बन सक��। हम� मानिसक उन्नित क� साथ शारी�रक उन्नित करनी भी आवश्यक ह�।
िशक्षा और खेल िवद्यािथर्य� क� िलए लाभदायक ह�।
सृजन संसार
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

44 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 44 1/24/2023 1:47:09 PM

 भाषा क� दुिनया
अथर् क� खोज म�
उत्तर 1. (क) पाठशाला – िवद्यालय
(ख) अध्यािपका – िशिक्षका
(ग) सह�ली – सखी
(घ) पवर्त – पहाड़ी
(ङ) आँख – नयन
उत्तर 2. शब्द िवलोम वाक्य

d.
स्वस्थ अस्वस्थ आजकल राक�श अस्वस्थ चल रहा ह�।

Lt
शांित अशांित सभा म� अशांित फ�ली ह�ई थी।

t.
�सन्न अ�सन्न अध्यापक इन िदन� रोहन से अ�सन्न ह�।

Pv
सत्य असत्य मयंक अपनी गलती िछपाने क� िलए असत्य बोलता ह�।

s
संतुष्ट असंतुष्ट म� अपने काम से असंतुष्ट ह��।

e
ic
उत्तर 3. (क) होिशयार × अनाड़ी

rv
(ख) बलवान × िनबर्ल
(ग)
(घ)
अपमान × मान
लाभदायक × हािनकारक
Se
n
io

(ङ) दुश्मन × दोस्त

at

(च) दंड × पुरस्कार

uc

भाषा क� समझ
Ed

उत्तर 1. (क) अिभलाषा – अ + भ् + इ + ल् + आ + ष् + आ

a

(ख) स्वागत – स् + व् + आ + ग् + अ + त् + अ
di

(ग) अंधकार – अं + ध् + अ + क� + आ + र् + अ
In

(घ) सूय�दय – स् + ऊ + र् + य् + ओ + द् + अ + य् + अ
on

उत्तर 2. (क) तो (ख) ही (ग) ही (घ) भी

rs

उत्तर 3. (क) मुख्याध्यािपका: शांत! हाँ, तो िनमर्ला, िहमालय पहाड़ कहाँ ह�?
a
Pe

(ख) लता: हाँ, वही िनमर्ला, उपनाम 'तोती’, उपनाम 'भीमसेनी’।

उत्तर 4. (क) मुख्याध्यािपका (ख) कक्षाध्यािपका (ग) मुख्याध्यापक (घ) कक्षाध्यापक
©

भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।
खेल-खेल म�
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।
क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।
© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 45

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 45 1/24/2023 1:47:10 PM

 प्यास बुझाने वाली निदय� क� मिहमा अपर�पार ह�। नदी क� िनस्वाथर् भाव से �क�ित क� सभी �ािणय� को िनस्वाथर् सेवा क� �ेरणा लेनी चािहए और
पिव� निदय� क� भाँित स्वयं को पिव� बनाना चािहए।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� पर बातचीत कर�। संभािवत उत्तर� पर भी चचार् कर�।
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।
इस किवता क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को किहए।
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

d.
ठहरकर सोच�

Lt
उत्तर 1. किव नदी क� जल क� �शंसा इसिलए कर रहा ह� क्योिक� नदी का जल सभी जीव-जंतु� क� िलए जीवनदायक ह�। गुण� से भरपूर यह

t.
जल हम सबक� िलए अमृत क� समान ह�।

Pv
उत्तर 2. धरती क� शोभा का �मुख कारण वषार् ह�। वषार् ऋतु क� आगमन पर फ�ल िखल जाते ह�। मोर नाच उठते ह� और चार� तरफ़ ह�रयाली छा

s
जाती ह�। निदय� क� कारण ही �क�ित क� शोभा बढ़ती ह�।

e
ic
अवसर बातचीत का

rv
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�।
Se
उत्तर 2. िजस �कार मानव अपने लालच क� िलए वन� को काट रहा ह� उससे वातावरण �दूिषत हो रहा ह�। इससे न िसफ़� मानव जीवन �भािवत
n
हो रहा ह� ब�ल्क तमाम जीव-जंतु भी इससे �भािवत हो रह� ह�। इस �कार मनुष्य �क�ित को नुकसान पह��चा रहा ह�।
io

उत्तर 3. हम� निदय� म� कारखान� क� उद्योग� का िवषैला �दाथर् नह� डालना चािहए। हम� नदी िकनार� कपड़� नह� धोने चािहए। मृतक पशु-पिक्षय�
at

को नदी म� नह� बहाना चािहए। शहर� का अपिशष्ट यानी क�ड़ा-कक�ट नदी म� नह� डालना चािहए। हम� नदी िकनार� साफ़-सफ़ाई रखनी
uc

चािहए।
Ed

समझ क� उड़ान
a

उत्तर 1. (क) नदी का जल (ख) धरती क� (ग) लगातार (घ) िहमालय से

di

उत्तर 2. (क) िहमिग�र क� िहम से िनकल-िनकल,

In

यह िवमल दूध-सा िहम का जल।

on

(ख) िकतना कोमल, िकतना वत्सल,

rs

र� जननी का वह अंतस्थल।
a
Pe

िजसका यह शीतल क�णा जल,

बहता रहता युग-युग अिवरल।
©

कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) निदय� का जन्म बफ़�ले पहाड़� क� बफ़� से होता ह�। जैसे िहमालय क� बफ़� से गंगा-जमुना निदय� का जन्म ह�आ।
(ख) निदया अपने उद्गमस्थल� क� आस-पास क� पहाड़ी �ांत� म� अिधक स्वच्छ इसिलए िदखाई देती ह� क्य�िक जब नदी का जल ऊ�चे
िशखर� से नीचे उतरकर पहाड़� पर िगरता रहता ह� तो आसपास भी स्वच्छता होती ह�। यह जल िदन-रात क�कड़-पत्थर� म� बहते
ह�ए पृथ्वी का तल धोता रहता ह� और पहाड़ी �ांत� क� स्थान� को भी अिधक स्वच्छ कर देता ह�।
(ग) किव ने यह नदी क� जल क� बार� म� कहा ह�। उनका कहना ह� िक इसक� िनमर्ल जल क� धारा लगातार बहती रहती ह�। इसक�
धारा बार-बार िगरती और उठती रहती ह�। इसी कारण यह जंगल म� मंगल कर देता ह� अथार्त जंगल म� सुख का संचार कर देता
ह�।
48 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 48 1/24/2023 1:47:11 PM

 (घ) नदी अपनी या�ा म� पवर्त� क� चट्टान� पर िगरती ह�। वह क�कड़� पर िदन-रात या आजीवन पैदल ही चलती रहती ह�। वह तमाम
किठनाइय� को पार करती ह�ई िनर�तर आगे बढ़ती रहती ह�।
उत्तर 2. (क) िजस �कार नदी िनस्वाथर् भाव से िनर�तर चलती ह�ई सभी �ािणय� को अपना स्वच्छ जल देती ह� उसी �कार हम� भी परोपकार
करना चािहए और सदा गितमान बने रहना चािहए।
(ख) हम� पीने-योग्य पानी और घर�लू उपयोग क� िलए पानी निदय� से ही �ाप्त होता ह�। आिथर्क दृ�ष्ट से भी निदयाँ हमार� िलए बह�त
उपयोगी ह�। उद्योग� क� िलए आवश्यक जल निदय� से ही सरलता से �ाप्त िकया जा सकता ह�। क�िष क� िलए िसंचाई ह�तु
आवश्यक पानी निदय� द्वारा �दान िकया जाता ह�। अतः हम� निदय� को बचाना चािहए।
(ग) किव ने कहा ह� िक हमारी धरती माँ का �दय यानी धरातल बह�त कोमल ह� और हम� पु�वत स्नेह �दान करने वाला ह�। माँ भारती
का यह शीतल जल तृप्त करने वाला ह�, इसिलए किव ने नदी क� जल को क�णा जल कहा ह�।
(घ) सभी लोग� को पीने का स्वच्छ पानी इसिलए नह� िमल पा रहा ह� क्य�िक बड़�-बड़� कारखान� का अपिशष्ट, रसायन� का िम�ण

d.
पानी म� छोड़ िदया जाता ह�। इसक� अत�र�क्त क�िष अपिशष्ट, रसायन, उवर्रक और क�िष म� �योग िकये जाने वाले क�टनाशक

