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METHODS
EXPLORATION
MINING
By
TANOH YAO PARFAIT
Mining Engineer
Co-Founder NGO JIDD-AFRICA
parfaityao69@gmail.com
www.jiddafrique.blogspot.com

Summary
CHAPTER I: UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT OF THE WORK
IN MINING PROSPECTING
CHAPTER II: REMOTE SENSING
CHAPTER III: GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING
CHAPTER IV: GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION
CHAPTER V: GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTION
CHAPTER VI: ALLUVIAL PROSPECTION OR
MINERALOGICAL
CHAPTER V: SURVEY
 CHAPTER I: UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT OF THE WORK
MINING PROSPECTING

I. SOME DEFINITIONS
Mining prospecting

It is the set of methods performed from the search for the first clue to
the evaluation of the deposit. It is the set of methods executed that allow for discovery
a deposit.

The research permit

It is an administrative authorization of a land type that delineates the spatial and legal framework.
of an area to prospect.

An ore

It is the set of minerals containing a useful substance in sufficient quantity to

justify an exploitation. Ore = useful substance + gangue.
It is the set of minerals of which at least one has economic value.

A deposit

It is the collection of rocks containing a useful substance in sufficient quantity to justify

a mining operation. Deposit = ore + barren. It is a deposit that can be profitably exploited.

A lodging

It is an abnormal concentration of useful substances.

A matrix

It is the useless part of an ore that is associated with the useful substance.

A sterile

It is everything that is not the ore in a mining operation. It is the whole of

minerals that do not contain any useful substance or that may contain it but below a certain threshold
certain threshold.

The prospect

It is the place where selective and important investigations of mining exploration take place.
which presents the characteristics of the future deposit.

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 II. NOTION OF MINING GEOLOGY

It is the study of minerals. Mining geology includes 3 essential components which are:
mining exploration, mining and ore processing. Any company
the mining sector takes into account 2 elements during the execution of its research work
fundamentals. This is the main objective and planning.

Main objective

Every mining research activity differs from one company to another, but the basis of their
the conception remains the same. The primary goal of mining exploration is the
discovery of a deposit, that is to determine its shape, depth, and dimensions
(length, width, thickness), the tonnage, the content. To achieve the main objective, it is
necessary to employ certain methods that also present secondary objectives
specific.

2. Planning

It is the set of direct or indirect methods developed to achieve the objective.

Main. The elements to consider in any mining exploration planning
are :
The type of ore: what to look for?
The location of the ore: where to search?
The means implemented and the methods used: how to search?

III. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

Depending on the formation environment of the deposits, two types of mineral deposits are distinguished:
endogenous deposits and exogenous deposits.

Endogenous guesthouses

These are deposits formed inside the Earth by the crystallization processes of magma
and the recrystallization of pre-existing rocks.

a. Magmatic lodges

They are formed by the processes of crystallization of magma by the enclosing rock. Among
these are distinguished:
The orthomagmatic cottages

These are deposits formed within the enclosing rock, that is to say at the same time as the rock.
magmatic.
The pneumatolytic deposits

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These are deposits that result from the first escape of volatile materials during an eruption.
volcanic.

Hydrothermal vents

They are formed by precipitation or by crystallization of hot solutions or gases.

the interior of cracks or fractures. EX: lode deposit.

b. Metamorphic gîtes

These are the deposits formed by the recrystallization processes of pre-existing rocks. They are
generally found in the halos of enclosing rocks which are also called deposits
metasomatic.

2. Exogenous cottages

These are deposits formed on or near the surface of the Earth by processes
of alteration. Four types of exogenous deposits are distinguished: detrital deposits, deposits
residual, chemical origin deposits and biochemical origin deposits.

IV. FACTORS OR METHOD OF FORMATION OF MINERAL GNAEISS

Four factors contribute to the establishment of a mineral deposit. These can be endogenous.
You exogenous:
A mineralizing source: magma
A migration or transport
A depot or a store that is the storage place of the mineralizing source.
A trap that is a stopper which is the blockage point that prevents the source.
mineralizer to leave the store.

Among these factors, 2 truly contribute to the formation of a lodge. These are the store and
the trap of which the whole constitutes the metal tectonic (a rock mass that allows storage)
and the blockage of a mineralizing source.

V. STRUCTURES FAVORABLES TO CONCENTRATION AND TO

MINERAL RECONCENTRATION

Quartz vein
Failed and silicified structures
Shear corridors
Fracture network (called stockweik in geology)
Geological contact zones
Periplutonic zones
Transverse fracture to a regional fracture.

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VI. PHASES AND STAGES OF MINING EXPLORATION

Mining exploration occurs in 3 phases that are successive and complementary. They are:
The strategic phase or phase of general reconnaissance or general prospecting or
strategic prospecting
The tactical phase
The punctual or systematic phase

1. Strategic phase

It is done over a large area. It allows:

To define the mining potential of a region
To determine the geostructural context of the mineralization
To define, select, and prioritize the different anomalous areas likely
to overflow with mineralization.

This phase is carried out in 2 steps which are:

The approach to the subject
The search for clues and anomalies

a.Approach step to the subject

It involves gathering a number of documents and carrying out certain tasks.

mining in the laboratory before any execution in the field.

The documentation

A good mining campaign requires 3 types of documents:

Administrative and legal documents
Scientific documents
Technical documents

Administrative and legal documents

Decree granting the exploration permit signed by the President of the Republic and
delivered by the supervising minister;
A mission order issued by the company's director that protects all individuals.
which are mentioned in that document during the mission period;
A letter issued by the authorities that will be presented to the various village chiefs;
- A mining code that provides all the rules that are governed in the host country. To this code
we add the environmental code, the water code, the land code, etc.

Scientific documents

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This is about creating a bibliography to obtain all the information on the type of ore to
search, in the study area or the prospect, for previous mining work that has already been done.

Technical documents

For the report of all geological data, the prospector needs 2 types of documents.
of a technical nature which are: the geological map and the topographical map.

