1

INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR

PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA
COLREG '72

PART A GENERAL
RULE 1 APPLICATIONS (a), (b), (c), (d), (e)
RULE 2 RESPONSIBILITY (a), (b)
RULE 3 GENERAL DEFINATIONS (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g / i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi), (h), (i), (j),
(k), (l)

PART B STEERING AND SAILING RULES

SECTION 1 CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITIONS OF VISIBILITY
RULE 4 APPLICATION
RULE 5 LOOK - OUT
RULE 6 SAFE SPEED (a/ i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi), (b/ i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi)
RULE 7 RISK OF COLLISION (a), (b), (c), (d/ i, ii)
RULE 8 ACTION TO AVOID COLLISION (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f/ i, ii, iii)
RULE 9 NARROW CHANNELS (a), (b), (c), (d), (e/ i, ii), (f), (g)
RULE 10 TRAFFIC SPEPARATION SCHEMES (a), (b/ i, ii, iii), (c), (d/ i, ii), (e/ i, ii), (f), (g),
(h), (i), (j), (k), (l)

SECTION 2 CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER

RULE 11 APPLICATION
RULE 12 SAILING VESSELS (a/ i, ii, iii), (b)
RULE 13 OVERTAKING (a), (b), (c), (d)
RULE 14 HEAD - ON SITUATION (a), (b), (c)
RULE 15 CROSSING SITUATION
RULE 16 ACTION BY GIVE - WAY VESSEL
RULE 17 ACTION BY STAND - ON VESSEL (a/ i, ii), (b), (c), (d)
RULE 18 RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN VESSELS (a/ i, ii, iii, iv), (b/ i, ii, iii), (c/ i, ii), (d/
i, ii), (e)

SECTION 3 CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY

RULE 19 CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY (a), (b), (c), (d/ i, ii), (e)

PART C LIGHTS AND SHAPES

RULE 20 APPLICATION (a), (b), (c), (d), (e)
RULE 21 DEFINATIONS (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f)
RULE 22 VISIBILITY OF LIGHTS
RULE 23 POWER - DRIVEN VESSELS UNDER WAY
RULE 24 TOWING AND PUSHING
RULE 25 SAILING VESSELS UNDERWAY AND VESSELS UNDER OARS
RULE 26 FISHING VESSELS
RULE 27 VESSELS NOT UNDER COMMAND OR RESTRICTED IN THEIR ABIL-
ITY TO MANOEUVRE
RULE 28 VESSELS CONSTRAINED BY THEIR DRAUGHT
RULE 29 PILOT VESSELS
RULE 30 ANCHORED VESSELS AND VESSELS AGROUND
RULE 31 SEAPLANES

PART D SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

RULE 32 DEFINATIONS
RULE 33 EQUIPMENT FOR SOUND SIGNALS
RULE 34 MANOEUVRING AND WARNING SIGNALS
RULE 35 SOUND SIGNALS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY
RULE 36 SIGNALS TO ATTRACT ATTENTION
RULE 37 DISTRESS SIGNALS

PART E EXEMPTIONS
RULE 38 EXEMPTIONS
 2
ANNEX TO THE RULES
ANNEX I POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES
(1) Definition
(2) Vertical positioning and spacing of lights
(3) Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights
(4) Details of location of direction - indicating lights for fishing vessels,
dredgers and vessels engaged in underwater operation
(5) Screen for sidelights
(6) Shapes
(7) Colour specification of lights
(8) Intensity of lights
(9) Horizontal sectors
(10) Vertical sectors
(11) Intensity of non - electric lights
(12) Manoeuvring light
(13) High speed craft
(14) Approval

ANNEX II ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSE

PROXIMITY
(1) General
(2) Signal for trawlers
(3) Signal for purse seiners

ANNEX III TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCE

(1) Whistles
(2) Bell or gong
(3) Approval

ANNEX IV DISTRESS SIGNALS

(1) (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), (n), (o), (p)
(2)
(3) (a), (b)

COLREG 72 = Colllision regulations 1972.

High Speed Craft = A Craft capable of a maximum speed equal to or exceeding 3.7 ∇0.1667
m/s, ∇ = displacement corresponding to the design water line (m2 )
 3
INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972
yifv,fjyifü a&,mOfwu kd cf u
kd rf rI sm;umuG,&f eftwGuf
tjynfjynfqidk &f mOya'orsm; 1972
PART A - GENERAL
tydkif; u - taxGaxG

Rule 1
Application
(a) þ Rules rsm; (COLREG '72) onf high seas rsm;wGif oGm;vmwnf&adS om vessels rsm;tm;vH;k ESihf ,if;
high sea ESifhqufpyfvsuf&Sdaom sea going vessels rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmEkdifonfh yifv,fa&jyiftm;vHk;wGif
ckwfarmif;oGm;vmwnf&Sdaeaom vessels rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf oufqdkifonf/
(b) þ Rules rsm;onf sea going vessels rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmEkdifaom high sea ESifhqufpyfaeonfh
roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterway wdkYwGif oufqdkif&mtmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;wdkYu
csrSwfxm;onfh sepcial rules rsm;udk ½IyfaxG;aESmifh,Sufjcif;r&Sdap&/ odkYaomf azmfjyyg special rules rsm;onf
COLREG '72 rules rsm;ESifh oufqdkiforQ teD;pyfqHk;jzpfatmif zGJUpnf;owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;&rnf/

(c) ppfoabFmrsm;? convoy ESio hf mG ;vmaeaom oabFmrsm;twGuf state of government u xkwjf yefxm;onfh
additional station, signal lights, shapes, whistle signals wdE Yk iS yhf wfoufaom special rules rsm;udak omfvnf;
aumif;? tkypf zk UJG í ig;zrf;aeaom oabFmrsm;twGuf additional station, signal lights or shapes rsm;ESiyhf wfouf
aom special rules rsm;udak omfvnf;aumif; [efw Y m;aESmif,
h u
S jf cif;r&Sad p&/ odaYk omf txufygoabFmtkypf rk sm;onf
þ rules rsm;wGif&Sdaom any light, shape or signal rsm;ESifh rSm;,Gif;aESmifh,Sufjcif;r&Sdatmif wwfEdkiforQ jyKvkyf
xm;ay;&rnf/
(d) þ rules rsm;twGu&f nf&,
G í
f Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) rsm;udk IMO u todtrSwjf yKcsijf yK
rnf/
(e) oufqdkif&m government taeESifh oabFmwpfpD;pD\ wnfaqmufyHkESifh vkyfief;&nf&G,fcsufaMumifh
COLREG '72 rSmyg0ifaom number, positon, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes as well as
to the disk position and characteristics of sound - signaling appliences awGuk d tjynft
h 0rvdu
k ef mEkid o
f nft
h wGuf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;r,fqdkvQif tJ'DoabFmrsm;twGuf txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;udk jzpfEkdifoí twwfEdkifqHk;
COLREG '72 ESifhteD;pyfqHk; owfrSwfay;&ygr,f/ ¤if;oabFmrsm;uvnf; twwfEkdifqHk; vdkufem&ygr,f/

Q: 'D rules awGudk b,fvdkoabFmawGu vdkufem&ovJ¿

'D rules awGudk oabFmb,f size awGu vdkufem&ovJ¿
A: According to the R.1 Para. (a) t& . . . t&G,ftpm;owfrSwfcsufr&Sdyg/

Q: High Seas udk b,fvdkem;vnfovJ¿

A: EdkifiHwpfck\a&ydkifeuf boundries lines or territorial water lines tjyifbufrS a&jyifudkac:ygonf/
International sea (EdkifiHwuma&ydkifeuf)/ Special rules rsm; roufa&mufaomae&m/

Q: COLREG '72 udk rvdkufemEdkifwJh oabFmawG[m bmawGvJ¿

'D rules awGudk aoGzDvdkY&w,f? rvdkufemvdkY&w,f/ bmaMumifhvJ? bmawGvJ¿
oabFmawG[m b,fvdktcsdefrSm COLREG '72 udk vdkufemp&mrvdkbl;vJ¿
A: According to the R.1, Para. (b) t& . . . Appropriate authority ucsrSwfxm;wJh special rules awG
udk vdkufemae&wJh oabFmawG[m COLREG '72 udkrvdkufemEkdifygbl;/
R.2, Para. (b) t&vnf; immediate danger udk a&Smif&efvakd omtcsed rf mS vnf; COLREG '72 udrk vdu
k ef mEdik f
ygbl;/
Q: Roadsteads qdwk mbmvJ¿
A: Roadsteads qdkwm open anchorage, harbour avmufvnf; safety r&Sdbl;? yifv,fjyifavmufvnf; open
rjzpfao;aom oabFmrsm; acwåausmufcs&yfem;aeEdkifaomae&mrsm;/
 4
Rule 2
Responsibility

(a) þ rules rsm;udv

k u
kd ef m&ef vspv
f sL½Icv
hJ Qiaf omfvnf;aumif;? oabFmom;wpfa,muf\ omrefvyk ½f ;kd vkypf Of
rsm; (ordinary practice of seamen) t&vdktyfcsufrsm; BudKwifaqmif&Guf&ef vspfvsL½IcJhvQifaomfvnf;aumif;?
xl;jcm;aom tajctaersm; (special circumstances of the case) udk vdt k yfovdak qmif&u
G &f ef vspv
f sL½Icv
hJ Qiaf omf
vnf;aumif;? jzpfay:vmrnfhtusdK;quf taMumif;qufrsm;tay:wGif rnfonfhoabFm? ydkif&Sif? master and
crew wdkYudkrqdk þ rules rsm;u cGifhvTwfvdrfhrnfr[kwf/

(b) þ rules rsm;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk em;vnfatmifvkyfí vdkufemaqmif&Gufaomtcg danger of navigation

rjzpf&ef? collision rjzpf&ef special circumstances awGudk vdktyfovdkaqmif&Guf&ef txl;tav;ay;&rSmjzpfyg
w,f/ tJ'Dtcg yg0ifywfowfvmrnfh oabFmrsm;\ limitation rsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;&ygrnf/ tu,fí
ta&;ay:tEå&m,fESifh MuHKBudKufí immediate danger rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGufvdktyfygu þ rules rsm;udk
aoGz,fvdkygu aoGz,fEdkifygonf/

Q: Ordinary practice of seamen qdwk mbmvJ¿

A: rnfowl pfO;D wpfa,mufurQ rajymbJ oabFmom;wpfa,muf\ odoifo
h x
d u
dk af om vkyif ef;vkyaf qmifp&mrsm;udk
rdrdbmom udk,fydkiftodjzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
(1) ausmufcsxm;onfhoabFmawGUvQif ¤if;oabFm\ a&SUrSjzwfoef;ckwfarmif;jcif;rjyKjcif;?
(2) rdrdoabFmausmufcsygu tjcm;ausmufcsxm;aomoabFmrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGm rcsjcif;?
(3) a&pD;oefaepOf ausmufcsygu ausmufwpfvufESifhrEdkifvQif ESpfvufcsjcif;?
(4) rdrdoabFmu give way vessel jzpfcJhvQif ample time twGif;rSm action ,lwwfjcif;?
(5) a&pkefa&qefwGif oabFma&SmifcJhvQif a&pkefudkOD;pm;ay;wwfjcif;?
(6) a&wdrfydkif;wGif oabFm squat jzpfwwfjcif;? sheer jzpfwwfjcif;ESifh interaction rsm; 0ifwwfjcif;wdkYudk BudK
wifwGufcsufa&Smif&Sm;Edkifjcif;?
Squat jzpfjcif;/
a&wdryf ikd ;f wGif speed rsm;rsm;ESio
hf mG ;ygu OD;rScx
JG w
k v
f u
kd af oma&rsm;onf oabFmAdu
k af tmufoYkd csucf si;f jyef
r0ifEdkifojzifh oabFmAdkufatmufwGif buoyancy enf;oGm;um oabFmonf astern odkY xdkifoGm;jcif;?
Squat onf rdrdoabFm draft \ (7)q a&teuf&SdvQif rjzpfyg/
Draft \ 1.5 qwGif trsm;qHk;jzpfonf/ Oyrm- draft = 10 M, depth = 15 M
Sheer onf oabFmrSurf;odkY a&vdIif;rsm; ½dkufjyefvmí acgif;,rf;jcif;?
Interaction onf oabFmESpfpD;tMum; a&vdIif;rsm;½dkufjcif;aMumifh effect rsm;jzpfjcif;/

Q: Special circumstance qdw

k mbmvJ¿
A: txl;jzpfay:ywfoufvmonfh tjzpftysufrsm;? tajctaersm; Oyrmtm;jzifh . . .
(1) COLREG '72 wGifazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh oabFmESpfpif;xufydkí yg0ifywfoufvmonfh tajctaersm;/
(2) COLREG '72 t& vdkufemaqmif&Guf&rnfhtajctaersm;udk rSm;,Gif;jyKvkyfvmonfhoabFmESifh
awGUMuHK&onfh tajctaersm;/
(3) ausmufarsmvmonfhoabFmESifh MuHK&onfhtajctaersm;/
(4) Astern qGJvmonfhoabFmESifh MuHK&onfhtajctae/
(5) Towing vessel wpfpD;\ object being tow onf special circumstance wpfckck (Oyrm - a&)aMumifh
um;xGufvmonfh tajctaeBuHK&onfhtajctae/
(6) a&vrf ; usOf ; aomae&m? urf ; pyf a e&mrsm;wk d Y w G i f speed ES i f h a rmif ; ojzif h tjcm;oabF m rsm;
ukef;ay:wifoGm;wm rsdK; warft rsm; usdK;oGm;wmrsdK;jzpfonfhtajctae tp&Sdonfhtjzpftzsufrsm;/
(7) In misty weather.

Q: 'D rules awGudk b,fvdkoabFmawGu vdkufemjcif;rS aoGz,foGm;EdkifovJ¿

A: COLREG '72 udkaoGz,fEdkifonfhtcsufrsm;/
(1) All dangers of navigation.
(2) All dangers of collision.
(3) Any special circumstance.
(4) Limitation of the vessels involved (Rules 1 (b) udx
k nfah jz)
 5
Rule 3
General Defination

atmufazmfjyygpum;vHk;rsm;onf xm;onfhae&ma'o ynm&yfwdkY\ t"dyÜg,fvdktyfcsufrSvGJí þ rules

rsm;twGuf atmufazmfjyygtwkdif; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&rnf/
(A) Vessel qdkonfrSm a&jyifay:wGif o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;twGuf toHk;jyKEkdifaom? yHkoP²meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh
toHk;jyKaeaom a&,mOftrsdK;tpm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wdkYxJwGif non-displacement craft ESifh seaplane
wdkYvnf;yg0ifonf/
(B) Power driving vessel qdkonfrSm puftm;udktoHk;jyKí t&m0w¬Kwpfckckjzifh ,ufjyD;oGm;aoma&,mOfudk
ac:onf/
(C) Sailing vessel qd k o nf r S m rnf o nf h a &,mOf r qd k &G u f t m;jzif h o G m ;aom a&,mOf u d k a c:onf /
pufwyfxm;aomfvnf; pufudktoHk;rjyKbJ &GufjzifhoGm;aeaom a&,mOfvnf;ygonf/
(D) Vessel engaged in fishing qdkonfrSm rnfonfha&,mOfrqdk nets, lines, trawlls or other fishing
apparatus wpfckckudktoHk;jyKí ig;zrf;aejyD;? ,if;ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;u ¤if;\ckwfarmif;oGm;vmrI (Manoeuv-
ravility) udu k efo
Y wfcsKycf s,f taESmifth ,Sujf zpfapvQif ¤if;oabFmudk vessel engaged in fishing [kac:ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; trolling lines odkYr[kwf tjcm;ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;udktoHk;jyKí ig;zrf;aejyD; ¤if;ud&d,mrsm;u xdk
oabFm\ manoeuvravility uefo Y wfcsKycf s,f taESmift h ,Surf jyKcv
hJ Qif vessel engaged in fishing wGirf yg0if
yg/
(E) Seaplane qdkonfrSm a&ay:wGif oGm;vmckwfarmif;Edkif&ef yHkpHxkwfxm;aom av,mOfysHwpfrsdK;udk ac:ygonf/
(F) Vessel not under command qdo k nfrmS oabFmwpfp;D onf jzpfavhjzpfxr&Sad om tajctaewpfcck ak Mumifh
þ rules rsm;rS awmif;qdkvdktyfcsuftwdkif; manoeuvre vkyfEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ tjcm;oabFmwpfpD;\ a&vrf;
aMumif;rSvnf; z,fxGufay;Ekdifjcif;r&SdonfhoabFmrsdK;udk ac:ygonf/
(G) Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre qdkonfrSm oabFmwpfpD;onf rdrdvkyfudkifae&aom
vkyif ef;obm0aMumifh þ rule rsm;rSvt dk yfcsut
f wdik ;f manoeuvre vky&f ef rdr\ d pGr;f &nfukd uefo Y wfaESmif, h u
S f
xdef;csKyfcH&jyD;? tjcm;oabFmwpfpD;\ a&vrf;aMumif;rSvnf; z,fxGufay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdonfh oabFmudkac:ygonf/
VRM tajctaetwGuf atmufygoabFmrsm;yg0ifonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYcsnf;omr[kwf/
(i) A navigation mark, submarine cable or pipe line rsm;udk laying, servicing or picking up
vkyfaeaom a&,mOfwpfpD;/
(ii) dredging, surveying or underwater operation vkyaf eaom a&,mOfwpfp;D /
(iii) Underway twGif; person, provisions or cargo awGudk replenishment or trnasfering vkyfaeaom
a&,mOfwpfpD;/
(iv) rdrdoabFmukef;ywfay:odkY av,mOftwuftqif;jyKaeaom a&,mOfwpfpD;/
(v) Mineclearance operation vkyfaeaom a&,mOfwpfpD;/
(vi) Towing operation vkyfaeaom towing vessel ESifh her tow onf ¤if;wd\ Yk course rS deviate vkyf&ef
twGuf ability udk severely restricts vkyfcH&aom towing operation vkyfaeonfh a&,mOfwpfpD;/
(H) Vessel constrained by her draught qdkonfrSm power driving vessel wpfpD;onf ¤if;\vuf&Sd draft
ESifh &&SdEdkifonfha&teufaMumifhtjyif? navigate vkyfEdkifaom a&jyiftus,faMumifh rdrdoGm;aeaom course
rSaoG z,f&ef tvGeftrif;uefYowfxdef;csKyfjcif;cHae&aom oabFmudkac:ygonf/
VCD udkqHk;jzwf&mwGif vessel \ size, speed, draft clearance, prevailing circumstance wdkYudk xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;jyD;rS qHk;jzwf&ygrnf/
(I) Underway qdkonfrSm oabFmwpfpD;onf ausmufcsxm;jcif;? shore odkY BudK;csnfxm;jcif;? aomifwifaejcif;
r&SdonfhtajctaersdK;udk ac:ygonf/
(puftm;? &Guftm;? wuftm;oHk;jyD; a&xJwGifoGm;aepOfaeomfvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYudk&yfwefYvdkufaomfvnf;
momentum aMumifh headway &Sad eao;vQif makingway through the water [kac:onf/ Asternway &Sad e
pOfvnf;ac:onf/ Makingway udo k &d ef headway udMk unfí h qH;k jzwf&onf/ Not makingway through the
water qkdonfrSm course udk rxdef;odrf;EkdifbJ headway r&SdvQifvnf;ac:onf/)
(J) Vessel \ length and breadth qdo k nfrmS oabFmwpfp;D \ t&Snq f ;kH tvsm;ESihf tBu;D qH;k teHwu
Ykd akd c:onf/
(K) In sigtht of one another qdkonfrSm vessel wpfpD;onf tjcm;aom vessesl wpfpD;udk omrefrsufpd
visually jzifh rdrdujrifEdkifonfh tajctaeudkac:onf/
(L) Restricted visibility qdo k nfrmS rnfonft h ajctaewGirf qdk visibility onf fog, mist, falling snow, heavy
rainstrom, sandstrom ESifh tjcm;tvm;wltajctaersdK;aMumifh tjrifpGrf;&nfudk taESmifht,SufjyKjcif;
udkac:onf/
 6
Q: Non-displacement craft qkwd m b,fvekd m;vnfovJ¿
A: a&xJwGif ckwfarmif;oGm;aecsdefrSm rdrdtav;csdefESifh wlnDaoma&\tav;csdefudk z,fxkwfjcif;r&Sdaom
a&,mOfrsm;? Oyrm - Hover Craft or Hydro Foil in non-displacement mode.

