STROOP

Color and Word Test

INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION

The three sheets of the test will be delivered to the subject in the following order:
First: the one that contains names of colors (RED, GREEN, BLUE) printed in black ink.
Second: the one formed by rows of X printed in different colors (RED; GREEN; BLUE)
Third: the one that contains names of colors (RED; GREEN; BLUE) that are printed in
a color different from the one corresponding to the written word.

The leaves will be placed directly in front of the subject on a flat surface. If desired, they...
It can rotate up to a maximum angle of 45°, to the right or to the left. It will not be allowed for this
superior angle nor that the subject lifts or separates them from the surface they are on
placed. The third page must be in the same position as the second one: if the subject
keeps the second page in the same position it had when it was delivered, it must maintain
also the third in that same position, without turning it in any direction. It is not allowed to cover the sheets.
in no way.

The following instructions will be read:

This test is meant to evaluate the speed at which you can read the words written in this
page. When I indicate it to you, you must start reading aloud the columns of words,
up down, starting from the first (POINT OUT THE FIRST COLUMN OF THE
LEFT) until reaching the end of it (SHOW WITH YOUR HAND, MOVING IT FROM
UP DOWN IN THE FIRST COLUMN); then continue reading, in order, the
next columns without stopping (SHOW WITH THE HAND THE SECOND COLUMN, THE
THIRD, ETC.)

If you finish reading all the columns before I indicate that time is up.
granted, it will return to the first column (SIGNAL) and continue reading until it gives the signal of
to finish.

Remember that you must not interrupt the reading until I say 'Stop!' and you must read aloud.
raise as quickly as you can. If you make a mistake on a word, I will say 'No' and you.
it will correct the error by reading the word correctly again and will continue reading the next ones without
Stop. Do you want to ask any questions about how to take this test?

These instructions can be repeated as many times as necessary, until the subject
clearly understand what you have to do. It then continues to say:

Are you ready?... Then, begin!

At this moment, the timer starts. When 45 seconds have passed, it...
dice

Enough! Circle the last word you read. If you have finished the whole page and have
start again put a 1 inside the circle. Now turn to the next page.
 The instructions for the SECOND PAGE are the same as those for the first except for the
beginning what is the following:

In this part of the test, it is about knowing how quickly you can name the colors of each
one of the groups of X that appear on the page

If the subject shows no signs of alteration, the following will be briefly proposed to him/her.
instructions:

This exercise is performed similarly to the one on the previous page. Start on the first
column, and name the colors of the groups of X that are in it, from top to bottom, without skipping
none; then continue the same task in the remaining columns. Remember that you must name the
colors as quickly as possible

If the subject has any disturbance or difficulty, the complete instructions will be repeated to them. Such as
On the first slide. A time of 45 seconds is allowed.

To begin the THIRD PART of the test, the instructions included will be followed.
continuation:

This page is similar to the one used in the previous exercise. It should indicate the color of the
ink with which each word is written, without taking into account the meaning of that word. For
example (THE FIRST WORD OF THE COLUMN IS MARKED), what would you say in this
word?

If the subject's answer is correct, the instructions continue to be read; if it is incorrect, it says:

No, that is the word that is written. What you have to say is the color of the ink with which it is
has written. Now (POINT OUT THE SAME ELEMENT), what will he say when looking at this word?

If answered correctly, it is said:

Okay, that's correct.

It continues pointing out the second word and saying:

What would you say in this word?

If answered correctly, the application proceeds by saying:

Well, now you will continue doing the same throughout the page. You will start at the top.
from the first column (INDICATE) and will reach the base of it; then it will continue from the
in the same way in the remaining columns. It should work as quickly as possible.
Remember that if you make a mistake you have to correct your error and continue without stopping. Do you want to make
Any questions?
 If the answer is incorrect, these instructions will be repeated again. This will be done as many times as
it is necessary, until the subject understands what they have to do or there is absolute certainty of
that it will be impossible for him to complete the task.

As in the previous cases, the instructions will be repeated as many times as necessary.
When the subject has no doubts about what to do, the application begins by saying:

You can start!

The stopwatch is started and when 45 seconds have passed, it is said:

Enough! Circle the last word you said.