Representation of a research permit on a map in coordinates

geographical

The geographic coordinate system is defined by 2 parameters which are: longitude and
latitude which is expressed in X°Y'Z''.
Longitude

It is an imaginary line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole. Longitudes are defined at
starting from a longitude or prime meridian called the Greenwich Meridian. They vary from
0°-180°W and 0°-180°E.
Note: Ivory Coast is located between longitudes 3°W and 8°W.
The latitude

It is an imaginary line that connects the East and the West. Latitudes are defined from a
Latitude or origin parallel called equator. They vary from 0° to 90°N and from 0° to 90°S.
Note: Ivory Coast is located between latitudes 5°N and 10°N.
The coordinates of a point in the geographic system are written as follows
P (XL/Yl). With 0° X 180 degrees Y 90° ; L=W or E and l=N or S
EX : T (5°W/10°N)
To facilitate positioning on the Earth's globe, it has been subdivided into square degrees.
A square degree is defined as the area bounded by 2 consecutive whole longitudes and 2 latitudes.
consecutive integers whose area is a square of 1° on each side.
Note: the coordinates of a point in the geographic coordinate system can
also written in decimal degrees affected by the signs + or -.
In the case of longitudes, West is represented by the sign - and East by the sign +.
In the case of latitudes, South is represented by - and North by +.
EX: R (4°45’W/6°30’N) is also written as R (-4.75°/6.5°) by simply converting the X°Y’Z’’.
at X° preceded by the sign + or - depending on the cardinal point concerned.

1° = 110,000 m = 110 km = 60’ = 3600’’

EXERCISE 1
Let a research permit be defined by 4 points A, B, C, and D expressed in coordinates.
the following geographical coordinates: A (-6.25°/7.5°), B (-6.25°/6.75°), C (-5.5°/6.75°) and D (-5.5°/7.5°).
1- represent this permit in a grid in the geographic coordinate system

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Scale: 2cm for 15'
2- calculate the number of square degrees that cover the grid and then name them.
3- deduce the shape of the permit and then calculate its area in km2.

iii. Representation in UTM coordinates (Universal Transverse Mercator)

The UTM coordinate system is defined by 2 parameters (Easting and Northing) which are
distances expressed in meters. This system was designed based on the geographical system.
On the Earth's globe, the entire UTM zone is bounded by longitudes 180°W and 180°E and
between latitudes 84°N and 80°S.
Aside from the geographic coordinate system, the Earth is divided into several
coordinate systems including the UTM system and the UPS system (Universal Polar System).
Easting

The eastings correspond to longitudes. Therefore, the eastings axis can be subdivided.
in several vertical bands at intervals of 6° of longitude. There are 60 bands
verticals on the easting axis numbered from 1 to 60 from left to right (W to E).
Note: the CI is included in the vertical bands 29 and 30.
Each vertical band is independent and ranges from 0 m to 660000 m.
Bands 29 and 30 are separated by longitude 6°W.
Northing

The northings correspond to latitudes. The northing axis can be subdivided into several
horizontal bands by interval of 8° of latitude. These bands are numbered by the letters
alphabetical written in uppercase from bottom to top (South to North).
The letters A and B belong to the UPS South.
The letters Y and Z belong to the UPS North.
The horizontal bands O and I do not exist.
The rest of the alphabet is used to number all the horizontal bands.

Note: The CI belongs to the horizontal bands N and P.

Each horizontal band is independent and varies from 0 m to 880,000 m
The N and P bands are separated by the latitude 8°N.

The naming of a UTM zone is obtained by respectively associating a vertical band and
a horizontal band.
Ivory Coast comprises 4 UTM zones which are: 29N, 29P, 30N, and 30P.
The coordinates of a point in the UTM system are defined from the UTM zone in
which point is located at this location and from its easting and northing: P (XE/YN).
With 0 m X 660000 m; 0 m Y 880000 m; E = Easting and N = Northing
Conversion of a point's coordinates from the geographic system to the UTM system
and vice versa

Let a point P (XL/Yl)

Transcribing these coordinates into the UTM system first involves determining the UTM zone.
in which this point is located.

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 Conversion of longitudes to easting

Ep = (Lmax–Lp)× 110,000
Lmax: maximum longitude of the area
Lp: longitude of the point
Conversion of latitudes to northing
Np = (lp–lmin)× 110,000
lp: latitude of the point
minimum latitude of the area
Example: Let R (5°30'W/6°45'N); R 30N (0°W-6°W ; 0°N-8°N)
Conversion of longitudes into easting

ER(6°-5.5°)× 110,000 = 55,000 m

Conversion of latitudes to northing

NR(6.75° - 0°)× 110,000 m = 742,500 m

So we have R (55000 E/742500 N)
Note: these conversion formulas are only theoretically applicable. For practice
On the ground, only the GPS provides accurate and reliable results.

EXERCISE 2
Let there be a quadrilateral defined by 4 points A, B, C, and D expressed in UTM coordinates:
A(110000m/660000m) B(165000m/770000m) C(220000m/660000m) and
D(165000m/550000m).
1- represent this research permit in UTM coordinates in a grid of dimension
10cm×10cm.
2- deduce its shape and then calculate its area in km2.
3- determine the number of square degrees that cover the grid and name them knowing
that the grid belongs to zone 30N.

iv. Determination of maps at different scales

After the representation of the exploration permit on the map, it is necessary for the prospector
to determine the number of maps (topographic and geological) at different scales
necessary for the execution of the work on the ground. To execute one follows the methodology
next:
Subdivision of the grid or map into square degrees

The square degree map is a map at a scale of 1/200,000.

Subdivision of each square degree into sheets or cuts

The map at a scale of 1/200,000 can be subdivided into 4 sheets which are maps at the scale of
1/100,000 with 30' (55,000 m) side.
Each map at a scale of 1/100,000 can also be subdivided into 4 sheets that are maps.
at a scale of 1/50,000 with 15' (27,500 m) on each side.

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Note: In a square degree, there are 4 maps at the scale of 1/100,000 and 16 maps at the scale
1/50,000.
Numbering of maps at different scales

The maps at a scale of 1/100,000 use the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 arranged

from left to right and from bottom to top.
The maps at a scale of 1/50,000 use the numbering letters a, b, c and are described in
minuscule arranged in the same order.
Nomination of maps at different scales

The name of a map at a scale of 1/200,000 is derived from the name of the square degree.
Bouaké
A map at a scale of 1/100,000 is named by combining respectively the name of the square degree.
and the corresponding card number.
Example: Bouaké 1
The name of a map at a scale of 1/50,000 is obtained by combining the name of the
square degree, the map number at the scale of 1/100,000 in which this map is located and
the corresponding alphabetical letter.
Bouaké 1a

CONTINUATION OF EXERCISE 1
4-Determination of topographic maps at a scale of 1/50,000 necessary for the work
field exploration:
On: Bouaké 1a, Bouaké 1b, Bouaké 1c, Bouaké 1d, Séguéla 2b, Séguéla 2d, Gagnoa 3c,
Gagnoa 3D, and Daloa 4D.

v. Calculation of magnetic declination

In geology, there are 2 types of North:

True North (TN)

It is fixed and is a line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole, meaning it is parallel to the
meridian.
The Magnetic North (MN)

It is indicated by a compass needle. Unlike the true north which is fixed, the magnetic north varies in
time and space. It is not always superimposable to the NG. Therefore the difference
The angle between NM and NG is called magnetic declination. This can be calculated at
starting from a magnetic declination diagram generally represented on maps
(topographic and geological) that shows the relationship between the NM and the NG. This one is
always accompanied by a date and the annual variation order of the declination expressed in
sexagesimal minute.
Note: in Ivory Coast, in an exercise, when the annual variation of the declination
magnetic is not given we take 6' per year.
To calibrate the compass, we calculate the Dm. We then choose 30' as the value from
of which the districts are made because the compass is graduated in degrees (X°).

