1

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of Popular Power for Higher Education

La Salle Foundation of Natural Sciences

Mention: Accounting and finance

Instrumental English

Professor: Bachelor:

Enrique Márquez Osmel Rodríguez C.I 31 730 366

Index

Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 pages.
 2

1) What is the article? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 pages.

2) What is a noun? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 pages

3) What is the adjective? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 pa

4) Pronoun and types of pronouns - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 pages.

5)- Concept of: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 pages.

Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction

6) How to form sentences in English using the verb To Be in the present tense and
Past? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 pages.

7) Use of the auxiliary Do in present and past tense - - - - - - - - - - 23 pages.

8) - Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 pages.

9) Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 pages.
 3

Introduction.

A grammatical category is a group of words that is used in a way

specific. For example, 'run', 'jump', and 'be' ('correr', 'saltar', and 'ser/estar') are
they are used to describe actions/states. Therefore, they belong to the category of
VERBS.

In other words, all the words in the English language are divided into eight.
different categories. Each category has a different role or function in the
sentence.

Among the grammatical categories in English are:

Pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions.

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun. For

for example, you could say, "Lisa is a nice girl."

Lisa is a nice girl.

Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" and finish.
She is a nice girl.

She is a nice girl.

"She" is a pronoun.

An adjective is a word that describes a person or a thing.

Examples:

Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.

(Big, beautiful, expensive, green, round, French, noisy, fast, fat.)

A verb is a word or a group of words that expresses an action or

a state.

Examples:

Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.

(Ir, saltar, dormir, comer, pensar, ser/estar, cambiar, volverse, conducir,

complete.

An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a

a verb, an adjective, another adverb or even a complete sentence.
 4

A conjunction is a word that connects parts of a sentence.

Examples:

And, but, or, because, so.

(And, but, or, because, then.)

Now let's briefly look at the verb tenses of the verb to be in English.
Remember that all verb tenses have affirmative, negative, and
question.

The verb to be in the present is primarily used to refer to something.

true in the present or to provide basic information. The forms of the verb in
present are am, is, are.

The verb to be in the past is used to talk about true information, facts or
data that happened in the past. The verb takes the form of was and were.
depending on the personal pronoun with which it is conjugated.
 5

What is the article?

They are grammatical elements that modify the noun. There are two types of
articles in English: the definite (defined or determined) and the indefinite (indefinite or undefined)
Indeterminate). An article is a type of word that accompanies the noun.
Within a sentence, in linguistic morphology, it is a type of determiner.
updater, a morphological category used by some languages to
update or specify the reference of a noun, transforming it from
unknown and abstract to known and concrete.

The indefinite article, as its name indicates, does not define nouns. That is, it does not
it refers to a concrete object.

It is used when the object is not specific.

There is an apple on the table.
There is an apple on the table.

It has no gender, so it is neutral.

A computer A chair A bottle

It is used only for the singular form of nouns.

A towel A table A door

Its usual form is that, unless it is preceded by a vowel, in which case

they would be.

The exception to this rule occurs with the vowel 'u'. If it has a sound
consonantal, that is [j] like the <y> in 'I', the form should be used. This is seen
much clearer in the following examples:
a university a unicorn a utopia

Yes, on the other hand, the sound of the vocalic 'a', as in [ʌ], must be used.
article, let's see:
an uncle an update an ulcer

The articles in English: Definite Article

The definite article is the one that determines the noun.

Has no gender.
The flower the sofa the water
 6

It can be used to refer to both the singular and plural forms of the
nouns.
The banana the bananas

It is used when something is unique in its kind or nature.

The sun sets in the West. The sky is blue.
there is a sky.

What is a noun?

They are words that refer to people, places, animals, ideas, things.
events, substances or qualities. Along with verbs, adverbs and adjectives,
they are one of the most important grammatical elements of the language
English. Its function is usually to serve as the core of the subject of the sentence, without
embargo, it is also often found in the predicate as the object. In fact, it can
to have a noun appearing as the core of the subject and another as the object in the predicate.

