SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

ARCHITECTURE, and, TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING [CEHWRE30]

UNIT NO. 1
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION
OBJECTIVES

By the end of this module, students will be able to:

• Understand the fundamental role of transportation in national development.

• Identify and describe the various modes of transportation.
• Analyze the characteristics of road transportation in comparison with other modes.
• Comprehend the scope and interrelated fields of highway and traffic engineering.
• Relate transportation concepts to the Philippine context and evaluate local applications.

I. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is a foundational element in the organization of modern societies. It facilitates the movement of goods, people,
and services and underpins economic, political, and cultural development. As discussed by Khisty and Lall (2016), and
emphasized by Cascetta (2009), transportation systems are complex networks that operate across various modes—each
influencing urban form, land use, and the environment. In developing nations such as the Philippines, the role of transportation
extends beyond logistics; it represents opportunity, equity, and access to resources, shaping how people live, work, and interact.

II. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION

Before any infrastructure is built, understanding why transportation matters is essential. Transportation systems serve not only
functional needs but also strategic, societal, and environmental roles. These subtopics explore these interconnected dimensions to
emphasize why investment in transport planning yields long-term national benefits.

A. Role of Transportation in National Development

Transportation systems create essential spatial connections that are fundamental for national development. These
networks enable regional integration, which is particularly important for geographically fragmented nations, as emphasized by
O’Flaherty (1997). Mannering and Washburn (2012) highlight that national transportation infrastructure serves multiple critical roles
beyond commerce, including military defense and political cohesion, effectively acting as the backbone that binds a country
together.

For example, countries like Japan have invested heavily in high-speed rail systems that connect distant regions and
facilitate economic activity, while the United States developed its Interstate Highway System to unify vast and diverse territories,
supporting both commerce and national security. These examples demonstrate how comprehensive transport networks contribute
to national unity and strategic resilience.

In the Philippines, a nation made up of over 7,000 islands, transportation acts as the lifeline connecting urban centers with
remote rural communities. Projects such as the Philippine Nautical Highway have physically linked isolated regions, facilitating
enhanced mobility, trade, and governance. The Department of Transportation (DOTr) continues to expand regional airports and
upgrade seaports to foster inclusive growth by improving accessibility throughout the archipelago.

B. Contribution to Economic Growth

Transportation significantly boosts economic efficiency by reducing travel times, lowering logistics costs, and expanding
market accessibility. According to Cascetta (2009), investments in transportation infrastructure contribute directly to GDP through
construction and related services and indirectly by improving productivity across sectors. Goulias (2003) emphasizes that these
investments generate multiplier effects in logistics, tourism, and commerce, which stimulate broader economic growth.
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
ARCHITECTURE, and, TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING [CEHWRE30]

Globally, advanced transport systems like Singapore’s multimodal network enhance the city-state’s role as a global trade
hub by providing reliable, efficient logistics that reduce operational costs and attract investment. Similarly, Germany’s Autobahns
and logistic corridors support one of the world’s largest export economies.

In contrast, the Philippine transportation system, though improving through the “Build, Build, Build” program, still faces
challenges. Major expressways such as the Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway (TPLEX) and the Metro Manila Skyway
system have enhanced connectivity between economic corridors and reduced travel time. However, persistent congestion and
infrastructural bottlenecks in urban areas continue to hamper logistics efficiency and economic productivity.

C. Impact on Social and Cultural Exchange

Transportation facilitates social interaction and cultural exchange by connecting people from diverse backgrounds and
regions. Zumrawi (2020) notes that improved access to transport services enables greater opportunities for education, healthcare,
and recreation, promoting social inclusion. Khisty and Lall (2016) also emphasize that mobility strengthens civic engagement and
fosters national identity.

Internationally, the European Union’s integrated transport networks and open borders facilitate the movement of people
and culture across countries, enriching social cohesion and economic integration. The United States benefits from extensive long-
distance bus networks and affordable air travel that link diverse populations.

In the Philippines, affordable airline travel has democratized mobility, enabling easier travel between islands and
promoting family reunification and cultural exchange. Initiatives like the “Balik Probinsya” program leverage improved transportation
to encourage reverse migration from congested cities to provinces, aiming to reduce urban overcrowding and stimulate rural
development. These initiatives contribute to knitting together the country’s culturally diverse and geographically scattered
population.