Lt
नदी क� जल को �दूिषत करते ह�। इन्ह� साफ़ करना बह�त मु�श्कल होता ह�।

t.
Pv
भाषा क� दुिनया
अथर् क� खोज म�

e s
उत्तर 1. (क) जल – मोमबत्ती जल रही ह�।

ic
rv
जल – सािहल समीर से जल माँग रहा ह�।
(ख) तन
तन
–
–
उसक� झूठी बात� सुनकर मेर� तन म� आग लग गई।
अपनी गलती पर अजय सबक� सामने तनकर खड़ा था।
Se
n
io

(ग) मंगल – आज मंगलवार ह�।

at

मंगल – यह घड़ी बह�त मंगलदायक ह�।

uc

उत्तर 2. (क) जल – पानी नीर

Ed

(ख) िनमर्ल – साफ़ स्वच्छ

a

(ग) तन – शरीर बदन

di
In

(घ) बल – ताकत श�क्त

(ङ) जंगल – वन िवटप
on

(च) िदन – िदवा िदवस

a rs

(छ) जननी – माँ माता

Pe

उत्तर 3. (क) लघु × दीघर्

©

(ख) शीतल × उष्ण

(ग) िनमर्ल × मिलन
(घ) िवरल × अिवरल
(ङ) रजनी × िदन
(च) �ंखला × िव�ंखला
भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. (क) लघु (ख) िनमर्ल, तेज़ (ग) ऊ�चे

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 49

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 49 1/24/2023 1:47:11 PM

 उत्तर 2. (क) लगातार (ख) बार-बार (ग) अिवरल
उत्तर 3. (क) कतार् (ख) अिधकरण (ग) संबंध (घ) अपादान
भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर- आधुिनक नाम �ाचीन नाम
1. व्यास – िवपाशा
2. झेलम – िवतस्ता
3. गोमती – गोमल
4. सतलुज – शतु�ी

d.
5. रावी – प�ष्णी

Lt
खेल-खेल म�

t.
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Pv
क�छ नया कर�

e s
प�रयोजना कायर्

ic
rv
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
on
a rs
Pe
©

50 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 50 1/24/2023 1:47:11 PM

 म� �ितिष्ठत उद्योगपितय�, व्यापा�रय�, �बंधक, िनद�शक, राजनेता� आिद क� पद� पर शोभायमान ह�। अतः हम सबको अपनी भारतीयता पर गवर्
करना चािहए।

पाठ क� बाद
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�। संभािवत उत्तर� पर चचार् भी कर�।
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।
पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गीितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।
इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को कह�।
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

d.
ठहरकर सोच�

Lt
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– यिद म� �मा क� प�रवार का िहस्सा होता/होती तो म� भी उन्ह� अमे�रका जाने क� सलाह देता/देती क्य�िक �मा

t.
क� पापा को िवदेश म� अपनी योग्यता िदखाने का सुअवसर िमल रहा था।)

Pv
उत्तर 2. �मा अमे�रक� और भारतीय समय म� चक्कर खा रही थी क्य�िक अमे�रका म� समय भारत से लगभग ग्यारह घंट� पीछ� चलता ह�, जैसे

s
भारत म� शिनवार रात क� ग्यारह बजे हो, तो अमे�रका म� दोपहर क� बारह बजते ह�।

e
ic
अवसर बातचीत का

rv
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– हम ऐसे छा�� क� मदद उन्ह� िवद्यालय क� िनयम बताकर कर सकते ह�। उन्ह� सभी छा�� से िमलवाकर उनक�
Se
िहचक दूर कर सकते ह�। उनक� पढ़ाई संबंधी िकसी भी �कार क� किठनाई का समाधान कर सकते ह�। हम उनक� यथासंभव सहायता
कर सकते ह�।)
n
io

उत्तर 2. छा� स्वयं कर�।

at

उत्तर 3. छा� स्वयं कर�।

uc

समझ क� उड़ान
Ed

उत्तर 1. (क) अमे�रका म� (ख) दादाजी को (ग) डॉलर (घ) बुआ क� शादी
a

उत्तर 2. (क) सही (ख) सही (ग) गलत (घ) सही (ङ) गलत (च) गलत
di
In

उत्तर 3. (क) �मा क� पापा ह�दराबाद म� आई. टी फ़�ल्ड म� काम करते थे।
on

(ख) �मा का प�रवार भारत म� ह�दराबाद म� रहता था।

(ग) �मा रिववार क� िदन अमे�रका पह��ची थी।
a rs

(घ) सप्ताह म� दो िदन �मा क� पापा क� छ�ट्टी होती ह�।

Pe

(ङ) �मा बुआ क� शादी म� न जाने क� कारण दुखी थी।

©

उत्तर 4. छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– यह पासपोट� दफ़्तर ह�। क�छ स्�ी-पु�ष एक पं�क्त म� खड़� ह�। एक लड़क� भी अपने माता-िपता क� साथ खड़ी
ह�। ऑिफ़स म� दो कमर्चारी क�प्यूटर पर काम कर रह� ह�। पं�क्त म� खड़� लोग दफ़्तर म� वीज़ा क� िलए आए ह�।)
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) �मा क� बात� से पता चलता ह� िक वह एक बुद्िधमान और खुशिमज़ाज लड़क� ह�। वह क�छ ही िदन� म� कोई भी नया कायर्
सीख सकती ह�। उसे भारत देश क� भी याद आती ह�। उसे भारतीय शादी बह�त पसंद ह�।
(ख) �मा छ�ट्िटय� म� अपने माता-िपता क� साथ िमलकर खूब मज़ा करती ह�। वे तीन� िमलकर �ोसरी खरीदने जाते ह�। वापसी म� वे
चाटहाउस से इडली-डोसा या पाव-भाजी जैसी चटपटी चीज़ खाते ह�। शिनवार क� शाम को वे िकसी क� घर या कोई उनक� घर
आता ह�। उस िदन बह�त स्पेशल खाना बनाता ह� िजसम� खीर-पूड़ी, गाजर का हलवा, आिद व्यंजन होते ह�।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 53