At this moment, the sample is collected and the subject's identification data (name and
last name, age, and gender

GROUP APPLICATION

The group application is similar to the one done individually but the words 'out loud
"high" should be replaced with "for oneself". The instructions must be given in detail for each
sheet in order to ensure that all subjects understand them well. When it is finished
expected time for each sheet (the same as in the individual application) will be requested from the subjects
surround the last word or group of figures they have reached.

All the applications collected in the Spanish scales have been carried out in the form
individual, so in the case of collective application, these scales should be used with caution.

REPETITION OF THE APPLICATION

In certain occasions it is convenient to stop the test application and start it again. If in a
If the subject hesitates and does not give the first answer within three seconds, the examiner must say:

Stop! Did you understand the order?

These must then be repeated, if deemed necessary, and the application of the
sheet.

If the subject does not work with the speed that seems possible, the examiner will say:

Stop! Remember that you must read the words (or say the colors) as quickly as you can.
Let's start this sheet again.

In any sheet, the subject can point to the elements with their finger. However, in some
cases, on the third slide you can cover the entire word except for one single letter, which interrupts the
verbal processing of the word. In that case, the examiner will say:
 Stop! You can point at the words if you want, but you can't cover them. Let's go to
start again and do not cover the word

Similarly, the subject must be interrupted if they turn the sheet more than 45 degrees or if they lift it from
the table. The interruption must be made immediately upon detecting the failure. It will also be interrupted
the subject if they perform a task different from the indicated one (usually reading the words in the third
(sheet) and the instructions will be repeated.

As a practical guideline to facilitate the monitoring of the test, it is recommended that the examiner
have in front of you a copy of the second sheet which allows verifying if the subject is
it isn't so much mistaken in that sheet as in the third one, since the colors of the written words in
These follow the same order as in sheet two.

It is also advisable to retest subjects who show results corresponding to

strongly pathological models. If the subject has relevant problems, they will obtain results
similar in the second application while normal subjects will obtain more results
It is normal the second time. In general, the test should be repeated yes:

- the score for naming colors (2nd sheet) is equal to or greater than that of reading words (1st)
sheet);
- the score obtained in the third sheet is equal to or greater than that obtained in any
from the other two;
- the color-word scoring (3rd sheet) is below 20;
- other circumstances arise that the examiner considers suspicious.

There is no issue in applying the test twice as a usual practice. Normal individuals
they will show an improvement in the second application while subjects with organic problems
they will show little or no variation in scores. In experimental studies, both the first
as the second applications produced the same results when correlating their scores
with those obtained in personality or cognitive tests. However, in such studies, it is advisable to
always use the same punctuation, whether it is the first or the second.
 7. RESULTS IN SPANISH SAMPLES

7.1 SAMPLE

The standardized version of the Stroop test is The distribution by sex is as follows:
has been applied to a total of 254 subjects with
ages between 7 and 80 years Men: 119
of age. Mujeres: 135

The distribution of subjects in the groups of In all cases, the Stroop has been applied.
age considered in Annex B has been the individually.
next
The data regarding the was not obtained.
Children (7 to 15 years) 33 cultural and socioeconomic level of the subjects
Young adults (16 to 44 years old) 160 but a large part of the adult subjects
Adults aged 45 to 64 years 49 examined (around 80%) had studies
Older adults (65 to 80 years) 12 superiors or similar level.

7.2 RESULTS

P C PC INT
x σ x σ x σ x σ
General population * 118 18 77 14 49 10 2.70 8.53
Men 118 18 76 14 49 11 3.63 8.54
Women * 118 18 78 13 49 9 1.88 8.13
Children from 7 to 15 years old 79 19 53 12 31 8 1.89 5.75
Young adults 119 20 79 14 50 11 2.71 9.05
Adults aged 45 to 64 years 113 14 71 13 43 9 1.73 7.25
Senior adults 96 20 54 13 34 9 8.67 7.04

The data on the general population and those referring to men and women include the results of the younger and older subjects.
corrected by age as indicated in annex B.

The interference scoring has been

calculated as indicated in Annex A,
always taking the corrected scores The average of the scores of
due to age. interference that should theoretically be zero
it turns out to be 2.7 in the Spanish sample which,
In light of the results presented maybe, it could be due to the composition of the
we can make the following comments: own sample.