D. Environmental Implications of Transportation

While transportation is critical to development, it is also a major contributor to environmental challenges such as air
pollution, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions. O’Flaherty (1997) and Cascetta (2009) emphasize the importance of evaluating
emissions and ecological impacts in transportation planning.

Countries like Norway lead global efforts to mitigate transportation’s environmental footprint by aggressively promoting
electric vehicles and sustainable transit systems. Scandinavian cities implement congestion pricing and prioritize cycling
infrastructure to reduce pollution and carbon emissions.

In Metro Manila, air pollution is a pressing problem, heavily influenced by emissions from an aging fleet of diesel-powered
public utility vehicles. In response, the Philippine government has launched programs such as the Public Utility Vehicle
Modernization Program (PUVMP), which promotes the adoption of electric jeepneys (e-jeepneys) and cleaner technologies.
Although these efforts mark progress toward sustainability, challenges remain in scaling these programs and building the
necessary supporting infrastructure.

III. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

Transportation systems rely on different modes, each designed to meet specific mobility needs based on geographic, economic,
and social factors. Understanding the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of each mode is essential for planning integrated
and efficient transport networks. A balanced transport system combines these modes to provide comprehensive coverage,
optimize costs, and support sustainable development.

A. Road Transportation

Road transportation is the most dominant mode globally due to its unmatched flexibility and accessibility. Mannering and
Washburn (2012) describe road networks as adaptable across diverse environments, allowing door-to-door travel and supporting a
wide variety of vehicle types and trip purposes. O’Flaherty (1997) emphasizes that road transport plays a critical role in both urban
and rural areas where fixed-route systems are limited or non-existent.
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
ARCHITECTURE, and, TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING [CEHWRE30]

Examples of road transport modes in the Philippines include:

• Jeepneys: Iconic, affordable, yet criticized for inefficiency and pollution.

• Tricycles and Pedicabs: Vital for last-mile connectivity in barangays and small towns.
• Buses and UV Express Vans: Serve intercity and metropolitan travel routes.
• Private Vehicles and Taxis: Increasing in number due to urban sprawl, contributing to congestion, especially in Metro
Manila.

B. Railway Transportation

Railway transportation is recognized for high-capacity passenger and freight movement with superior energy efficiency
and reliability compared to road transport. Khisty and Lall (2016) highlight rail’s critical role in urban mass transit and freight
logistics. Globally, countries like Japan and France maintain extensive high-speed and commuter rail systems that help reduce
road congestion and lower environmental impacts.

Rail transport in the Philippines is currently limited primarily to:

• Metro Manila’s LRT and MRT systems, which provide essential commuter services.
• Philippine National Railways (PNR) commuter line serving parts of Southern Luzon.
• Planned expansions such as the North-South Commuter Railway and the Mindanao Railway, aimed at revitalizing rail
transport and improving national connectivity.

C. Air Transportation

Air transportation is essential for fast, long-distance travel and particularly critical for archipelagic nations. Goulias (2003) identifies
air transport as a strategic necessity for connecting remote islands and promoting economic and social participation.

Key examples of air transportation in the Philippines include:

• Budget airlines like Cebu Pacific and Philippine Airlines, which have expanded domestic air travel and improved
accessibility.
• Major airports such as Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Manila), Mactan-Cebu International Airport, and Clark
International Airport serving millions of passengers annually.
• Ongoing challenges include airport congestion and regional disparities in infrastructure quality.

D. Water Transportation

Water transportation is cost-effective and efficient for moving bulk passengers and freight, especially in island nations.
Khisty and Lall (2016) emphasize the importance of ferry systems and maritime corridors in many countries’ transport networks.

In the Philippines, key water transport modes include:

• The Strong Republic Nautical Highway, a network of roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry services connecting major islands.
• Inter-island passenger vessels operated by companies such as 2GO Travel.
• Ports such as Manila and Batangas, which serve as critical trade and transport hubs.

E. Pipeline Transportation

Pipeline transport specializes in moving liquids and gases efficiently over long distances. Mannering and Washburn
(2012) describe pipelines as vital for energy and industrial supply chains.

In the Philippines, pipeline transportation is limited but includes:

• The Malampaya Deepwater Gas-to-Power Pipeline, transporting natural gas from offshore Palawan to Luzon power
plants.
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
ARCHITECTURE, and, TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING [CEHWRE30]

• Strategic importance for national energy security despite limited network size.

