B.

Sc DEGREE (CBCS) ) REGULAR/ IMPROVEMENT/ REAPPEARANCE / MERCY

CHANCE EXAMINATIONS, FEBRUARY 2025
Fourth Semester
B.Sc Botany and Biotechnology Model lll Double Main
Core Course - BO4CRT20 - ANIMAL BIOTECIINOLOGY & NANOTECHNOLOGY

Part A
Answer any ten questions.
1. What is the osmolarity of standard animal cell culture medium?
260 t0 320 milliosmoles per kilogram of water
2. Name two pharmaceutical proteins produced by animal cell culture
Human insulin, human growth hormone, antibody, cytokines etc
3. What are attenuated recombinant vaccines?
Attenuated recombinant vaccines are a type of genetically engineered live vaccines
where a pathogen is weakened (attenuated) and modified using recombinant DNA
technology to improve safety, efficacy, or broaden immune protection.
4. Write main benefits of cryopreservation of sperms.
allows individuals unprecedented convenience and flexibility in terms of family
planning, Fertility Preservation, Support for Assisted Reproductive Technologies
5. What are main.advantages of inducing superovulation?
Increased Chances of Fertilization, Facilitates retrieval of multiple oocytes in IVF,
allowing selection of the best quality embryos for transfer or cryopreservation,
improving pregnancy rates, Supports Embryo Transfer Programs etc
6. Give any two applications of transgenic sheeps.
Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins (Biopharming), Improvement of Wool or Meat
Quality, Production of Organs or Tissues for Xenotransplantation etc
7. What is microinjection ?
foreign material (such as DNA, RNA, or proteins) is directly injected into a living cell
using a fine glass micropipette under a microscope.
8. Give principle of optical rotatory dispersion
chiral molecules interact differently with left and right circularly polarized light,
causing a rotation of the plane of polarization of light that varies with wavelength.
This change in optical rotation as a function of wavelength is known as ORD, and it
provides information about the structure and chirality of the molecule.
9. What is tight junction?
Tight junctions are the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join
together to form a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid. Tight junctions perform vital
functions—such as holding cells together—and form protective and functional
barriers.
10. What is meant by biofunctionality?
refers to the ability of a biological molecule, system, or material to perform its
intended biological function effectively within a living organism or biological
environment.
11. What are actuators?
Actuators are devices or components that convert energy (usually electrical,
hydraulic, or pneumatic) into mechanical motion
12. What is the difference between bottom up and top down synthesis?
 In nanomaterial synthesis, top-down methods break down bulk materials into smaller
nanoscale structures, while bottom-up methods build nanostructures from individual
atoms or molecules.
Part B
Answer any six questions.
13. Comment on growth pattern of animal cell in invitro
When cultured in vitro animal cells exhibit distinct growth patterns depending on
their type and culture conditions. explain lag phase, log phase, stationery phase, death
phase. (1 mark for general introduction, 4 mark for explanation of different
phases)
14. Write on culturing of different tissues and its application.
Types of animal tissue culture- Primary cell culture, cell lines, organ culture, explant
culture (2 marks)
Application- genetic engineering, vaccine production, monoclonal antibody production,
tissue engineering, cloning, assisted reproductive technology, drug testing etc (3 marks)
15. Give main applications of EL|SAtechnique.
Define ELISA . detection and quantification of proteins, antibodies, and other
biomolecules, as well as analysis of biological samples, research and development of
diagnostics, and monitoring environmental samples. Disease diagnosis, allergy
testing, drug testing and therapeutic monitoring. (definition 1 mark, application 4
marks)
16. Describe on artificial insemination
is a fertility treatment where sperm is introduced directly into a woman's reproductive
tract to facilitate fertilization (2 marks) Explain the procedure, advantages and
application (3 marks).
17. With relevant exarnple explain how gene therapy has'helped in keating diseases.
Gene therapy involves introducing, removing, or altering genetic material within a
patient’s cells to treat or prevent disease. It is especially promising for genetic
disorders caused by defective or missing genes (2 marks). Explanation with any one
example (3marks).
18. Comment on primary and secondary structure of proteins
The primary structure of a protein refers to the specific sequence of amino acids
