Education in the Middle Ages education in ancient times education in the modern age

Chapter III Conclusion References

Education in Egyptian Greece and Rome

Introduction

Education in ancient times was divided into different teachings, starting with the
early childhood education maternal followed by the schools that at that time were
he called houses of life in which bodily punishments were practiced these teachings were
they civilized in Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

In Greece, education was rigid and strong, it was provided by the father from birth.
Until the age of 7, they entered a boarding school where they were trained by the militia.
when they turned 18 they joined an army whose function was to protect the state, already
after the age of 21 they could hold public office.

Education in Romania aims at the study of the Latin language, classical literature,
engineering and the organization of the government, in Rome there were two schools which were the
elementary and the grammar and both were private in which the commoners and nobles attend.

Education in Egypt was different as they used teaching methods that are still followed.
using items like an abacus, colored pebbles, shapes, etc.
Development

Antiquity encompasses a large number of Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures.
Hebrews, Arabs, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Each culture has its specific traits such as
for example, the Egyptians with their pyramids, the Chinese with their majestic palaces and their writing,
Furthermore, the mentioned cultures did not all exist at the same time.

The culture that had the most influence was the Egyptian one, as some aspects of their culture and education...
they were preserved in the Greek Latin traditions, which are still being preserved and help us to
to be able to understand the origin of our educational tradition.

Education in Greece

The social art of the Egyptians was governed by a pharaoh, the nobility, the peasants and
artisans, and finally there were the slaves. The Egyptian religion was composed of its
deities that had human and animal characteristics, the Egyptians believed in the afterlife
death, that is why they gave great importance to funerary rites.

It is recognized that in Ancient Egypt is where culture and education began.

Teachers. Before this, it was the parents or guardians who took care of the little ones.
learning everything necessary to manage in life. The children learned the profession
of their parents. It was at home where education began. It was here that the elders instilled in the
small ideas about the world, religion, and how to behave with the gods and the
society.

From a young age, they went barefoot and with shaved heads. Their mother instilled the lessons of
religion and morality are necessary, but until the age of four they should be allowed to play freely without
give them no occupation until then.

Education varied according to the social rank one belonged to. The children of the pharaohs
They were educated real porters. The children of these teachers were the ones who had it easiest.
access to a good education, alongside the royal family, which many times leads to
They were friends with the princes that when they came to reign the sons of the tutors
they were their advisors. The children of sculptors and painters also received a good
education, not like children from poor families.

There were also differences in education depending on gender. Girls from families
humble people had to learn to carry everything related to a house, in addition to knowing how to sing,
dance and play musical instruments. This last thing could help them get a job in the
The Book of the Dead will be the first reference for education for the Egyptians.
In there were hymns and sacred songs about human knowledge. In each temple
There should have been a copy. The Egyptians always valued instruction, using it to
to achieve honors and fortune. A person without education was considered a slave.

Teaching in Egypt was very routine. Students had a syllabary, in which they were...
the usual signs arranged with their pronunciation and meaning. They had to memorize them
and then copy them without looking, at the moment they did it without making mistakes, it was considered that
they already knew how to read and write. The most valued studies were geometry and astronomy, although
Painting and architecture were also highly regarded. The school system was based
In two basic models, the first was called House of Instruction and started at 6 years old.
Here they learned elementary education and it was overseen by priests. This education
it was the Six Gifts of Thoth (writing, astronomy, religion, music, language, and hygiene). This
education was aimed at the popular sectors. It was taught in the streets and in the ports of
lostemplos, The other model had a higher level and was called The School of the Scribes. Additionally
From the Six Gifts of Thoth, I learned three types of writing: the demotic or popular one that is
taught in the Houses of Instruction the hieratic or religious, and the hieroglyphic. The transition from the House
Instruction at the School of Scribes was conducted through an exam. These studies
higher education had a technical and professional character. The teachers normally
they were priests and tried to maintain their supremacy as a superior caste and to uphold
submissive to the remaining castes.

education in Greece

each Greek city-state had its own state, meaning there was never a Greek political unity.
but they were identified by language and religion, one example of this is seen in the games
Olympic, an event where all the Greek states would gather even if they were at war.

the city of Sparta was characterized by being militaristic, there was little commerce and little
Culture, as it was a warrior town, in the city there were two kings in a senate.
the organization was collectivist, the land was distributed equally, and moreover, everyone was
obligated to serve in the military and obey the decisions of the community, wars
what was presented to them was very important, as it was about their main activity
economically, after conquering other peoples, they usually killed the strongest men
to avoid rebellions

The Greek civilization is one of the most influential in the history of humanity. From it
Great figures emerged who have endured through the centuries and still remain today.
very important. The contribution of these men remains a universal reference.