Q: Sailing vessel puftm;oHk;xm;vQif P.D.V vdkYowfrSwfovm;¿

A: Sailing vessel under power vdkYac:ygonf/ aeYbufwGif a cone apex down ward jyxm;ygonf/ P.D.V
vdkY owfrSwfygonf/

Q: Some exceptional circumstance awGubmvJ¿

A: jzpfavhjzpfxr&Sa
d om wpfrx
l ;l jcm;onft
h ajctae? COLREG '72 udrk vdu k ef mEkid af vmufatmif jzpfonft
h ajc
tae/ Oyrm - rudder lost, steering out of order, propeller lost, engine broke down, sailing vessel
avr&onfhtajctae? &moDOwkqdk;&Gm;pOf rdrd\ course udk xdef;r&onfhtajctae/

Q: V.C.D \ draft teufu b,favmuftxd owfrSwfxm;ovJ¿

A: owfrSwfcsufr&Sdyg/ Squard, sheer, interaction awGjzpfvmr,fqdk&if V.C.D tjzpf owfrSwf&ygr,f/
(1½ time of draft)

Q: Length between perpendicular (L.B.P) qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Summer draft jrK§ yaf ecsed rf mS &Sad om waterline &Sd oabFm\tvsm;/ water line wavQmufwiG f vessel \ stem
rS after end of the rudder post twd tu,fí rudder post r&dv S Qif centre of the rudder stock txdwikd ;f onf/

Q: Restricted Visibility rS any other similar causes awGubmvJ¿

A: (1) rD;awmifrsm;aygufuGJjyD; jymrsm;zHk;vTrf;aecsdef/
(2) rdrdoabFm odkYr[kwf tjcm;oabFm odkYr[kwf urf;em;rS rD;cdk;rsm; xGufaecsdef/
(3) usdKif;aumif odkYr[kwf ydk;aumifrsm; odkYr[kwf vif;EdkYrsm; tkyfvdkufjzwfoef;oGm;csdef/
(4) Dust storm jzpfcsdef/
(5) opfawmrD;avmifjyD; rD;cdk;rsm;xlxyfpGmxGufaejcif;/

PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

tydkif; c - ckwfarmif;jcif;ESifh&GufvTifhjcif;qdkif&mOya'orsm;

Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

tcef;(1) rnfonfh visibility wGifrqdk a&,mOfrsm;vdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;/

Rule 4
Application

þtcef;wGifyg0ifaom rule rsm;onf rnfonfh visibility rsm;wGifrqdk oufqdkiftusHK;0ifaponf/

Rule 5
Look - out

oabFmwdkif;onf tcsdefwdkif;wGif situation & risk or collision udk jynfh0pGmqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef tjriftm½Hk?

tMum;tm½Hkrsm;tjyif vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom tajctaeESifh udkufnDoifhavsmfrnfh &EdkiforQaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk
toHk;jyK xm;aom proper look-out udkxm;&Sd&rnf/

Q: Look - out qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Risk of collision and situation rsm;tay: tjynft
h 0oH;k oyfEikd &f ef vuf&t
dS ajctaet& udu
k n
f o
D ifah vsmrf nfh
&EdkiforQaom ypönf;tm;vHk;udktoHk;jyKjyD; tjriftm½Hk? tMum;tm½HkwdkYjzifh tcsdefwdkif;ü apmifhMuyfMunfh½Ijcif;udk
look-out [kac:onf/
 7
Q: Look - out bmvdkYxm;vJ¿
A: To make a full appraisal of the situation and risk of collision.

Q: Full appraisal of the situation qdw

k mbmvJ¿
A: b,fvkd situation jzpfvmrvJ? oabFmawG b,favmufyg0ifywfoufaejyv
D ?J rdro
d abFmtajctae b,fvv
kd ?J
tm;vHk;udkxnfhoGif;qHk;jzwfwm/
STCW u look-out udkxnfhajzyg/ (rdrdoabFm navigation danger rjzpfatmif? stranding rjzpfatmif?
collision rjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifay;jcif;tjyif tjcm;oabFm? av,mOfysHrsm; distress jzpfjcif;? ship wrack,
person wrack and debris (trdIuftydkif;tprsm;) udkaocsmpGm pl;prf;avhvm qHk;jzwfwmjzpfygw,f/

Rule 6
Safe Speed

oabFmwdkif;onf tcsdefwdkif;wGif wdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,fudk aocsmusepGm a&Smif&efESifh vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom

tajctae taetxm;twGif; vdktyfovdk&yfwefYEdkif&eftwGuf safe speed ESifh ckwfarmif;&rnf/ Safe speed
udk qHk;jzwf&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;qHk;jzwf&rnf/
(A) oabFmwdkif;twGuf . . .
(1) Visibility tajctaersm;?
(2) traffic ½IyfaxG;rIudkrlwnfí tjcm;oabFmawG[m fishing vessel awGvm;? any other vessel awGvm;?
uGJjym;atmif avhvmjyD;rS pOf;pm;/
(3) rdrdoabFm\ vIyf&Sm;EdkifrIESifh vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaomtajctaewGif &yfwefYEdkifrnfhpGrf;&nf? auGUEdkifrnfhpGrf;
&nfESifh txl;udk;um;csufrsm;/
(4) ntcg aemufcHrD;a&mifrsm;ay:rlwnfí? txl;ojzifh urf;em;rS aemufcHrD;a&mif odkYr[kwf rdrdoabFmrS
rD;a&mifrsm;\a&mifjyef[yfrIrsm;/
(5) avwdkufcwfrI? yifv,fa&jyif a&pD;rItajctae? navigational hazard rsm;ESifh eD;pyfaomtajctaersm;/
(6) vuf&Sd draft ESifhqufoG,fvsuf&Sdonfh a&teuf/
(B) toHk;jyKaeaom a&'gygonfh oabFmrsm;twGuf xyfrHí atmufygtcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfípOf;pm;&rnf/
(1) rdrdtoHk;jyKaeaom a&'g\ xl;jcm;csufrsm; pGrf;&nfESifh ¤if;\uefYowfcsufrsm;/
(2) vuf&t dS oH;k jyKaeaom a&'g range scale \ pnf;csuaf bmifcsurf aI Mumifh jzpfay:vmaom xde;f csKyu f efo
Y wf
csufrsm;/
(3) yifv,fjyiftajctae? &moDOwktajctaeESifh tjcm;taMumif;t&mwdkYu a&'gjzifhaxmufvSrf;jcif;tay:
taESmuft,Sufrsm;jzpfvmjcif;rsm;/
(4) a&,mOfi,frsm;? a&cJwHk;rsm;ESifh tjcm;a&ay:&Sdt&m0wåKrsm;udk a&'grS vHkavmufaom range twGif;rSmyif
axmufvSrf;jcif;rjyKEkdifaomtajctaersm;/
(5) a&'gjzifhzrf;,l&&Sdaom oabFmta&twGuf? wnfae&m? vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;/
(6) Visibility udk ydr k akd ocsmatmif vufcq
H ;kH jzwfEidk &f ef rdr\
d jrifuiG ;f twGi;f &Sd oabFmrsm;ESihf tjcm;t&m0wåKrsm;
\tuGmta0;udk a&'gjzifhaxmufvSrf;,ljcif;jzifh odEdkifygonf/

Q: Safe speed qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Safe speed onf speed wpfckjzpfygonf/ Limit r&Sdyg/
A vessel can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance
appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
ponfhtajctaersm;udk jzpfay:aponfh speed jzpfygonf/ vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeonfh oabFm\ condition,
size, speed wdkYudkrlwnfí pOf;pm;ygonf/

Q: Radar equipment wpfc\ k characteristics, efficiency and limitation awGubmvJ¿

A: Characteristic - radar udk operate MumMumvkyxf m;vQif yH&k yd af wGredS o
f mG ;wwfovm;? rSm;,Gi;f azmfjywwfovm;?
aysmufoGm;wwfovm;? centre rSckefxGufwwfovm; ponfh a&'g\txmrsm;/
Efficiency - Range ring ygovm;? Modernized jzpfovm; A.R.P.A vm;/
Limitations - b,favmuf range ygovJ? blind sector, shadow sector, pufcsdKU,Gif;íaomfvnf;aumif;?
vQyfppf"mwftm;rjynfhvQifaomfvnf;aumif; rSefuefpGm running rvkyfjcif;ESifh metrological tajctaersm;/
 8
Q: Rule 6, Para (b/iii) udk b,fvdkem;vnfovJ¿
A: rdrdtoHk;jyKaeaom radar range scale ay:rlwnfjyD; yg0ifywfowfvmaom taESmifht,Sufrsm;?
xdef;csKyfuefYowf rIrsm;qdkonfrSm . . .
(1) Range ao;ojzifh jrpfxJwGif teD;tem;rS oabFmrsm;onf a&'gwGif centre ywfvnfü jzLazG;aejcif;rsdK;/
(2) oabFm speed jrefjyD; radar range enf;ojzifh echo tjzLwef;BuD;jzifh qif;vmjcif;/
(3) Range enf;ojzifh object rsm; wpfckrS ESpfckjzpfjcif;? ESpfckudk wpfckomazmfjyjcif;/
(4) Range tajymif;tvJwi G f object ta[mif;rsm;raysmufb?J object topfray:cif ta[mif;ujzLjy;D useaf e
jcif;rsdK;/
(5) Range enf;vQif ta0;rjrif&jcif;? rsm;vnf; echo rsm;ao;jcif;/

Q: Range of visibility udk a&'goHk;xm;jcif;jzifh b,fvdkodEkdifovJ¿

A: According to R.6, Para. (b/vi) t& . . .
teD ; ywf 0 ef ; usif j rif u G i f ; wG i f & S d a om oabF m wpf p D ; od k Y r [k w f object wpf c k u d k radar jzif h range
wdkif;Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh visibility rnfrQ&Sdaeonfudk wduspGmvufcHod&SdEkdifygonf/

Rule 7
Risk of Collision

(A) oabFmwdkif;onf risk of collision &Sdr&SdudkqHk;jzwf&ef vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom tajctaersm;ESifhudkufnDrnfh

&EdkiforQaomenf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKí qHk;jzwf&rnf/ tu,fí R.O.C &SdEkdif^r&SdEkdif[k oHo,&SdcJhaomf
R.O.C &Sdonf[kyif owfrSwf&rnf/
(B) Radar equipment wyfqifxm;jyD; toHk;jyKvQif aoaocsmcsmtoHk;jyK&rnf/ þodkYtoHk;jyK&mwGif risk of
collision twGuf BuKd wifowday;rIrsm;&&S& d ef ta0;axmufvrS ;f arQmMf unfjh cif; long range scanning vky&f rnf/
Radar plotting vky& f rnf/ odrYk [kwf ¤if; plotting ESin
hf rD Qjy;D pepfusaomvkyaf qmifcsuaf wGukd zrf;,l&&SEd ikd af om
object rsm;udk plotting ESifhtvm;wlenf;rsdK;udk toHk;jyK&rnf/
(C) raorcsm rIef0g;aom rwdusaom tcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif vufcHtoHk;jyKjcif;rjyK&/ txl;ojzifh a&'gjzifh
axmufvSrf;&&Sdaom raocsmonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGif twnfjyKqHk;jzwfjcif;rsdK; vHk;0rjyK&/
(D) Risk of Collision &Sd^r&Sd qHk;jzwf&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;qHk;jzwf&rnf/
(1) csnf;uyfvmaom oabFm\ compass brg. ododomom ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdvQif R.O.C. &Sdonf/
(2) csnf;uyfvmaomoabFm\ compass brg. ododomomajymif;vJaomfvnf; R.O.C &SdEkdifao;onf/
txl;ojzifh tvGefBuD;rm;aomoabFmrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? a&,mOfESpfpD; eD;uyfpGmcsnf;uyfrdvQifaomf
vnf;aumif;? towing operation vkyv f maom oabFmESiahf omfvnf;aumif; csn;f uyfvmvQif jzpfwwfonf/

Q: Long range scanning qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Risk of collision twGuf BuKd wifí tcsut
f vufrsm;&&S&d ef a&'gjzift
h a0;odYk range rsm;rsm;wifí axmufvrS ;f
arQmfMunfhjcif;jzpfygonf/

Q: Equivalent systematic observation qdwk mbmvJ¿

A: a&'gwGifay:vmonfh zrf;,l&&Sdonfh object rsm;\ (echo / target brg. and distance, CPA, TCPA) awG
udk plotting rvkyfbJ axmufvSrf;rSwfxm;Edkifjcif;rsdK;? Oyrm A.R.P.A radar

Q: Appreciable bearing change qdkwm b,fvdkem;vnfovJ? b,favmuf&SdEkdifovJ¿

A: ododomom xif&Sm;pGm bearing ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfygw,f/ rdrdoabFm tjcm;oabFmwdkY\ size, distance,
range, speed awGay:rSm rlwnfjyD;qHk;jzwfygw,f/
 9
Rule 8
Action to Avoid Collision

(A) wdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,fudk a&Smif&Sm;&ef jyKvkyfaom action wdkif;onf tajctaeuom cGifhjyKrnfqdkvQif wdus

rSefuefjywfom;pGmESifh vHkavmufaom tajctaetwGif;rSm vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ xdkvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf
good seamenship udk tav;ay;aqmif&Guf&ygr,f/
(B) wdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,fudk a&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf course ajymif;vJjcif;? speed ajymif;vJjcif;? course & speed
ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; vkyfonfhtcg tajctaeuom cGifhjyKrnfqdkvQif rdrdoabFmudk visually aomfvnf;aumif;?
a&'gjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; axmufvSrf;aeonfh tjcm;oabFmrS xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jzpfap&efESifh MudKwifodEdkif&ef
BuD;rm;vHkavmufrI&Sdaom ajymif;vJjcif;rsdK;jzpf&ygrnf/
(C) Close quarter situation udka&Smif&Sm;&eftwGuf vHkavmufaom sufficient searoom &SdrnfqdkvQif course
wpfckwnf;ajymif;vJjcif;uom txda&mufqHk;jzpfygw,f/ 'D action udkvkyfwJhtcg good time rSmvkyfjcif;onf
jynfhpHkrI&SdjyD; aemufxyf close quarter situation rsdK; rjzpfapawmhyg/
(D) tjcm;oabFmwpfp;D ESihf wdu k cf u
kd rf t
I EÅ&m,fuakd &Smif&mS ;&ef jyKvyk af om action onf safe distance rS jzwfomG ;
jcif;rsdK;jzpf&ygrnf/ xdk action \ xda&mufrIudk tjcm;oabFmESifh vHk;0vGwfuif;oGm;onftxd aocsmpGm
apmifhMuyf Munfh½I&rnf/
(E) wdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,fudk a&Smif&Sm;&efaomfvnf;aumif;? tajctaeudk tuJcwfqHk;jzwf&efaomfvnf;aumif;?
tcsdefydkay;&ef vdktyfvmvQif oabFmwpfpD;onf rdrd\ speed udk avQmhcsEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf puf&yfwefYjcif;?
aemufjyefqGJjcif;jzifh rdrda&,mOfudk &yfwefYypfEkdifygonf/ (vrf;aMumif;udk zsufypfEkdifonf/)
(F) (1) tjcm;oabFm\ passage or safe passage udk impede rvkyf&ef þ rule rsm;rS awmif;qdkjcif;cH&aom
oabFmwpfpD;onf tajctaet& vdktyfvmvQif tjcm;a&,mOf\ safe passage twGuf vHkavmufaom
searoom &&Sd&ef apmpD;pGm action ,lay;&rnf/
(2) tjcm;oabFm\ passage or safe passage udk impede rvkyf&ef þ rule rsm;rS awmif;qdkjcif;cH&aom
oabFmwpfpD;onf rdrd impede rvkyf&aomoabFmESifh csnf;uyfoGm;í Risk of collision jzpf&ef yg0if
ywfoufvmvQif rdrd\ impede rvkyf&rnfhwm0efudk uif;vGwfcGifhray;onfhtjyif action ,l&mwGif
part B steering and sailing rules rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuftwdkif; tjynfht0 tav;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnf/
(3) rdrd\ passage udk impede tvkyfrcH&rnfhoabFmonfvnf; csnf;uyfvmonfhoabFmESifh risk of col-
lision yg0ifywfoufvmvQif rules rsm;\vkdtyfcsuftwdkif; tjynfht0vdkufemaqmif&GufoGm;&rnf/

Q: Collision udk b,fvdka&SmifrvJ¿ Action to avoid collision udk b,fvdkem;vnfovJ¿

A: Rule 8 udktptqHk;ajzyg/

Q: Readily apparent jzpf&ef course alter b,favmufvkyfrvJ¿

Alternation of course be large enough jzpf&ef b,favmufajymif;rvJ¿
A: In sight of one another wGif 15 H rS 20 H vkyf&ygrnf/
R.V. rSm radar ESifh observed vkyfaevQif jrifEdkif&ef 30 H rS 60 H vkyf&ygr,f/