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 For DM = 6°29'29'', we take DM = 6°
For DM = 6°30’1’’, we take DM = 7°

vi. Compass calibration

A calibrated compass always points to true north while a non-calibrated compass does not.
calibrated indicates magnetic north. The calibration (correction) of the compass therefore involves
align the NM and the NG by simple manipulation of the compass.
For example, if DM = β, the calibration involves tilting the compass needle by an angle.
beta version on the left.

EXERCISE 3
On the sheet Man 4d at a scale of 1/50000, a declination diagram is represented.
magnetic that indicates 11°20' calculated on 01/01/1966. This declination decreases by 6'
sixty yearly.
1- calculate the magnetic declination on the date of 01/14/2013 usable for calibration
compass.
A prospector takes directional measurements on the foliation planes using a
uncalibrated compass on a basic outcrop. The results obtained yield a
unique orientation N60°,45°SE.
a- sachant que la DM=7°, déterminer les valeurs des angles en NM et NG.
b- represent the corresponding magnetic declination diagram.

b. Steps for searching for clues and anomalies

It is a field stage during which the prospector must apply certain

methods for discovering a deposit. These are more or less applicable depending on
the research area. These are the following methods:
Geophysical prospecting
Geological prospecting or Hammer prospecting
Geochemical prospecting
Alluvial Prospecting or Mineralogical Prospecting

It is this step that truly allows you to discover a "suspected anomaly."

2. Tactical phase

This phase consists of verifying the suspected anomalies discovered during the phase.
previous. It includes a single step called index control step or
anomalies. To execute, the work takes place on a reduced surface on which one
applies techniques that are:
Ground techniques or ground study (layout)
In-depth techniques or thorough studies (trench digging and/or
well).

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 3. Point or systematic phase

The investigation area is even smaller. This is the most expensive and longest phase.
from mining exploration as it allows for the definition of initial economic estimates
on one hand and on the other hand to define the envelope of the mineralization. It is during this phase
to determine whether the lodge is really a deposit. This phase occurs in 2 steps:
The recognition of the mineralized body from the surveys and
The assessment of reserves or estimation of reserves.

VII. MINING EXPLORATION METHODS

Mining exploration includes 4 methods that are applicable more or less depending on the areas.
of research. These are:
Geophysical prospecting

It consists, on one hand, of determining the different magmatic discontinuities (fractures) and
On the other hand, to define the different physical parameters of the deposit. It uses several
processes that provide results in the form of a geophysical anomaly map that show
either isovalue curves or bell curves. Among these processes, we distinguish:
gravimetry, magnetism, electricity, seismology, radiometry.
Geological prospecting

It supports geophysical prospecting and allows for the determination of various indices.
of mineralization in geological formations using a geologist's hammer. The
The result of this method is the development of a geological map from a map.
of outcrop.
Geochemical prospecting

Geochemistry studies the nature and behavior of chemical elements within the crust.
terrestrial where they are found in the form of trace or infratrace. These chemical elements can
accumulate and form often hidden repositories whose economic conditions may
transform into a deposit. Consequently, the geochemical prospecting will focus on the
retrieve in 3 steps: sample collection, sample preparation
consists of drying, racking, crushing, grinding, sieving to obtain particles
fine and sample analysis which consists of using specific reagents for each
ore to extract the useful substance and measure it.
Depending on the nature of the sampled specimen, we distinguish 3 types of prospecting.
geochemical in the mining field which are:

Nature of the sample Scientific term Technical term

Healthy rock Lithogeochemistry Rock geochemistry

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 Sun Pedogeochemistry Soil Geochemistry
alluvion Alluvial geochemistry Stream sediment

The result is the development of a geochemical anomaly map.

Alluvial prospecting

It involves taking and separating through a density wash (technique of the

the alluvium that has been deposited by granoclassification in sedimentation basins.
The result is the direct extraction of heavy minerals.

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 CHAPTER II: GENERALITIES ON REMOTE SENSING

I. GENERALITIES

All the constituents of the Earth's crust (rock, water, vegetation, ...) absorb,
emit and reflect energy. This amount of energy depends on the characteristics of
the object, of electromagnetic radiation but especially of the object's position in relation to
the light source. The technique that allows the study of these variations in absorption, emission
and reflection is remote sensing.

Definition

From an etymological point of view, the word remote sensing is the combination of 2 words; tele=distance and
detection=discover. Literally, remote sensing is the set of techniques or
operations that through image acquisition allow for remote information on the
Earth's surface without being in contact with it.

2. Principle

The principle of remote sensing relies on the properties that the object has to reflect or to
disseminate electromagnetic radiation. Remote sensing is thus the result of interaction
between 3 fundamental elements which are the light source, the target, and the vector.

a. The light source

N distinguishes 4 types of light sources or radiations:

The natural source: the Sun
The artificial source: the laser
The source emitted by the Earth's surface
The source reflected by the earth's surface.

b. The target

It is a portion of the Earth's crust that is observed by the vector.

c. The vector

The remote sensing technique is dependent on a vector. Indeed, to record the energy
reflected or emitted by the target must be installed on the vector or the platform
uncaptured distance from the surface to observe.

i. Examples of vectors

There are several types of sensors, including airplanes, balloons,

rockets, spacecraft, satellites.

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 the planes

There are 2 types of aircraft based on flight altitude:

the aircraft at altitudes of 3000m to 8000m that allow for obtaining photographs at
large and medium scale (1/2000 to 1/80000).
High-altitude aircraft (>8000m) that allow for obtaining small photographs
scale (1/10000 to 1/200000).

the balloons

We distinguish 3 types of balloons:

uncontrolled stratospheric free balloons (30 to 40 km)
the tethered tropospheric balloons (300m) attached to a cable on the ground
the dirigible balloons.

rockets or spacecraft

Their launch cost is very high, therefore they are less profitable.

the satellites

We distinguish 2 types of satellites:

-the rolling satellites used for the cyclical observation of Earth. They have a
low orbit (trajectory) (500 to 1500 km) and is nearly polar.
Geostationary satellites used for communication and observation of
weather conditions. They are placed in a circular orbit in the plane of
the equator and move at a speed equal to that of the Earth.