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 53 1/24/2023 1:47:12 PM

 (ग) �मा को भारत और अमे�रक� अं�ेजी म� अंतर इसिलए लगा क्य�िक वहाँ फ़्लैट को अपाट�म�ट, िलफ़्ट को एिलवेटर, बाथ�म को
र�स्ट �म, िभंडी को ओकरा व ब�गन को एग प्लांट कहते ह�।
(घ) �मा क� िपता मेहनती और ईमानदार थे। वे अपना काम पूरी ईमानदारी क� साथ करते थे। इन गुण� को देखते ह�ए लगता ह� िक वे
सरल और मृदु स्वभाव क� थे।
उत्तर 2. (क) �मा क� िपता अपने माता-िपता और बड़� का आदर करते थे। जब उन्ह� अमे�रका जाने का अवसर िमला तो सबसे पहले उन्ह�ने
अपने माता-िपता और बहन क� इच्छा जाननी चाही थी। वह एक आज्ञाकारी पु� क� समान उनसे आज्ञा ले रह� थे। वे अपने
घरवाल� क� इच्छा से ही अमे�रका जाना चाहते थे।
(ख) �त्येक देश क� अपने अलग-अलग िनयम होते ह�। हम िजस भी देश म� रह�गे हम� वह� क� िनयम अपनाने ह�गे। व्य�क्त एक देश से
दूसर� देश म� आसानी से नह� आ-जा सकता क्य�िक �त्येक देश क� िनयम� को समझा नह� जा सकता ह�।
(ग) हमारा देश िवश्व का सबसे िविवध राष्� ह�। हमार� यहाँ िह�दू, मु�स्लम, िसख, ईसाई आिद सभी धम� का समावेश ह�। भारत म�

d.
िविभन्नता म� एकता क� दशर्न होते ह�। अत: भारत म� िविभन्न संस्क�ितय� का िम�ण ह�। यह दुिनया का सबसे बड़ा लोकतांि�क

Lt
देश ह�।

t.
Pv
सृजन संसार
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

e s
भाषा क� दुिनया

ic
rv
अथर् क� खोज म�
उत्तर 1. वाक्यांश शा�ब्दक अथर् Se मुहावर�दार अथर्
n
(क) फ�ला ना समाना खुश होना बह�त �सन्न होना
io

(ख) पानी िफर जाना ताज़गी आना बबार्द होना

at

(ग) घर चलाना गृहस्थी सँभालना घर खचर् चलाना

uc

(घ) चक्कर खाना िसर घूमना �िमत होना

Ed

उत्तर 2. (क) जोड़ते-घटाते – आज दुकान का िहसाब जोड़ते-घटाते मेरा तो िसर चकरा गया।
a

(ख) रात-िदन – भगवान ने रात-िदन क� अलग-अलग िनयम बनाए ह�।

di
In

(ग) सुबह-शाम – सभी को सुबह-शाम सैर पर जाना चािहए।

on

(घ) आगे-पीछ� – सेठ धमर्दास क� पास अपार धन ह� लेिकन उनक� आगे-पीछ� कोई नह� ह�।
उत्तर 3. गौ धेनु
a rs

स�रता तिटनी
Pe

पवर्त नग
©

सूरज सूयर्
फ�ल पुष्प
भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. मूलवस्था उत्तरावस्था उत्तमावस्था
�ेष्ठ �ेष्ठतर �ेष्ठतम
उच्च उच्चतर उच्चतम

54 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 54 1/24/2023 1:47:12 PM

 लघु लघुतर लघुतम
दृढ़ दृढ़तर दृढ़तम
उत्तर 2. जैसा – जैसा करोगे वैसा भरोगे।
क�सा – वह क�सा िदखता ह�?
वैसा – मुझे वैसा करना चािहए।
ऐसा – ऐसा आदमी म�ने आजतक नह� देखा ह�।
उत्तर 3. (क) िवशेषण (ख) समुच्चयबोधक (ग) ि�या (घ) ि�यािवशेषण
भाषा क� र�ग

d.
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Lt
खेल-खेल म�

t.
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Pv
क�छ नया कर�

e s
प�रयोजना कायर्

ic
rv
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
on
a rs
Pe
©

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 55

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 55 1/24/2023 1:47:12 PM

 • छा�� को �ोत्सािहत कर�।
• छा�� क� सभी उत्तर उदारतापूवर्क स्वीकार कर�।
• छा�� क� कायर् क� �शंसा कर�।

पाठ का उद्देश्य
इस पाठ का उद्देश्य यह ह� िक हम� मिहला� को पु�ष� क� बराबर सम्मान देना चािहए। मिहलाएँ िकसी भी देश क� िवकास क� रीढ़ होती ह�। हम�
उनक� सामािजक और आिथर्क उत्थान क� िलए �यास करने चािहए। आज मिहलाएँ सभी क्षे�� म� अपना परचम लहरा रही ह�। वे डॉक्टर, वक�ल,
िशक्षक, वैज्ञािनक, राजनेता, कलाकार आिद बनकर देश क� िवकास म� अपना योगदान दे रही ह�। अत: इस पाठ से हम� यह सीख िमलती ह� िक हम�
मिहला� को आदर देना चािहए। उन्ह� नमन करना चािहए क्य�िक वे घर और बाहर दोन� जगह बह�त मेहनत कर रही ह�।

d.
पाठ क� बाद

Lt
अध्यापक पाठ पर आधा�रत �श्न� क� उत्तर� पर बातचीत कर�।

t.
क�छ �श्न छा�� को गृहकायर् क� िलए दीिजए।

Pv
इस पाठ म� दी गई रचनात्मक गितिविधयाँ भी करवाएँ।

s
इस पाठ क� बार� म� छा�� को अपने अनुभव साझा करने को किहए।

e
ic
अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)

rv
ठहरकर सोच�
Se
उत्तर 1. िकसी भी घर क� सुख-समृद्िध म� उस प�रवार क� स्�ी का िवशेष योगदान होता ह�। हम� मिहला� का सदा सम्मान करना चािहए।
n
भारतीय समाज म� तो नारी को बह�त महत्वपूणर् माना जाता ह�। सभी पा�रवा�रक काय� म� उसक� महत्वपूणर् भूिमका होती ह�। हम� मिहला�
io

को सभी अिधकार देने चािहए। मिहला� क� उत्थान से ही िकसी देश का उत्थान होना चािहए।
at
uc

उत्तर 2. मिहला� क� िपछड़�पन का सबसे मुख्य करण अिशक्षा ह�। हमार� देश म� भी िपतृसत्तात्मक व्यवस्था ने अपनी �िढ़वािदता क� कारण
लड़िकय� को िशक्षा से वंिचत रखा था। उन्ह� क�वल घर क� काम� तक ही सीिमत रखा था। यह बह�त िनंदनीय था। लेिकन आज मिहलाएँ
Ed

आत्मिनभर्र बन रही ह�। वतर्मान म� मिहलाएँ सभी क्षे�� म� अपनी भागीदारी िनभा रही ह�।
a

अवसर बातचीत का
di

उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�।

In

उत्तर 2. यह सच ह� िक घर म� खाना पकाना, साफ़-सफ़ाई आिद काम मिहलाएँ ही करती ह�। अतः हम� मिहला� क� काम को कम करना
on

चािहए। �त्येक पु�ष का कतर्व्य ह� िक वह भी घर म� साफ़-सफ़ाई, खाना बनाना, बतर्न माँझना आिद काम� म� मिहला� क� सहायता
rs

कर�।
a

उत्तर 3. प�रवार म� लड़क�-लड़िकय� को समान अिधकार िमलने चािहए। लेिकन यह बह�त दुख क� बात ह� िक आज भी अिधकांश भारतीय
Pe

प�रवार� म� लड़िकय� क� उपेक्षा क� जाती ह�। उन्ह� लड़क� क� बराबर अिधकार नह� िदए जाते ह�। इसका मूल कारण प�रवार क�
�िढ़वादी सोच और अंधिवश्वास ह�। िशिक्षत समाज म� तो िफर भी लड़िकय� क� िशक्षा पर िवशेष ध्यान िदया जा रहा ह� लेिकन
©

अिशिक्षत और �िढ़वादी प�रवार अभी भी लड़िकय� क� िशक्षा को गंभीरता से नह� ले रह� ह�।
उत्तर 4. छा� स्वयं कर�।
समझ क� उड़ान
उत्तर 1. (क) अंतरराष्�ीय मिहला िदवस
(ख) मिहला� म�
(ग) सबको