Jaguars are beautiful.

Ramiro buys milk every day.

every day).

Noun as the core of the subject and as the object of the predicate: The kids are playing
The children are playing with the ball.

People like to go to the beach.

People like to go to the beach.

Emma passed the test.

Emma passed the exam.

My parents are traveling to Japan next month.

My parents are going to travel to Japan next month.

3. What is the adjective?

They are grammatical elements that serve to give their own characteristics to
people, animals, or things. Their function is to provide extra information about the
noun of a sentence. For example, in the new guitar is lost (the new guitar
it is lost), the adjective is new, so it is not talking about just any
guitar, but of the new one.
 7

Adjectives are used so much in the English language that it is impossible to count how many there are.
There are a total. But what can be known is how many types there are: six and they
they are grouped according to how they affect the noun.

a) Qualifying or descriptive adjectives (descriptive adjectives)

Qualifying adjectives are those that give a physical, emotional or

abstract to the noun. For example:

The fat cat is here again!

b) Demonstrative adjectives

The case of demonstrative adjectives determines the position (closeness or distance)

physical or temporal) of the noun concerning the speaker. For example:

Those times will never come back.

c) Quantitative adjectives

As their name indicates, quantitative adjectives allow for numbering or grouping.

by quantity nouns. For example:

I have some doubts about your idea.

d) Interrogative adjectives

Interrogative adjectives are words that ask for information about a

noun. They can be related to the WH questions, however, these do not
they always function as adjectives, unless only when they are directly
related to a noun. For example:

Which hamburger do you want?

 8

e) Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives help to know to whom an object belongs or the

relationship that one person has with another. For example:

My dog is playing with your son.

f) Numerical adjectives

Numeric adjectives are used for counting and are divided into two types: cardinal and
Ordinals. The first are the number as is (one, two, three...), while
the seconds are those that allow expressing a succession or position (first,
second, third...). For example:

I liked the first wine.

You can only eat two cookies, no more!

No more!)

4. Pronouns

They are words or morphemes whose reference is not fixed, but is determined in
relationship with others that have usually been mentioned. Pragmatically it
they often refer to real extralinguistic people or things rather than to
nouns of the context.

Types:

Personal pronouns as the subject

Personal pronouns in the subject function replace the subject of the

sentence.

TIP: In Spanish it is omitted, but in English it is always shown as part

important of the sentence.
 9

Pronouns Translation Example Translation

I Yo I am a teacher I am a teacher

You You You are a You are a good

good student student

He He He is my He is my father
father

She She She is late She arrives late

every day every day

It Hello / That It is my house It's my house

We We We have two We have two

cats cats

They They They are They are twins

twins

Personal pronouns in the function of the object

The personal pronouns functioning as objects are all those that fall upon
in the object and complement the sentence.

TIP: They can be accompanied by prepositions such as to, with, of, in, for, and
others.
 10

Pronouns Translation Example Translation

Me me Give me Give me that book

that book

You ... you / ... you She loves She loves you
you

Him … the / … is / Just help Just help him

... he him

Her ... the / ... oneself / The email is The email

... she for her electronic is for
she

It … it / ... oneself I'll think I will think about it

about it

Us ... we / ... Can you see Can you see us?

we us?

Them the / ... them Did you talk Did you talk to
to them? them?

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are those that indicate ownership. They are very
common and generally used at the end of the sentence.
 11

TIP: do not confuse with possessive adjectives, these do not replace the noun
but they describe it and always come before a noun.