F. Intermodal Transportation Systems

Intermodal transport integrates multiple modes to leverage each mode’s strengths, reducing transfer times and improving
overall efficiency. Cascetta (2009) highlights the importance of seamless modal connections.

Examples of intermodal systems in the Philippines include:

• The Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX), linking buses, jeepneys, and rail services.
• Efforts to integrate airports with ground transport through bus and rail connections.

IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD TRANSPORT

Road transport is fundamental to mobility worldwide because of its versatility and widespread coverage. It facilitates movement
in both urban and rural areas and accommodates diverse travel needs. Understanding its characteristics—such as flexibility, cost,
safety, and environmental impact—is crucial for improving transport planning and policy. This understanding also helps identify
how the Philippines’ road transport system compares to those in more developed countries and where improvements can be made.

A. Flexibility and Accessibility

Road transport provides unparalleled flexibility since it supports door-to-door service without fixed routes or schedules.
Mannering and Washburn (2012) emphasize that roads can serve isolated areas and adapt easily to varying traffic demands and
vehicle types. O’Flaherty (1997) points out that in rural and less developed regions, road transport is often the only viable mode,
providing essential access to markets and services.

Globally, well-developed countries benefit from advanced road networks that integrate with public transit and cycling
infrastructure, enhancing overall accessibility while managing demand. In contrast, the Philippines relies heavily on informal modes
like jeepneys and tricycles that provide crucial last-mile connectivity but lack standardization and regulation. The country can learn
from global best practices by investing in infrastructure upgrades and integrating flexible transit options into a more formal,
accessible network.

B. Cost and Efficiency Considerations

Road transport infrastructure is often less costly to build than rail or air, making it attractive for developing economies.
However, efficiency suffers when congestion, poor maintenance, and unregulated operations increase operational costs. Zumrawi
(2020) notes that lack of proper maintenance leads to deteriorating road conditions and higher vehicle operating costs.

Internationally, countries use technologies like Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to optimize traffic flow and
reduce congestion costs. Singapore and Germany, for example, have deployed real-time traffic management and congestion
pricing to maximize road efficiency. The Philippines faces persistent congestion problems, especially in Metro Manila, that cause
economic losses estimated in the billions of pesos daily. Learning from these countries, the Philippines could implement ITS and
demand management strategies to improve efficiency without massive new infrastructure investments.

C. Safety Issues

Road transport is globally the mode with the highest rate of traffic fatalities, driven by factors such as vehicle mix, road
design, and user behavior. O’Flaherty (1997) stresses that improving safety requires a combination of infrastructure design,
regulation, and education.

Developed countries have achieved significant reductions in road deaths through systematic safety audits, stricter vehicle
standards, and public awareness campaigns. Sweden’s “Vision Zero” policy is a notable example. The Philippines continues to
face high accident rates, particularly involving motorcycles and informal public utility vehicles. Enhanced enforcement,
infrastructure improvements, and education campaigns are critical areas for Philippine road safety reforms.
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
ARCHITECTURE, and, TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING [CEHWRE30]

D. Environmental Impact

Road vehicles are major contributors to urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Cascetta (2009) highlights that
emissions control, alternative fuels, and modal shifts are necessary to reduce environmental harm.

Countries like Norway and the Netherlands have aggressively promoted electric vehicles and active transport, reducing
carbon footprints and improving urban air quality. The Philippines has initiated programs to phase out old diesel jeepneys and
encourage electric jeepneys, but adoption is slow due to high costs and lack of charging infrastructure. Strengthening these
programs and investing in green infrastructure can help the Philippines reduce its transport-related environmental impact.

E. Comparison with Other Modes

Road transport’s flexibility contrasts with the high capacity and sustainability of rail and water modes, which are more
efficient for mass passenger or freight movement. Khisty and Lall (2016) note that balancing these modes is key to effective urban
and national transport systems.

Globally, countries integrate road networks with rail, bus rapid transit, and water transport to optimize mobility and reduce
road congestion. The Philippines, however, remains heavily dependent on road transport, often at the expense of sustainable and
high-capacity alternatives. Expanding rail and water-based transport and better integrating them with road networks would
significantly improve the country’s transport efficiency and sustainability.

