Lecture 1
Normal Abnormal
SIGN- manifestation of disease that the
● Behavior that ● Criteria for physicians receive
is like other determinin
SYMPTOM- subjective representation of the
people in the g abnormal
society behavior complaints of the patient
SYNDROME- group of symptoms that occur
● Normality is ➔ Norm-violation together more often by chance.
the social
conformity - ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY- branch of
Some psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior,
behaviors are
emotions, and thought which may or may not indicate
non-
conforming an underlying condition.
but normal CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY- applied branch of
● Normality is ➔ Statistical rarity psychology that seeks to understand, assess, and treat
personal psychological conditions in a clinical setting.
comfort
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY- scientific study of mental
➔ Normality is a ➔ Personal
process discomfort disorders.
➔ Deviation ASSESSMENT- the systematic evaluation and
measurement of psychological, biological, and social
➔ Maladaptivenes
s factors in an individual presenting with a possible
psychological disorder.
4DS OF ABNORMALITY DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
1. DYSFUNCTION Individuals inherit tendencies to express
Interferes daily functioning certain traits or behaviors, which may then
refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, be activated under conditions of stress.
or behavioral functioning Disturbances stem form a genetic
predisposition triggered by stress.
2. DEVIANCE
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Predisposing Factors = cause of a disorder
Deviates from the average or the norm of the (i.e. situations that trigger the development
culture of the disorder)
Not just to society but deviation from the Precipitating Factors = factors that allow the
person's usual behavior. disorders to develop (i.e., factors that could
contribute to the development of a disorder)
3. DISTRESS Perpetuating Factors = Reinforcing factors
Individual is extremely upset and cannot that maintain the problem once established
function properly Protective Factors = Strengthening factors
Either to self or to others. that reduces the severity of the problems.
HIGH PROTECTIVE, LOW PERPETUATING =
4. DANGEROUSNESS
LOW PRECIPITATION
Creates potential harm to self (suicidal
LOW PROTECTIVE, HIGH PERPETUATING =
gestures) and others (excessive aggression)
HIGH PRECIPITATION
5. DURATION
How long the mental state has been persisting.
Constant fluctuation of mood, thoughts, and
behaviors is normal, but if changes is
sustained, persistent and pervasive, it can be
concerning.
ROLE OF CULTURE, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS,
AND INTERPERSONAL FACTORS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT
SOCIOGENIC FACTORS
Unemployment, Poverty Crime, Poor
Educational Level
For example:
People who are isolated and lack social
support or intimacy in their lives are more
GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION likely to become depressed when under stress
MODEL and to remain depressed longer than people
People might have genetically determined with supportive spouses or warm friendships
tendency to create the environment risk factors People's online relationships tend to parallel
that trigger a genetic vulnerability In most their offline relationships.
cases, genetic factors are not necessary and
sufficient to cause mental disorders but instead FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
can contribute to a vulnerability or diathesis to Family is a system of interacting parts who
develop psychopathology that only happens if interact with one another in consistent ways
there is a significant stressor in the person's and follow rules unique to each family.
life. Structure and communication patterns of some
families actually force individual members to
RECIPROCAL GENE-ENVIRONMENT MODEL behave in a way that otherwise seems
Eric Kandel abnormal.
Claims that people with a genetic
predisposition to a disorder may also have a MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
genetic tendency to create environmental Also known as Culturally Diverse Perspective.
factors that promote the disorder. Each culture within large society has a
particular set of values and beliefs, as well as
3 KINDS OF GENE-ENVIRONMENT special external pressures, that help account
CORRELATIONS for the behavior and functioning of its
1. PASSIVE Gene-Environment members.
Parents provide for their children is influenced An individual's behavior, whether normal or
partly by the parents' genotypes. abnormal, is best understood in the light of the
individual's unique cultural context.
2. EVOCATIVE Gene-Environment
Child's genotype evokes certain kind of EGO-SYNTONIC- refers to instincts to ideas
reactions from other people. Genetic makeup that are acceptable to self, that are compatible
may affect the reactions of other people to a with one’s value and ways of thinking.
child and, hence, the kind of social EGO-DYSTONIC- refers to thoughts,
environment that the child will experience. impulses and behaviors that are felt to be
repugnant, distressing, unacceptable or
3. ACTIVE Gene-Environment inconsistent with one’s sell-concept.
Children's genotypes influence the kinds of
environment they seek.