Pronouns Translation Example Translation

possessives

Mine ... mine This coat is This coat is

mine mine

Yours yours These keys These keys are

are yours yours

His ... of him / ... This phone is This phone is

his his yours

Hers … of her / … My notebook My notebook is

hers is old, hers is old, hers
new it's new

Ours our That red truck That red truck

is going to be it's going to be ours
ours

Theirs yours (of My apartment My apartment

they is here, theirs is here, the one from
is there they over there

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used when the action of the subject falls upon itself.
same.
 12

Pronouns Translation Example Translation

reflexive n

Myself me I built it myself I built it myself

same same

Yourself yourself You have to You have to believe in

believe in you yourself
yourself

Himself himself He painted it He painted it himself.

himself

Herself she She cooked all She cooked it herself

same by herself everything

Itself himself It updates itself It updates by itself

same

Ourselves we We can finish it We can do it

same ourselves we will finish
same

Themselves they They introduced They themselves

same themselves they presented

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are all those that serve to point out parts.
from the sentence without naming them specifically.
 13

body One thing where time how

so Some Some Somet Somew Some Some

me body one hing here time how
= Someone Something Some Some Some
Someone place the time a
n shape

Some Some Did He You Some

body one is you lives shoul how
ate waiting have somew d try it all my
my g for some here in some family
lunch! you in hing in Africa time knew
the mind?
lobby

an Anybo Anyone Anything Anywh Anyti Anyhow

y dy = e= ere = me = w=
Any Any Any Any Any Any
want I would like uier hier uier uier
what place time shape
o

Anybo I She She You Mom

dy can haven’t doesn't allows can told
assist t I don't know me to come you
to the talked anythi go here not to
conce to ng anywh anyti go
rt anyon here me but
and yet you
went
anyhow
w
 14

no Nobod None Nothing Nowhere N/A N/A

y= = g= re =
Nobody Nobody Nothing None
place

Nobod None There She N/A N/A

y of us is has
hates saw it nothing nowhere
you! g and else
better to live
than
this
soup

ev Every Every Everything Everyw N/A N/A

ery body one hing here
= Everyone All All
Everyone sides

Every Every I He can N/A

body one burned find
has a country d you
best attention everyt everyw
friend on hing here

Reciprocal pronouns in English

Reciprocal pronouns seek to indicate how the verb affects the subject and the
object of the sentence. In English, you will find 2, and they are:

Each other: when talking about the reciprocity between two people
 15

My two brothers speak to each other every day

every day

One other: when we talk about reciprocity among three or more people.

They all support one another

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns in English allow you to identify a specific something.

without mentioning it again with the same word.

TIP: For nouns that are close in time and distance, use
this or these, and for those that are far away, that or those is used.

Pronouns Translation Example Translation

demonstratives

This This This is my This is my house

This new house new

That That (feminine) / That (masculine)

What's
that? What is that?
That / That one / Looks like It looks like clay
That one mud
That

These These These These flowers are

flowers are very beautiful
very and rare
beautiful
and rare
 16

Those Those Those were Those were

Those my first my first
Those shoes shoes

Verb

The verbs

They are words that indicate actions, existence (to be), possession (to have) or
Encouragement. They are the most complicated part of the sentence. There are many types of verbs. The
a verb can indicate the main action (the main verb). An auxiliary verb adds
details the action or helps the main verb (also called 'verbs')
complementary). Modal verbs add modality (possibility,
capacity, permission, prohibition, obligation, etc.). Transitive verbs connect
a subject with an object. Other verbs only need a subject (verbs)
intransitive). There are verbs that are made up of more than one word (verbs
prepositional and phrasal verbs). Verbs can be active or passive. The
The conjugation of verbs depends on the subject and the tense.

In English, we use the preposition 'to' to form the infinitive.

Por ejemplo: “to talk” (hablar), “to eat” (comer), “to change” (cambiar)

Auxiliary Verbs

There are three important verbs in English that can be used as verbs.
main auxiliary verbs: 'to be', 'to have', and 'to do'. Depending on the use, the
The meaning changes, but the conjugation is always the same.

To be (ser/estar)

As in Spanish, this verb is very important and we use it a lot. At the same
time, it is an irregular verb in all tenses. Furthermore, the construction of
Negative and interrogative phrases are different from how we construct those of others.
verbs. We also use this verb to build the present continuous. For this reason,
Thus, it is important to understand the conjugation of this verb well.

to have

This verb means 'to have' when we use it as the main verb and means
"to have" when used as an auxiliary verb. For now, it is important to have
 17

it is mentioned that this verb can be used in both situations and it is a verb
irregular.