58 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 58 1/24/2023 1:47:14 PM

 (घ) नारी-श�क्त क�
(ङ) मिहला� का
उत्तर 2. (क) सही (ख) गलत (ग) सही (घ) गलत (ङ) सही (च) सही
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) संसार क� सभी क्षे�� म� मिहला� क� �ित सम्मान, �शंसा और �ेम �कट करते ह�ए, मिहला� क� सामािजक, आिथर्क और
राजिनितक उपल�ब्ध� क� तौर पर हम अंतराष्�ीय मिहला िदवस मनाते ह�।
(ख) अटल जी ने कई समस्या� का उल्लेख िकया िजसम� सबसे पहले तो यह कहा िक िकस �कार सभी समुदाय� क� मिहलाएँ
भेदभाव और असमानता क� समस्या� का सामना कर रही ह�। अनेक मिहलाएँ तो बुर� रीित-�रवाज़� क� बेिड़य� से जकड़ी ह�ई�
ह�। मिहला� क� जन्मदर म� भी िनर�तर िगरावट आ रही ह�। इसक� साथ ही हमार� समाज म� लड़िकय� क� अपेक्षा लड़क� को

d.
अिधक तरजीह दी जाित रही ह�। दुभार्ग्यवश, भारत म� नारी-श�क्त क� बह�त उपेक्षा ह�ई ह�।

Lt
(ग) भारतीय मिहला� क� िवशेष कला यह ह� िक वे गृहस्थी चलाने म� भी बह�त �वीण होती ह�। गरीब औरत भी अपने प�रवार क�

t.
थोड़ी सी आमदनी म� अपना घर अच्छी तरह से चला सकती ह� और स्नेहपूवर्क और अच्छी देखभाल करक� अपने घर को स्वगर्

Pv
बना सकती ह�।

s
(घ) लड़िकय� क� �ित हो रह� भेदभाव को रोकने क� िलए सबसे पहले सरकार को पहल करनी होगी। उसका कतर्व्य ह� िक मिहला�

e
क� उत्थान क� िलए समाज म� ठोस कायर्�म चलाएँ। इसक� साथ ही उन्ह� पु�ष� क� समान अिधकार िदए जाएँ। प�रवार क� मुिखया

ic
का भी कतर्व्य ह� िक वे घर म� लड़क�-लड़िकय� क� बीच भेद-भाव न कर� और लड़िकय� को िशिक्षत कर�।

rv
Se
(ङ) यह सत्य ह� िक आज मिहलाएँ िशिक्षत हो रही ह� और अपनी लड़िकय� को भी िशिक्षत कर रही ह�। यह बह�त खुशी क� बात ह�
िक मिहलाएँ आज िवज्ञान, इ�जीिनय�र�ग, अध्यापन सेवा आिद क� क्षे�� म� काम करक� देश का नाम रोशन कर रही ह�।
n
उत्तर 2. (क) अटल जी का कहना ह� िक देश क� िवकास क� िलए मिहला� का िवकास आवश्यक ह�। जब हमार� देश क� मिहलाएँ �गित
io

कर�गी तो ऐसी कोई ताकत नह� ह� जो भारत को अंतरराष्�ीय समुदाय क� अि�म पं�क्त म� पह��चने से रोक सक�।
at

(ख) अटल जी ने ऐसा इसीिलए कहा होगा तािक उनक� किठनाइय� को शी�ता से दूर िकया जा सक��। मिहला� क� िवकास क� िबना
uc

राष्� क� उन्नित संभव नह� ह�।

Ed

(ग) सरकार द्वारा मिहला� क� िलए चलाई जा रही सभी योजना� का लाभ मिहला� को िमलना चािहए। समाज क� सभी स्तर�
a

पर जनजागृित पैदा करक� ही हम मिहला� िक समस्या पर काबू पा सकते ह�। सरकार द्वारा मिहला� को मुफ़्त िशक्षा दी
di

जानी चािहए। वतर्मान म� ‘बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ’ योजना, ‘सुकन्या समृद्ध योजना’, ‘मुफ़्त िसलाई मशीन योजना’, ‘�धान-
In

मं�ी उज्जवल योजना’ आिद मिहला� क� कल्याण ह�तु सरकार द्वारा चलाई गई ह�।
on

(घ) छा� मिहला� क� उत्थान म� महत्वपूणर् कायर् कर सकते ह�। वे अपने पास-पड़ोस म� मिहला� को िशिक्षत कर सकते ह�। इसक�
अित�रक्त वे िशिक्षत मिहला� क� साथ िमलकर मिहला� क� िलए जनजागृित अिभयान चला सकते ह�, िजसम� मिहला� क�
rs

िलए िशक्षा, पोषण, स्वास्थ्य और साफ़-सफ़ाई जैसे कायर्�म होने चािहए।

a
Pe

सृजन संसार
उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�।
©

भाषा क� दुिनया
अथर् क� खोज म�
उत्तर 1. (क) दीघर् (ख) सौभाग्य
(ग) नगर (घ) परतं�
(ङ) कमज़ोर (च) अमीर

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 59

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 59 1/24/2023 1:47:14 PM

 उत्तर 2. (क) अंतरराष्�ीय (ख) गैर-सरकारी (ग) अद्िवतीय
(घ) अतुलनीय (ङ) अिशिक्षत (च) देशवासी
उत्तर 3. (क) उपेक्षा – सुिमत सदा मोहन क� उपेक्षा करता ह�।
अपेक्षा – सीता गीता क� अपेक्षा तेज़ दौड़ती ह�।
(ख) बह� – राजेश बह�मुखी �ितभा वाला िवद्याथ� ह�।
बह� – सीमा सुधाकर क� बह� ह�।
(ग) िग�र – िहमालय को िग�रराज भी कहते ह�।
िगरी – वह कल स्क�टर से िगरी ह�।

d.
(घ) हाल – लोग� ने घायल आदमी को उसक� हाल पर छोड़ िदया।

Lt
हॉल – िवद्यालय का हॉल छा�� से भरा ह�आ था।

t.
(ङ) िदन – आज का िदन मेर� िलए बह�त अच्छा रहा ह�।

Pv
दीन – हम� दीन-दुिखय� क� मदद करनी चािहए।

s
भाषा क� समझ

e
ic
उत्तर 1. (क) अव (ख) अ (ग) अप (घ) अ

rv
उत्तर 2. (क) ईय (ख) ईय (ग) ईय (घ) इक
(ङ) आई (च) ता Se
(छ) ता (ज) इक
n
उत्तर 3. (क) राष्�ीय – र् + आ + ष् + ट् + र् + ई + य् + अ
io
at

(ख) अि�म – अ + ग् + र् + इ + म् + अ
uc

(ग) �ामीण – ग् + र् + आ + म् + ई + ण् + अ
Ed

(घ) �वीण – प् + र् + अ + व् + ई + ण् + अ
(ङ) सावर्जिनक – स् + आ + र् + व् + अ + ज् + अ + न् + इ + क� + अ
a
di