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
INTELLECTUAL Deficits in intellectual functioning Onset during the development period
DISABILITY DISORDER (e.g., reasoning, problem-solving) and (typically before age 18)
(ID) adaptive functioning.
Delays in multiple developmental Diagnosed before age 5
GLOBAL domains in children under 5 years of
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY age.
Reduced vocab, limited sentence Persistent
LANGUAGE DISORDER structure, impairments in discourse,
(COMMUNICATION can be adept at accommodating to
DISORDER) their limited language.
Difficulty in speech sound production, Children’s progression in mastering
SPEECH SOUND DISORDER continuous use of immature speech sound production should result
(COMMUNICATION phonological simplification processes in most intelligible speech by 3 years
DISORDER) when the child has already passed the old
age wherein most of them can now
produce words clearly.
CHILDHOOD-ONSET Disturbances in normal fluency and
FLUENCY DISORDER time patterning of speech that are
(STUTTERING) inappropriate for the individual’s age
(COMMUNICATION and language skills.
DISORDER)
Difficulties in the social use of verbal
SOCIAL PRAGMATIC and nonverbal communication.
COMMUNICATION Deficits in using communication for
DISORDER social purposes in a manner that is
(COMMUNICATION appropriate for the social context-
DISORDER) difficulties in following the rules of
conversating and do not understand
metaphors, etc.
Persistent deficits in social Symptoms typically recognized in the
AUTISM SPECTRUM communication and interaction, along first 2 years of life.
DISORDER (ASD) with restricted, repetitive behaviors.
Persistent pattern of inattention and/or Symptoms must be present for at least
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/ hyperactivity-impulsivity that 6 months and onset before age 12
HYPERACTIVITY interferes with functioning.
DISORDER (ADHD)
Academic skills are substantially and Difficulties learning and using
SPECIFIC LEARNING quantifiably below those expected for academic skills for at least 6 months,
DISORDER the individual’s chronological age, IQ, despite interventions.
and education.
Acquisition and execution of
DEVELOPMENTAL coordinated motor skills are below
COORDINATION expected given the chronological age
DISORDER (MOTOR clumsiness, slowness, and inaccuracy
DISORDER) of performance of motor skills.
Repetitive, seemingly driven, and
STEREOTYPIC MOVEMENT apparently purposeless motor
DISORDER (MOTOR behavior, may result in self-injury.
DISORDER)
Characterized by motor and/or vocal At least 1 year; onset before age 18
TIC DISORDERS tics that are sudden, rapid, recurrent,
(TOURETTE’S, non-rhythmic movements or
PERSISTENT, vocalizations.
PROVISIONAL)
SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND
OTHER PERSONALITY DISORDERS
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/
DURATION/ONSET
SCHIZOPHRENIA Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, >6 months
disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or
catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (e.g.,
diminished emotional expression)
SCHIZOPHRENIFORM Similar to schizophrenia but with a shorter <1 and> 6 months
DISORDER duration.
SCHIZIAFFECTIVE A mood episode (major depressive or manic) Mood symptoms present for the
DISORDER concurrent with symptoms of schizophrenia, along majority of the illness duration
with at least 2 weeks of delusions or
hallucinations without prominent mood
symptoms.
DELUSIONAL DISORDER Presence of one or more delusions for at least 1 At least 1 month
month, without other significant psychotic
symptoms.
CATATONIA Markes psychomotor disturbances, including Persistent, varies depending on
motoric immobility, excessive motor activity, context (e.g., associated with
extreme negativism, mutism, peculiar, voluntary another mental disorder or
movements, or echolalia/echopraxia. medical condition)
SCHIZOTYPAL Pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal Persistent, typically beginning
PERSONALITY DISORDER deficits, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and by early adulthood
eccentricities of behavior.
SCHIZOPHRENIA TYPE 1 SYMPTOMS
Type 1:Positive Symptoms 5 A’s of SCHIZOPHRENIA
PBHAADD 1. Affective Flattening
Bizarre Behavior The reduced expression of emotions through
Hallucinations facial expressions, voice tone and gestures.
Ambivalence Diminished facial and vocal expressions
Abnormal thought form Poor eye contact
Delusions Minimal use of gestures
Develop over a short time
2. Alogia
Type 2: Negative Symptoms The poverty of speech and thought, leading to
NAAAAAAA brief and empty replies.