To do

This verb means 'to do' when we use it as a main verb. There is no
direct translation in Spanish for this verb when used as an auxiliary verb.
This auxiliary verb is also necessary to construct negative sentences.
Interrogatives. It can also be used in affirmative sentences to give emphasis.

Adverb

Adverbs are words within a sentence that modify verbs, adjectives.

and other adverbs. Their job is to provide more information about the element that
my mum walks slowly in the street
slowly in the street), slowly is the adverb that qualifies the verb walk.

Regarding adverbs in English that qualify adjectives, an example is: my teacher

My teacher is extremely impatient.
extremely determines the level of the teacher's impatience.

And in the case of adverbs that qualify other adverbs, an example is: the concert
Tickets for the concert are almost sold out.
completely). In this case, almost modifies fully
complete/completely.

Preposition

They are key grammatical elements for having a polished oral and written expression.
However, it is not entirely easy to learn them because there are more than 100, although not
they are all commonly used.

The same word can have different functions, for example, the preposition around.
it can be used to express place or time.

Its meaning changes completely depending on the context, for example, from, which
it can be translated as 'of' or 'from'.

They are not always located next to the element they modify; they can even
to be found at the end of the sentence, like with or at.

There are five main types of prepositions in English: of time, place,

movement, location and some very tied to the context

Prepositions of place
 18

As their name indicates, prepositions of place manifest the origin,

destination or location of something or someone.

Preposition Translation Example Translation

n

Above Above His book is Your book is

about, above above his on top of his/her
computer computer

Across Across, Clouds sail There are clouds everywhere

through, to across the the sky

other side of sky

Along Throughout We cry We cry for

along to all throughout the
the concert concert

Prepositions of time

These indicate the temporary location of something or someone.

Prepositions Translation Example Translation

of time

About Around She is about She is at

approximately to arrive point of
to arrive

After After We will eat Let's go to

after the to eat
Super Bowl after the
 19

Super Bowl

Around Around, The movie The movie is going

approximately is around to to finish in
finish in five five minutes
minutes

Prepositions of movement

They are the ones that indicate that an object or subject is in motion. Unlike
prepositions of place and time

Prepositions Translation Example Translation

of
movement

Across Through The duck The duck walked to

walked across through the path
the road and and is almost run over
nearly got hit for a car
by a car

Along Along We ran along We ran to it

of the beach in along the beach
the morning in the morning

Around Around A big rock A big rock

of was on the I was on the floor,
floor, so he then he had
had to walk what to walk
around around
 20

Prepositions of location

These are the three classic prepositions to express the location of something.
someone:

Prepositions When Example Translation

of location in to use it
English

In It is used for They live in They live

locate in a Guadalajara in
area Guadalajara

At It is used for I'll see you at I see you in the

locate in the school school
point
specific

On It is used for There is a lot There is a lot

locate in a of garbage on trash in the
surface the floor floor

Other prepositions

Some prepositions tend to be used in very specific contexts.

Preposition Use Example Translation

Ago It is used for times Ten It has been ten

specific in the past minutes minutes

ago
 21

Around It is used to give dates He was He was born

approximately born circa around 150
150 BC B.C.

For It is used to express the 60 miles 60 miles

cost or quantity of something per hour for now
divided by another unit

Conjunctions

They are short words (and, or, so, when, etc.) that allow connecting words, parts.
of sentences or sentences establishing a logical relationship between them
connected elements.

Conjunctions in English are of two types: coordinating

conjunctions), such as and, or but, that connect two simple sentences; and subordinating,
as in English: subordinating conjunctions such as after, although, so, or as, which are used to
link between a subordinate clause and its main clause.

To make sense of a speech, it is necessary to establish a logical relationship between

the elements that compose it.

Example

It is Jane's birthday so she is having a party. Lots of people are coming, but not all.
Of our friends have been invited.