(च) पूणर्तया – प् + ऊ + र् + ण् + अ + त् + अ + य् + आ
In

भाषा क� र�ग
on

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�

rs

खेल-खेल म�
a
Pe

उत्तर 1. �ितभा पािटल 2. इ�िदरा गाँधी 3. मदर ट�र�सा

4. बछ��ी पाल 5. लता मंगेशकर 6. कणर्म मल्लेश्वरी
©

7. िकरण बेदी 8. सरोिजनी नायड�

क�छ नया कर�
प�रयोजना कायर्
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

60 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 60 1/24/2023 1:47:14 PM

 अभ्यास-कायर् (उत्तरदिशर्का)
ठहरकर सोच�
उत्तर 1. आजकल क� अिधकांश लोग� म� अच्छी आदत� का अभाव होता जा रहा ह�। लोग और बच्चे अनुशासनहीन होते जा रह� ह�। वे िवद्यालय
और घर दोन� जगह िनयम� का उल्लंघन करते ह�। अपने से बड़� का अनादर करते ह�। लोग िजद्दी और चालाक होते जा रह� ह�। बच्चे
पढ़ाई से बचने क� िलए झूठ का सहारा लेते ह�। इसक� साथ ही सुबह देर से उठना और घंट� मोबाइल-टी.वी. पर समय िबताना सभी का
शौक बनता जा रहा ह�। इस कारण से लोग आलसी बनते जा रह� ह�।
उत्तर 2. हम� अच्छ� गुण� को अपनाना चािहए क्य�िक नैितकता, ईमानदारी, दया, त्याग, अिह�सा, �ेम, सत्य, कतर्व्यिनष्ठ आिद गुण हम� एक
सदाचारी और सुसंस्क�त मनुष्य बनाते ह�। ये सभी गुण सज्जनता क� �तीक होते ह�।
अवसर बातचीत का

d.
उत्तर 1. छा� स्वयं कर�।

Lt
उत्तर 2. यह सही ह� िक हम� कभी डरना नह� चािहए और साहस और धैयर् क� साथ संकट का सामना करना चािहए। लेिकन पाप� से डरना अच्छी

t.
बात ह�। इस बात को कहने क� पीछ� किव का तक� ह� िक यिद हम अपनी गलती या दोष� को स्वीकार करते ह� तो यह बह�त ही अच्छी

Pv
बात होती ह�।

s
उत्तर 3. किव कहता ह� िक समय का पालन करना एक अच्छा गुण ह�। वे कहते ह� िक जो व्य�क्त अपना समय व्यथर् नह� करते ह�, अपने वचन

e
का पालन करते ह�, जो आपस म� लड़ाई झगड़ा नह� करते ह� और सबसे �ेम करते ह�, ऐसे मनुष्य जीवन म� क�छ बड़ा करते ह�।

ic
rv
समझ क� उड़ान
उत्तर 1. (क) नफ़रत का (ख) बुराई से Se
(ग) सत्य को (घ) अपनी गलती
n
उत्तर 2. (क) भलाई करते ह� भरपूर।
io

(ख) न जो िनत खेला करते ह�।

at
uc

(ग) �ेम क� बहते सोते ह�।

Ed

(घ) करते सत्य को कभी न चूर।

(ङ) सदा पाप� से डरते ह�।
a
di

उत्तर 3. (क) बुराई से (ख) दुिखय� क�

In

कलम से
on

उत्तर 1. (क) हम� अपने िवकास क� िलए सत्य, ईमानदारी, मेहनत, कतर्व्यिनष्ठा आिद गुण अपनाने चािहए। ये सभी गुण हम� अपना ल�य �ाप्त
करने म� सहायक होते ह�। इन गुण� क� अभाव म� हमारा िवकास नह� हो सकता ह�।
a rs

(ख) छा� स्वयं कर�। (संक�त– म� बड़ा होकर िचिकत्सा क� क्षे� म� जाना चाहता ह��। मुझे िचिकत्सक बह�त ही अच्छ� लगते ह�। ये
Pe

वास्तव म� बीमार लोग� को पुनजर्न्म देते ह�। उन्ह� िनरोग करते ह�। म� भी बीमार लोग� क� सेवा करना चाहता ह�� और एक अच्छा
िचिकत्सक बनकर देश और समाज क� सेवा करना चाहता ह��।)
©

(ग) जीवन म� सफल होने क� िलए एका�ता का होना ज़�री ह�। एक�ता से पढ़ने का अथर् ह� िक अपने मन और म�स्तष्क को एक ही
जगह पर रखना। एका�ता से पढ़ने म� हम� अपने जीवन म� अवश्य ही सफलता िमलती ह�।
(घ) किव बुराई से दूर रहने क� िलए इसिलए कह रहा ह� क्य�िक दूसर� क� बुराई करने से हमार� अंदर भी अवगुण भरते जाते ह�। बुरा
व्य�क्त कभी िकसी का भला नह� करता। अतः किव कहता ह� िक बुराई से दूर रहकर ही हम भलाई कर सकते ह�।
उत्तर 2. (क) एक अच्छा व्य�क्त बुद्िधमान, सदाचारी, धैयर्वान, साहसी, िमतभाषी, दयालु और परोपकारी होता ह�। वह एक सकारात्मक सोच
वाला होता ह�। इन्ह� गुण� क� कारण व्य�क्त अपने जीवन म� उन्नित करता ह�।

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 63

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 63 1/24/2023 1:47:15 PM

 (ख) हम जीवन म� एक अच्छा नाग�रक और मनुष्य बनने क� िलए पढ़ते ह�। पढ़ने से हम� समाज क� अच्छ�-बुर� क� समझ आती
ह�। हमारी बुद्िध का िवस्तार होता ह�। हम अनुशासनि�य बनते ह�। हम� अपनी खूिबय� और किमय� का पता चलता ह�। हमारा
आत्मिवश्वास बढ़ता ह� और हमम� िनणर्य लेने क� क्षमता िवस्तृत होती जाती ह�।
(ग) जो मनुष्य सदा बढ़-चढ़कर बात� बनाते ह� वे जीवन म� सफल नह� हो पाते ह�। ऐसे व्य�क्त सदा अपने समय को व्यथर् करते ह�
और दूसर� क� आगे ड�ग� हाँकते रहते ह�। वे िकसी भी काम को गंभीरता से नह� करते ह�। इसिलए वे असफल हो जाते ह�।
(घ) पढ़ाई और खेल दोन� बालक क� िवकास क� िलए ज़�री ह� क्य�िक बालक का मानिसक और शारी�रक िवकास होना बह�त
ज़�री ह�। बच्च� को इन दोन� क� बीच संतुलन बैठाना चािहए। पढ़ाई क� साथ खेलना भी बह�त ज़�री ह�। अतः बच्च� को इन दोन�
को अपनी िदनचयार् का िहस्सा बनाना चािहए।
सृजन संसार

d.
उत्तर- छा� स्वयं कर�।

Lt
भाषा क� दुिनया

t.
अथर् क� खोज म�

Pv
उत्तर 1. (क) बीज (ख) पावन (ग) दृ�ष्टहीन (घ) �था

e s
उत्तर 2. (क) बात का पक्का – िवश्वसनीय

ic
(ख) फ�ट का बीज बोना – नफ़रत फ�लाना

rv
(ग) बढ़-बढ़ बात बनाना – बेकार क� बात� करना
(घ) क�छ कर िदखलाना – बड़ी सफलता हािसल करना Se
n
उत्तर 3. (क) पक्का × कच्चा – हम� कोई भी काम कच्चा-पक्का नह� करना चािहए।
io
at

(ख) �ेम × घृणा – �ेम-घृणा मनुष्य क� आंत�रक भाव ह�।

uc

(ग) बुराई × भलाई – मनुष्य क� पहचान उसक� बुराई-भलाई से होती ह�।

Ed

(घ) सत्य × असत्य – आज का मनुष्य अवसर क� अनुक�ल सत्य-असत्य बोलता ह�।

भाषा क� समझ
a
di

उत्तर 1. तत्सम तद्भव

In

सत्य सच
on

�दय िहय
rs

ऋिष दूध
a
Pe

क�िष खेत
�ाम सूरज
©

धमर् पूरब
उत्तर 2. (क) िनभाते ह�।
(ख) देते ह�।
(ग) कर िदखलाते ह�।
(घ) बोते ह�।
(ङ) करते ह�।