Q: Observance of good seamenship qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Safety fast udk aumif;rGefpGmem;vnfjyD; ship handling aumif;jcif;? ordinary practice of seamen udk
aumif;rGefpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh -
(1) Against the tide u with the tide udk OD;pm;ay;&rnf/
(2) ausmufcsvQif tjcm;ausmufcsxm;aom oabFmrsm;ESifh uyfíausmufrcsjcif;/
(3) ausmufcsxm;aomoabFmrS vGwfuif;pGm aemufrSarmif;ESifjcif;/
(4) NUC r[kwfbJ tjcm;taMumif;aMumifh&yfwefYvdkvQif (Oyrm pilot apmifhvdkvQif) tjcm;oabFmrsm;\
oGm;vm rIudk taESmifht,Sufrjzpfapaomae&mwGif &yfwefYapmifhqdkif;jcif;/
(5) a&pD;Murf;vQif ausmufwpfvuftpm; ausmufESpfvufudk toHk;jyKícsjcif;? engine standby xm;&ef
pDpOfjcif; rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;/

Q: Ample time eJY good time b,fvdkuGmovJ¿

A: Ample time onf pOf;pm;csdef&onf? b,fvdk situation b,fvdk action ,lrvJ? brg. check vkyfcsdef&onf/
inform to engine room and reply from engine room tcse d wf &Ykd onf/
 10
Good time onf action ,lvu kd v
f Qif substancial and does not result in another close quarter situation
jzpf&rnfhtcsdef (good time onf vkyfaqmif&rnfh action ,l&rnfhtcsdef pOf;pm;csdefr&? ample time udk
ausmfvGefvmcJhjyD/)

Q: Does not result in another close quarter situation qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: oabFmwpfpD;ESifh close quarter situation udk a&Smif&Sm;onfh action onf tjcm;a&,mOfwpfpD;wdkY naviga-
tional hazard rsm;ESifhxyfjyD; close quarter situation rjzpfap&[k qdkygonf/

Q: Close quarter situation qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Collision jzpfEi
dk af vmufwhJ eD;uyfrt
I ajctae? yGwuf moDumjzpfomG ;rnft
h ajctae? wdu
k v
f Qiw
f u
kd o
f mG ;Ekid o
f nfh
tajctae/ Proper thought vky&f ef tcsed rf &Sad wmhonft
h ajctae/ rvHak vmufaom information rsm;ay:wGif
quick dicision csí manoeuvre vky& f onft
h ajctae/

Q: Safe distance qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: tEÅ&m,fuif;aomtuGmta0;? navigaition danger rjzpfap&efESifh collision rjzpfap&ef tjcm;oabFmrsm;?
objcect rsm;ESihf cGmíoGm;&rnfh tuGmta0;jzpfygonf/ Close quarter situation rjzpfap&ef tJ'tD uGmta0;
rSm tu,fí third object yg0ifywfoufvmygu ¤if;ESihf collision rjzpfatmif a&SmifEidk w
f t
hJ uGmta0;jzpf&yg
r,f/

Q: Safe distance qdkwm b,favmufvJ¿

A: jzpfay:aewJt
h ajctaet& rdro
d abFm\ size and speed ay:wGirf w
l nfjy;D navigation danger b,fvrkd rS jzpf
Edkifatmif xm;oGm;&r,fh tuG,fta0;jzpfygw,f/

Q: Close quarter situation uddka&Smif&eftwGuf sufficient searoom vnf;&Sdonfh? alteration of course

wpfckwnf;vkyfrnfqdkvQif bmawGvkyf&rvJ¿
A: It is made no good time, is substancial and does not result in another close quarter situation
wdkYvkyf&ygr,f/

Q: oabFmwpfpD; b,ftcsdefrSm pufavsmhvdkY&ygovJ? puf&yfvdkY&ygovJ¿

A: According to R.8, Para(E) udkajzyg/

Rule 9
Narrow Channels

(A) Narrow channels or fairway wpfavQmuf ckwfarmif;aeaom oabFmwpfpD;onf rdrd\ starboard side
wGif&Sdaom outer limit udk tEÅ&m,fuif;pGmeJY vufawGUvkyfEdkiforQ uyfíckwfarmif;&rnf/
(B) Vessel of less than 20 M and sailing vessel wdkYonf NC or fairway twGif;rSm tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm ckwf
armif;oGm;vmaeonfh tjcm;a&,mOf\ passage udk impede rvkyf&/
(C) Vessel engaged in fishing onf NC or fairway twGif;ckwfarmif;oGm;vmaeonfh rnfonfha&,mOf\
passage udkrS impede rvkyf&/
(D) oabFmwpfpD;onf NC or fairway udk jzwfoef;jcif;tm;jzifh tjcm;oabFmrsm;\oGm;vmrIudk impede jzpfrnf
qdkvQif rjzwfoifhygbll;/ tu,fí tjzwfcH&onfha&,mOfu oHo,&SdcJhvQif R.34 (D) wGif azmfjyxm;onfh
atleast 5 short and rapid blasts udk whistle or 5 flashes signal udkay;Ekdifygonf/
(E) (1) NC or fairway twGif;rSm overtaking vkyfrnfqdkvQif being overtaking oabFmu tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm
ausmfwufcGifhay;rSom ausmfwufEdkifonf/ ausmfwufvdkaomoabFmonf rdrd\&nf&G,fcsufudk R.34 (C/
1) wGifazmfjyxm;aom oifhavsmfonfh signal ay;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrd&nf&G,fcsufudkazmfjy&rnf/ ausmfwufcH
&rnfh a&,mOfuvnf; oabmwlrnfqdkvQif R.34 (C/2) uazmfjyonfh tEÅ&m,fuif;pGmausmfwufEdkif&ef
action udktqifhqifh ,lay;oGm;&ygrnf/ tu,fí oHo,&SdcJhvQif R.34 (D) udkay;Ekdifonf/
(2) þ rule 9 onf rule 13, overtaking vessel \ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk uif;vGwfcGifhay;xm;jcif;r[kwfyg/
 11
(F) Narrow channel or fairway wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? auGUrsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;oabFmrsm;onf
Mum;cHtwm;tqD;rsm;aMumifh uG,af ewwfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ,if;{&d,mrsm;wGif oGm;vmaeaomoabFmrsm;onf
txl;owdxm;í Edk;Mum;wuf<upGm armif;ESif&rnfhtjyif R.34 (E) signal udkvnf;ay;&rnf/
(G) tajctaeuom cGifhjyKrnfqdkvQif rnfonfhoabFmrqdk NC twGif;ü ausmufcsjcif;rS a&SmifMunf&rnf/

Q: What is narrow channel?

A: obm0tavQmufjzpfay:aeaom a&vrf;aMumif;jzpfonf/ Navigate vkyfEdkifwJh width of navigable water
&SdwJhae&m? tMurf;tm;jzifh 2 rdkifcefYtus,f&Sdonf/ NC twGif;rSm tptqHk;ESifh t&G,ftpm;owfrSwfxm;jcif;
r&Sdyg/ Chart xJrSm azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ Pier ESpfckMum;a&vrf;aMumif;? habour entrance buoy \ beyond
100 M a&jyif/
NC onf . . .
- Pier wpfckMum;rS passage.
- Habour entrance buoy \ 100 M ywfvnftuGmta0;xd/
- Anchorage buoy Mum;xJ&Sdae&mudk NC tjzpfrowfrSwfyg/
NC udk trSwt f om; buoy rsm; owfrw S xf m;jcif;r&Syd g/ Navigable passage usO;f aomae&m (a&jyifus,x
f rJ mS
vnf;) narrow channel &SdEkdifonf/
- Routeing system r&Syd g/

Q: What is fairway?
A: vlwYkd wl;azmfjyKjyifxm;wmvnf;jzpfEi
dk o
f nf/ Open sea to habour t0ifa&eufonfah e&mudk a&G;xm;wmvnf;
jzpfEdkifonf/ tptqHk; owfrSwfcsuf&Sdonf/ Routine system &Sdonf/
Chart xJwGif packed, lines rsm;ESifh azmfjyxm;onf/ Buoy rsm;ESifh wdwdususazmfjyxm;onf/

Q: What is outer limit?

A: rdro
d abFm\ draft t& NC or fairway wpfct k wGi;f trsm;qH;k ? tpGeq
f ;kH uyfí tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm ckwaf rmif;Edik f
wJh a&vrf;aMumif; limit ? oabFmwpfpD;twGuf NC wGif port and stbd. ü outer limit ESpfck&Sdygonf/

Q: Narrow Channel or fairway jzwfvdkY&ygovm;¿

A: According to R.9, Para.(D).

Q: NC or fairway twGif;rSm b,ftcsdefrSmausmfwufvdkY&ovJ¿

A: ausmfwufEkdif&ef width of navigable water &Sd&rnf/ qefYusifbufvrf;rSm a&,mOfrsm;&Sif;&rnf/ Traffic
r&Sad p&/ rdrad &,mOf\ speed olaY &,mOf\ speed rdrad &,mOf\ pdwcf s&rItajctaewdu
Yk kd xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;jy;D
ausmfwufEkdifrnfqdkvQif . . .
- rdrod abFm\ intention signal R.34 (C/1) udak zmfjy/
- olYoabFmrS agreement signal R.34 (C/2) udkapmifh/
- olYoabFmESifh safely z,fay;rI action udkapmifh/
- safely passage &vQif manoeuvring signal ay;jy;D ausmw
f ufEidk yf gonf/

Q: Nearing bend rSma&mufaevQif bmvkyfrvJ¿

A: According to R.9,(F).

Q: Fairway xJrSm ausmufcsí&ovm;¿

A: Ordinary practice of seamen t& tajctaeuomcGifhjyKrnfqdkvQif ausmufcsjcif;udk a&SmifMuOfygrnf/
 12
Rule 10
Traffic Separation Schemes

(A) þ rule 10 onf IMO u todtrSwjf yKxm;wJh TSS tm;vH;k ESifh oufqi
kd af ponf/ tjcm; rule rsm;wGiaf y;xm;
aom wm0efrsm;udk uif;vGwfcGifhay;xm;jcif;r[kwf/
(B) oabFmwpfpD;onf TSS udktoHk;jyKrnfqdkvQif . . .
(1) rdrdESifhoifhavsmfaomf traffic lane xJwGif&Sdonfh general direction of traffic flow twdkif;ckwfarmif;&
ygrnf/
(2) vufawGUtm;jzifhvkyfEdkifoí traffic separation line and separation zone wdkYudk cGmjyD;oGm;&rnf/
(3) omreftajctaewGif triffic lane wpfckxJudk 0ifr,fxGufr,fqdk&if lane awG\ termination point rS
0ifygxGuyf g/ odaYk omf lane \ tjcm;wpfbufbufrS 0ifr,fxu G rf ,fq&kd ifvnf; general direction of traffic
flow ESifh vufawGUtm;jzifh angle enf;EkdiforQenf;atmifxm;í 0ifygxGufyg/
(C) oabFmwpfpD;onf traffic lanes udk jzwfoef;ckwfarmif;jcif;rS jzpfEkdiforQ a&Smif&Sm;&ygrnf/ rjzpfraejzwf&ef
wm0ef&Sdvmygu rdrdoabFm\ heading ESifh general direction of traffic flow udk vufawGUjzpfEkdiforQ
teD;pyfqHk; right angle jyKíjzwf&ygrnf/
(D) (1) oabFmwpfpD;onf inshore traffic zone udk toHk;rjyKoifhyg/ Inshore traffic zone ESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom
TSS xJwGif oifhavsmfaom traffic lane xJrSm tEÅ&m,fuif;pGm oGm;vmEdkifrnfqdkvQif? inshore traffic
zone udk toH;k rjyKoify
h gbl;/ odaYk omfvnf; vessel of less than 20 M, sailing vessel, vessel engaged
in fishing rsm;onf inshore traffic zone udt k oH;k jyKEidk of nf/
(2) Subparagraph (D-1) u b,fvy kd J qdxk m;apumrl oabFmwpfp;D onf inshore traffic zone udt k oH;k jyKEikd f
ygonf/ Inshore xJ&Sd port wpfckckudk 0ifr,fxGufr,fqdkvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? odkYr[kwf port teD;&Sd
urf;vGetf aqmuftODawGukd oGm;vQiaf omfvnf;aumif;? odrYk [kwf inshore xJ&dS pilot statoin udk oGm;vQif
aomfvnf;aumif;? inshore xJ&Sd tjcm;wpfae&mudk oGm;vdkvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? immediate danger udk
a&SmifvQifaomf vnf;aumif; inshore traffic zone wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufEdkifygonf/
(E) Lane wpfckudkjzwfaom oabFmodkYr[kwf 0ifaomxGufaom oabFmrsm;rSvGJí omreftm;jzifh separation
zone xJodkY0ifjcif; separation line udkjzwfjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyf&/ odkYaomfvnf; . . .
(1) Immediate danger udak &SmifaomoabFm/
(2) Separation Zone twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufig;zrf;aomoabFmrsm; 0ifEdkif? xGufEdkif? jzwfEdkifygonf/
(F) TSS \ t0teD;tem;wGif navigate vkyfaeaom a&,mOfrsm;onf vdktyfaomowdxm;rIrsm;udk
txl;vkyfaqmif &rnf/
(G) oabFmwpfp;D onf vufawGUtm;jzifv h yk Ef ikd o
f í TSS twGi;f ESihf termination point rsm;tem;wGif ausmufcsjcif;
udka&Smif&Sm;&rnf/
(H) TSS udk toHk;rjyKaom oabFmrsm;onf vufawGUtm;jzifh vkyfEdkifoa&GU ¤if; TSS udk wide margin jzifh
cGgjyD; a&SmifoGm;&rnf/
(I) ig;zrf;aeaom oabFmwpfpD;onf traffic lane udk follow vkyfaeaom rnfonfhoabFm\ navigation udkrS
impede rvkyf&/
(J) Vessel of less than 20 M and sailing vessel rsm;onf traffic lane udk follow vkyaf eaom power driving
vessel \ safe passage udk impede rvkyf&/
(K) TSS twGi;f wGif safety of navigation twGuf maintenance vkyaf eí vessel restricted in her ability to
manoeuver jzpfaeaom oabFmwpfpD;onf ¤if;\tvkyfudk qufvufvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef þ rule 10 udk
vdkufemjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhay;xm;onf/
(L) TSS twGif;wGif submarine cable rsm;udk laying, servicing, picking up vkyfaeaom oabFmwpfpD;onf
¤if;\tvkyfudk qufvufvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef þ rule 10 udkvdkufemjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifhay;xm;onf/

Q: TSS udk b,fvdkem;vnfovJ¿

A: qefYusifbuf oabFmoGm;vmrI xlxyfaomae&mwGif wdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,fudk rjzpfyGm;atmif enf;yg;atmif
&nf &G,fí oifhavsmfaom traffic lane rsm; wnfaqmufay;xm;onfhae&m? Routine ay;xm;aomae&m/

Q: Separation line qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Traffic lane eJY inshore traffic zone wdu
Yk kd jcm;em;xm;aomvdik ;f /
 13
Q: Traffic lane qdw
k mbmvJ¿
A: Traffic Separation zone &Jh shore eJe
Y ;D wJh separation line ESihf inshore traffic zone wd\
Yk separation line
Mum;xJ&Sd a&,mOfrsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmEdkifonhfae&m/ One way direction omoGm;&aomae&m/

Q: Separation zone qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Traffic lane ESpfck&Jh urf;em;ESifha0;wJh separation line ESpfckMum;&Sd{&d,m/

Q: General direction of traffic flow qdw k mbmvJ¿

A: Direction wpfckjzpfonf/ rdrdESifhoifhavsmfaom traffic lane twGif; proceed vkyfaeaom oabFmrsm;ESifh
qefYusifbuf lane rsm;twGif;&Sd oabFmrsm; wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD; eD;uyfxdcdkufroGm;ap&ef a&,mOfrsm;tm;vHk;
follow vkyf&rnfh jr§m;OD;nTefjyxm;aom direction udkac:onf/

Q: Termination qdw
k mbmvJ¿
A: TSS wpfck&Jh 0ifayguf^xGufayguf t0udkac:onf/

Q: TSS udkb,fvdkoGm;rvJ¿
A: TSS udktoHk;jyKaeaom oabFmwpfpD;onf according to R. 10, Para. (B/1, 2, 3).

Q: Separation line and separation zone udk bmaMumifh kept clear vkyfckdif;wmvJ¿
A: Separation zone twGif;eJY inshore traffic zone twGif;&SdoabFmrsm;½IyfaxG;rnfh tEÅ&m,frSa&Smif&Sm;&ef/
- rdrd vsl. onf lane xJwGif&SdaMumif; ydkaocsmap&ef/

Q: TSS or traffic lane udk jzwfvkdY&ovm;¿

A: According to R.10, (C).

Q: Inshore traffic zone udk toHk;jyKí&ovm;¿

A: According to R.10, Para. (d/1, 2).

Q: Inshore traffic zone twGif; toHk;jyKcGifh&Sdaoma&,mOfrsm;onf bmvJ¿

A: (1) A vessel less than 20 M in length.
(2) Sailing vessel.
(3) Vessel engaged in fishing
(4) Inshore xJ&Sd ae&ma'owpfckckodkYoGm;aom oabFm/
(5) Immediate danger uda k &Smif&mS ;aomoabFm/

Q: Sailing vessel wpfpD;onf separation zone udk 0ifxGufjzwfvdkY&ovm;¿

A: According to R. 10, Para. (A).

Q: TSS xJrSm ig;zrf;vdkY&ovm;¿

A: According to R. 10, Para. (I).