EX : LANDSAT, SPOT, ERST, NOAA

ii. The sensors

The function of a sensor is to detect the signal emitted or reflected by the target and to
Save in digital form. There are 3 types of sensors:
The cameras that allow for a stereographic view of a
landscape. Among these, two types are distinguished: devices intended for production of
aerial photographs used in mapping and multi-band cameras.
The imaging radiometers are sensors that allow for obtaining an image.
organized in rows and columns.
Active sensors or RADARs consist of a transmitter, the source of
radiation and a detector that measures the returning radiation from the surface
observed. N distinguishes 3 types of RADAR:
Side-looking radar imaging
The diffusometers or scatterometers, which are non-imaging radar used for
analyze the state of the ocean surface and the wind speed over an ocean.

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 The radar altimeters used in oceanography and geodesy.

3. Notion of electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic radiation, which is a form of energy propagation of origin

natural or artificial exists in the form of frequency or wavelength that constitutes the
electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum can be divided into several spectral bands that
are:
-Visible: 0.390μm (390nm) – 0.7μm (700nm)

The visible that constitutes white light is perceptible to the human eye. A decomposition of
this white light, depending on the wavelengths, results in distinguishing several lights
colored:
Violet: 390nm-450nm
Blue: 450nm-490nm
Green: 490nm-580nm
Yellow: 580nm-600nm
Orange
Red: 620nm-700nm
Ultraviolet light with a wavelength <390nm is not perceived by the human eye.
The infrared light with a wavelength >700nm is not perceived by the human eye

We have: ULTRAVIOLET < VISIBLE < INFRARED

4. Effect of the atmosphere on image quality

The atmosphere is approximately 10,000 km thick. It consists of 5 overlapping layers.

who are: the troposphere (0-13km), the stratosphere (13-50km), the mesosphere (50-80km), the
thermosphere (80-600km) and the exosphere (>600km).
The radiations emitted by a sensor installed on a vector only reach it after the
crossing the atmosphere requires taking into account the interactions between
radiation and atmosphere. In reality, the atmosphere is composed of gases (N-O-CO 2-O3-
Water vapor, etc.) of water droplets, solid particles, and dust that make up
the aerosols. The effect of the atmosphere is related to the interaction of radiation and the latter and
is situated at 2 levels:
The absorption exerted by gas particles and
The diffusion exerted by aerosols.

II. PHOTOGEOLOGY OR PHOTOINTERPRETATION

Principle

The principle of photo-interpretation is the reconstruction of relief that is obtained using

2 shots of the same scene taken from 2 different viewpoints.
2. Method of acquiring photographs

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We mount an RGB sensor on a vector. This aircraft must have the capability to fly at low
altitude (below the clouds) following a straight trajectory at the same altitude and at speed
constant. The photos will be taken according to a well-defined step based on the viewing angle and speed
of the plane. These parameters are adjusted so that between consecutive photos there can exist a
common sweeping zone called the overlapping zone. The creation of this zone allows
a total coverage of the entire region. This couple of photos obtained is called a
Stereogram allows for stereoscopic vision or the perception of relief in 3 dimensions.
The devices used for this vision are called stereoscopes.

3. Foundations

Aerial photographs without their interpretation show different criteria that allow
to analyze landscapes, to limit morphology and to assimilate them to phenomena
geological. The analysis of an image is therefore based on 3 criteria which are:
The tone and the color
The texture and the structure
The shape and type of relief

a. Tone and color

The tone depends on the amount of light reflected by the object, while the color does
appeal to the concept of visible spectrum.

b. Texture and structure

The texture of an image can be defined as small homogeneous elements of the same kind.
radiometry. It depends on the sensor's resolution. Four types of textures are distinguished that
are :
The smooth texture
The finely grained texture
The medium-grain texture
The coarse-grained texture

The assembly of textures in a photo constitutes a structure.

c. Shape and type of relief

We distinguish 3 types of relief shapes which are:

The height forms: mountains, hills, mounds, ...
The hollow shapes: valley, basin, ...
Sloping forms: embankment, slope, ...

The entire set of landforms constitutes the types of relief. Several types of relief are distinguished.
relief which are the mountains, the plateaus, the plains and the hills.

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 d. Different types of hydrographic networks

Several types of networks are distinguished:

The dendritic network corresponds to areas with uniformly resistant sediments.
which can be crystalline rocks. There are 4 types of dendritic networks that
are: the sub-dendritic type, the pennate type, the dichotomous type and the type
anastomose.
The parallel network corresponds to areas with elongated and parallel structures among
which distinguishes between the sub-parallel type and the collinear type.
The lattice network corresponding to areas with sedimentary rocks or
metamorphic among which we distinguish the directional type and the curved type.
The rectangular network that corresponds to the places where the faults settle at an angle
law.
The radial network corresponds to the regions of volcanoes and domes.
The annular network corresponds to the regions with magmatic rocks and
sedimentary.
The multi-basin network corresponds to surface deposits and flat rocks.
The bypass network corresponds to areas of metamorphic rocks or rocks
roughly listed.

e. The applications of photo-interpretation

In geological mapping
Reconnaissance geology (large area) or detailed (small area)
Lifted on the ground
Geological synthesis and confrontation with geophysical interpretations

Mining research
Mining prospecting
Gîtology

Hydrogeology
Geological knowledge
Installation of drilling

Engineering Geology
Study of dam sites, roads, railways, pipelines
Study of natural risks (erosion, landslide, flooding)
Study of the environment.

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 CHAPTER III: GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING

I. OBJECTIVE

It highlights the different magmatic discontinuities, the types of

geological formations (acidic rocks or basic rocks) and the physical parameters of a
deposit (form, depth, ... except content).

II. DIFFERENT METHODS

There are several geophysical methods or processes that are:

Gravimetric method
a. Principle

It allows to detect variations in terrain density. The results of the measurements obtained
must be corrected based on several corrections which are: altitude correction, area correction,
of plateaus, of reliefs, lunar-solar and instrumental.

b. Device

The devices used are gravimeters.

c. Applications
Mapping
Archaeological research
Hydrogeology
Gîtology
Geothermal energy

2. Magnetic method
a. Principle

It applies to the components of the Earth's magnetic field and variations

geological magnetic susceptibility of rocks. For measurements, corrections are made.
called daytime corrections.

b. Device

The devices used are magnetometers for field execution. We use 2.

magnetometers. One is fixed at the reference station and the other moves with the operator.
on the profiles. The measurements are taken at a previously chosen pace based on the size of
the sought anomaly.