This fascinating civilization spans from approximately 1200 BC to 145 BC.

considered the cradle of Western civilization. It influenced all aspects of
later Roman Empire. So much so that they practically copied everything from them. In fact,
Many Greek artworks that we know today are Roman copies. That empire spread
thus the Hellenic culture throughout Europe.

The Greek civilization was also a very important foundation for politics, education,
philosopher, science, and Western arts. It was eminently maritime and commercial. Due to
The rugged Balkan terrain made agricultural activity and communications very difficult.
internal. On the other hand, its long coastline favored its expansion overseas.

Fundamental periods in Greek education

Heroic or chivalric education.

It begins with the same Greece. Therefore, we are talking about Cretan culture. It was
located in the Eastern Mediterranean and reached a high level of development.

Civic education.

When Greece split in two, education took different paths. On one side there were...
Sparta and Crete were considered for a long time models of politics and education.
the state was responsible for this education provided collectively. Thus, the
teenagers for adult life tasks in the city.

Legislation regarding schools is known from the early 6th century BC. It discussed about
the duties of parents, among other things, to teach reading and swimming. It also mentions the
learning a trade for the lower classes, and music, horseback riding, gymnastics, hunting, and philosophy
for the wealthy.

Sparta prioritized military education while Athens based learning on the

philosophical and intellectual education. The difference between these two cities will be preserved.
always.

Humanistic education.

Represented by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Now the paideia appears (the technique of preparing
to the child). Here, young people are taught from childhood to adolescence.
In this era, there were different periods of education, such as the palestra, characterized by the
initiation in gymnastic and sports exercises; the didaskaleia, which taught reading and
writing; the gymnasium, where sports education and philological education continued. When
when they turned 18, the boys entered the ephebeia, a period of military training. In Athens.
it lasted two years while in Sparta it was twelve.

Hellenistic education.

It begins with Alexander the Great and the paideia becomes an encyclopedia. Education is
now public, ceases to be private. Reading, writing, and arithmetic become more
important. And higher education arrives. Now, besides the military, it also appears in
greater measure general culture and scientific.

Concept of school.

The first schools were born with financial contributions. It was possible to distinguish between
public and private instruction. That is to say, the one learned in the family and the one that was under the
care of the polis.

Little by little, the schools were becoming public, especially when the one who was providing the money
he was a monarch. Thanks to this fact, there was an improvement in conditions and social prestige.
for the teachers.

The subjects that were studied were the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy) and the quadrivium.
(arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy), distinguishing between humanities subjects and
realists, those that have reached modern education. The letters were learned first in
loud voice, and then the written letters. Then it was read and later the writing began.

The first recognized educators were the sophists. But Homer is considered the
the first and greatest instructor and trainer of Ancient Greece. Socrates was the first
spiritual educator. He taught through conversation and spoken word. For the
common people, the first educators were parents, wet nurses, and teachers. Following them were the
grammar teacher, the flutist, and the gym teacher, in private schools open to the public. The
laws, the rights and duties of the citizen were taught in the school of Athens.

Slaves are taught various professions to better serve their owner.

authentic schools. Domestic educators were usually foreign slaves
cattle like war boot, while school teachers were Greeks (men
free). Vocational education originates as servile instruction. This must undergo a long
journey to acquire true dignity.

Education is transmitted through oral and written tradition. From this time stand out
great thinkers like Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle. Besides being great thinkers
they also invented transcendental educational systems.

The Greeks prepared the young physically and intellectually so that later they would be ready.
ready to lead the State and society. Years later these teachings improved.
and specializing until developing the arts, teaching, philosophy, ideal aesthetics and the
gymnastics training.

They were one of the first peoples to see the value that education had in life.
social and individual and the principle of competition and selection of the best in education.
Regarding this education, they contributed with two characteristic signs: Everything that has to
to see with civilization and society, and the concept of educating minors from a young age.