64 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 64 1/24/2023 1:47:16 PM

 भाषा क� र�ग
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।
खेल-खेल म�
उत्तर– हार – पराजय
पर – पंख
पास – िनकट
धन – जोड़
भूल – गलती

d.
कल – मशीन

Lt
कर – हाथ

t.
जग – संसार

Pv
क�छ नया कर�

e s
प�रयोजना कायर्

ic
rv
उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Se
n
io
at
uc
Ed
a
di
In
on
ars
Pe
©

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 65

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 65 1/24/2023 1:47:16 PM

 (च) िपता (छ) िपता (ज) िपता (झ) पु�
उत्तर 3. (क) कौआ नीम क� पेड़ पर बैठा था।
(ख) जब व्यापारी बूढ़ा ह�आ तब कौआ िखड़क� पर आकर बैठा था।
(ग) िदमागीलाल क� उ� उस वक्त 30 वषर् क� थी।
कलम से
उत्तर 1. (क) जब िदमागीलाल बचपन म� �श्न पूछता तो उसक� िपता शांत रहकर उसक� सवाल का जवाब देते थे। वह बह�त शांत स्वभाव क�
थे।
(ख) जब बूढ़� व्यापारी ने अपने बेट� से �श्न पूछा तो उसक� बेट� को अपने िपता पर बह�त गुस्सा आया और वह िपता क� मरने क�
कामना करने लगा।

d.
Lt
(ग) जब व्यापारी ने मुनीम से बही िनकलवाकर वह पन्ना िदखाया, िजसपर सौ बार कौआ िलखा था; तब यह �श्न उसक� बेट� ने
बचपन म� व्यापारी से सौ बार पूछा था लेिकन व्यापारी ने शांत रहकर क�वल बही पर िलख िदया था। िफर मुनीम ने बेट� को सारी

t.
बात� बताई तो बेट� ने अपने िपता से माफ़� माँगी और अब वह माता-िपता क� सेवा करने लगा।

Pv
(ङ) बाऊजी कौआ कहानी से हम� यह िशक्षा िमलती ह� िक हम� अपने माता-िपता और बड़�-बु�ग� का सम्मान करना चािहए। उनको

s
जब भी िकसी चीज़ क� ज़�रत पड़� उसे पूरा करना चािहए। माता-िपता का ऋण ऐसा होता ह� िजसे उसक� संतान� कभी नह�

e
ic
चुका सकती ह�। अतः बच्च� म� बड़� का सम्मान करने का भाव होगा तभी प�रवार क� न�व मज़बूत होगी।

rv
उत्तर 2. (क) िदमागीलाल अपने माता-िपता पर बह�त �ल्म ढाता था। वह बह�त �ोधी स्वाभाव का था। उसे बह�त गुस्सा आता था, जब कभी
Se
उसक� िपता दुकान पर आ जाते थे। वह अपने माता-िपता से कभी भी सम्मान से बात नह� करता था।
(ख) छा� स्वयं कर�।
n
io

(ग) व्यापारी क� समस्या का समाधान करने क� कोिशश करता। म� अपनी क्षमता अनुसार सहायता करता। म� अपने पु� से भी बात
at

करता िक वह अपने िपता का आदर कर� और उिचत �प से उनक� देखभाल कर�।

uc

सृजन संसार
Ed

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

a

भाषा क� दुिनया
di

अथर् क� खोज म�
In

उत्तर 1. िदमाग चाटना – सुलेखा िकसी-न-िकसी बात पर मेरा िदमाग चाटने लगती ह�।
on

िसर खाना – सुनीता सबका िसर खाती रहती ह� इसिलए उससे कोई भी बात करना पसंद नह� करता ह�।
a rs

खोपड़ी खाना – मनोज रोज़ अपनी कहानी सुना-सुनाकर मेरी खोपड़ी खाता रहता ह�।
Pe

उत्तर 2. (क) जी लगाना

©

(ख) िकसी काम या बात क� धुन चढ़ना

(ग) बात� न करना
(घ) कदम बढ़ाना
(ङ) समय पर बुद्िध का ठीक से काम न करना
(च) मृत्यु हो जाना
उत्तर 3. (क) घर – सदन गृह

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 69

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 69 1/24/2023 1:47:17 PM

 (ख) बाप – िपता तात
(ग) चतुर – चालाक सयाना
(घ) समंदर – समु� सागर
(ङ) ह�क्म – आज्ञा आदेश
उत्तर 4. (क) अशांित (ख) खुश (ग) असंतोष (घ) अनादर
भाषा क� समझ
उत्तर 1. (क) अच्छी िकताब
(ख) बड़ा सवाल

d.
(ग) ठ�डी हवा

Lt
(घ) लंबी सड़क

t.
उत्तर 2. (क) िक शांत

Pv
(ख) देखता रहा लड़का

s
(ग) चतुर इसे

e
ic
(घ) इस बार वह

rv
उत्तर 3. योग्य – योग्यता
शुद्ध – शुद्धता Se
n
कठोर – कठोरता
io
at

�ेष्ठ – �ेष्ठता
uc

भाषा क� र�ग
Ed

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

खेल-खेल म�
a
di

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

In

क�छ नया कर�

on

प�रयोजना कायर्
a rs

उत्तर– छा� स्वयं कर�।

Pe
©

70 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 70 1/24/2023 1:47:17 PM

 अभ्यास प� – 1 (उत्तरदिशर्का)
अध्याय 1 से 5 तक
खंड – ‘क’
उत्तर 1. (क) नन्ही च�टी दीवार पर दाना लेकर चलती ह�।
(ख) नन्ही च�टी को बार-बार चढ़कर िगरना नह� अखरता ह�।
(ग) कोिशश करने वाल� क� कभी हार नह� होती ह�।
(घ) मेहनत – �म प�र�म – उद्यम
उत्तर 2. (क) बल्लू दादा जंगल म� रहने वाले बूढ़� हाथी का नाम था।
(ख) बल्लू दादा को क�छ िशका�रय� ने क�द कर रखा था।

d.
(ग) चील ने बल्लू दादा को मं�ी खरगोश क� साथ उन्ह� छ�ड़ाने क� िलए बनाई गई तरक�ब बताई।

Lt
(घ) मु�श्कल – आसान �शंसा – िनंदा

t.
उत्तर 3. (क) असफल होने पर कभी भी िनराश नह� होना चािहए क्य�िक हर असफलता हम� क�छ-न-क�छ ज़�र िसखाती ह� िजससे हमारा

Pv
अनुभव बढ़ता ह� और हम सफलता क� ओर अ�सर होते ह�।

s
(ख) एकता क� मूितर् िवश्व क� सबसे ऊ�ची मूितर् ह�। इसक� ऊ�चाई 182 मीटर ह�। इसे सरदार सरोवर बाँध क� पास नमर्दा नदी क� बीच

e
साधू बेट नामक द्वीप पर बनाया गया ह�। इस मूितर् क� वास्तुकार भारत क� सु�िसद्ध मूितर्कार रामवनजी सुतार ह�।

ic
rv
(ग) बल्लू दादा बच्च� को खूब प्यार करते थे। वे उनका ध्यान रखते थे और उनक� साथ खूब खेलते थे। वे बच्च� को �ेम से रहने क�

(घ)
सीख देते थे। इसिलए सभी बच्चे भी उन्ह� बह�त पसंद करते थे।
Se
राज�� बाबू को काम को िसलिसले म� चंपारण जाना पड़ा। वहाँ उस समय गाँधीजी का चंपारण आंदोलन चल रहा था। राज�� जी
n
पर उस आंदोलन का ऐसा �भाव पड़ा िक उन्ह�ने वकालत छोड़कर देशसेवा का संकल्प िलया और आज़ादी क� आंदोलन म� क�द
io