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 c. Applications
Mining Geology
Petroleum geology
Geological mapping
Hydrogeology

3. Electric method
a. Principle

It is based on the measurements of intensity variation that define resistivity.

terrains.

b. Device

The devices are numerous and adapt to the issues raised. Furthermore, we can them
classify into two categories:
The electrical trails that allow for obtaining profiles and resistivity maps.
apparent.
The electrical surveys that allow obtaining the sequence of resistivities of
couches.

In general, the devices used are Schlumberger devices.

c. Applications
Resistivity mapping
Determination and quantification of land volumes.

4. Seismic method
a. Principle

The seismic method uses a source of shaking often caused by a mass strike.
which produces a shock wave that propagates in the underground. This leads to reflections
and refractions. The variations are recorded on the surface of the Earth.

b. Device

The devices used are geophones. Depending on the setup used, the analysis of the times
arrival of direct, reflected or refracted waves allows the calculation of speeds and the
thicknesses.

c. Applications
Determination of the depth of the bedrock
Determination of the capacity of the land
Detection of rock intrusions

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 5. Radiometric method
a. Principle

The disintegration of radioactive elements produces 3 types of radiation which are: -

Alpha radiation
The radiation
Gamma radiation

alpha and beta are absorbed by the air while gamma, which is penetrating, is captured. The rocks are more
or less radioactive depending on their content of radioactive elements. The gamma measurement of-
the outcrop allows us to obtain information about the geology, about the presence of
radioactive minerals.

b. Device

The devices used are the gamma meters, the scintillometer, and the spectrometer.
The gamma meter is used in ground prospecting.
- The scintillation detector detects gamma radiation. It has a crystal that scintillates.
when it absorbs a gamma photon. This scintillation is transformed into a pulse.
electric and allows to display the intensity of the radiation.
The spectrometer can separate gamma radiations based on energy.
from the disintegration of certain radioactive elements (uranium 235, uranium 238,
potassium 40, thorium 40, thorium 232.

c. Applications
Gîtology
Mining exploration
Study of the environment
Geological mapping

III. PRESENTATION OF GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS

The results obtained in geophysics are presented in 2 forms:

From the profile or bell-shaped curve, the interpretation allows us to determine the
physical parameters of a recline.
The isovalue curve whose interpretation allows for magmatic discontinuities and
to characterize different geological formations. These isovalue curves allow
to obtain the geophysical anomaly map.

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 CHAPTER IV: GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION

I. PRINCE

Geological prospecting involves searching for the various signs of mineralization in

the rocks with the help of the geologist's hammer.

II. MEANS USED

The means used are summarized as financial, human, and material resources but in the
mining domain there is no money problem.

Human resources

Every geological exploration team must include a geologist and a senior technician.
and specialized workers.

2. Material means

The equipment used in geological prospecting is categorized by type:

Note-taking materials: notebook, notepad, pen, pencil,...
Orientation and locating material: topographic and geological maps, GPS
- Safety gear: field shoes, wide-brimmed hat, gloves, ...
Packaging materials: plastic bag, backpack, jute bag, ...
Sampling equipment: hammer, goggles, pickaxe, shovel, ...
- Measurement equipment: compass, clinometer, ...
- Various equipment: camera, ...

III. THE STAGES OF GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION

Geological prospecting takes place in several stages:

1. Preliminary works

This involves subdividing the area into several sectors for the rapid execution of the work.
the area. In each sector, a surveying team is assigned according to a work plan
well defined during a well-defined period.

2. Research of outcrops

For the quick localization of outcrops, a village survey among the locals is
necessary. During this investigation, the prospector must ensure that his interlocutor cannot
do not confuse a pebble, a stone, a brick, a breastplate, and an outcropping of rock.
Caillou: piece of brick
stone: piece of rock
A cuirass: hardened clay or laterite (this is a rock).
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 3. Description of an outcrop

The description of an outcrop is done in the field notebook or on a pre-established sheet by

the mining company on which we note the following information:
Localisation of the outcrop: it is defining the position of the outcrop from
its coordinates using GPS.
The outcrop mode: it is the way in which the rock outcrops at the surface.
In nature, three modes of outcrop are distinguished: in dome, in slab or terrace, and in ball.
The extent of the outcrop: it is the size of the outcrop (large or small)
Petrography and if possible mineralogy (the name)
- Structurology: study of structural elements.

4.Sample collection

Sampling is done in the rock that is either unaltered or slightly altered in the different facies.
petrographic sampling of the outcrop using a geologist's hammer or a sledgehammer.

5. Sample numbering

It is done on several of the faces using a permanent marker and following a sequence of
numbering already predefined during the subdivision of the area into several sectors.

6. Sample packaging

It is done either in plastic bags or in jute bags.

IV. DEVELOPMENT OF A GEOLOGICAL MAP OR SKETCH

The final result of geological prospecting is the development of a map or a sketch.

geological. This necessarily involves creating a map of outcrops that
is obtained on tracing paper from topographical and geological maps. This map
The outcrop must necessarily include the following information:
Position of the projections with their symbolized names
The roads or paths
The villages or camps
Watercourses
Structural elements

From this outcrop map, the sketch or geological map is made, which is a
representation on a topographic background of formations that outcrop or are hidden by a
thin surface layer thickness.
NB: when outcrops are not visible, we refer to soil science (based on
the color of the floor
Granite rocks produce a more or less whitish soil.
Basic rocks give an ochre red soil.

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 CHAPTER V: GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTION

I. GENERALITIES

Geochemistry studies the behavior and nature of chemical elements within the crust.
terrestrial. In the Earth, these elements appear in the form of trace or infratrace. By
Elsewhere, they may concentrate abnormally to often form hidden deposits.
These are the lodgings that, under favorable economic conditions, become deposits.
Consequently, geochemical prospecting will focus particularly on finding them by
the application of certain methods.