Section 2 - Conduct of Vessels in sight of one another

oabFmrsm;wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD; Insight of one another tajctaewGif vdkufem&rnfh0wå&m;rsm;

Rule 11
Application

þtcef;wGifyg0ifaom Oya'orsm;onf oabFmrsm;wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD; insight of one another tajctae

wGif &Sdonfh oabFmrsm;udk oufqdkifaponf/
 14
Rule 12
Sailing Vessels

(A) Sailing vessel ESpfpD;onf wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD;csnf;uyfvmjyD; risk of collision yg0ifywfoufvmrnfqdkvQif

ESpfpD; xJrSwpfpD;onf atmufygtwdkif;a&SmifoGm;&rnf/
(1) wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD; av&onfhbufrwlnDcJhvQif avudk port side u&&Sdaom &GufoabFmu a&Smifay;&rnf/
(2) avudk wlnDaombufrS ESpfpD;pvHk;&&SdcJhrnfqdkvQif avvmonfhbufrS &GufoabFmu a&Smifay;&rnf/
(3) avudk port side rS&aom &GufoabFmonf avvmonfhbufrS tjcm; sailing vessel wpfpD;udkawGU&jyD;
tJ'D sailing vessel onfavudk port side or starboard side u&ovm; raocsmcJv h Qif port side rS av&
xm;onfh sailing vessel a&Smifay;&rnf/
(B) Wind ward side avvmonfhbufqdkonfrSm tBuD;qHk;&GufBuD; (Main sail) u o,faqmifaombuf\ qefY
usib f ufuakd c:onf/ Square rigged vessel rsm;wGif F&A wGi&f adS om tBu;D qH;k sail \ qefu Y sibf ufuakd c:
onf/ (Square rigged vessel qdkonfrSm &Gufrsm;pGmygaom oabFmudkac:ygonf/)

Rule 13
Overtaking

(A) Part B - Section 1 & 2 rSm&Sad om rules rsm;u rnfoy Ykd ifqx
kd m;apumrl oabFmwpfp;D onf tjcm;oabFmwpfp;D
udk ausmfwufvQif ausmfwufaomoabFm (Overtaking vessel) u ausmfwufcH&aomoabFm (Being over-
taken) \vrf;aMumif;udk a&Smifz,fay;&rnf/
(B) oabFmwpfpD;onf tjcm;oabFmwpfpD;udk ausmfwufaeonf[k owfrSwfEdkif&ef ¤if;oabFm\ two points
abaft the beam position rS coming up jzpfvmvQif ausmw f ufaejy[
D k owfrwS &f rnf/ ,if; position onf
ausmfwufcH&aomoabFmudk &nfnTef;íqdkvdkonf/ nbufwGif ¤if;ausmfwufcHoabFm\ stern light
udkomjrif&jyD; side lights awGudk rjrif&yg/
(C) Vessel wpfp;D onf tjcm; vessel wpfp;D udk overtaking vkyaf ew,f[k oHo,&Sc dv
hJ Qif overtaking vkyaf eonf[k
,lqjyD; vdktyfovdk qufvufaqmif&Guf&rnf/
(D) Vessels ESpp
f ;D twGi;f aemufraS jymif;vJvmaom brg. ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumihf overtaking vessel udk crossing
vessel tjzpf þ rules rsm;t& rowfrSwf&/ ¤if;tjyif ausmfwufcH&aom oabFmudk vHk;0uif;vGwfoGm;onf
txd vrf;z,fay;&rnfhwm0efudkvnf; uif;vGwfcGifhray;yg/

Rule 14
Head - on Situation

(A) Power driven vessel ESpfpD;onf wpfpD;ESihfwpfpD; reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses rsm;ESifhawGUqHk
jyD; risk of collision yg0ifywfoufvmvQif wpfpD;pDwdkif;onf port to port jzwfoef;oGm;ap&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY
\ starboard odkYauGU&rnf/
(B) Head - on situation jzpf&ef rnfonft
h ajctaersm;wGif ,lqEkid of enf;qdv
k Qif oabFmwpfp;D onf tjcm;oabFm
wpfpD;udk a&SUwnfhwnfh odkYr[kwf a&SUwnfhwnfheD;yg; jrif&vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? ntcgwGif ¤if;a&,mOf\
mast head lights ESpfvHk;udk vertical line odkYr[kwf wpfwef;wnf;eD;yg; awGU&vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? side
lights ESpv
f ;kH pvH;k odrYk [kwf mast head lights ESpfvHk;ESifh side lights ESpv
f ;kH awGU&aomtcgwGivf nf;aumif;?
aeY bufwiG f wpfp;D ESiw hf pfp;D aspect csi;f wlnpD mG awGU&aomtcgwGiv
f nf;aumif; head-on situation jzpfonf[k
owfrSwfEdkifygonf/
(C) Vessel wpfp;D onf tu,fí head-on situation jzpfonf rjzpfonf[k oHo,&SdcJhvQif jzpfonf[kom,lqjyD;
vdktyfovdk qufvufaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/

Q: Head-on situation tjzpf b,fvdkowfrSwf&ygovJ¿

A: tMurf;tm;jzifh rdrdoabFm\ bow rS starboard odkY port bufodkY half point twGif; reciprocal or nearly
reciprocal courses jzifhawGUqHkjyD; risk of collision yg0ifywfoufvmvQif head-on situation tjzpf owf
rSwfEdkifygonf/
 15
Rule 15
Crossing Situation

Power driven vessel ESpp f ;D onf wpfp;D ESiw

hf pfp;D jzwfoef;jcif;jzifh risk of collision yg0ifywfoufvmjyq
D kd
vQif tjcm; vessel udk rdrd\ starboard side wGifawGU&aom vessel onf vrf;z,fay;&rnfhtjyif tajctae
uom cGifhjyKxm;rnfqdkvQif xdk vessel \ta&SUrS jzwfoef;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/

Q: Crossing vdkY bmaMumifhowfrSwf&ovJ¿

Vessel ESpfpD; crossing vkyfaew,fvdkY bmhaMumifh ajymEkdifwmvJ¿
A: Head-on r[kwf? head-on vdkY oHo,r&Sd? overtaking r[kwf? overtaking vdkY oHo,r&Sdí ¤if;oabFmESpfpD;
onf wpfpD;ESifhwpfpD; csnf;uyf approch jzpfvmjyD; compass brg. uvnf; appreciably change rjzpfbl;?
collision point udkvnf; wpfcsdefwnf; odkYr[kwf wpfcsdefwnf;eD;yg; a&muf&SdEdkifaevQif crossing situation
jzpfonf[k ajymEkdifygonf/

Rule 16
Action by Give-way Vessel

tjcm; vessel \vrf;aMumif;udk a&Smif&Sm;ay;&ef þ rule rsm; COLREG '72 u awmif;qdkjcif;cH&aom

give-way vessel onf jzpfEdkifoí aumif;aumif;rGefrGefESifh vGwfvGwfuif;uif;jzpfap&ef apmpD;pGmjynfhpHkvHkavmuf
aom action udk,lay;&rnf/

Rule 17
Action by Stand-on vessel

(A) (1) Vessel ESpfpD;rS wpfpD;onf tjcm; vessel \vrf;aMumif;udk a&Smif&Sm;ay;&rnfqdkvQif tjcm; vessel
(stand-on vessel)u rdrd\ course ESifh speed udk xdef;xm;ay;&rnf/
(2) Stand-on vessel (the latter vessel) onf give-way vessel u þ rule rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuftwdkif;
wdkufcdkufrIudka&Smif&Sm;&ef vdktyfaom action rsm;udk r,lbl;[k aoaocsmcsm wyftyfodvQifodcsif; rdrd\
manoeuvre wpfckwnf;udktoHk;jyKí wdkufcdkufrIudk a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/
(B) rnfonft h aMumif;aMumifjh zpfap stand-on vessel onf give-way vessel \ action wpfcw k nf;ESihf wdu
k cf u
kd f
rItEÅ&m,fukd a&Smif&mS ;&efrvHak vmuf[k rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd o
f v
d Qi?f qH;k jzwfEikd v
f Qif xdt
k EÅ&m,fukd a&Smif&mS ;&ef tultnD
jzpfaprnfh taumif;qHk; action udk ,lay;&rnf/
(C) Power driven vessel wpfpD;onf crossing situation wGif þ rule [R.17, Para. (A-2)] t& olra&Smifí
udk,fa&Smif&rnfqdkvQif tajctaeuom cGifhjyKcJhvQif rdrd\ port side wGif&Sdaom oabFmtwGuf port
bufodkY rauGU&/
(D) þ rule (R. 17) onf give-way vessel \ vrf;z,fay;&rnfh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk uif;vGwfcGifhay;rnf
r[kwfyg/

Q: Stand-on vessel u b,ftcsdefrSm action ,l&ovJ¿

A: According to the R. 17, Para. (A-2).

Aspect = The relative bearing of own ship from the other vessel (rdrd vsl. udk wjcm; vsl. rSjrif&rnfh
relative bearing.)
 16
Rule 18
Responsibilities between vessel

Rule 9, 10 and 13 wdkYwGifawmif;qdkxm;aom vdktyfcsufrsm;rSvGJí . . .

(A) Power driven vessel under way onf atmufygoabFmrsm;udk give-way vkyf&ygrnf/
(1) A vessel not under command.
(2) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
(3) A vessel engage in fishing.
(4) A sailing vessel.
(B) Sailing vessel under way onf atmufygoabFmrsm;udk give-way vkyf&ygrnf/
(1) A vessel not under command.
(2) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
(3) A vessel engage in fishing.
(C) Vessel engage in fishing onf atmufygoabFmrsm;udk give-way vky& f ygrnf/
(1) A vessel not under command.
(2) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
(D) (1) NUC ESifh VRM rSvTJí rnfonfhoabFmrqdk tajctaeuomcGifhjyKvQif R.28 t& signal wifxm;wJh
VCD \ safe passage udk impede rvkyf&yg/
(2) VCD uvnf; rdrv d uf&t
dS xl;tajctaeudk tav;ay;jy;D vdt
k yfonfh owdxm;rIrsm;ESihf navigate vkyo
f mG ;
&ygrnf/
(E) a&ay:wGif&Sdaeaom seaplane rsm;u omreftm;jzifh tjcm;oabFmrsm;tm;vHk;\ navigation udk impede
rvkyf&yg/ odkYaomfvnf; tajctaewpfckckaMumifh ROC yg0ifywfoufvmcJhvQif rule of this part (B)
(Steering and sailing rule) udv
k u
kd ef m&ygrnf/

Section III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

Rule 19
Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

(A) þ rule onf restricted visibility ESihf ,if;\ teD;tem;wGi&

f adS om wpfp;D ESiw
hf pfp;D insight of one another
rjzpfonfh oabFmrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaponf/
(B) oabFmwdi k ;f onf vuf&jdS zpfay:aeaom Restricted visibility \tajctaetaetxm;ay:wGif oifah vsmrf nfh
safe speed ESifhckwfarmif;&rnf/ Power driven vessel wpfpD;onf immediate manoeuvre twGuf rdrd\
tif*sifudk ready &Sdaeap&rnf/
(C) oabFmwdkif;onf part B - section 1 wGifyg0ifonfh rules rsm;udk vdkufem&mwGif vuf&Sdjzpfay:aeaom
restricted visibility tajctaeESifhtaetxm;rsm;udk txl;tav;ay;vdkufem&rnf/
(D) Radar wpfcw k nf;udt
k oH;k jyKí tjcm;oabFmrsm;udk axmufvrS ;f aeaom oabFmwpfp;D onf tjcm;wnf&adS eaom
oabFmrsm;ESifh close quarter situation jzpfrjzpf? risk of collision jzpfrjzpf odkYr[kwf close quarter
situation and risk of collision jzpfrjzpfudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfae&mrnf/ tu,fí &SdvmrnfqdkvQif a&Smif&Sm;rI
action udk ample time wGif ,l&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif jzpfEdkifoí atmufygtcsufrsm;udka&Smif&Sm;&rnf/
(1) rdrdu ausmfwufaeaom oabFmrSvGJí rdrd\ abeam ta&SUwGif&Sdaom oabFmrsm;twGuf port odkY
auGUjcif; rsdK;/
(2) rdrd\ abeam ESifh abaft the beam wGif&Sdaom oabFmrsm;&Sd&mbufodkY auGUjcif;rsdK;/
(E) Risk of collision r&Sb d v l Ykd qH;k jzwfjy;D onft
h csed rf v
S í
JG rdro
d abFm\ abeam ta&SUbufrS tjcm;oabFmwpfp;D
\ fog signal udk aoaocsmcsm wyftyfMum;&vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;oabFmwpfpD;ESifh close quarter
situation udk ra&SmifEdkifvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdoabFm\ speed tm; course udk xdef;Edkif½Hkavmufomusef
atmif tenf;qHk;avsmhcsypf&rnf/ tu,fí vdktyfvmvQif &yfwefYypf&rnf/ xkdYtjyif wdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,f
vHk;0 vGwfuif;oGm;onftxd tjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk owdBuD;pGmxm;í navigate vkyfoGm;&rnf/

Q: Fog xJrSm fog signal toHMum;wdkif; speed avQmhrvm;¿

A: ROC &Sdr&Sd rqHk;jzwfEkdifbl;qdkrSom speed udkavsmhyg/ ROC rqHk;jzwf&ao;vQif speed udkavsmhyg/ Close
quarter situation udk forward of the beam wGif&Sdaom oabFmESifh ra&SmifEkdifcJhvQif avQmhyg/
Fog signal ay;aomoabFmESifh ROC r&Sdbl;vdkY aocsmqHk;jzwfjyD;cJhvQif speed avQmhp&mrvdkyg/
 17
Q: Restricted visibility xJrmS speed udk reduce vkyv f &Ykd ovm;¿
A: ROC ESifh close quarter situation &Sdr&Sdudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jyD; forward of the beam twGufavsmh&rnf/
Abaft the beam twGuf ravQmh&yg/ Safe speed jzifhoGm;vQif vHkavmufygonf/

ROUTEING SYSTEMS

Routeing systems onf Converging areas (a&vrf;pkqHk&mae&mrsm;) ESifh traffic density rsm;aom
ae&mrsm; odkYr[kwf obstruction rsm;wnf&SdaeaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? meteorological condition rsm;aMumifh
freedom of movement of shipping udk cufcaJ paomae&mrsm;wGif safety of navigation improve jzpfap &ef
&nf&G,fonf/

THE USE OF ROUTEING SYSTEMS

Routeing systems rsm;udk toHk;jyK&ef IMO uxkwfjyefaom general provisions on ships' routeing
atmufygtajccHtcsufrsm; azmfjyxm;onf/
(1) tjcm;txl ; azmf j ycsuf r &S d v Qif R.S rsm;onf oabF m tm;vH k ; oH k ; &ef t wG u f recommended
(axmufcH )vkyf onf/ ¤if;tjyif oabFmtm;vHk; odkYr[kwf oabFmtrsdK;tpm;tcsdKU odkYr[kwf
owfrSwfxm;aom cargo wifaqmifonfh oabFmrsm;twGuf Oya't& jy|mef; (mandatory)
vkyfcsifvkyfrnf/
(2) R.S rsm;udk rnfonfh weather wGifrqdkESifh aeYa&mnyg toHk;jyK&ef &nf&G,fonf odkYr[kwf ice free
water odkYr[kwf extra ordinary manoeuvre vkyf&efrvdkaom light ice condition odkYr[kwf ice
breaker rsm;\tultnDjzifh manoeuvre vkyf&efrvdkaomtajctaersm;wGif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(3) R.S rsm;udkoHk;&mwGif under keel clearence udkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jyD; oHk;&rnf/ UC udkqHk;jzwf&mwGif
charted depth, aemufq;kH survey vkyc f o
hJ nft
h csed rf pS í sea bed ajymif;vJEikd rf t
I ajctae? &moDOwk
ESihf tidal condition rsm;aMumifh depth of water wGif ajymif;vJrrI sm; oufa&mufEikd o f nfth ajctaeudk
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf/
(4) I.M.O rS adopted vkyx f m;aom TSS rsm;em;wGif navigate vkyaf eaom vessel onf tjcm; vessel
rsm;ESifh R.O.C. development enf;ap&ef&nf&G,fí jy|mef;xm;aom COLREG '72 rS rule 10 udk
comply vkyf&rnf/ tjcm; rule rsm;udkvnf; vdkufem&rnf/ txl;ojzifh tjcm; vessel rsm;ESifh R.O.C
&SdvmvQif part B sections 2 & 3 rS rule rsm;twdkif;vdkufem&rnf/
(5) Various directions rS pkqv kH maom junction points rsm;wGif vessel rsm;onf route wpfcrk w S pfco k Ykd
ajymif;jcif;? jzwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfwwfMuojzifh "true separation of traffic" jy|mef;&efrjzpfEdkifajc/
xdkYaMumifh ¤if;{&d,mrsm;wGif vessel rsm;onf great caution jzifh navigate vkyf&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif
"through-going route" wnfw h nfo
h mG ;aomoabFmudk privilege (txl;l tcGit hf a&;&aomoabFm) rlight
of way oabFmtjzpf rowfrSwfyg/
(6) Depth water route rsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh ¤if; route udkom rjzpfraeoHk;&ef vdktyfaom deep
draft vessel rsm;twGuo f m &nf&,
G of nf/ ¤if; route udk oH;k &efrvdak om vessel rsm;onf vufawGUtm;
jzifh vkyfEdkifoa&GU a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/
(7) Precautionary areas rsm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sdaom TSS odkYr[kwf deep water route odkYr[kwf port
rsm;odkY 0ifxGufjcif;rvkyfrnfh vessel rsm;onf vufawGUtm;jzifhwwfEdkifoa&GU ¤if;{&d,mrsm;udk
a&Smif&Sm;& rnf/
(8) Two way deep water route tygt0if two way route rsm;wGif vessel rsm;onf vufawGUvkyE f ikd f
orQ nmbufodkYuyfí proceed vkyf&rnf/
(9) Chart ay:wGif R.S ESiy hf wfoufí print vkyx f m;aom arrow rsm;onf general direction of traffic
flow udk azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Vessel rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ course udk arrow direction twdkif;
wduspGm set vkyf&efrvdkyg/
(10) YG = you appear not to be complying with the TSS, signal udo k ifah vsmof vdt
k oH;k jyK&ef
interco wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
 18
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON STANDARDS OF TRAINING,
CERTIFICATION AND WATCHKEEPING FOR SEAFARERS, 1978.