Education in Rome

Regarding Roman values, family and the paternal figure were a foundational trait in society.
In most cultures, the father assumes authority in the family, in the case
In Rome, paternal authority was extremely important, to the extent that the laws of the state...
allow to imprison, whip, and even murder their own children as long as they could
to check whether they were animals or problematic. Therefore, the education of the children in the
early childhood depended on the head of the family, the mother also played a role of authority
secondary school, was the one who taught the children manners and social customs, and moreover,
I detected the skills and talents to direct them towards the activities that suit them best.
convenience.

Like Greek education, Roman education was characterized by the severity of punishments.
corporeal, in Latin literature a fragment is appreciated in which a father tries to calm
your child, who is afraid to go to school.

Education in ancient Rome is one of the most important times of teaching.

long in the history of humanity. This is due to the fact that many of the subjects and
Institutions created by this civilization remain in use even today. That is why we are going to
continue with the series of posts dedicated to the History of education with the Roman period.

Most Roman children received their education from their own parents. Children were given
he taught them to throw spears, use a sword, hunt, swim, and ride a horse, whoever could.
He took great care of the physical training due to the student's future role as a defender.
of the Empire. But since education was very important to the ancient Romans, who
he could afford it, spending enormous amounts of money to educate his children by employing
private tutors at home. Generally, it was cheaper to buy a Greek slave.
educated to teach children that sending them to school.

But Quintilian, an important Roman pedagogue of the 1st century AD, believed that schools
They were better than private teachers. He argued that they encouraged competition.
among the children and, in doing so, the students significantly improved their performance. Little
Soon the wealthy Romans were convinced by these arguments, and schools were established everywhere.
more popular. On the contrary, the poor did not receive formal education.

In general, schools were only for boys, and it was rarely about an individual building.
These used to be an extension of a tent separated from people only by a simple
classroom, or a single room with the desks arranged in tiers.

The girls rarely attended these schools, as they were educated at home, and for
other completely different purposes, such as managing a household well. That is to say, they were prepared for it.
to be a good wife for when the time comes to get married.

The first schools in Rome emerged in the mid-4th century BC, coinciding with the
ascension of the plebeian class to political power. These schools were called Ludi, the word
latna for "game", and as modern "play schools" were concerned with the
basic socialization and rudimentary education for young children. During the day
schoolboy, the boy would get up at dawn (careful not to be late because this would lead to
a paleness), they worked all day, with a brief break for lunch and returned to
house with the sunset.

The method of learning the lessons was simply to memorize them. It was not advisable that the
students knew more than they should. These lessons were taught because the books were
too expensive. Due to the cost of paper, they first practiced on a wax tablet.
Later, when they had shown that they could write well, they would be allowed to write in
paper.

The Romans applied a series of Greek educational precepts in their own system. There was
Two types of schools in Ancient Rome. The first was for children up to 11 or 12. Here
they learned to read, write, and basic mathematics. For this last subject, the abacus was used.

From the age of 12, children went to more advanced schools. There they studied
specific subjects on topics such as public speaking (rhetoric), studying writings
of the great figures of Ancient Rome, such as Cicero and books about the history of
Rome. The students who wanted to reach the highest levels of education went to Greece.
to study philosophy. But only the Roman elite received a complete formal education. For
For example, a merchant or a farmer only needed to know about professional matters.
referring to your work. Furthermore, higher education in Rome was more of a status symbol
that a practical concern.

Much of the learning in Roman schools was based on fear. A popular saying went
that "A man who has not been beaten is not trained." Thus the children were beaten by
the slightest mistake they would make because it was thought that this way they would learn to be afraid of
failing. In this way, they would strive harder not to be whipped. So much so that some
schools had prepared two slaves so that when a student made a mistake
they will be subjected while their tutor beat them with a leather whip.

Generally, primary education in the Roman world focused on the needs of the
daily life, reading and writing. Students could progress starting from reading.
and the drafting of letters up to reaching the dictation of texts. Most of the texts used in
Early Roman education was literature, especially poetry.

The rhetor was the last stage in Roman education, although very few students reached it.
studying rhetoric. In the beginning, the studies of rhetoric were not taught exclusively to
through a master, these were acquired by careful observation of the
elders. The practice of rhetoric was created by the Greeks before becoming a
institution in Roman society, and it took a long time for this matter to gain acceptance
the acceptance of the Romans.

The speaker, or rhetoric student, was important in Roman society due to the struggle
constant policy that occurred throughout its history. The young men who studied
Under a rhetor, they not only focused on public speaking. They also learned other things.
subjects such as geography, music, philosophy, literature, mythology, and geometry.