Although the traffic was bad, we arrived at the party on time. Jane was happy.
about the chocolates and flowers we gave her.

When she put music on, people started dancing immediately. Since the music was
so great, we danced all night long.

6. How to form sentences in English using the verb to be in tenses

present and past?
 22

To build a simple sentence, for example to say that you are a student,
you just have to use the verb "to be": "I am a student".

In this type of sentences, you can choose any person and use the verbal form.
correct form of the verb 'to be':

He/She is a student.

We are doctors.

You are a student.

There is a shortened form (contraction) used when writing the verb 'to be' and it is
It is necessary to use an apostrophe to construct it: 'I am = I'm', 'She is = She's', etc.

The word order in English is very important: subject + verb + object.

If you need to ask a question, simply place the verb 'to be' at the beginning.
from the sentence:

Am I a student?

Are we students?

Is she clever?

They can be answered like this:

he is

Yes, we are

To construct a negative sentence, use the adverb 'not' after the verb:

I am not a student.

You are not a doctor.

She is not a teacher.

In negative sentences, the abbreviated form of the verb 'to' can also be used.
be" and the adverb "not". For example: "he is not = he isn't", "they are not = they
aren’t
 23

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was I wasn’t Was I...?

You were You weren’t Were you…? .

He / She / It was He / She / It wasn’t Was he / she / it…?

We were We weren't Were we...?

You were You weren’t Were you...?

They were They weren’t Were they...?

The verb to be is an irregular verb, as can be seen in its past forms.

simple (which can be translated as: I was / I was / I was / I was, you were /
you were / you were / you were, etc.

This verb speaks of a state or a situation (for example, how you feel), and
it can be used to describe things. When you use it in the past, you need
make sure to use the forms we have shown you in the previous table, and not the
infinitive 'be'.

7. Use of the auxiliary Do in present and past tenses

The auxiliaries Do and Does have different uses in the English language, it all depends
how it is used when forming a sentence.

In the simple present, do is used for all persons except the third.
singular person (he, she, it). In the case of the third person singular, we use
does.

Do you like chocolate?

Do you live in Madrid?

Does your brother live with his girlfriend?

Do you go to the gym every week?

Does he / she get up early every day?

 24

(In Spanish, this phrase is somewhat ambiguous because it has no subject, but in English the
Subject is mandatory.)

Do they work on the fifth floor?

Do you have a minute?

Do you have any pets?

What do you want?

Grandma, how do you make an omelette?

Do you like my new hairstyle?

In the simple past, the auxiliary to form questions is did. Did is used.
regardless of the person, it is there simply to indicate that it is a question and in
past.

Did you go to the cinema?

Did you sleep well?

Did you eat the sandwich?

What did he / she say?

What did you do last night?

Did you turn off the light?

Did you call Pepito?

Where did you go on your last vacation?

holiday?
 25

Conclusion

English has become the universal language and it is also the most
spoken in the world.

Therefore, it is the language of international communication, of commerce and the

finance. English is a lingua franca in many corners of the planet and the
official language of many International Organizations such as the European Union,
United Nations or UNESCO. This is due to historical and political reasons,
due to the importance that the British Empire had in the past, when
it extended its tongue across all continents, and to the importance as a power
current in the United States. For all this, we can say that it is the universal language,
the one who will help you communicate without barriers.

Knowing English means being able to express oneself fluently and without stumbling,
presenting our ideas in an orderly and clear manner before a native audience. Because
it also means to understand and assimilate the ideas and answers that are provided to us
other people, the radio, television, as well as the texts we read. According to
scientific research, studying English or learning a language in general
produce certain stimuli in the brain that help us improve our
skills in other areas such as creativity, problem solving, the
reasoning or mental ability.
 26

Bibliography

Unable to access the content of the provided URL.

Unable to access the content of the provided URL.

Unable to access the content of the provided URL.

The provided text is a URL, which cannot be translated directly. Please provide text content for translation.