The results of the Spanish sample are The differences between males and females are
higher than those obtained in populations practically nonexistent in P, C and PC. By the
Americans in the four scores of the on the contrary, males turn out to be more resilient
Stroop. to the interference (3.63) that women (1.88).
The age correction data in the P: 113 + 8 = 121 (General average = 118)
the case of the children may be subject to C: 71 + 4 = 75 (General average = 77)
further considerations when available PC: 43 + 5 = (General media = 49)
of more numerous samples.
On the contrary, in older adults the
In the case of adults aged 45 to 64 Correction years, for age indicated in Annex B
the age adjustment indicated in annex B is insufficient for the scores P and C,
it is correct, because if we add the while it would also be desirable in this case
quantities 8, 4, and 5 to the averages of the to have broader samples to reach
scores P, C, and PC obtained in the group definitive conclusions:
they are very close to the average of the population
general P: 96 + 14 = 110 (General average = 118)
C: 54 + 11 = 65 (General average = 77)
PC: 34 + 15 = 49 (General media = 49)

7.3 BAREMOS

DIRECT SCORES Punctuation.

TYPICAL
P C PC INT T
179 121 83 29.9 80
175 118 81 28.1 78
171 115 79 26.2 76
167 113 76 24.4 74
163 110 74 22.6 72
159 107 72 20.8 70
155 104 70 19.0 68
151 101 68 17.2 66
147 99 65 15.4 64
143 96 63 13.6 62
139 93 61 11.8 60
135 90 59 10.0 58
131 87 57 8.1 56
127 85 54 6.3 54
123 82 52 4.5 52
119 79 50 2.7 50
115 76 48 0.9 48
111 73 46 -0.9 46
107 71 43 -2.7 44
103 68 41 -4.5 42
99 65 39 -6.3 40
95 62 37 -8.2 38
91 59 35 -10.0 36
87 57 32 -11.8 34
83 54 30 -13.6 32
79 51 28 -15.4 30
75 48 26 -17.2 28
71 45 24 -19.0 26
67 43 21 -20.8 24
63 40 19 -22.5 22
59 37 17 -24.4 20
MEDIA 119. 0 79.00 50.00 2.71 50.00
D.TYPICAL 20.00 14:00 11.00 9.05 10:00
 8. REFERENCES

Broverman, D.M., Clarkson, F. E., Klaiber, E.L., Vogel, W.: Learning disabilities: Multidisciplinary
approaches to identification, diagnosis and remedial education.NewYork: MacMillan, 1972

Dugs and Behavior

Golden, C.J.: Diagnosis and rehabilitation in clinical neuropsychology. Springfield, Illinois: Charles
C. Thomas, 1978

Golden, C.J.: Stroop Color and Word Test. A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Wood Dale,
Illinois: Stoelting Co., 1978

Lehman, H.E. and Knight, D.A.: Extrapyramidal Systems and Neuroleptics. Montreal: Editions
Psychiatric, 1961

Thurstone, L. L: A factorial Study of Perception.

Note: The original manual in English lists a total of 113 articles from professional publications related to the Stroop and to the
research carried out with this instrument. The reader can refer to that manual if they are interested in knowing more details.
some of the information included in this manual.
ANNEX A

SCORE CALCULATION OF
INTERFERENCE

To determine the interference score

purely, the difference between the PC should be calculated.
and the PC' (estimated PC). The greater it is
resulting score, less susceptible to
interference is the subject, so the variable The time to read a word is 45 seconds
it could be defined as "resistance to the divided by the score P, the number of
interference. answers given on slide 1. the time of
Naming a color is, in turn, 45/C. Thus, the
The formula to calculate the estimated PC (PC') time for a PC element would be:
is the following:
45 45
PC’ = CxP +
C+P P C

And the interference is equal to: Or in other words:

CxP 45 ( P + C)
PC - PC’ = PC - PxC
C+P
The number of items completed in 45 seconds
The estimated PC (PC') must be obtained with this it will be
formula in all cases
45
45 (P + C)
ORIGIN OF THE FORMULA
PxC
The formula derives from assuming that the shape
easier to make the sheet PC is to read What, simplifying, gives:
first the word and then name the color.
Thus, the time needed to solve a 1
element in the third sheet would be the sum of
time to read one more word plus the time of P+C
name a color.
PxC