Different geochemical methods

In the mining field, depending on the nature of the sampled specimen, we distinguish three
types of geochemical prospecting:

Nature of the sample Scientific term Technical term

Healthy rock Lithogeochemistry Rock Geochemistry
Sun Pedogeochemistry Soil Geochemistry
alluvion Alluvial geochemistry Stream sediment

2. Steps of geochemical prospecting

Geochemical prospecting takes place in 3 stages which are:

the sampling of the sample
Sample preparation

It consists of drying, destemming, crushing, grinding, and sieving to obtain

fine particles

Sample analysis

This consists, on the one hand, of separating the useful substance from its gangue or impurity using reagents.
specific to each substance and on the other hand to carry out a measurement to determine the content.
Example of gold: extraction: chlorinated water and dosage: rhodamine
Today, these methods are replaced by the cyanidation technique.

II. EXECUTION OF GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTION: CASE OF THE

PEDOGEOCHIMY

Pedogeochemistry begins with the design of a prospecting grid based on two types
of the layons:
The base layon (LB or primary layon or base line) which is always parallel to the
direction of geological formations (strategic phase) or to the direction of anomalies
(tactical phase).

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 Transverse or cross lines (LT or L) or secondary lines or cross line.
They are always perpendicular to the baseline.

NB: a layon is a straight path about one meter wide opened in the bush which
allows to frame an area.
A prospecting grid is characterized by a dimension and a mesh.
1000 m × 800 m
Mesh: 500 m × 250 m
1000 m: length of the base path
800 m: length of the transverse lanes
500 m: distances between 2 consecutive transverse beams
250 m: distance between 2 sampling points located on the same transverse lane
LT or no sampling.

Different types of grids

There are 3 types of prospecting grids that depend on the orientation of the layon.
base :
Horizontal grid,
Vertical grille and
Oblique grid.

2. Methodology of geochemical prospecting in the field (technique of

layout)

The layout technique begins with the choice of a starting point that must be
topographically fixed. On the ground, at this point a compass wood is implanted or
monopod on which the sighting compass is placed in the direction of the lines. Subsequently, we
open the different strips using techniques such as marking, clearing brush,
the chaining, the staking.
Note: during the design of the grid, the distance between 2 LT beams must always be
higher than the sampling step.

3. Obstacle avoidance technique

The diversion technique is used when the prospecting team encounters an obstacle. This
deviation must be done as quickly as possible and perpendicular according to certain
sighting rules. When making a left turn, you subtract 90° from the previous direction
and +90° if my deviation goes to the right.

4. Numbering of the LT lanes and stations

Let there be a mesh grid of 500 m × 250 m. The numbering of the layers LT is done in several ways.
ways :
A numbering based on the number of LT layers defined in relation to the original LT.

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EX : LT01NE, LT01SE, LT02SW
A numbering based on the distance between the origin LT and the LT on which it is located.
the collection point.

EX : LT5OONE, LT500SE, LT1000NE, LT1000SE

A numbering based on the distance between the original LT and the LT on which it is located.
the sampling point written with 4 digits taken 2 by 2 separated by the sign +.

EX : LT05+00NE, LT10+00NE, LT05+00SE

The numbering of the stations also uses the latest numbering.
EX: 02+50NW, 05+00NW, 02+50SE

5. Assignment of arbitrary coordinates of a sampling point

The coordinates in the arbitrary reference frame are obtained by associating respectively the
number of the path LT on which this point is located and its reference station.
EX : O (LTOO+OO/OO+OO) ; A (LT05+00NE/05+00NW) ; B (LT05+00NE/00+00);
C (LT05+00SW/02+50SE)
Note: the sampling is taken on each LT strip at regular intervals.
depth of about 50 cm below the humus layer.

III. Ditch and well drilling

The digging of trenches and wells is carried out to control geochemical dispersions.
the earth's crust. The trenches and wells are deepened at the sampling points to
high content for surface or subsurface deposits.

Excavation of a trench
a. Objective

The trenching allows for determining the lateral or horizontal evolution of the
mineralization, that is to say its extent.

b. Characteristics

The trenches are dug under a rectangular section with a width of l=0.75m and a depth of h.
variant from 2.10m to 4.1m.

c. Sampling

It is done with a burring tool or a geologist's hammer by metric grooving.

vertical and horizontal. The end of the sampling shows on one side of the trench a
panel.

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 Driving a well
a. Objective

The well allows for determining the vertical evolution of mineralization.

b. Characteristics

Wells can be drilled in rectangular or circular cross-sections with varying dimensions.

depending on the depth.
Rectangular section
- For p = 0.6m: L = 0.8m and l = 0.5m
For 0.6 p L=1.5-1.8m
- For p 3.6m
Circular section

It is dark when generally the depth p 3m. In this case, the diameter is more or
minus 0.8m.

c. Sampling

It is done by metric grooving in a circular and horizontal manner (rectangular section).

3. Elevations and representation of a trench

The raises of a trench correspond to geological, geochemical, and soil raises.

but especially topographic surveys.
The longitudinal section that represents the trench is a plane that runs through the length of this.
last while respecting a parallelism. The trenches are dug parallel to the
layons LT. For the realization of the cut, the prospector must fix a face: this face
observed is called the gaze. In the case of a trench campaign, it is important to establish
a single glance to succeed in all the geological correlations that may arise from
the interpretation of trench results.

EXERCISE 4
Let there be a trench of length L=10m, width l=0.75m, and depth P=2.1m fixed to
regarding SW and presenting the following characteristics:
The first horizontal touches the bottom of the trench at a length of 5m;
The second horizontal starts at the end of the first and also touches the bottom of the
trench with a length of 3m;
The third horizontal touches the end of the trench at a height of 1.5m.

The results of the topographic surveys conducted during the sinking are recorded in
the table below:
Points 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H(m) 0 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.7 X 1.3 0.5 Y 2 Z

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 1- Make the longitudinal section of this trench at a scale of 1/100.
2- Orient this cut.
3- Determine the heights X, Y, and Z of the trench respectively at points 5, 8, and 10.
4-Calculate the azimuths α1and α2the LT bearer of the trench.

Note: in the representation of the longitudinal section of the trench (specifically on the
reference line), it is important to properly position the origin point of the trench. Indeed,
the origin point in the representation of a trench is positioned on the reference line at
taking into account its position relative to the gaze.

4. Assignment of trench coordinates

The coordinates of a trench are written as follows: T (X/Y-Z)

X: the number of the LT strip on which the trench is located
Y: the distance between the LB lane and the beginning of the trench
Z: the distance between the LB path and the end of the trench
EX : T (LT05+00NE/03NW-08NW)

IV. SAMPLING DOSAGE

The sampling is done to determine the contents of useful substances. For that
It is important to use specific reagents for each useful substance.
CASE OF GOLD
We dissolve the ore in cyanide and collect the solution in a container.
containing zinc sulfate. The whole is brought to fire (pyrometallurgy) in which is added
HCl and HN. Mercury is then injected to accumulate the useful substance. A procedure is carried out.
finally the weighing.