Alogia Short of monosyllable answers to questions
Affective flattening Avoids communication
Anhedonia Uses few words
Attention impairment
Avolition 3. Avolition
Asocial behavior The decreased motivation to initiate and
Anergia sustain purposeful activities
Emotional withdrawal
Apathy
Poor grooming and hygiene
Decreases involvement with work/school Reduced social interaction
5. Anhedonia
4. Asociality The inability to experience pleasure from
The lack of interest in social interactions activities usually found enjoyable
Few friends Difficulty or inability to anticipate future
Poor relationships with friends pleasure
Lack of motivation for relationships Few leisure activities
Lack of interest in sexual activity
BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
BIPOLAR I At least one manic episode, which may At least 1 week, or any duration if
be preceded or followed by hypomanic hospitalization is required.
or major depressive episodes.
BIPOLAR II At least one hypomanic episode at least Hypomanic episode lasts at least 4 days;
one major depressive episode with no depressive episode lasts at least 2 weeks.
history of manic episode.
CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER Chronic fluctuations between periods of At least 2 years (1 years in
hypomanic and depressive symptoms children/adolescents) with symptoms
that do not meet criteria for a full present for at least half the time and not
hypomanic or major depressive episode. absent for more than 2 months.
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE Persistent feelings of sadness, loss At least 2 weeks
DISORDER (MDD) of interest, and other depressive
symptoms.
Chronic depression with milder At least 2 years (1 year in children/adolescents)
PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE symptoms than MDD>
DISORDER (DYSTHYMIA)
Severe temper outbursts with At least 1 year, onset before age 10
DISRUPTIVE MOOD persistent irritable or angry mood
DYSREGULATION DISORDER
(DMDD)
Severe mood swings, irritability, Symptoms present in the majority of menstrual
PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC and other depressive symptoms cycles over the past year
DISORDER before menstruation.
Episodes must have occurred for at least 2 years
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE Ex: Cabin Fever with no evidence of nonseasonal MDE during
DISORDER that period of time
ANXIETY DISORDERS
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
SEPARATION ANXIETY Excessive fear or anxiety about At least 4 weeks in children/adolescents; 6
DISORDER being separated from attachment months or more in adults
figures
SELECTIVE MUTISM Consistent failure to speak in At least 1 month (not limited to the first
certain social situations despite month of school)
speaking in others.
SPECIFIC PHOBIA Intense, irrational fear or specific Persistent, typically 6 months or more
object or situation
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER Intense fear of social situations Persistent, typically 6 months or more
where one might be judged or
scrutinized
PANIC DISORDER Recurrent, unexpected panic Persistent, typically 1 month
attacks with ongoing concern
about additional attacks.
AGORAPHOBIA Fear and avoidance of situations Persistent, typically 6 months or more
where escape might be difficult or
help unavailable during a panic
attack
GENERALIZED ANXIETY Excessive and uncontrollable At least 6 months
DISORDER worry about various aspects of
life.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
CLUSTER A
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
PARANOID Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness At least 1 year
of others, interpreting their motives as
malevolent.
SCHIZOID Pervasive pattern of detachment from At least 1 year
social relationships and restricted
range of emotional expression
SCHIZOTYPAL Acute discomfort in close At least 1 year
relationships, cognitive or perceptual
distortions and eccentric behaviors
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
CLUSTER B
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
ANTISOCIAL Disregard for and violation of rights of At least 18 years old; symptoms must be
others present since age 15
BORDERLINE Instability in interpersonal At least 1 year
relationships, self-image, and
emotions, with marked impulsivity
HISTRIONIC Excessive emotionality and attention- At least 1 year
seeking behavior
NARCISSICTIC Grandiosity, need for admiration, and At least 1 year
lack of empathy, with a pattern of self-
centered and arrogant behaviors.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
CLUSTER C
DISORDER DESCRIPTION COURSE/DURATION/ONSET
AVOIDANT Social inhibition, feelings of At least 1 year
inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to
negative evaluation
DEPENDENT Excessive need to be taken care of, At least 1 year
leading to submissive and clinging
behaviors.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE Preoccupation with orderliness, At least 1 year
perfectionism, and control, leading to
rigidity and inflexibility.