International Conference udk 7-7-78 wGiu

f si;f yí 28-4-84 wGif inforce jzpfonf/ xdaYk emuf admendments
3 ckvkyfcJhonf/
(1) 1991 wGif GMDSS ESifhywfoufí amendment vkyfjyD; 1-12-92 wGif inforce jzpfonf/
(2) 1994 wGif special training requirement for personal on tanker ESifhywfoufí amendment
vkyfjyD; 1-1-96 wGif inforce jzpfonf/
(3) 1995 wGif STCW code (final act of 1995 STCW conference) ESifhywfoufí amendment
vkyfcJhonf/ 1-2-2002 wGif inforce jzpfrnf/

STCW 78 uae 95 ud k a jymif ; &jcif ; (Amendment vk y f & jcif ;)

Not effective u 3 csuf
(1) STCW 78 &Jh t"du concept u aumif;ayr,fhvnf; 78 rSm Precribe vkyfxm;wJh tcsufawG[m
t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkxm;jcif;r&Sdbl;/ (Lack of Prescription)
(2) aemufwpfcu k administration awGukd vkycf iG t
hf jynft
h 0ay;vdu
k w
f t
hJ cg t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf rkd aI wGrsm;vmjy;D
wpfEdkifiHeJYwpfEdkifiH twdtusowfrSwfxm;wmr&Sdbl;/
(3) Sea service / work shop service awGudk owfrSwfwJhtcgrSmvnf; wdwdususra&;cJhbl;/
t&ifwkef;uawmh 'Dvdk sea service rSm training on-board vdkY,lqw,f/ 'Dvdk training &SdwJh sea
service ay:rSmrlwnfjyD; pmar;yGJawGppf conpentency awGxkwfay;cJhw,f? 'Dvdkxkwfay;cJhayr,fh
onboard training udkawmh wdwdususrowfrSwfcJhbl;/
'gaMumifh 95 u training onboard vkyzf ?Ykd tJ'D training awGukd record book vkyjf y;D xde;f xm;zdpYk pD Of
xm;cJhw,f/

Condition Change jzpfoGm;wJh 3 csuf/

(1) Certificates udk newly developing country awGu tvG,fwulxkwfay;aewJhtwGuf certificate
awG&Jh standard level awGudk owffrSwfay;zdkYvdktyfvmw,f/
(2) ,ckacwfwi G f vlEpS af ,mufwnf;ESiyhf if oabFmwpfp;D vH;k udk armif;ESivf Mkd uonf/ pufu&d ,
d mrsm;uvnf;
acwfrv D monf/ xdaYk Mumifh ,cifuvkd deck, engine eJY radio qdjk y;D department oH;k ckcx JG w
k af y;aewJh
traditional certificate system u raumif;awmhyg/ vlwpfa,muf oabFmay:wGif b,favmuftvkyf
vkyfEkdifonfqdkonfh function ay:rlwnfjyD; vlawGudk cefYtyfxm;vQif ydkaumif;r,fvkdYodjrifvmcJhw,f/
Oyrm deck officer rsm; GOC udkifvmonfhoabmrsdK;/
(3) Training tydi k ;f rSmvnf; tvGeaf cwfaemufusaejyjD zpfw,f/ ,ckacwfwiG f training rsm;udk simulatine
method rsm;eJY ay;vQif ydr kxkd ad &mufEikd w
f ,fv,
Ykd q
l jy;D training standard system rsm;udok wfrw S af y;xm;
w,f/
xdktcsufrsm;udkajymif;vJapvdkY STCW udk 78 uae 95 udkajymif;vJcJhw,f/

Alternative Certification ESiy

hf wfoufí functional certificates rsm;udx
k w
k af y;&ef atmufygtwdik ;f owfrw
S o
f nf/
(1) Navigation
(2) Operation and care of person
(3) Cargo operation
(4) Marine engine
(5) Electrical engine
(6) Radio Communication
(7) Maintanance qdjk y;D owfrwS x
f m;w,f/

¤if; certificates rsm;udk xkwfay;&mwGif level 3 rsdK; owfrSwfvdkufw,f/

(1) Management level (Senior Officer)
(2) Operational level (Junior Officer)
(3) Supporting level (Rating)
 19
FINAL ACT OF 199F5 STCW CONFERENCE

Chapter 8 ckcGJxm;onf/
Chapter I. General provision
II. Master and deck department
III. Engine department
IV. Radio communication and radio personal
V. Special training requirements for personal on certain type of ships
VI. Emergency, occupational safety, medical care and survival functions
VII. Alternative certification
VIII. Watch keeping.

STCW CODE
Part A Mandatory standards regarding provisions of the annex to the convention.
Part B Recommend guidance regarding provisions of the STCW convention and it annex

Chapter VIII Standard Regarding Watch Keeping ES i f h y wf o uf í atmuf y gtwd k i f ; section rsm; cG J
xm;ygonf/
Section A. 1 Fitness for duty
Section A. 2 Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed.

Part 1 - Certification
Part 2 - Vuoyage planning
* General requirements
* Planning prior to each vuoyage
* Verification & display of planned route.
* Deviration from planned route

Part 3 - Watch Keeping at Sea

* Principle applying to watchkeeping generally.
* Protection of marine environment

Part 3 (i) Principles to be observed in keeping a navigational watch.

* Look out
* Watch arrangement
* Taking over the watch
* Performing the navigational watch
* Watchkeeping under different conditions and in different areas.
- Clear weather
- Restricted visibility
- In hours of darkness
- Coastal and congested waters
- Navigation with pilot onboard
- Ship at anchor
Part 3 (ii) Principles to be observed in keeping an engineering watch.

Part 3 (iii) Principles to be observed in keeping a radio watch.

* General provision
* Watch arrangement
* Performing the radio watch

Part 4 Watch keeping in Port

* General
* Watch arrangement
* Taking over the watch

Part 4 (i) Taking over the deck watch

(ii) Taking over the engine watch
(iii) Performing the deck watch
(iv) Performing the engineering watch
(v) Watch in port on ships carrying hazardous cargo.
 20
O.O.W

O.O.W onf Master \ Representative jzpfjy;D safe watch udk all time rSm Maintain vkyE
f ikd &f ef S.T.C.W.
rSmazmfjyxm;wJh principles rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ygr,f/
VSL. udk safely navigate vkyfEdkif&ef collision ESifh stranding rjzpf&ef "COLREG '72" udkvnf;
wduspGmvkdufemaqmif&Guf&ygr,f/
International, National and port regulation rsm;t& operation and accidental pollution of the marine
environment \ serious effects rsm;udk owdjyK&rSmjzpfjy;D pollution rjzpfatmifvnf; precaution ESihf prevention
vkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/
* rdrd&Jh watch twGif;rSm t"duwm0efonf -
(1) safety of life
(2) safety of cargo
(3) safety of ship
(4) protection of marine environment wdkYyJjzpfygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh rdrd&Jh watch ,l&r,fhtcsdefra&muf
cif 10 rdepfcefYapmjyD; bridge ay:a&mufatmifoGm;&ygr,f/
rdrd watch twGif;rSm yg0ifr,fh members awG[m olwdkY&Jhwm0efudk fully preform vkyfEkdifrvm;? aocsmatmif
ppfaq;&r,f/ txl;ojzifh nbufqdk&if night vision udkusifhckdif;&r,f/ udk,fudkwdkifvnf; night vision udk vuf&dS
condition eJY adjust vkyf&r,f? usifh&r,f/
Watch vGJr,lcif VSL. \ E.P. odkYr[kwf vuf&SdoGm;aewJh course, intended track, speed ESifh UMS
controls rsm;udk odatmifppfaq;r,f/ vuf&Sd speed t& rdrdwm0efcsdeftwGif; a&mufEdkifr,hf trsm;qHk; dist;
udk Munfjh y;D rdrw
d m0efcsed t
f wGi;f rSm awGUBuKH Eidk rf ,fh odrYk [kwf encounter vky&f r,fh nav; dangers rsm;udk BuKd wif&mS azG
xm;&r,f? avhvmxm;&r,f/ Kept in mind vkyfxm;&r,f/
udk,fhudkvGJay;r,fh duty officer u any hazard udk avoiding action ,laevQif tJ'D action complete
rjzpfrcsif; wm0efvufcHr,l&yg/
rdrdudk,fwdkif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk satisfied jzpfonfhtcsdefrS wm0efudkvTJ,l&ygr,f/
(1) Nav; eJYywfoufwJh Master &Jh special instruction awGeJY standing order awGudk em;vnfoabm
aygufatmif zwfjyD; sign xdk;jyD;csdefjzpf&r,f/
(2) VSL. &Jh course : Speed, position eJY draft udk aocsmodjyD;csdefjzpf&r,f/
(3) vuf&SdESifh predicted tide condition, current, weather, visibility ESifh ¤if;tcsufrsm;u VSL. \
course ESifh Speed ay:wGifoufa&mufrIrsm;/
(4) Main engine udk birdge control xm;pOfrSm manoeuvre vkyf&ef procedure rsm;/
(5) Nav; twGuf
- vuf&SdoHk;aeaom odkYr[kwf oHk;&zG,f&Sdaom Nav; and safety equipments rsm;\ operational
condition rsm;/
- Gyro and compass errors rsm;/
- vuf&jdS rifae&aom odrYk [kwf rdr\ d vecinity wGif &Sad eaom oabFmrsm;\ number, location ESifh
movement rsm;/
- During the watch rSm awGUMuHK&r,fh hazard rsm;ESifh conditions rsm; (txl;ojzifh weather,
visibility, traffic density, fishing grounds and shallow water rsm;? narrow channels rsm;)
- Heel, trim, water density ESihf under keel clearance aMumifjh zpfay:rnfh squart tajctaersm;
ponfwdkYudk satisfied jzpfonftxd avhvmrSwfom;xm;jyD;rS wm0efudk vTJajymif;vufcH,l&ygrnf/

PREFORMING THE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH

* Watch udk preform vkyfaepOf -
(1) Bridge rSmyJ watch ,l&ygr,f/
(2) Properly relieve rvkyfbJ bridge rS rxGufcGm&yg/
(3) Master bridge rSm&Sdaeayr,fhvnf; O.O.W rSmom wm0ef&Sdygw,f/ Master rSm responsibility
&SdjyDvdkY ,lqEdkifwJhtcsdefrSm master u watch udk ,ljyDvdkYrajymrcsif;? tjyeftvSef em;vnfrIr&rcsif;
O.O.W rSmom wm0ef&Sdygw,f/
(4) Safety twGuf b,fvdk action ,l&rvJ? doubt jzpfvQif master udk notify vkyf&ygr,f/
(5) Watch twGi;f course steered, position, speed wdu Yk kd sufficient frequent interval wdik ;f rSm check
vkyfjyD; VSL. [m planned course twdkif; oGm;roGm; check vkyf&ygr,f/
 21
(6) Safety and Nav; equipment awG&Jh location and operation awGudk od&r,fhtjyif ¤if;wdkY&Jh
operating limitation rsm;udv
k nf; owdjyK&ygr,f/
(7) Safe Nav; of ship udk xdcdkufrnfh vkyfief;rsm;udk rvkyfaqmif&yg/
(8) rdrd&JhtpDtpOfeJY Nav; equipment awGudk txda&mufqHk;jzpfatmif toHk;jyK&ygr,f/
(9) Radar udkoHk;wJhtcg COLREG '72 rSmazmfjyxm;wJh radar eJYywfoufwJhtcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf;
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ygr,f/
(10) O.O.W taeeJY helm, engine and sound signalling appliances rsm;udk vdktyfvQifoHk;zdkY awGa0
wkefYqdkif;aejcif;? aESmifhaES;MuefYMumaejcif; r&Sd&yg/ odkYaomf jzpfEkdifvQif engine udkoHk;&ef timely no-
tice ay;zdYk vdt
k yfygonf/ UMS control rsm;udv k nf; procedure tvdu k f aqmif&u
G &f efvtkd yfygw,f/
(11) rdrd VSL. &Jh turning ability & stopping dist; udk od&Sdxm;&rSmjzpfjyD;? tjcm; VSL. rSm different
handling characteristics rsm;&SdEdkifaMumif; odxm;&ygr,f/ owdjyK&ygr,f/
(12) STCW rSmay;xm;wJh lookout eJY ywfoufwJh principles rsm;udkvnf; vdkufemaqmif&GufjyD;
rdrdwm0efcsdeftwGif;rSm proper lookout udk all time maintain vkyfEdkif&ef *½kpdkuf&ygr,f? ppfaq;
aqmif&Guf&ygr,f/

* During the watch rSmeJY before arrival or departure wdi

k ;f rSm regularly atmufygtcsurf sm;udk check
vkyfxm;&ygr,f/
(1) VSL. udk steering vkyfaeaom vlodkYr[kwf auto pilot onf correct course udk steer vkyfrvkyf/
(2) Compasses rsm;udk frequently check vkyfjyD; master gyro and repeater gyro rsm;udk synchro-
nized vkyf&rnf/ tenf;qHk; compass error udk during the watch rSm wpfcg&Smygr,f/ Major
alteration vkyfjyD;wdkif; error xyf&Smygr,f/
(3) Auto to manual steering udk atleast once a watch ajymif;ygr,f/
(4) Nav; signal ESihf tjcm; Nav; equipment awG[m properly functioning jzpfrjzpf ppfaq;&ygr,f/
(5) UMS control ESifh alarm, indicator rsm;udk check vkyf&ygr,f/

(* Master udkac:&ef R, T, C, arQmfç rarQmfç H, E, N, D, ES i f h radio equipment malfunction jzpf vQif

ac:ygrnf/)
txufygtcsurf sm;wGif master udk notify vky&f rnfjzpfaomfvnf; immediate action rsm;,l&efvt
kd yfvQif
wkefYqdkif; aESmifhaES;jcif;r&Sdap&yg/ Master vmonfftxd apmiffhaep&mrvdkyg/

WATCH KEEPING UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS AND IN DIFFERENT AREAS.

* Clear weather wGif nav; vkyfpOf
(1) COLREG '72 rS part B section 1 ESifh section 2 wdkYrS rules rsm;? part C rS lights and shapes
rsm;ESifh part D rS sound and lights signals rsm;udk *½kwpdkuf vkdufemusifhoHk;&ygrnf/
(2) Radar ESifhywfoufaom vdktyfcsufrsm;udkvnf; tjynfht0 practic vkyfygrnf/

* Restricted visibility wGif

(1) [Fog procedure rsm;udk ajymyg]
(2) COLOREG '72 part B section 3 udk vkdufemygrnf/

* In hours of darkness wGif

(1) Lookout udk vdktyfovdkxm;ygrnf/
(2) Nav; lights rsm;udk zGifhí vif;rvif;ppfaq;ygrnf/
(3) awGUEdkifrnfh Nav; aids rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ limitation rsm;udk check vkyfygrnf/

* Coastal and congested water wGif

(1) vuf&Sd area ESifh suitable jzpfaprnfh corrected or updated largest scale charge available on
board udkoHk;ygrnf/
(2) V/L \ position udk sufficient frequent interval wdi k ;f rSm more than one method eJY ,lygr,f/
(3) &&SE
d idk w
f hJ ^ &&SEd ikd rf ,fh nav; marks rsm;udk positively indentify vkyyf gr,f/ BuKd wifvnf; &SmazGxm;yg
r,f/
 22
O.O.W AT HARBOUR

O.O.W onf harbour wGif tcsdefwdkif;ü master \udk,fpm; t"duwm0ef&Sdonfhtcsufrsm;ESifh activate

jzpf&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm
(1) Safety of ship, lifes, port, environment ESihf cargo operation wGit
f vkyv
f yk af eaom machinery
tm;vHk; safe operation jzpfap&ef/
(2) International, National and local rules rsm;udk vduk ef m&ef/
(3) Normal routine of ship and order rsm;udk maintain vkyfxm;&efjzpfygonf/

* Watch Composation ESifh duration udk master \ decision or approval t&zGJUpnf;ygrnf/

* Efficient watch keeping vkyfEdkif&efvdktyfaom equipment rsm; BudKwifpOf;pm;xm;í arrange vkyfyg
rnf/
* Watch udk take over rvkyc
f if rdr,
d &l rnfh wm0efcsed x
f ufapmí deck round vkyjf y;D atmufygtcsurf sm;
udk aocsmpGmodatmifvkyfygrnf/ ppfaq;ygrnf/
(1) Berth \ depth of water, vessel draught, time and height of high & low water, moring lines
rsm;\ secure vkyxf m;rIrsm;/ a arrangement & scope, main engine condition ESihf emergency
twGuf toHk;csEdkifrItajctae? rdrd watch wGifyg0ifrnfh crew wpfa,mufpD\ tajc taeESifh
ability.
(2) rdrd perform vky&f rnfth csurf sm;? wifcsaeaom cargo nature ESihf trsKd ;tpm;rsm;? hatch wpfcpk t
D wGuf
remaining cargo for loading or discharging.
(3) Bilge and ballast tank rsm;&Sd water label rsm;/
(4) Display vkyf&rnfh lights and shapes rsm;? wif^cs&rnfhtvHrsm;/
(5) On board wGi& f &dS rnfh crew ta&twGu?f vuf&rdS rd o
d abFmay:wGif a&mufaeaom oabFmrSr[kwo f l
rsm;/
(6) F.F.E tajctaersm;/
(7) Port and Company regulation rsm;/
(8) Master and chief officer wd\ Yk standing order rsm;? spcial order or instruction rsm;/
(9) ta&;ay:tultnDvdktyfvQif tquftoG,fvkyf&ef ship to shore personal or port authorities
ESihf lines communication available.
(10) Safety of crew, ship, cargo and pollution tm; protection vkyf&ef ta&;BuD;aom tajc
taetaMumif;t&mrsm;/
(11) rdrdoabFmaMumifh pollution jzpfcJhaomf appropriate authorities udk b,fvdk procedure ESifh notify
vkyf&rvJ ponfhtcsufrsm;yg0ifonf/

* Watch rvTJ,lcif aocsmpGmem;vnfoabmayguf&rnfhtcsufrsm; -

(1) Moring ESifh a chain rsm; aocsmpGm secure vkyfxm;jcif; jzpfrjzpf/
(2) Appropriate singal, light, shapes, flag rsm; exhibited or not.
(3) Fire protection regulation twdik ;f maintain vkyrf vky/f
(4) Hazardous or dangerous cargo rsm; load/disg. vky& f eforYkd [kwf rD;avmifvQif odrYk [kwf qDvQvH Qif
,laqmif&rnfh action rsm;twGuf owdxm;rI? BudKwifjyifqifxm;rI &Sdr&Sd/
(5) Cargo operation vkyfaepOf odkYr[kwf vkyf&ef cargo gear rsm; properly & safely vkyx f m;rI&rdS &S/d

* Navigation with pilot on board &Sc d rhJ ,fqvkd Qif

(1) rdrdoabFmudkvmaom pilot onf master ESifh O.O.W wdkY\ duty & responsibility for safety of
ship udk vma&mufvTJ,ljcif;r[kwfyg/ Advice ay;&efom vmjcif;jzpfonf/
(2) Master ESihf pilot onf nav; procedure, local condition, characteristics of vessel \ information
rsm;udk exchange vkyf&ygr,f/
(3) Master & O.O.W wdo Yk nf pilot ESihf eD;uyfpmG yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G í
f vsl. \ position & movement
wdkYudk wdusaocsmpGm ppfaq;&ygrnf/
(4) O.O.W onf pilot \ action or intension udk oHo,&SdvQif aocsmatmifjyefar;í pilot rS &Sif;jy
csuu f kd awmif;qd&k ygrnf/ tu,fí xyfro
H o hJ Qif master udck sucf si;f infrom vkyí
H ,&Scd v f vdt
k yfygu
master ra&mufcif vdktyfaom action rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/
 23
* rdrd\ watch twGif;wGif jzpfysufcJhrIrsm; txl;ojzifh navigation ESifhywfoufí movement of vessel
and activities rsm;ç weather and sea conditions rsm;udk properly record vkyfí log xJwGif
a&;&ygrnf/

* Relieved vkyf&ef/ Taking over vkyfrnfh O.O.W onf ¤if;\ duty udk carry out vkyfEdkif rvkyfEdkif
aocsmpGmppfaq;í oHo,&Sdygu master tm; notify vkyfygrnf/
(1) Avoding action ,laepOf duty udk vTJray;yg/ Action completely jzpfjyD;rS vTJay;ygrnf/
(2) Relieving O.O.W auseyfvufcHrSom watch udkvTJay;jyD; relieved vkyfygrnf/