V. TREATMENT OF GEOCHEMICAL DATA AND DEVELOPMENT OF

THE ANOMALY CARD

The processing is done digitally on the computer using software such as SURFER,
MAPINFO, GEOSOFT, STATISTICA which allow for the development of the anomaly map.
geochemical and calculating certain quantities such as standard deviation, variance, mean
arithmetic, the correlation coefficient, etc.
Furthermore, this development begins with the reporting of the contents obtained after dosing to
different sampling points. Values of the same value will be connected by curves
concentric curves called isotenurs that highlight areas
anomalies with high, medium and low content.

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 CHAPTER VI: ALLUVIAL PROSPECTING OR
MINERALOGICAL

I. PRINCIPLE

Alluvial prospecting consists of extracting and separating in a density-based manner through

a washing of the alluvium (sediments from watercourses) to extract heavy minerals. The
Alluviums generally settle in sedimentation basins or in valleys.
following a deposit sequence call granoclassification (vertical). It is presented as
suite :
Basically, the conglomerates ( ɸ > 2mm) consist of blocks, pebbles, and gravel.
Then the arenites (0.2mm < ɸ < 2mm) made up only of sand.
At the top of the mudstones ( ɸ <0.2mm) composed of clay, silt, muck, mud, etc.

Note: In the granoclassification sequence, the mineralized area that would be of the most interest
is the gravel area where the minerals have deposited due to their density and hardness.

II. PREPARATORY WORK

Before the field execution, it is important to inventory the alluvial areas.

important and the artisanal exploitation areas if they exist and depending on the network
hydrographic.

III. SEARCH FOR INDICES OR ANOMALIES

The search for heavy minerals generally takes place under the roots of plants that
grow in the riverbed or in significant localized alluvial areas
in the convex parts of the meanders. These alluvial deposits depend on 3 factors that
are:
The flow rate (flow): high or low
The slope of the bed: U-shaped, V-shaped or flat
The curvature of the meander.

NB: In these areas, the exploration wells will be installed in places where the gravel is.
shallow to extract less waste.

IV. CALCULATION OF RESERVES

1. Volume of alluvial deposits

To determine the volume, certain parameters are necessary: length, width, and thickness.

Vs = Ss× esVg = Sg× eg

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 2. Calculation of the average gravel content Tmg

+ +⋯+ ∑
Tmg = =
+ +⋯+ ∑ =
S : surface
E: thickness
content

3. Calculation of probable or geological reserves

It is about calculating the amount of useful substance contained in the deposit. This is the tonnage.

Tm = Qm = V . d Qsu = Tm . Tmg
d : density
tonnage
Qsu: quantity of useful substance

V. VERIFICATION OF THE CONTINUITY OF MINERALIZATION

1. Principle of the zone of influence

The zone of influence of a hole or a well is located halfway between neighboring holes or lines.
of neighboring prospecting located immediately upstream and downstream. Furthermore, any
sample taken from the area of influence will be representative of the entire deposit for the
conventional surface of this well or this hole.

2. Method of calculating average contents

We distinguish 4 methods which are:

The trapezoidal method
The trigonometric method
The descourbes method of isotenuers
The method of rectangles.

EXERCISE 5
There are prospecting wells located on the LT corridors with average grades.
correspondents:
1-Represent the influence area of each pay hole knowing that the average content is
of 8g/m3.
2- Topographic surveys have yielded results recorded in the table below:

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 Trou 1 2 3 4 5
E
g G s g g s g s
L
LT1 0.5 0.2 0,8 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 1,2 0.8
LT2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.1 2 2 1 0.5 0.6 0.7
LT3 1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 1 0.4 0.1 1.5 2.1
LT4 0.2 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 1,2 1,3

Calculate the average grade of the deposit given that the density d=1. Mesh: 500m×250m

SOLUTION
2- Calculation of the average content knowing that the mesh is mesh: 500m×250m
∑
Tmg = = with S=constant
∑ =

∑
Tmg = =
from where with Ei=Egi+Esi therefore
∑ =

∑ ( + )
Tmg = =
∑ = ( + )

AN: Tmg= 20.43g/m3

Only the paid wells represent the reservoir, so the Tmg is calculated with the parameters.
paying wells.

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 CHAPTER VII: SURVEY

I. DEFINITION AND OBJECTIVE

A survey is a hole or a drilling that allows to determine the vertical evolution of the
mineralization at very great depth. The drilling is carried out during the phase
punctual or systematic during which they allow identifying the mineralized body
that is to say to identify the name of the enclosing rock.

II. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SURVEYS

Depending on the surface appearance of the collected samples, two types are distinguished.
from the survey:
- The impactful survey destructive survey RC (Reverse Circulation)
during which the collected samples are in crushed form or debris.
- The diamond drilling survey DD (Diamond Drilling) survey
course during which the samples collected at the surface have a cylindrical shape
called carrot.

RC Survey
a. Device

The device includes a probe that is connected to a compressor via a flexible tube.
the probe is mounted on a truck positioned at the exact location of the drilling hole. It
includes a metal rod at the end of which there is a drill bit whose tip is equipped
of teeth. The nature of these teeth depends on the rock to be probed. In the case of a compact rock,
We use industrial diamond teeth. In the case of laterites, we use blade teeth.
(lame) and in the case of a alteration, we use teeth in hummer.

b. Principle of operation

Air pressure is injected from the compressor into the metal rod during the
rotary movement of the drill. This air will soften the rock which will be crushed and then sucked up
the inside of this same rod by the reverse movement of the air hence the name reverse
circulation.

c. Sampling

The surface samples are collected in plastic bags or in sacks.

calico. When the quantity is large, a quartering is done into 3 samples (lots).
The first sample is placed in a numbered bag and then sent to the laboratory for
analyze.
The second sample, which has a mass greater than the first, is also placed in a numbered bag and
kept as a witness.

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The third sample, with a mass twice that of the first two, will undergo operations of
mechanical preparation during which the concentrate will be examined under a magnifying glass.

2. DD Survey
a. Device

The device is similar to that of the RC survey. The only difference being that the air tank
compressed is replaced by a hydraulic system.

b. Principle of operation

From this system, water pressure is injected into the metal rod that comes into contact with
the rock will cool it down. This water will be constantly interrupted by the rotational movement of the
trepan will then allow the recovery of core samples.

c. Sampling

The harvested carrots are placed in boxes called boxes or crates.