पड़�। स्वतं�ता �ा�प्त क� बाद वे भारत क� �थम राष्�पित बने। अत: गोखलेजी क� आकाशवाणी सच सािबत ह�ई।
at

उत्तर 4. (क) यह सत्य ह� िक एक सैिनक अपने जीवन म� बह�त त्याग करता ह�। सवर्�थम वह सैिनक बनकर स्वयं को देश क� िलए समिपर्त
uc

करता ह�। वह साल� अपने घर-प�रवार से दूर रहकर देश क� रक्षा करता ह�। सैिनक क� त्याग को शब्द� म� व्यक्त नह� िकया जा
Ed

सकता ह�। वह अपना संपूणर् जीवन देशसेवा म� लगा देता ह�।

(ख) िसमी क� प� को पढ़कर क�ह� को बह�त �सन्नता ह�ई। वह प� पढ़कर इतनी व्याक�ल हो गई िक वह पहली उड़ान से ही
a

अहमदाबाद क� िलए रवाना हो गई।

di
In

(ग) बल्लू दादा सभी बच्च� का ध्यान ऐसे रखते थे, मानो वह सभी खुद उनक� बच्चे ह�। बच्चे भी बल्लू दादा क� िबना एक िदन भी
नह� रह पाते थे। सभी जानवर बल्लू दादा को बह�त मानते थे। जब उन्ह� िशका�रय� द्वारा क�द कर िलया गया तो वे सभी उनक�
on

सहायता करने को तुर�त तैयार हो गए।

rs

(घ) अपनी किमय� को हम अपने आत्मिवश्वास को बढ़ाकर सुधार सकते ह�। जब तक हम� सफलता नह� िमलती ह� तब तक हम�
a

अपनी न�द और आराम को छोड़ना पड़�गा। हर मुसीबत का डटकर सामना करना होगा। संघषर् क� मैदान को छोड़कर भागना नह�
Pe

ब�ल्क उसका साहस क� साथ सामना करना होगा। इन सभी को अपनाकर ही हम सफलता पा सकते ह� और अपनी किमय� को
सुधार सकते ह�।
©

खंड – ‘ख’
उत्तर 5. (क) पानी – जल, चमक, �ितष्ठा
(ख) कर – हाथ, लगान, िकरण
उत्तर 6. (क) च�टी दीवार पर सौ बार िफसलती ह�।
(ख) हम� अपनी असफलताएँ स्वीकार करनी चािहए।
उत्तर 7. िवशेषण
(क) सुंदर (ख) होिशयार (ग) िवशाल (घ) सभी, �शंसा

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 71

Ullash Hindi TM 6.indd 71 1/24/2023 1:47:17 PM

 खंड – ‘ग’
उत्तर 8. छा� स्वयं कर�।
उत्तर 9. छा� स्वयं कर�।
उत्तर 10. छा� स्वयं कर�।
अभ्यास-प� 2
अध्याय 6 से 10 तक
खंड – ‘क’
उत्तर 1. (क) गोपाल िसंह ‘नेपाली’।

d.
(ख) िनमर्ल जल क� धारा कई �ंखला� को पार करक� आती ह�।

Lt
(ग) इसका अथर् यह ह� िक नदी क� छोटी होने पर भी वह लगातार बहती रहती ह�। वह बार-बार िगरती-उठती ह� और कई �ंखला�
को पार करते ह�ए बस बहती रहती ह�।

t.
Pv
(घ) �ंखला – कड़ी जंगल – वन
उत्तर 2. (क) िसव ने लेिखका बनने क� ठानी थी।

s
(ख) िसव ने अपने कमर� म� हल्क� नीले र�ग क� पद� बनवाए। एक सुंदर ट�बल और क�स� लाई। सुंदर सफ़�द कागज़ मेज़ पर रखे। छोटी-

e
ic
सी िकताब� क� अलमारी गढ़वाई। स्याही वाला पेन िलया। इस �कार उसने अपने कमर� को सजाया।

rv
(ग) इसका आशय यह ह� िक जैसा कमरा वह अपने िलए चाहती थी वैसा बनाने क� बाद भी उसक� पास कहने-िलखने को क�छ नह�
Se
था। वह तो उस पि�का म� बैठी लेिखका को देखकर लेिखका बनना चाहती पर उसने यह कभी नह� सोचा था िक वह क्या
िलखेगी। इसिलए सब क�छ होते ह�ए भी उसक� पास िलखने को क�छ नह� था।
n
(घ) नमर् × कड़ा, सख्त सुंदर × असुंदर
io
at

उत्तर 3. (क) निदय� का जन्म बफ़�ले पहाड़� क� बफ़� से होता ह�। जैसे िहमालय क� बफ़� से गंगा-जमुना निदय� का जन्म ह�आ।
uc

(ख) िनमर्ला िदनभर बस अपना पाठ रटती रहती थी। यहाँ तक क� िवद्यालय म� आधी छ�ट्टी क� समय भी उसक� हाथ म� पुस्तक रहती
थी। वह न तो खेलती थी और न ही घर क� काम करती थी। रात को भी अकसर वह सोते-सोते पाठ रटने लगती थी।
Ed

(ग) लेखक ने मॉरीशस को िह�द महासागर का मोती कहा ह�।

a

(घ) डािकया िसव का घर अच्छी तरह जानता था क्य�िक वह अकसर उसक� िपता क� नाम का पासर्ल देता था। लेिकन िसव क� नाम
di

अए बड़� पासर्ल को देखकर वह �म म� पड़ गया था। उसे यक�न नह� हो रहा था िक यह पासर्ल िसव का ह�। वह िसव का नाम
In

नह� जनता था इसिलए उसने स्वयं को मूखर् कहा था।

on

उत्तर 4. (क) सज्जन व्य�क्त सदा दूसर� का सम्मान करता ह�। वह हर प�र�स्थित म� धीरज रखने वाला, �मशील और सत्पु�ष� का संग करने
वाला होता ह�। वह बह�त ही अनुशािसत होता ह� और अपने सभी कायर् समय अनुसार करता ह�।
rs

(ख) इस एकांक� से हम� यह सीख िमलती ह� िक हम� कभी भी अपना पाठ रटना नह� चािहए। हम� पढ़ाई क� साथ-साथ खेलना भी
a
Pe

चािहए तािक हम शारी�रक तौर पर मज़बूत बन सक��। हम� मानिसक उन्नित क� साथ शारी�रक उन्नित भी करनी आवश्यक ह�।
िशक्षा और खेल िवद्यािथर्य� क� िलए लाभदायक ह�।
©

(ग) किव ने कहा ह� िक हमारी धरती माँ का �दय यानी धरातल बह�त कोमल ह� और हम� पु�वत स्नेह �दान करने वाला ह�। माँ भारती
का यह शीतल जल तृप्त करने वाला ह�। इसिलए किव ने नदी क� जल को क�णाजल कहा ह�।
(घ) िसव को लगा िक उसक� वही िकताब छपकर आई ह� जो क�छ उसने उन सफ़�द कागज़� पर िलखा था। उसक� पुस्तक म� कई
िच� थे। एक िच� म� वह िततिलय� क� साथ उड़ रही थी। उसक� पुस्तक ट�बल पर रखी थी। उसका कमरा िबलक�ल उस
लेिखका क� कमर� जैसा था। फोटो म� िसव अपनी िकताब� को अलमारी क� सामने रखे दीवान पर इठलाये ह�ए बैठी थी।
खंड – ‘ख’
उत्तर 5. (क) दोन� भाई-बहन� क� पसंद अलग-अलग ह�।
(ख) सीमा को आजकल रोज़-रोज़ डॉक्टर क� पास जाना पड़ता ह�।