V. SCOPE OF HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Highway and traffic engineering encompass the planning, design, construction, operation, and management of roads and traffic
systems to ensure safe, efficient, and sustainable movement of people and goods. This multidisciplinary field integrates principles
of civil engineering, urban planning, and traffic management, and requires understanding geometric design, traffic control, safety,
and the interaction between transportation and urban development. Studying these scopes equips engineers and planners with the
tools to design infrastructure that meets current and future mobility demands.

A. Highway Design and Construction

Highway design and construction involve detailed geometric planning and structural engineering to provide roads that are safe,
durable, and comfortable to use. Geometric design includes several key elements:

• Horizontal alignment refers to the layout of the road in a plan view, including straight sections and curves, which affects
vehicle handling and safety.
• Vertical alignment involves the elevation profile of the road, including grades and vertical curves, influencing driver
visibility and drainage.
• Cross-sectional elements include lane widths, shoulders, medians, and side slopes, which contribute to capacity and
safety.
• Pavement design involves selecting materials and thicknesses to sustain anticipated traffic loads and environmental
conditions.

Internationally, highway design standards incorporate advanced materials and technologies to enhance longevity and reduce
maintenance. Countries like Germany and Japan use computer-aided design and sophisticated simulation to optimize alignment
and structural elements. The Philippines has adopted many international design standards for expressways like SCTEX and
CALAX, but many secondary and rural roads still lack consistent geometric design, leading to safety and maintenance issues.
Increased investment and capacity-building are needed to uplift design and construction standards nationwide.

B. Traffic Management and Control

Traffic management and control focus on optimizing flow and safety through regulatory devices and operational
strategies. This includes the use of traffic signals, signage, lane markings, roundabouts, and speed control measures to minimize
congestion and accidents. Modern cities employ Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to adapt signal timings and manage
incidents in real time.
 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
ARCHITECTURE, and, TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING [CEHWRE30]

Globally, adaptive traffic signal systems and coordinated network management reduce delays and emissions. Cities such
as Seoul and Singapore utilize integrated data platforms for traffic control. In Metro Manila, the Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) implements traffic control programs like the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (UVVRP) and signal
coordination, but challenges persist due to rapidly increasing vehicle volumes and limited infrastructure. The Philippines can benefit
from expanding ITS deployment and enhancing enforcement to improve traffic management.

C. Transportation Planning

Transportation planning involves forecasting travel demand, evaluating alternatives, and developing integrated,
multimodal networks that align with land use and economic goals. It uses modeling tools and participatory processes to balance
mobility, accessibility, and sustainability.

Countries with mature planning systems, such as Singapore and the Netherlands, emphasize multimodal integration,
environmental protection, and equitable access. The Philippines has made progress with the National Transport Policy and various
regional plans but faces institutional fragmentation and data challenges that limit effective long-term planning. Strengthening
coordination among agencies and improving data collection are critical steps forward.

D. Safety Analysis

Safety analysis in highway and traffic engineering includes the systematic study of accident data, identification of
hazardous locations, and design or policy interventions to reduce risks. Techniques include road safety audits, crash prediction
models, and public education.

Advanced nations have developed comprehensive road safety frameworks with strong regulatory enforcement and
infrastructure investment, resulting in declining crash rates. The Philippines, however, continues to experience high accident and
fatality rates. While road safety audits and campaigns exist, greater institutional commitment and adoption of predictive safety
analytics are needed to move from reactive to proactive safety management.

E. Integration with Urban Planning

Integrating transportation systems with urban planning ensures that land use patterns support sustainable mobility and
reduce sprawl. This includes promoting transit-oriented development, walkability, and mixed-use zoning.

Cities like Copenhagen and Tokyo exemplify successful integration, with coordinated transport and land use policies that
reduce car dependency and enhance quality of life. The Philippines has begun urban-transport integration efforts in Metro Cebu
and parts of Metro Manila but still grapples with informal settlements, unplanned growth, and inconsistent policy enforcement.
Effective integration requires holistic, cross-sector collaboration and strong governance.

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cascetta, E. (2009). Transportation Systems Analysis: Models and Applications. Springer.
Goulias, K. G. (2003). Transportation Systems Planning: Methods and Applications. CRC Press.
Khisty, C. J., & Lall, K. B. (2016). Transportation Engineering: An Introduction. Pearson.
Mannering, F., & Washburn, S. (2012). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis (5th ed.). Wiley.
O'Flaherty, C. A. (Ed.). (1997). Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Zumrawi, M. M. (2020). Highway Engineering. University of Khartoum.