O.O.W AT ANCHOR

Master u vdktyfw,fvdkYqHk;jzwfvQif a wGif nav; watch udk qufvuf,laqmif&ygr,f/

* a csxm;pOf
(1) Appropriate chart wGif vsl. \ position udk as soon as possible determine vkyfjyD; plot
vkyf&ygrnf/ rnfonfh a udk on deck or in the water wGif shackle b,favmufcsxm;ovJ
a&;rSwfxm;&ygrnf/
(2) VSL. \ position udk sufficient frequent interval wdkif;wGif Brg., Nav; marks ESifh tvG,fwul
identify vkyf Edkifaom shore objects rsm;jzifh check vkyfí in position wGif &Sdr&Sd ppfaq;&ygrnf/
(3) Proper look out maintain jzpfrjzpf ppfaq;&ygrnf/ Periodically deck round vkyf&ygr,f/
(4) Sea state, metrologically and tital condition rsm; check vky& f ygrnf/
(5) Drag jzpfvQif master inform vdktyfonfh action rsm;,lEdkif&ef BudKwifpOf;pm;wGufcsufxm;&ygrnf/
(6) Engine and other machinery rsm; master \ instruction twdkif;xm;rxm;ç ready for use
jzpfrjzpf ppfaq;&ygrnf/
(7) Visibility tajctaeajymif;vQif master inform vky& f ygrnf/
(8) COLREG '72 t& appropriate sound signal, lights and shapes rsm; deplay vkyfrvkyf ppf
aq;&ygrnf/
(9) Pollution regulation rsm;t& pollution rjzpfatmifvnf; protect vkyx f m;&ygrnf/
(10) Tide turn tcsdefrsm;wGif a position udk ydkíaocsmpGm check vkyfxm;&ygrnf/
(11) rdrdoabFmem;wGif vma&muf a csaom oabFmrsm;&SdvQif position rsm;udk plot vkyfjyD; ship name
and post of registry rSwfygrnf/
(12) rdro
d abFmodYk roufqikd af omolrsm;rvmEdik af tmifEiS hf roufqikd af om oabFmrsm; ruyfatmif *½kpu
kd yf g
rnf/
 24
EMERGENCY SITUATION

(1) Main Engine Failure

atmufygtcsufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygonf/
- Master informed
- Wheel auto to manual ajymif;
- Rudder and bow thruster udk best navigational advantage &EdkiforQ toHk;jyKygrnf/
- Shallow water jzpfvQif anchor tqifoifhjyifqifygrnf/
- N.U.C signal rsm;udk display vkyfygrnf/
- Position ascertain vkyfygrnf/ Chart ay:wGif plot vkyfygrnf/
- tcsdeu
f rkd w
S í
f position udk movement book wGix
f nfjh yD; engine room udk communicate vkyí
f bmjzpf
ovJ? b,favmufMumjyDvJ ar;ygrnf/
- Urgency signal broadcast vkyf&ef jyifqifxm;ygrnf/

(2) Steering Failure

atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygonf/
- Master informed.
- Engine room udk tjrefq;kH informed vkyí f alternated / emergency steering gear udk engage vkyyf g
rnf/ vdktyfvQif vessel udk all way off vkyfygrnf/
- N.U.C signal rsm; display vkyfygrnf/
- Movement book udkjyifqifí tcsdef? ae&mESifh reason udk record vkyfygrnf/
- Urgency signal broadcast vkyf&ef jyifqifxm;ygrnf/

(3) Gyro Failure / Compass Failure

atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygonf/
- Master informed.
- Magnetic compass or alternative means udkoHk;í heading udkcsdefygrnf/
- Gyro maintenance vkyf&rnfh responsible person udk informed vkyy f grnf/
- Engine room udk inform vkyy f grnf/
- Other navigational aid rsm;ay:wGif affect of failure udk consider vkyy
f grnf/
(4) Bridge Control / Telegraph Failure
atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygrnf/
- Master informed.
- Engine room / duty engineer udk inform vkyy f grnf/
- Emergency communication udk engine room ESihf vkyaf qmifygrnf/ (Telephone, Voice pipe, Amplidan)
- Engine room control switch udak jymif;ygrnf/

(5) Imminent Collision / Collision (oabFmwdkufvQif)

atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygrnf/
- Emergency alarm (internal) ay;ygrnf/
- wduk cf geD;tajctaeqdv k Qif collision affect enf;ap&ef taumif;qH;k jzpfjyD; manoeuvre udvk yk af qmifygrnf/
- wdu
k rf jd yD;oGm;vQif rdro
d abFmwGi&f adS om vlrsm;\xdcukd rf t
I ajctaeESihf vdt
k yfonft
h ultnDrsm;udk tjrefq;kH &SmazG
aqmif&Gufygrnf/
- Deck light rsm;udk switch on vkyfygrnf/
- rdrdoabFm\ysuffpD;rIyrmPESifh tajctaeudk tjrefqHk;od&Sdatmifvkyfygrnf/
- Water tight door and automatic fire door rsm;udk ydwfygrnf/
- tjcm;oabFm\ ysufpD;rItajctaeESifh tultnDvdktyfygu ay;Edkifrnfhtajctae&SdvQif ulnDay;ygrnf/
- tjcm;oabFm\ ship's name, port of registry, master name, last port of call and next port of call
wdkYudk &EkdiforQ communicate vkyfí ,lygrnf/
- Collision jzpfonfh position udk ascertain vkyyf grnf/
- Urgency odkYr[kwf distress signal rsm;udk transmit vkyf&ef jyifqifygrnf/
- wdkufrdonfhae&m ywf0ef;usif&Sd bilges and tanks sounding rsm;udk ,lygrnf/
- Crew rsm;udk emergency station wGif pka0;apjyD;? master \ order ukdapmifhygrnf/
 25
(6) Stranding / Grounded
atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;,lygrnf/
- Engine stop vkyfí master informed vkyfygrnf/
- Emergency alarm (internal and external) ay;ygrnf/
- Water tight doors rsm; ydwfygrnf/
- Aground signal lights and shapes rsm;wifygrnf/
- Restricted visibility jzpfvQif appropriate sound signal rsm;ay;ygrnf/
- nbufjzpfvQif deck light rsm; switch on vkyfygrnf/
- Bilges and tanks sounding rsm;,lygrnf/ oabFmywfvnf&dS sounding rsm;udvk nf; wdik ;f ygrnf/ Record
vkyfygrnf/ Vessel position udk ascertain vkyfí urgency message broadcast vkyfygrnf/
- Tidal condition udkwGufcsufí floot tide or ebb tide check vkyfygrnf/
- Damage condition udk check vkyfygrnf/ Nature of bottom udk check vkyfygrnf/
- Legal situation udk aocsmpGm ascertain vkyfygrnf/

(7) Fire
oabFmwGifrD;avmifvQif rnfonfhtajctaewGifrqdk atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygrnf/
- Emergency alarm (internal and external) ay;ygrnf/
- Master and all concerned udk notified vkyfí seat of fire udk inform vkyfygrnf/
- Ventilation, automatic fire doors, water tight doors rsm;udy
kw
d yf grnf/ nbufjzpfvQif deck light rsm;
switch on vkyfygrnf/
- Vessel position udk ascertain vkyfí urgency / distress message transmit vkyf&ef jyifqifygrnf/

(8) Flooding / Foundring

atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Gufygrnf/
- Emergency alarm (internal and external) ay;ygrnf/
- Water tight doors rsm;ydwfygrnf/
- Vessel position ascertain vkyí f urgency or distress message transmit vkyyf grnf/

(9) Man Overboard

Man overboard ,l&rnfh action ESiy hf wfoufí tajctaeay:wGif rsm;pGmrlwnfygonf/ xdYkaMumifh yHak oowfrw S f
ír&yg odkYaomf generally taejzifh atmufyg action rsm;udk,loifhygonf/
- Alarm signal udk as soon as possible ay;ygrnf/ jzpfay:vmaom tajctae detail t&
- usoGm;onfhvludk jrifvdkufjyD; avoiding action ,l&ef tajctaeay;vQif engine udk tjrefqHk; stop vkyfjyD;
hard over wheel toward the man fall side ay;ygrnf/ (usoGm;onfhvludk rjrifvdkufbJ tjcm;olrsm;
inform vkyr f o
S vd Qifaomfvnf;aumif;? usoGm;aomolonf abaft the beam position avmufru S soGm;vQif
engine stop vkyfp&mrvdkyg/)
- Man overboard life buoy release vkyfygrnf/
- "Man overboard" three times cried out vkyfygrnf/ (usoGm;aomoludk tm;ay;&effESifh tjcm;vlrsm;udk
alert vkyf&efjzpfonf/)
- usoGm;aomvludk continuous lookout vkyfcdkif;xm;ygrnf/
- usoGm;onfh position udk ascertain vkyfí chart ay:wGif plot vkyfygrnf/
- Urgency message transmit vky k yf grnf/
- Congested water odYk r[kwf restricted visibility wGif "O" (three prolong blasts) sound signal ay;yg
rnf/ Daytime jzpfvQif "O" Oscer flag fly vkyfygrnf/
- Rescue vkyf&ef preparation vkyfygrnf/
- Man fall position odkYjyefvSnfh&ef turn wpfckckudk vkyfaqmifygrnf/

Williamson Turn
¤if; turn onf automatic return feature &So
d nf? tcsderf a&G;oH;k Edik o
f nf? position ESihf tcsderf odaomfvnf;
oH;k vdYk&onf/ Continuous look out rvkyv f nf;&onf/ O.O.W onf skill full rjzpfaomfvnf; vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf/
 26
Procedure
- Hard over wheel to man fall side.
- Original course rS 60º divert jzpfoGm;vQif Hard over wheel to against side.
- Original course ESifh reciprocal a&mufonfhtcg steady zrf;yg/
- Man fall position udk lee ward wGifxm;jyD;? proceed vkyfyg/

Double Turn
¤if; turn onf automatic return feature &So d nf? vlusonfh position udo
k &d rnf? usomG ;onft h csed o
f &d rnf/
Continuous look out vkyfxm;Edkif&rnf/ odkYaomf O.O.W skillful jzpfp&mrvdk/
Procedure
- Hard over wheel to man fall side.
- Original course rS reciprocal course odYkjyefa&mufonft
h cg steady zrf;í ¤if; course twdik ;f qufarmif;yg/
- usoGm;onfhvlonf abaft the beam 30º cefYa&mufonfhtcg hard over again to man fall side.
- Original course odYk a&mufonfth cg steady zrf;í man fall position udk lee ward wGix f m;jyD; proceed
vkyfyg/

Single Delayed Turn / 1 Minute Delay Turn

¤if; turn onf automatic return feature r&Sdyg/ usoGm;onfh position udkod&rnf/ tcsdefudkod&rnf/
Continuous look out vkyfxm;Edkif&rnf/ O.O.W onf skillful jzpf&rnf/
Procedure
- vlusonfh position rS original course twdik ;f 1 minute cefYqufomG ;yg/ vuf&dS speed, vsl. \ size ESifh
prevailing sea condition ay:wGirfw
l nfygonf/ xkYdaemuf either side in calm weather / weather side
odkY hard over wheel ay;yg/
- Turning circle \wpf0ufcefYa&mufaomtcg speed udk reduce vkyfyg/
- Man fall position odYk heading a&mufonfth cg steady zrf;í a&xJrv S u
l kd lee ward wGix
f m;jyD; proceed
vkyfyg/

Life Boat jzif h a&xJ r S v l u d k Rescue vk y f & mwG i f -

 27
- oabFmonf life boat ESifh a&xJrSvludk lee ward wGif&Sdaeap&rnf/
- 5º C atmuf&Sdaom sea water xJwGif vlwpfa,mufonf 15 min. twGif; helpless jzpfEdkifonf/
- a&xJrSvludk life buoy wpfck tjrefqHk;&&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf/
- a&xJrSvludk encourage vkyfEdkif&ef 3 prolong blast sound signal ay;xm;&rnf/
- Rescue vkyaf om life boat udk detect vkyE f ikd &f ef SART, radar reflector, forg horn and mega phone
wdkYudk o,faqmifoGm;&rnf/
- Mega phone atmfzdkYxuf em;axmifzdkYoHk;oifhonf/ a&xJrSvl\atmfoHudk em;axmif&efjzpfonf/

N.B. * txufazmfjyyg turn rsm;udk toHk;jyKrnfqdkvQif engine / speed udk alter vkyfír&yg/ xkdYaMumifh engine
stop vkyfvQif rnfonfh turn rSvkyfp&mrvdkyg/ Vessel onf usoGm;onfhvl\teD;tem;wGif momentan /
carrying wave ukefvQif &yfoGm;rnf/ Life boat csí oGm;u,f&efomvdktyfonf/
* 122 M &Snaf om oabFmonf 12 knots ESio hf mG ;aepOf vessel's own length 20 second twGi;f pass vkyf
rnf/ xdkYaMumifh vessel \ Mid ship a&SUavmufrS usoGm;aomvlonf propeller odkYa&muf&ef 10 to 20
second Mumrnf/ ¤if;tcsdeftwGif; alert jzpfaom engineer onf propeller udk &yfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf
turbine engine rsm;ESihf diesel engne rsm;wGif engine udk rundown vky& f ef 5 min. cefY tcsdev
f t
kd yfonf/
(10) Aground vessel
Aground vessel awGUvQif -
Aground vessel udkawGU&aomaMumifh þ area onf navigation twGuf tEÅ&m,f&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;
aground vessel onf uRefawmf navigate vkyfrnfh track tem;wGif &SdaejyD; uRefawmfhtwGuf navigation
danger &SE
d ikd rf nfqv
kd Qif atmufyg action rsm;udk wpfcsed w
f nf;wpfjydKifwnf;twGi;f yif tjrefq;kH aqmif&u
G yf grnf/
- Master infromed.
- Engine room informed vkyjf yD;? engine standby ay;ygrnf/
- vuf&Sd area wGif sea room &Sdygu rdrdvmcJhaomvrf;aMumif;onf save tjzpfqHk;jzpfojzifh hard over
wheel to either side ay;jyD; reverse course jzifjh yefxu G yf grnf/ tu,fí sea room vHak vmufrrI &Syd gu
engine udk crash stop jzifh&yfygrnf/
- Wheel udk auto to manual ajymif;jyD; position maintain and ascertain vkyy f grnf/ Chart ay:wGif plot
vkyfygrnf/
- Echo sounder switch on vkyfí depth of water udk check vkyfygrnf/ Prevailing tidal range udk
wGuyf grnf/ Current direction udv k nf; check vkyyf grnf/ Vessel \ position udv k nf; vuf&adS e&mwGif
maintain vkyx f m;ygrnf/
- Aground vessel \ position udv k nf; chart ay:wGif plot vkyí
f ¤if; vessel udk V.H.F. jzifh contact vkyf
í draft, heading, position, aground jzpfaomtcsdefESifh reason rsm;udk ar;ygrnf/
- &&Sx
d m;aom information rsm;ESihf chart ay:rS information rsm;t& vuf&dS position rS ¤if; aground vessel
\ position ESifhvGwfuif;Edkifrnfh safe passage udk appraisal vkyfjyD; qGJxm;ygrnf/ Master vmonfhtcg
&&Sxd m;aom information rsm;udk inform vkyfjyD;? master \ instruction twdik ;f follow vkyo f mG ;ygrnf/

(11) Firing Exercise Area

Firing exercise area xJa&mufoGm;vQif atmufyg action rsm;udk tjrefqHk;,laqmifygrnf/
- Master informed.
- Engine room inform vkyí f engine standby ay;ygrnf/
- Emergency alarm signal sounded vkyí f oabFmay:&Svd tl m;vH;k udk safe jzpfaomae&mwGif pkcikd ;f xm;ygrnf/
- Vessel \ position udk ascertain vkyfí ¤if; area rS tjrefqHk;xGufEdkifrnhfvrf;aMumif;udk qGJxm;ygrnf/
- Range authority udk V.H.F jzifh communicate vkyí f rdro
d abFm\ position, shape ESihf condition rsm;udk
report vkyfjyD; qufvufvkyfaqmif&rnfh instruction udkjyefawmif;ygrnf/
- Instruction &vQif with caution jzifh follow vkyfí jyefxGufygrnf/ Instruction r&vQif rdrdqGJxm;aom
vrf;aMumif;rS tjrefqHk;jyefxGufygrnf/

Remote Controlled craft

- 19 to 20 M in length &SdjyD;? N.U.C shape ESifh light rsm;wifxm;onf/
- Surface firing, practice bombing, wkYdukd ¤if; vessel tjcm;oabFmrsm;rS odYkr[kwf av,mOfrsm;rS vIYHaqmfMu
onf/ ¤if;udk radar and visually approximately 8 miles rSawGUEdkifonf/
 28
(12) Mine Clearance operation
Mine clearance vessel awGUvQif -
- ¤if; area onf navigation twGuf danger jzpfEikd o
f nf/ xdYk aMumifh ¤if; vessel udak wGUvQif atmufyg action
rsm;udk ,lygrnf/
- Master informed.
- Engine room informed and standby engine ay;ygrnf/ Wheel udk auto to manual ajymif;ygrnf/
- ¤if; operation twGuf oufqdkif&m authority rsm;rS navigational warning rsm;xkwfjyefjyD;jzpfygonf/ xdkY
aMumifh &&Sdxm;aom warning rsm;t& precaution rsm; ,lxm;ygrnf/
- ¤if; vessel onf rdrdoGm;rnfh track ay:wGif odkYr[kwf track em;wGif&SdvQif vessel udkcsufcsif;&yfygrnf/
- rdr\
d position ESihf ¤if;oabFm\ position udak ocsmpGm plot vkyíf safe passage udMk udKwifqx JG m;ygrnf/
- ¤if; operation twGuf appropriate authority udk V.H.F jzifh communicate vkyí f instruction rsm;awmif;,l
ygrnf/
- Instruction &vQif with caution jzifh follow vkyy f grnf/ Instruction r&vQif rule 27 (f) t& ¤if; vessel
udk tenf;qHk; 1000 M wide berth ay;jyD; with caution jzifh navigate vkyfygrnf/
- Fo'cle ESihf proper position rsm;wGif extra look out rsm;xm;jyD; communication system udjk yKvkyxf m;yg
rnf/

Restricted Visibility / Fog Bank Expected or Encounter

atmufyg action rsm;udk wpfcsdefwnf;wpfjydKifwnf; tjrefqHk;,laqmifygrnf/
- Master informed.
- Engine room inform and engine standby ay;ygrnf/
- Wheel udk auto to manual ajymif;ygrnf/
- Navigation light rsm; switch on vkyy f grnf/
- Appropriate fog signal ay;ygrnf/
- Silence on deck, silence on bridge vkyfygrnf/
- Position ascertain and plot on the chart vkyfygrnf/
- Rule 5 t& prevailing condition ESifh udkufnDrnfh proper look out wdkYudkxm;ygrnf/ Extra look out
rsm;udv
k nf; vdt
k yfonfah e&mrsm;rSmxm;jyD; communication system maintain vkyx f m;ygrnf/
- Rule 19 udk kept in mind vkyí f part B steering and sailing rules rsm;rS section I and II udv
k u
kd ef myg
rnf/
- Costal water and narrow channel rsm;wGif vdktyfygu anchor csEdkifatmif prepare vkyfxm;ygrnf/