Arrangement. The placement of the carrots is from left to right. The direction of the arrangement.
will be indicated on the box by the labels 'top' and 'bottom' (start and end). At the end of each
In the sampling pass, we have a piece of wood or a small plank called a tag.
Before closing the cash register, it is necessary to write the information on one of the visible sides.
following: the box number, the survey year, the starting and ending score, the
survey number and the depth of the survey. The arranged cores will be cut from
the length is divided into 2 equal parts. One half will be sent to the laboratory for analysis
and the other half will be kept in the box as a witness.

d.Elaboration of a geological cross-section of drilling

The cores will be examined through petrography in order to identify the nature.
petrographic examination of the rocks (formations) traversed. This examination will allow for the development of a section

geological survey called drilling survey.

The drill log is the vertical representation of lithology or the succession of
layers crossed depending on the depth.

III. PREPARATORY WORK BEFORE SURVEY

In the laboratory
Make the longitudinal cut of all the trenches.
Develop a surface map obtained by superimposing the map
topographic, the trench map and the geochemical anomaly map.
Position all the surveys to be executed on the surface map.
Know the dip of the host rock.

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 2. On the ground
Install a stake at the exact location of the drill hole bearing the information.
survey number
of inclination of survey.
Build a platform at the survey site of about 8m.24m out of 2×[4m×2m]).

IV. ROLE OF THE PROSPECTOR IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SURVEY

His role is at two levels:

He supervises the survey and notes all the necessary information for a good.
geological correlation and
He collects the samples based on the terrains crossed.

1. Survey surveillance technique

The monitoring of a survey is under the supervision of a survey leader who must however
report to the prospector all the problems that arise. The need for action
Sampling imposes constraints on the surveyor that belong to the prospector to provide them.
explain or even impose them on him. Key information for effective monitoring of
surveys are:
Ensure that the machine is technically suited to the intended purpose.
Check that the entire sampling system is properly in place before executing the
survey.
Carefully monitor the execution of the survey.
Enforce the sampling passes.
Clean the hole between 2 sample ports.

2. Sample collection

It is done based on the terrains crossed. Thus, in a non-mineralized area, the

recovery occurs with each addition of a metal rod while in a mineralized area,
It happens every meter.

TO AVOID ANY CONTAMINATION, IT IS NECESSARY TO

CLEAN THE HOLE AND THE EQUIPMENT.

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 DUTIES
ASSIGNMENT 1
Subject to prior acquired rights, a grant is awarded to the company GMPA RESSOURCE.
research permit. This permit represented in a grid of size 10cm×10cm is
bounded by the points A, B, C, and D expressed in the following UTM coordinates:
A(176000m/770000m) B(220000m/858000m) C(154000m/110000m) and
D(110000m/22000m).
This grid is covered by UTM zones 30N and 30P in which are positioned
respectively the limits A and B; C and D.
1- Knowing that A, B, C, and D determine the boundaries of the grid, deduce
a- the upper and lower limits in Northing of the grid for each UTM zone
b- the exact limits of the grid
2- Represent in the corresponding grid in UTM coordinates.
3- Determine the square degrees that cover the permit.
4- calculate the distances AB and AD in cm.

ASSIGNMENT 2
Subject to prior acquired rights, it is granted to the company RANDGOLD
RESOURCES a type A research permit. this permit is represented in a grid of
dimension 12cm×6cm graduated in UTM coordinates and whose lower and upper limits
The Easting and Northing are recorded in the table below:

Easting Northing
Lower limits 550,000m 0m
Upper limits 110000m 110000m

1- Knowing that this grid is located in the horizontal band P, determine the UTM zones.
in which she finds herself.
2- determine the number of square degrees that cover the grid and name them.
This research permit is actually defined by the perimeter marked by points A, B, C, and D, which are ...
coordinates in the geographic system are as follows:
A(6°20’W/8°30’N), B(5°40’W/8°30’N ), C(5°40’W /8°N) et D(6°20’W/8°N)
Reproduce this permit in its grid in the geographic coordinate system.
4- in which area is the northern limit of the permit located?
5-determine the geological maps at a scale of 1/50000 necessary to carry out a
prospecting campaign in this permit.

ASSIGNMENT 3
On a topographic map bounded by the meridians 3°30'W and 4°W and the parallels 5°30'N
At 6°N, a detailed pedogeochemical exploration grid is represented with a line of

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base (LB) of direction N25° and transverse layons (LT). On this map, one can read a
magnetic declination of 10°52' calculated on the date of 01/01/1969. It decreases by 6' per
year.
To conduct the work on site, you have been requested by the company ISFOP.
RESSOURCES LTD provides you with all the equipment as well as a compass.
calibrated.
1- Based on the data above:
a- Accurately identify the phase of mining prospecting in which you are applying
this method. Justify your answer.
b- Specify its objective.
Deduce the general direction of the anomaly sought in this prospect and that of the lines.
(LT).
2- Calculate the magnetic declination necessary for calibrating the compass on the date of
06/25/2013, date of execution of work.
3-a- Build the corresponding magnetic declination diagram while respecting the
calculated values and associating the base layer (LB).
3-b- Deduce the values of the angles that the layon (LB) will make with the geographic north (NG) and
with magnetic north (NM).

This prospecting grid is 1000m in size.×800m and 200m mesh×100m includes 5

trails (LT) among which runs the trail (LB). During the opening of the trail (LT00+00)
located halfway along the access path in the direction N295°, the team encounters an obstacle
Rectangular with a length of 4m that extends 1m to the right and 2m to the left of it.
4- Clearly explain using an illustration the technique used to bypass.
the obstacle (scale: 1/200).
5-List the mandatory tasks to be completed during the opening of the corridors.

In order to control the different attachment points, this team decides to charge a
trench depth 2.10m on the path (LT04+00NNE), from point A to point B located
respectively 2m to the left and 7m to the right of the path (LB).
6-Give the objective of the digging of this trench and then deduce its coordinates in
the arbitrary reference.
7- Represent the corresponding prospecting grid by visualizing the trench with a figure
of your choice that you will indicate (scale: 1/10,000).

This trench fixed at the SSW view from its origin point shows three horizontals of which
The first two touch the top of the trench at lengths of 3.5m and 3m respectively.
8- Represent the longitudinal section of this trench (scale: 1/100) taking into account the
the following topographic surveys conducted on the ground during the drilling:
1.5m
H10=0m and H11=0m.
9- Calculate the azimuths α1etα2you lay on the trench bearer.

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