linked by peptide bonds. This linear arrangement of amino acids dictates the protein's
overall structure and function. The secondary structure, on the other hand, describes
the local folding patterns of the polypeptide chain, mainly due to hydrogen bonds
between the backbone atoms. The two most common secondary structures are: Alpha-
helix (α-helix) and Beta-sheet (β-sheet). These structures provide stability and shape
to the protein and serve as building blocks for higher-level folding. (primary
structure -2.5 marks, secondary structure- 2.5 marks)
19. How do the physical and chemical stimuli effect the cell function?
Both physical and chemical stimuli play crucial roles in shaping cell function.
Physical stimuli, like mechanical force, temperature, and light, can trigger changes in
cell behaviour, including cell movement, differentiation, and survival. Chemical
stimuli, such as molecules in the extracellular matrix or signalling molecules, can also
induce changes in gene expression, cell adhesion, and other cellular processes.
(explain different types and effects of physical and chemical stimuli- 2.5 mark
each)
20. Explain the synthesis proteins in biological systems.
Explain transcription and translation (each 2.5 marks)
21. Write short notes on drug delivery systems
Drug delivery system (DDS) refers to the different forms of drug delivery for various
therapeutic drugs used in the process of disease control. They are designed to deliver
drugs at the required time, in the required amount, to the required site to achieve
maximum efficacy and minimum toxic effects. (2 marks)
Explain- Oral delivery, Injections (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous),
Targeted delivery (Nanoparticles, liposomes, and monoclonal antibodies),
Transdermal delivery and Inhalation delivery. (3 marks)
Part C
Answer any two questions
22. Write a note on different animal cell culture contaminants
In animal cell culture, contamination can compromise the integrity of experiments and
cell viability. Contaminants are unwanted microorganisms or substances that invade
cultures.(2 marks)
Types of Contaminants
a. Microbial Contaminants: bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma (3 marks)
b. Chemical Contaminants: Media, Water, Serum Impurities; Endotoxins,
Plasticizers, Detergents (3 marks)
Explain different methods to detect and prevent contamination (2 marks)
23. Write in detail on hybridoma technology
Hybridoma technology is one of the most common methods used to produce
monoclonal antibodies. monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)—antibodies that are identical
and specific to a single epitope of an antigen. Developed by Georges Köhler and
César Milstein in 1975. In this process, antibody-producing B lymphocytes are
isolated from mice after immunizing the mice with specific antigen and are fused with
immortal myeloma cell lines to form hybrid cells, called hybridoma cell lines.
Explain the steps and applications.
(introduction- 1 mark. Definition of hybridoma technology and monoclonal
antibodies- 3 marks, steps- 4 marks, application- 2 marks)
24. Write essay on embryo splitting and implantation in animals
Embryo splitting and implantation are important reproductive biotechnologies that
contribute to animal breeding, genetic research, and conservation. These techniques
help increase offspring numbers from valuable animals, enable genetic manipulation,
and support assisted reproduction. (2 marks)
Embryo splitting, also known as artificial twinning, is a technique used to produce
two or more genetically identical embryos from a single early-stage embryo.
Explain the process of embryo splitting and advantages (3 marks).
Embryo implantation refers to the process of placing embryos into the uterus of a
surrogate mother, where the embryo attaches to the uterine wall and develops into a
fetus. Explain the process of embryo implantation in assisted reproduction (3 marks)
Explain the applications and limitations of embryo splitting and implantation (2
marks)
25. Expain the strategies of metabolic engineering
Metabolic engineering involves the purposeful modification of cellular metabolic
pathways to improve production of specific substances such as pharmaceuticals,
biofuels, or industrial chemicals. The goal is to optimize the cell’s metabolism for
enhanced yield, productivity, or novel functions. (3 marks)
Explain different strategies- Overexpression of Key Genes, Gene Silencing or
Knockout, Heterologous Gene Expression, Enzyme Engineering, Regulation of
Regulatory Networks etc. (4 marks)
Explain any one example- golden rice, biofuel production etc (2 marks)
Explain Benefits of Metabolic Engineering (1 mark)