Anchor Dragging
atmufyg action rsm;udk wpfcsdefwnf;wpfjydKifwnf; tjrefqHk;,laqmifygrnf/
- Informed master and engine room vkyfygrnf/
- General emergency alarm ay;jyD; oabFmwpfpD;vHk; alert jzpfatmifvkyfygrnf/
- Bridge udkwufjyD; signal to attract attention vkyf&ef whistle, V.H.F jzifh tjcm;oabFmrsm;udk remind
vkyfygrnf/
- vuf&& dS adS eaom current affect udt k oH;k jyKjyd; tjcm;oabFmrsm;ESihf collision umuG,Ef ikd &f ef sheer vkyyf grnf/
xdt
k csed w f iG f forecastle wdYkvnf; crew wpfcsKd Uudv k w
T í
f vuf&cdS sxm;aom anchor udk pay out vkycf ikd ;f ygrnf/
tjcm;oabFmrsm;ESifh odyfeD;uyfvQif fender rsm;jzifh wdkufEdkifonfhae&mwGif standby aeckdif;ygrnf/
- Y flag udk hoist vkyfygrnf/ Engine power &vQif engine power udktoHk;jyKjyD; csxm;aom anchor
udjk yefEw I í f tjcm;vGwaf omae&mwGif jyefausmufcsygrnf/ xdYk aemuf appropriate authority udk inform vkyf
ygrnf/
- tjzpftysufrsm;udk log xJwGif record vkyfygrnf/

Anchor Drag jzpfvQif ,laqmifEdkifonfh Action rsm;rSm-

(1) Centre of the yaw wGif second anchor udk let go vkyyf g/ ¤if; cable udk break slackly zrf;jyD;avQmhapyg/
First anchor pjyD; drag jzpfonfESifh second anchor udk veered vkyfyg/
(2) Extremity of the yaw wGif second anchor udk let go vkyfjyD; both cable udk veer vkyfyg/ xdktcg cable
ESpfckonf fine on each bound wGif riding jzpfaernf/
 29
(3) First anchor &So d nfb
h ufoYkd armif;wufomG ;yg/ First anchor &So
d nfb
h ufoYkd armif;oGm;pOf cable udk hove in
vkyfyg/ xdkYaemuf sheer away vkyfyg? sheer away vkyfjyD; second anchor udk let go vkyfyg/ xdkYaemuf
cable ESpfckudk veer vkyfyg/ xdktcg anchor ESpfckonf fine on each bound wGif riding jzpfaernf/u

Emergency Team
Emergency situation rsm;udk udi
k w
f ,
G af jz&Si;f &eftwGuf oabFmrsm;ay:wGif team rsm;zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/ ¤if;
team rsm;\ name rsm; oabFmwpfpD;ESifhwpfpD;rwlaomfvnf; suggested system tjzpf team rsm;udkatmufyg
twdkif;cGJxm;onf/
(1) Control team / Over all control team
(2) Support control team
(3) Emergency team
(4) Back-up team
(5) Reserve team

Calling the Master

(1) If restricted visibility is encountered or expected;
(2) if the traffic conditions or the movements of other ships are causing concern;
(3) if difficulty is experienced in maintaining course;
(4) on failure to sight land, a navigation mark or to obtain soundings by the expected time;
(5) if, unexpectedly, land or a navigation mark is sighted or a change in soundings occurs;
(6) on breakdown of the engines, propulsion machinery remote control, steering gear or any essential
navigational equipment, alarm or indicator;
(7) if the radio equipment malfunctions;
(8) in heavy weather, if in any doubt about the possibility of weather damage;
(9) if the ship meets any hazard to navigation, such as ice or a derelict; and
(10) in any other emergency or if in any doubt.
(R, T, C, arQmf ? rarQmf ? H, E, N, D, Radio)

Before entering Enclose Space.

(1) Obtain proper authority
(2) Ventilated space
(3) Test the atmosphere for toxicity and oxygen deficiency
(4) Continue ventilation
(5) Have breathing apparatus standing by
(6) Have resuscitation apparatus at the entrance to the space
(7) Have rescue equipment at the entry to the space.
(8) Have a rescue team, property led, readily available.
(9) Have a man standing by at the entrance watching for trouble and ready to raise the alarm.
(10) Agree a system of communication before entry is made.
(11) Continue to ventalate and test the atmosphere frequently
(12) Have adequate illumination
(13) When you are in the compartment signal your condition at regular interval, if you feel unwell
come out at once. If your are instructed to come out, do so at once.
B.A. oHk;rnfqdkvQif -
(14) Ensure that the wearer is properly train to use it.
(15) Check the equipment thoroughly.
(16) The face mask fits properly.
(17) Chek that air cylinders are fully charged.
(18) The standby man should check the time of entry and ensure that there is enough time to leave
the space.
(19) When in the compartmennt, leave if the low pressure audible alarm sound, but do not rely on
it. Look at the guage frequently.
(20) Never take off your mask in the compartment.
(21) Establish a communication system before entering the space.
(22) Never attempt to effect a rescue a along.
 30
Heavy Weather Preparation
(1) Check the deck lashing.
(2) Tightening the boat gripes.
(3) Battening down the hatches. Tightened up locking bar.
(4) Stop ventilation and cover the ventilators.
(5) Rigged fibre rope life line through out the exposed decks.
(6) Securing of all derricks.
(7) Hose-tested the accommodation storm doors.
(8) Reduce the free surface effect by filling tanks or empty.
(9) Jettisoning of deck cargo.
(10) Cover the spurling pipes.
(11) All loose gear clear from that.
(12) Signal halliards slackened
(13) All doors on exposed - closed.
(14) Deadlight (metal screens) closed
(15) Swimming bath drain out
(16) Weather routine adopted by chief officer
(17) Check the freedom of jettisoning for all life rafts and bouyant apparatus.
(18) Oil bags, drum and container place and lashed.
(19) Spare hatches gathered.
(20) Awnings must be taken down.
 31
I.S.M (INTERNATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT)

oabFmawGrSmjzpfwJh accidents rsm;udk pHkprf;ppfaq;avhvmrIrsm;vkyfMunfhwJhtcg major error rsm;[m

t"dutm;jzifh management standards rsm; poor jzpfjcif;aMumifhqdkwmawGU&w,f/
oabFmawGtm;vHk;twGuf ISM &Jh objective rsm;rSm -
(1) Safety at Sea
(2) Prevention of Injury and loss of lives
(3) Avoidance of enviromental damage
(4) Avoidance of property damage wkjYd zpfonf/
¤if;wdkYtwGuf&nf&G,fí international convention wpfckusif;yjyD; Safe Management ESifhywfoufí
international standard wpfcu k kd a&;qGu
J m
Solas wGif new chapter wpfcktjzpf -
Chapter IX management for the safe operation of ship qdjk y;D jy|mef;cJo h nf/ ¤if;jy|mef;csuu
f kd vsl.
tm;vHk; date of construction udkxnfhrwGufbJ vdkufem&efxkwfjyefcJhjyD; not later than
1. Passenger high speed craft tygt0if passenger ships tm;vHk; 1st July 1998.
2. Oil tankers, chemical tankers, gas carriers, bulk carriers ESihf gross tonnage 500 ESihf txuf
cargo high speed craft rsm;onf 1st July 1998.
3. Other cargo ships ESifh Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU) rsm;onf 1st July 2002
wGifvdkufem&ef inforce jzpfonf/
* þjy|mef;csufonf Non-commercial purpose twGufoHk;aom tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;ydkif oabFmrsm;ESifh
roufqdkifyg/
Solas Chap. IX wGif ISM ESifhywfoufí general avmufom azmfjyxm;jy;D ISM udk implementation
twGif; guide lines vkyfí ISM code udk xyfa&;xm;ygw,f/
ISM pepft& olwdkYvdkcsifwJh objectives rsm;udk atmifjrifatmifaqmif&GufEkdifzdkY oabFm company
rsm;u SMS (Safety Management System)wpfcu k kd a&;qG&J w,f/ ¤if; system qGzJ Ykd ISM code rSm guide line
rsm; a y;xm;w,f/
ISM code rSmwJh guidance rsm;[m avSe" H m;xpfvu
kd ef mzdrYk [kwyf g/ vdt
k yfcsuaf wGtwGuf vkyo
f ifv
h yk x
f u
dk f
wmawGudk vrf;nTefxm;wmjzpfw,f/
ISM code rSmygwJh guidance awGudkMunfhjyD; company awG[m rdrdwdkY&JhoabFmawG&Jh
(1) oabFmtrsdK;tpm; (Type of vsl.)
(2) oabFmrSm&SdwJh vlta&twGuf (Nos. of crew on board)
(3) Crew awG&JhpGrf;&nf (Ability of crew)
ponfwdkYay:rlwnfí system wpfckudk a&;qGJ&ygr,f/ ¤if; system udk SMS (Safety Management System)
vdkYac:ygw,f/
¤if; SMS a&;qGJ&mrSm t"duvdktyfcsufrsm;uawmh -
(1) Safety eJY pollution awGudk protection vkyfEdkifzdkY policy awGcsrSwfay;&r,f/
(2) ¤if; policy rsm; csrSwfay;jcif;aMumifh b,fvdkatmifjrifrIawG &Edkifr,fqdkwm azmfjyay;&r,f/
(3) Safety of Ship (SS) eJY Pollution Prevention (PP) twGuf instruction awG? procedure awG udk
Oya'eJYtnD csrSwfay;&r,f/
(4) vkyfaqmif&r,fhwm0ef (responsibility), vkyfydkifcGifh (authority), tjyeftvSefqufoG,fvkyfaqmifrI
tydkif; (line of communication) awG owfrw S af &;qGaJ y;&rnf/
(5) Company u onfvdkcsrSwfay;wJh requirements awGudk oabFmawGu vdkufemvkyfaqmifjyD; com-
pany udk report jyefvkyf&r,fh reporting system eJY procedure awG owfrSwfay;&r,f/
(6) vdktyfcsufawG? tcuftcJawGudk txufudk jyefwifjywJh review procedure awG yg0if&r,f/
(7) 'D system udk vkyfaqmifaewJhtcg csrSwfay;xm;wJh tcsufawGxJu bmawGvdktyfrI&Sdao;vJqdkwm
od&atmif company u oabFmay:udkoGm;jyD; ppfaq;&r,f/ (Audit procedure) csrSwfay;&r,f/

ISM system udk atmifjrifatmifvy

k af qmifEikd zf Ykd company awGu SMS udzk UJG pnf;wJt
h cg uRr;f usiw
f v
hJ al wG
udk cefYxm;jyD; taumiftxnfazmf&r,f/ xdkYaMumifh company rSm designated person (DP) awGudkcefYjyD; SMS
udktaumiftxnfazmfMu&w,f/
oabFmawGtaeeJYvnf; compnay u SMS udka&;qGJjyD; policy awGtaeeJY ydkYvdkuf&if -
(1) policy awGudk atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmf&r,f/
 32
(2) taumiftxnfazmfaepOf oabFmom;awG&p
hJ w
d x
f rJ mS ]]rdrw
d &Ykd hJ safety twGuf wu,fvt
kd yfvYkd vkyaf e&
w,f}} qdkwmtodpdwf"mwfrsdK;0ifvmatmif pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;&r,f/
(3) Master wpfa,muftaeeJY csrw S af y;xm;wJh instruction awGukd procedure qGjJ y;D taumiftxnfazmf
ay;&r,f/
(4) vdktyfwmawGudkvnf; jyefvnfppfaq;jyD; review vkyf&r,f/
(5) ppfaq;csuft& cdkif;xm;wmawG? order awG O.K &if company udk report vkyf&r,f/
(6) ratmifjrifwmawG&SdcJh&if vdktyfrIawGeJY tMuHay;p&mawGudk company odkY review jyefvkyf&r,f/

Company awGu policy csjyD;jyD;? instruction awGay;jyD;jyD? oabFmuvnf; company uay;wJh policy
awGudk taumiftxnfazmfjyD;jyD order ay;jyD;jyD? report, review awGvkyfjyD;jyDqdk&if aemufqHk;tqifhtaeeJY
system wpfckvHk;udk company u audit 0if&r,f/
Audit 0ifwJhtcg vdktyfcsufawGawGUcJh&if ¤if;vdktyfcsufrsm;twGuf Non Conformity Report (NCR)
xkwfay;vdrfhrnf/ ¤if; NCR udk&vQif oabFmu NCR udkjyifqifzkdY Corrective Action Request (CAR) udk
vkyfaqmifay;&rnf/
ISM pepfonf safety of ship (SS), pollution preventing (PP) twGuf planing csjyD; aqmif&Guf&
wJhpepfjzpfw,f/ ¤if; planing rsm;wGif tydkif;(2)ydkif;&Sdw,f/
(1) Operational plan
(2) Emergency plan or Contingency plan wdjYk zpfw,f/
Operational plan onf t"dutm;jzifh prevention of accident twGuf a&;qGx J m;jcif;jzpfjy;D ? ¤if; plan
wGif (1) procedures, (2) instructions, (3) plan maintanance system ponfwyYkd g0ifonf/ xdu
k o hJ Ykd operational
plan twdkif;vdkufemaqmif&GufaepOf accident wpfckckjzpfcJhaomf emergency or contingency plan eJY
vdkufemajz&Sif;&rSmjzpfw,f/
ISM system wGif SS ESifh PP twGuf vkyfaqmifp&mrsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; (docu-
ment) awGeYJ vkyaf qmif&wmjzpfvYkd document azmif;yGjcif;rSumuG,& f ef vdt
k yfjyefw,f/ Document awG rsm;ae&if
system wpfckvHk;&Jh real job awG[m "On paper" yJjzpfoGm;Ekdifw,f/ xkdYaMumifh document control system
vdktyfvmjyefw,f/
Document control system t& company awGtaeeJY ISM code t& trSefwu,fvdktyfwJh (DOC)
Document of Compliance awGudkom ay;ydkY&ygr,f/
oabFmawGuvnf; rdrw d &Ykd hJ aqmif&u
G jf y;D om; maintanance awG? check list awG? report awGukd vdt k yfwhJ
tcsdefrSm vdktyfovdk&Edkifatmif? qGJxkwfEkdifatmif document filing system eJY odrf;xm;&w,f/
ISM system twGuf tm;vH;k vkyaf qmifjy;D jyD jynfp h jkH yq
D &kd if oabFmeJo Y ufqikd w
f hJ flag state (Administra-
tion) onf system BuD;wpfckvHk;udk vma&mufppfaq;rSmjzpfw,f/ Administration u vma&mufppfaq;wJhtcg
yxr company udk t&ifppfw,f? auseyf&if interim doc xkwfay;r,f/ oufwrf; wpfESpfjzpfw,f/ oabFmudk
ppfaq;r,f/ auseyf&if interim SMC xkwfay;r,f/ oufwrf; ajcmufvay;r,f/ Interin DOC eJY SMC
udkxkwfay; &jcif;rSm system wpfckvHk;udk wpfBudrfwnf;eJY ppfaq;vdkY jynfhpHkw,fvdkY r,lqEkdifvdkYjzpfw,f/ Interim
xk w f a y;jyD ; 3^4 vatmuf M umwJ h t cg aemuf w pf B ud r f j yef p pf j yD ; auseyf & if company ud k DOC
vufrSwfxkwfay;r,f/ oufwrf; 5 ESpfjzpfw,f/ oabFmudk SMC vufrSwfxkwfay;r,f/ oufwrf; 5 ESpfjzpfw,f/

INTERIM D.O.C 1 YEAR COMPANY

INTERIM SMC 6 MONTHS VESSEL

DOC 5 YEARS COMPANY

SMC 5 YEARS VESSEL
← COMPANY ←
POLICY REVIEW / REPORT
AUDIT
→ VESSEL
O.K. MASTER ← INFORMATION
N.C.R REPORT
→ INSTRUCTION / ORDER.
C.A.R
← CREW →
→ Company → Interim DOC (1 year) / DOC(5 years)
→ ADMINISTRATION
→ Vessel → Interim SMC(6 months) / SMC(5 years)
 33
POLLUTION OF THE SEA
MARPOL 73/78

1954 wGif The International Convention For The Prevention Of Pollution Of The Sea By Oil udk usi;f yjy;D
intentional or accidental, oil or oily mixture udy
k ifv,fxo
J Ukd discharge vkyjf cif;udw
k m;jrpfco
hJ nf/
1973 wGif the international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships udk IMO u
usif;ycJUonf/
xdk 73 Marpol udk 1978 wGif IMO uyJ modified vkyfcJUonf/¤if;udk "MARPOL 73/78 ' [kac:onf/
¤if; 1978 convention wGifoabFmrsm;rS pollution jzpfapEdkifonfU substances rsm;udk Annex 5
ckjzifUowfrSwfcJUjyD; Annex I,II and V onf mandatory jzpfjyD;usefaom Annex rsm;rSm optional jzpfonf/
Annex I rS m ( Oil ) jzpf o nf /
¤if; Annex onf 2 nd October 1983 wGif inforce jzpfonf
Discharge of oil ESiy
hf wfoufí
- All ships rS clean and segregated ballast rSví
JG discharge vkyjf cif;ESiyhf wfoufaom regulation rsm;
- special areas rsm;
- oabFmrsm;wGif interalia pollution prevention equipments rsm;wyfqif&ef
- atmufyg tajctaersm;udk satisfied jzpfonfhtcsdefrSvGJí yifv,fxJodkY oil or oily mixtures rsm;
discharge vkyfjcif;udk wm;jrpfonf/
(A) Oil tanker, engine room bilges of an oil tanker rSví
JG useo
f abFmrsm;rS oil cargo vufuseEf iS hf mixed
vkyfrxm;vQif (oil cargo hold rsm;udk cleaning vkyx
f m;aom mixture r[kwv
f Qif)
1. Special area xJwGif oabFmr&SdvQif
2. Nearest land (base line from territorial sea) rS 12 miles xuf a0;aomae&mwGi&
f v
dS Qif
3. Vessel is in enroute ( vrf;c&D;wGif&SdpOf)
4. Discharge vkyfaoma&xJwGif oil yg0ifrIonf 100 parts per million (ppm) tyHkwpfoef;yHk wpf&myHk
xufrrsm;vQif
5. oabFmwGif oil discharge monitoring and control system, oily-water separatig equipments, oil filtering
system udk operate vkyfaepOf odkYr[kwf Annex rSvkdtyfcsuft& wyfqifxm;aom tjcm;ud&d,mrsm;
&SdvQif
(B) Oil tanker rsm;twGufqdkvQif
-Special area wGifr&Sdaomtcsdef
- More than 50 nautical miles from nearest land
- Vessel is in enroute
- Oily mixture udk 1 nautical mile wGif 60 liters xufrydak tmif discharge vky&
f rnf/
- Old vessels rsm;wGif total cargo \ 1/15000 xufrydkap&/ New vessels rsm;wGif total cargo \
1/3000 xuf rydkap&
- Annex \vdt
k yfcsut
f wdik ;f operate vkyaf epOforYkd [kwf discharge monitoring and control system
tjyif slop tank arrangement yg0if&rnf/
Special area rsm;rSm
1. Baltic sea
2. Mediterranean sea
3. Black sea
4. Red sea
5. The gulf of Aden
6. Gulf areas
 34
Annex II (Noxious Liquid Substances In Bulk)
¤if; Annex onf 6th April 1987 wGif inforce jzpfonf/
Noxious Liquids rsm;udk bulk tjzpfo,fNyD; tank rsm;udk washing vkyf&mwGifusef&Sdaom cargo
vufuserf sm;onf noxious jzpfapaomaMumifo
h wfrw
S &f onf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS t"duusojzifh oil rSví
JG petrol chemicals,
other chemical, vegetable ESihf coal-derived oil rsm;jzpfonf/
- Interalia equipments rsm; wyfqif&ef
- Unloadinig vkyfaepOfvufusef cargo enf;ap&ef equipments rsm;wyfqif&ef
- Sea xJodkU discharge vkyfEdkifaomyrmP? ae&mESifh rate rsm;udkaz:jyxm;onf/ odkYaomf trsm;pkrSm
discharge vkyfjcif;udkwm;jrpfxm;onf/
- Shore odkU discharge vkyfEdkif&ef facilities rsm;ESifU approved procedure rsm; arrangements rsm;
vkyfaqmif&ef
vkyfaqmifaom operation tm;vkH;udk cargo operation record book wGifrSwfxm;&efwdkUjzpfyg0ifonf/
Noxious liquid substances rsm;udktkyfpktrsdK;tpm; ( catagories ) 4 ckcGJxm;onf/
Catagory ( A )Present major hazard to either marine resourses or human health, stringent anti-pollution
measures
Catagory (B) Present a hazard to either marine resources or human health, special anti-pollution measures
Catagory (C) Present minor hazard to either marine resources or human health, require special operational
conditions.
Catagory (D) Present recognisable hazard to either marine resources or human health, require some
attention in operational conditions.

