Introduction
Quantity surveying is a vital discipline in the construction industry that deals with the
management and control of costs within a project. A Quantity Surveyor (QS) is responsible for
estimating, monitoring, and controlling costs from the early planning stages through design,
construction, and final completion. Beyond cost control, quantity surveying ensures that
projects achieve a balance between quality, cost, and time, while complying with contractual
and legal obligations.
1. Definition of Quantity Surveying
Quantity surveying is the professional practice of managing costs and contracts in construction
projects. It involves measuring quantities of materials and labor, preparing cost estimates,
managing tenders, valuing work in progress, and ensuring financial efficiency.
2. Roles and Responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor
A Quantity Surveyor takes part in all phases of a project. Their duties can be classified as:
Pre-Construction Stage:
o Feasibility studies and budget estimates.
o Advising on cost-effective design solutions.
o Preparing Bills of Quantities (BOQ).
During Construction:
o Evaluating contractor tenders and negotiating contracts.
o Monitoring project costs and financial progress.
o Preparing interim valuations for contractor payments.
Post-Construction:
o Assessing final accounts.
o Settling disputes and claims.
o Conducting cost analysis for future projects.
3. Key Functions of Quantity Surveying
a. Cost Estimation and Planning
Estimating the total cost of the project based on drawings, specifications, and market
prices.
Preparing preliminary cost plans to guide the design team in achieving budgetary
targets.
b. Tendering and Procurement
Preparing tender documents such as BOQ, conditions of contract, and specifications.
Advising clients on the best procurement route (traditional, design-build, management
contracting, etc.).
Evaluating contractor bids to ensure competitive and realistic pricing.
c. Contract Administration
Managing contractual obligations between the client, contractors, and consultants.
Advising on contract types such as FIDIC, NEC, or local standard contracts.
Handling variations, extensions of time, and claims.
d. Cost Control and Monitoring
Keeping track of actual project expenses against the budget.
Preparing financial reports to inform stakeholders.
Preventing cost overruns by proactive monitoring.
e. Valuation of Works
Conducting periodic site inspections to assess completed work.
Issuing interim payment certificates to contractors.
Ensuring payment reflects actual progress.
f. Risk Management
Identifying financial and contractual risks.
Preparing strategies to mitigate risks such as inflation, material shortages, and labor
disputes.
4. Skills Required for Quantity Surveying
A successful QS must have:
Technical Skills: Proficiency in construction technology, measurement, and estimating.
Analytical Skills: Ability to assess costs, risks, and value engineering solutions.
Legal Knowledge: Understanding of contract law and dispute resolution.
Communication Skills: Clear negotiation with clients, contractors, and consultants.
IT Skills: Familiarity with software such as AutoCAD, MS Project, CostX, and BIM tools.
5. Tools and Documents in Quantity Surveying
Bill of Quantities (BOQ): Detailed itemized list of work sections with quantities.
Cost Plans: Budgetary estimates at various design stages.
Valuation Reports: Financial progress records for payments.
Final Accounts: Summary of total costs at completion.
Tender Documents: Including conditions of contract, drawings, and technical
specifications.
6. Importance of Quantity Surveying in Construction
Ensures financial discipline in construction projects.
Provides clients with accurate cost forecasting and control.
Enhances transparency and fairness in tendering.
Reduces disputes through effective contract administration.
Balances cost with quality and time, ensuring project success.
7. Modern Trends in Quantity Surveying
Building Information Modeling (BIM): QS professionals now integrate BIM for
automated quantity take-offs and cost modeling.
Sustainability and Green Construction: QSs evaluate life cycle costs and eco-friendly
alternatives.
Digital Tools and AI: Use of cost estimating software, drones for site inspection, and AI
for predictive cost analysis.
Globalization of Services: QSs increasingly work on international projects with standard
forms of contracts (e.g., FIDIC).
8. Challenges in Quantity Surveying
Rapid fluctuations in material prices.
Complex contracts and disputes.
Pressure to deliver projects under tight budgets and timelines.
Need for continuous skill development due to advancing technology.
Conclusion
Quantity surveying is the backbone of cost management in construction projects. From cost
planning at the design stage to financial control during construction and final account
settlement, the Quantity Surveyor ensures efficiency, accountability, and value for money. With
the rise of technology and globalized construction practices, the role of the QS is evolving from
a traditional cost estimator to a strategic cost and contract manager who ensures that projects
are delivered on time, within budget, and to the required quality standards.