What is equal to:

PxC
P+C
ANNEX B
CALCULATION OF T SCORES C corrected for age = C + 4
Corrected PC by age = PC + 5
Young adults
Once the corrected ages are obtained, you can
The T score for young adults (between use Table I to determine the T score.
16 and 44 years old) is obtained from the
direct scores consulting table I. The interference must be calculated from the
The interference score is calculated as scores already corrected for age.
it has been indicated in Annex A (PC – PC’)
3. Elderly
Table I
T scores for the Stroop data The corrections to be made due to age in
the case of adults aged 65 to 80 years is the
Direct scores (corrected age) following:

P corrected by age = P + 14
Adults aged 45 to 64 years
Corrected C by age = C + 11
Corrected PC by age = PC + 15
For adults aged between
T As in the previous case, once obtained the
80 168 125 75 30
78 164 122 73 28 corrected ages can use Table I to
76 160 119 71 26 determine the T score and the interference must
74 156 116 69 24 to be calculated from the scores already
72 152 113 67 22
70 148 110 65 20 corrected by age.
68 146 107 64 18
66 140 104 61 16 4. Children
64 136 101 59 14
62 132 98 57 12
60 128 95 55 10 The children's scores must also
58 124 92 54 8 correct for age before using table I and
56 120 89 51 6
54 116 86 49 4 calculate the interference scores. The
52 112 83 47 2 corrections to be made to figures in table II.
50 108 80 45 0 Table II
48 104 77 43 -2
46 100 74 41 -4 Age corrections for children
44 96 71 39 -6 Experimental data
42 92 68 37 -8 Age Word Color Color- Word
40 88 65 35 -10 7 32 40 26
38 84 62 33 -12 8 46 36 24
36 80 59 31 -14 9 41 29 20
34 76 56 29 -16 10 34 24 16
32 72 53 27 -18 11 26 16 11
30 68 50 25 -20 12 15 10 7
28 64 47 23 -22 13 10 7 3
26 60 44 21 -24 14 5 0 2
24 56 41 19 -26 15 3 0 0
22 52 38 17 -28 16 0 0 0
20 48 35 15 -30 Although this data is still experimental and
they must be taken with caution, it is observed that the
For 45 and 64 years the direct score must the corrections to be made vary significantly in
increase as indicated below age function, so it is necessary to take into account
to obtain the corrected score: count the exact age of the subject. This is
particularly true in the case of children
P corrected for age = P + 8 delayed or advanced, for which the
correction for chronological age could be
incorrect. In cases where the correction for
age is inconsistent with the results of others
Testing or school results can be useful
apply the corresponding corrections to the group
of lower or upper ages.
 CHILD NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
AD/HD

NORMATIVE VALUES OF THE DIAMOND TESTS AND NUMBER 592

Normative values of the diamond tests and number 592

Diamonds
Total errors Time (seconds)
Age Media DE Media DE
4-5 12 (4) - -
6-7 5 (3) 103.43 (46,30)
8-9 4 (3) 66,26 (21,63)
10-11 3 (3) 70.10 (24,55)
12-13 2 (3) 40.90 (8.88)
592
Total number of errors Time (seconds)
Age Media DE Media DE
4-5 13 (4) - -
6-7 6 (3) 200.76 (81,51)
8-9 2 (2) 116.00 (33,71)
10-11 2 (2) 90.70 (24,66)
12-13 2 (2) 67.13 (15.76)
PATIENT:
Time:
Errors:

592

569 562 598 561 591 564 563 591 569 561

564 261 592 599 562 594 591 562 598 592

599 593 563 564 591 598 562 564 569 599

563 599 594 569 561 591 592 599 592 564

561 564 591 562 599 599 561 569 598 594

594 592 563 569 594 564 594 599 561 563

569 562 569 599 598 563 591 564 599 592

563 592 561 563 591 561 569 598 562 569

562 591 594 564 592 563 599 592 599 591

598 561 592 599 562 594 564 562 563 590

564 563 599 598 594 569 592 561 599 562

598 592 569 591 564 562 594 598 594 591

561 563 564 562 592 598 563 592 564 562

569 591 598 594 561 569 591 594 561 563