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 उत्तर 6. (क) िक (ख) िक
उत्तर 7. (क) िकताब (ख) भूिम
उत्तर 8. (क) पढ़ना – पढ़ाई (ख) ह�सना – ह�सी (ग) बचना – बचाव (घ) खेलना – खेल
उत्तर 9. (क) चक्षु, आँख (ख) पहाड़, िग�र (ग) मृदु, मुलायम (घ) साया, छाया
उत्तर 10. (क) मान (ख) िनबर्ल (ग) मिलन (घ) तप्त
उत्तर 11. (क) रमेश ने दूर से ही प�र�स्थित को ताड़ िलया।
(ख) िदनभर सड़क छानने क� बाद भी राजू को खाने क� िलए क�छ न िमला।
खंड – ‘ग’
उत्तर 12. छा� स्वयं कर�।

d.
उत्तर 13. छा� स्वयं कर�।

Lt
उत्तर 14. छा� स्वयं कर�।

t.
अभ्यास-प� 3

Pv
अध्याय 11 से 14 तक

e s
खंड – ‘क’

ic
उत्तर 1. (क) �स्तुत गद्यांश म� अटल िबहारी वाजपेयी जी भाषण दे रह� ह�।

rv
(ख) मिहला� क� िवकास क� िलए हम� राष्�� और संस्था� क� स्तर पर व्य�क्तगत �प से एकजुट होकर कायर् करना पड़�गा।
(ग) भारत क� तरक्क� मिहला� क� िवकास क� िबना संभव नह� ह�। Se
n
(घ) �गित – ‘�’ संभव – सम्
io

उत्तर 2. (क) �स्तुत काव्यांश क� किव अयोध्यािसंह उपाध्याय ‘ह�रऔध’ ह�।

at

(ख) जो हमेशा खेलते रहने क� बजाय पढ़ाई पर ध्यान देते ह�, दीन-दुिखय� क� मदद करते ह�, सदा पाप� से डरते ह� और बढ़-चढ़कर
uc

बात नह� बनाते ह�, वही क�छ कर िदखलाते ह�।

Ed

(ग) जो लोग क�छ कर िदखलाना चाहते ह� वही लोग पाप� और बुराई से डरते ह�।
(घ) दुख – गम, वेदना सदा – हमेशा, लगातार
a
di

उत्तर 3. (क) �मा छ�ट्िटय� म� अपने माता-िपता क� साथ िमलकर खूब मज़ा करती ह�। वे तीन� िमलकर �ोसरी खरीदने जाते ह�। वापसी म� वे
In

चाट हाउस से इडली-डोसा या पाव-भाजी जैसी चटपटी चीज़ खाते ह�। शिनवार क� शाम को वे िकसी क� घर या कोई उनक� घर
आता ह�। उस िदन बह�त स्पेशल खाना बनता ह�, िजनम� खीर-पूड़ी, गाजर का हलवा, सेवइयाँ आिद व्यंजन होते ह� ।
on

(ख) संसार क� सभी क्षे�� म� मिहला� क� �ित सम्मान, �शंसा और �ेम �कट करते ह�ए, मिहला� क� सामािजक, आिथर्क और
rs

राजिनितक उपल�ब्ध� क� तौर पर हम ‘अंतरराष्�ीय मिहला िदवस’ मनाते ह�।

a
Pe

(ग) व्यापारी ने मुनीम से बही िनकलवाकर वह पन्ना िदखाया िजस पर सौ बार कौआ िलखा था। यह �श्न उसक� बेट� ने बचपन म�
व्यापारी से सौ बार पूछा था लेिकन व्यापारी ने शांत रहकर क�वल बही पर िलख िदया था। जब मुनीम ने बेट� को सारी बात बताई
©

तब बेट� ने अपने िपता से माफ़� माँगी और िफर वह अपने माता-िपता क� सेवा करने लगा।
(घ) किव बुराई से दूर रहने क� िलए इसिलए कह रहा ह� क्य�िक दूसर� क� बुराई करने से हमार� अंदर भी अवगुण भरते जाते ह�। बुरा
व्य�क्त कभी िकसी का भला नह� करता। अतः किव कहता ह� िक बुराई से दूर रहकर ही हम भलाई कर सकते ह�।
उत्तर 4. (क) छा� स्वयं कर�।
(ख) िदमागीलाल अपने माता-िपता पर बह�त �ल्म ढाता था। वह बह�त �ोधी स्वाभाव का था। उसे बह�त गुस्सा आता था जब उसक�
िपता दुकान पर आ जाते थे। वह अपने माता-िपता से कभी भी सम्मान से बात नह� करता था।
(ग) सरकार द्वारा मिहला� क� िलए चलाई जा रही सभी योजना� का लाभ मिहला� को िमलना चािहए। समाज क� सभी स्तर� पर
जनजागृित पैदा करक� ही हम मिहला� क� समस्या� पर काबू पा सकते ह�। सरकार द्वारा मिहला� को मुफ़्त िशक्षा दी जानी

© Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd. 73

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 चािहए। वतर्मान म� ‘बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ योजना’, ‘सुकन्या समृद्ध योजना’, ‘मुफ़्त िसलाई मशीन योजना’, ‘�धानमं�ी
उज्जवल योजना’ आिद मिहला� क� कल्याण ह�तु सरकार द्वारा चलाई गई ह�।
(घ) छा� स्वयं कर�।
उत्तर 5. (क) अप (ख) अ (ग) अ (घ) अव
उत्तर 6. (क) ता (ख) इक (ग) आई (घ) ईय
उत्तर 7. (क) समुच्चयबोधक (ख) सवर्नाम (ग) संज्ञा (घ) िवशेषण
उत्तर 8. (क) ही (ख) ही (ग) भी (घ) तो
उत्तर 9. i. (क) ईमानदारी – ई + म् + आ + न् + अ + द् + आ + र् + ई
(ख) स्वीकार – स् + व् + ई + क� + आ + र् + अ
ii. (क) अतुलनीय (ख) अिशिक्षत

d.
Lt
उत्तर 10. i. (क) नाव, नैया (ख) जल, पानी
ii. (क) �ाणवती (ख) बुद्िधमती

t.
Pv
iii. (क) खेत (ख) पत्ता
(ग) िकवाड़ (घ) आग

e s
उत्तर 11. (क) कतार् (ख) अिधकरण (ग) सं�दान (घ) संबंध

ic
उत्तर 12. i. (क) बह� – रिव बह�मुखी �ितभा का धनी ह�।

rv
(क) बह� – कमल क� बह� का नाम सुनीता ह�।
(ख) िदन – सोमवार क� िदन रामू क� शादी ह�। Se
(ख) दीन – हम� दीन-दुिखय� क� मदद करनी चािहए।
n
io

ii. (क) बल्लू दादा, म� तुम्हार� साथ-साथ उड़कर जगह देख लूँगी, जहाँ तुम्ह� ये ला जा रह� ह�।
at

(ख) व्यापारी ने �ोिधत ह�ए िबना कहा, ‘हाँ, बेटा कौआ।’

uc

iii. (क) कक्षा म� �थम आने पर �वीण फ�ला न समाया।

Ed

(ख) दौड़ का प�रणाम देखकर सभी लोग चक्कर खा गए।

(ग) सबको दावत देकर राजू ने सािबत कर िदया िक वह अपनी बात का पक्का ह�।
a
di

(घ) ि�क�ट क� अंितम क्षण� म� मैच जीतने क� िलए सभी िखलािड़य� को क�छ कर िदखलाना था।
In

खंड – ‘ग’
on

उत्तर 13. छा� स्वयं कर�।

rs

उत्तर 14. छा� स्वयं कर�।

a

उत्तर 15. छा� स्वयं कर�।

Pe
©

74 © Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd.

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