Annex III ( Harmful substances carried at sea and packaged form )

¤if; Annex onf middle of 1990 wGif internationally inforce jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif packaging, marking,
labelling, documentation, stowage and quantity limitations rsm;ESiy
hf wfoufaom regulations rsm;yg0ifonf/
¤if; Annex \t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm IMDG code rSaz:jyxm;aom harnful substances rsm;udk packges,
containers, portable tanks, road and rail tank wagons rsm;ESifhxnfhxm;pOf marine pollution udk enf;yg;ap&ef
odkYr[kwf umuG,f&efjzpfonf/

Annex IV ( Sewage from ships )

¤if; Annex ukd uniform application r&Sad o;yg/ Edik if t
H vdu
k f sailing direetions rsm;wGiaf z:jyxm;onf/

Annex V ( Garbage from ships )

¤if; Annex onf 31st December 1988 wGif inforce jzpfonf/ Vessels rsm;rS Garbage rsm;udk pGeyYf pfjcif;ESihf
ywfoufaom regulation rsm;yg0ifonf/ Garbage rsm;aMumifh pollution rjzpfap&ef&nf&G,fonf/
(1) Plastic, synthetic rope, synthetic fishing nets, and plastic garbage bag rsm;udk yifv,fxo
J Ykd vH;k 0
rpGefYypf&?
atmufyg garbage rsm;udk wwfEdkifoí nearest land rSa0;aomae&mwGif pGefYypf&rnf/ odkYaomf -
(2) Dunnage, lining and float jzpfEi
kd af om packing rsm;udk nearest land rS 25 nautical miles twGi;f
rpGefYypf&?
(3) Food waste, paper product, rags, glass, metal, bottle, crockery (ajrjzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom yef;uef
tdk;cGuf) rsm;udk nearest land rS 12 nautical miles twGif; rpGefYypf&?
(4) Cominutor or Grinder xJrSxGufvmaom garbage rsm;udk nearest land rS 3 nautical miles
twGif;rpGefYypf&?
 35
SHIPBOARD OIL POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLAN (SOPEP)

* Sopeponf “International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships 1973” (Marpol 73) \
regulation 26 of anne X 1 t& a&;qJGjcif;jzpfonf/
* Sopep \ purpose rSm onboard wGif oil pollution incident jzpfaomtcgESihf jzpfEi
kd o
f nht
f cgrsm;wGif aqmif&u
G f
&rnfh steps rsm;udk master ESifh officer rsm;twGuf guidance ay;&efjzpfonf/
* “Sopep” wGif IMO ESihf “mepc/circ 256”rSxw
k jf yefaom “guidelines for the development of the ship board
oil pollution emergency plan” t&vdt
k yfaom informations ESihf operational instructions rsm;yg0ifNy;D appendices
ESifh plan wGifaz:jyxm;aom contact vkyf&rnfhae&mrsm;\ names, telephones, telex numbers ESifhtjcm;
refrence vkyf&rnfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;yg0ifonf/
* “Sopep”onf unexpected discharge of oil udkship’s personal uudkifwG,fajz&Sif; (dealing) vkyf&ef assist
vkyfay;onf/ primary purpose rSm oil discharge udk stop or minimize vky&f efEiS hf jzpfay:vmaom effects
rsm;udk mitigate (eJyg;aysmhajymif;) ap&efjzpfonf/
* “ Sopep”onfvt
kd yfaom action rsm;ud,
k &l mwGif structured, (yHpk w
H us) logical (rSeu
f efpmG ,kww
f &d pdS mG awG;ac:)
ESihf timely (tcsdefudkwefbdk;&SdpGm) toHk;csEdkifaponf/
* “Sopep” wGifyg0ifaom t"du objectives rsm;rSm -
- Prevent of oil pollution
- Vessel ESihf vessel \ equipments rsm; damage jzpfonht
f cg oil outflows udk stop or minimize vky&f ef-
- Present convention t&cGifhjyKxm;aom yrmPxufrsm;aom (odkYr[kwf) permitted rate xufausmv
f eG í
f
contineous ,dp
k ;D aeaomtajctaeudk stop (od)Yk minimize vky&f ef-
* ¤if;tcsurf sm;tjyif oil spill (,dpk ;D jcif;)udk prevention vky&f ef master, officers ESihf crew rsm;twGuf practical
guide ESihf general responsibilities rsm;udak z:jyay;onf/
- Oil pollution incident rsm;udk report vky&
f ef “reporting procedure” rsm;
- Oil pollution incident jzpfvQif contact vky&f rnfh “coastal state contacts: (focal points) rsm; Incident aemufwiG f
discharge of oil udk control (odkY) reduce vkyf&rnfh “response actions” rsm;? Oil pollution udk combatting
vky&f mwGif pepfwuswef;wl&nfwl (co-ordination) twlwuGaqmif&u
G Ef ikd rf nf/“National and local authorities”
rsm;yg0ifygonf/
* tusO;f csKyt
f m;jzifh “sopep” onf oil pollution ESiahf wGUBuKH &aom ship personal udk practice vkyx
f m;onft
h wdik ;f
response vkyfEdkif&ef promote vkyfay;onf/
* “sopep”onfonboard wGifoHk;&eftwGuf “Ship-spicified tool” tjzpf disigned vkyfxm;aomfvnf; “shore
base plan” ESiq
hf ufpyf (Link) Edifk o
f nf “Additional instrument” wpfct
k jzpfxnho
f iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnf/
- Sopep onf pollution incident ude
k nf;yg;ap&ef (mitigating) vky&f mwGif shore base authorities/org/ sation
rsm;ESihf ship tMum; efficient co-ordination jzpfatmif allow vkyaf y;onf/
* “Sopep” wGif pollution incident wGif master taeESiv
hf t
kd yfaom reporting ESihf action procedure rsm;twGuf
twdck sKyf (summary) “flowchart” yg0ifonf/
* “Sopep” onf document wcktaeESifh master ESifh officers wdkYtoHk;jyK&rnfjzpfojzifh ¤if;wdkYtoHk;jyKaom
bmompum;twdkif; (bmomjyefí) &Sdap&rnf/
“ Sopep” wGif details taeESifh
1. SUMMARY OF FLOW CHART
2. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
 36
- General
- Reporting procedures
- When to report
- Actual discharge
- Probable discharge
- Information required
- Who to contact
- Sample format for initial information
- Coastal state contacts
- Ship interest contacts

3. STEPS TO CONTROL DISCHARGE

- Operational spills
- Operational spill prevention
- Pipeline leakage
- Tank overflow
- Hull leakage
- Spills caused by requirement in machinery spaces.
- Spills resulting from casulities
- Grounding
- Prevention of fire and explosions
- Extension of hull damege
- Procedures to reduce or to stop out flow in oil.
- Refloating by own means
- Securing the ship
- Fire explosion
- Collision
- Hull failure
- Excessive list
- Trasfer of cargo or bunker / lightening. ponfwy
Ykd g0ifonf/
 37
SEXTANT
Optical Law
If a ray of light is reflected on the plane surface the angles between the incident ray and
reflected ray are equal and they both measured from the normal. They are in the same plane.
in y
cid ra
en
tr cted
ay fle
re
α θ
1234567890123456789012345678
1234567890123456789012345678
Sextant Principle
If a ray of light of is subject to two successive reflection in the same plane, the angle between the first
and the final directions is double the angle between the two mirror causing the reflection .
α = α
β = β
α = β + γ
11
γ = α1 − β (1) 1
α 11
2α = 2β + θ α 1 γ
θ = 2α − 2β
123 β
= 2(α − β) (2) 123
123 β θ
123
123
θ = 2γ
Type of sextant 2 rsKd ;&So
d nf/ Mainly difference rSm graduation and reading jzpfonf/
1. Micrometer sextant
- Degree wefzdk;rsm;udk Graduation Arc ay:wGif direct zwf,lonf/
- Minutes wefzdk;rsm;udk Micrometer ay:rSzwf,lonf/
- Seconds wefzdk;rsm;udk micrometer drum \ vernier ay:rSzwf,o
l nf/
* Micrometer rS minutes wefz;kd rsm;udjk yay;onf Indent mark \atmufzufwi
G f Vernir mark rsm;udk
xnfhxm;onf/
- tcsKd U Sextant rsm;wGif minute wefz;kd udak z:jyaom Index mark 1 ckomygonf/ ( least reading onf
1 minute jzpfonf/)
- tcsdKU Sextant wGif Index mark \atmufwGif vernir mark 5 acsmif;ygonf/ ( least reading onf
1/5 of a minute, 12 Seconds jzpfonf/)
- tcsdKU Sextant wGif Index mark \atmufwGif vernir mark 6 acsmif;ygonf/ (least reading onf
1/6 of a minuts, 10 seconds jzpfonf/)
Micrometer Sextant onfvsifjrefpGmzwfEdkifjcif;? oif,l&efvG,fuljcif;wdkYaMumifh marine avmuwGif toHk;rsm;
onf/ (oabFmrsm;wGifawGUaeMu sextant jzpfonf/)
2. Vernir sextant
- Graduation arc ay:&Sd each degree udk 6 pdyfcGJxm;ojzifhwpfpdyfonf1/6 of a degree, 10 minutes
&Sdonf/
- ¤if; 10 minutes &Sad omtpdyu
f kd moving vernir ay:wGif marking 10 acsmif;jzifh mark vkyx
f m;Ny;D wpfpyd f
1/60 of a degree 1 minute ESifhnDrQaponf/
- ¤if; 1 minute pdyfrsm;udk 6 yHkcGJí marking 6 acsmif;vkyfay;NyD; wpfpdyfudk 1/6 of a minute, 10 seconds
ESifhnDrQaponf/ Least reading onf 10 seconds jzpfonf/
* Marking tpdyfuav;rsm;rSmtvGefao;i,fojzifh virner sextant wGif reading zwf&ef macroscope
tNrJwyfqifxm;onf/ Reading vkyf&ef skill &Sd&onf/ practice vdktyfonf micrometer sextant
xufwdusrIydk&Sdonf/
 38
USES OF A SEXTANT
To measure-
1. Altitudes of a heavily body (ocean navigation)
2. Horizontal angle H.A between terrestial objects (costal navigation)
3. V.A of high terrestial objects (costal nevigation and pilotage)
4. Hydrographic surveying wdt
Yk wGuo
f ;kH onf/

Parts of the Sextant

1. Index mirror / / Rectangular shape onf frame xJwiG &f NdS y;D ¤if; frame onf plane of the sextant udk
perpendicular jzpfatmif index arm wGiw
f yfxm;onf observed object udk horizon glass odYk reflects vkyaf y;onf/
Observed object udk horizon glass odkY reflects vkyf&ef index arm udk arc ay:wGifa&TU&onf/ xdkuJhodkY
a&TU&onfhyrmPudk index rSjyay;onff/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;udk index mirror [kac:onf/
2. Index mirror clips / / ¤if;wdo
Yk nf Index mirror udk ¤if;\ frame xJwiG f ½Sad eap&ef zrf;ay;aom spring clips
rsm; jzpfonf/
3. First or Index mirror adjustment screw / / Index mirror \ centre line wGi½
f o
dS nf mirror udk spring
clip rsm;jzifz
h rf;xm;jy;D ¤if; clip rsm;udk 1st adjustment screw jzifh turn vkyaf y;jcif; mirror udk plane of the sextant
ESifhaxmifhrSefusaponf/
* Sextant wGi&
f adS om adjustable error rsm;udk check vky&f ef(odUk )azsmuf&ef ¤if; screw udk yxrqH;k oH;k &onf/
xdkUaMumifh 1st adjustment screw [kac:onf/
4. Index mirror shape / / High quality optical glass rsm;jzifjh yKvy
k x
f m;onf/ Normally 4 csy&f o
dS nf/ Sun
reflected image \ intensity udkavsmhcs&efoHk;onf/ ¤if;wdkYonftcsif;csif; parallel &SdNyD; plane of the sextant ESifh
axmifhrSefusae&rnf/
5. Pivot / / Sextant arc \ center jzpfonf pivot wGif index arm udkvnfaponf/
6. Horizon glass and mirror / / Semi circular or rectangular shape frame wGi&
f NdS y;D horizon mirror uwpfjcrf;
(Plane of the sextant bufwi
G &f NdS y;D ) horizon glass uwpfjcrf;&So
d nf/(tcsKd U sextant rsm;wGif horizon glass r&Syd g)
horizon mirror onf index mirror rS reflect vkyfvdkufaom image udk observer jrifEdkifatmif telescope (odkY)
reflects vkyfay;onf/ xdkYaMumifh observer onf true image udk horizon glass rSjrifEdkifNyD; reflected image or
horizon udk horizon mirror rSwpfNydKifwnf;jrif&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;udk horizon mirror [kac:onf/
7. Horizon mirror clips / / Horizon mirror ud4
k if;\ frame xJwiG &f adS eap&efzrf;xm;aom spring clips rsm;
jzpfonf/
8. Second (or) horizon mirror adjustment screw / / Horizon glass \ center line wGif plane of the
sextant ESifha0;onfhbuf (observer ESifheD;)wGifwyfqifxm;onf/ Horizon mirror udk plane of the sextant ESifh
axmifhrSefusatmif adjust vkyf&efoHk;onf/
9. Third adjustment screw / / Horizon mirror \ edge wGiw
f yfxm;Ny;D index arm udk zero setting vkyx
f m;
pOf horizon mirror ESihf index mirror wdYk parallel jzpfatmif adjust vky&f efo;kH onf/ (I.Eazsmuf&efo;kH onf I.E
3min xufrrsm;vQif adjust rvkyfbJ apply vkyfonf/)
* 3rd adjustment screw udk turn vkyv
f Qif mirror apmif;oGm;Ny;D plane of the sextant ESihf horizon mirror axmifrh eS f
rusbJ side error jzpfay:apEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh I.E 3 min. cefYxdrajzmufbJ apply vkyfoifhonf/
10. Horizon glass shaved / / Normally 2on3 shapes &SdNyD; horizon odkYae\ intensity udkavsmh&efoHk;onf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh horizon glass shapes ESihf index glass shapes wdYk different colour jzpfatmifvyk x
f m;onf/
 39
11. Index arm or bar / / Circular base plate (sextant arc )ay:wGiw
f yfqifxm;Ny;D index mirror atmufwiG &f adS om
pivot wGif freely vnfaponf/
12. Index mark / / Index bar wGif&Sdaom degree zwfEdkif&efnTefjyaom arrow (rQm;)jzpfonf/
13. Clamp (Quick releasing clamp) / / Sextant \ lower limb wG i f & S d a om gear (rack) rsm;ud k index
arm wGi&
f adS om tangent scew \ worm (0uft&l pf)rsm;ESihf clear jzpfomG ; atmifnpS &f onfah rmif;wH clamp udn
k p§ í
f
arc wGif index arm udk freely & quickly a&TUEdi
k o
f nf/
14. Micrometer drum / / Index bar udk tangent screw wGifwyfxm;NyD; ¤if; drum udk turn vkyfjcif;jzifh
screw rS worm rsm;onf lower limp wGi&
f adS om gear (rack) wGif vnf a pNyD ; altitude odkY angle udk fine
adjustment vk y f í observe vk y f E d k i f o nf /
* Sextant arc \ minute wef z d k ; rsm;ud k 4 if ; drum ay:rS “vernir index mark” rSzwf&onf/
15. Micrometer vernir / / Vernir index mark \atmufwi
G f graduate vkyx
f m;onfh marking rsm;onf/
Micro meter drum \ 1inute arc udk 1/5 = 0.2min (5acsmif;), 1/6 = 10 sec. (6acsmif;)jzifh divide vkyfxm;onf/
* Micrometer drum ay:rS minute mark ESiahf ocsmwnfah eaom vernir mark wefz;kd t& second wefz;kd (od)Yk
minute \ decimal wefz;kd udz
k wf&onf/
16. Arc (graduation arc) / / Thin strip metal jzifjh yKvy
k x
f m;Ny;D (normally brass) expansion enf;onf/
Lower limb wGif flush udk “let in” vkyx
f m;Ny;D graduation rsm;udk 0° to 125°. “ON” the arc wGiv
f yk x
f m;Ny;D 0°
to 5° “OFF” the arc wGifvkyfxm;onf/
* 0. rSa&SUzufudk “ON” the arc, “Main” arc, “Proper” arc [kac:onf/ 0. \aemufzufudk “Excess” arc,
“OFF” the arc [kac:NyD; degree wefzdk;rsm;udk excess value [kac:onf/
17. Telescope or prismatic monocle / / Observe object udk enlarge vkyfEdkif&efESifh wdwdususESifhvG,fulpGm
observe vkyfEdkif&efwyfxm;onf/
1. Inverting telescope (aZmufx;kd jrif high magnification)
2. Erect or star telescope (wide view jrifEi
kd ?f twnfjh rif low magnification)
3. Prismatic telescope (twnfjh rif magnifying power aumif; wide view vnf;jrif)
1ESifh 2 udkt&ifacmwfwGifoHk;í,ckacmwfwGif 3 udo
k mtaowyfxm;Muonf/
18. Rising Piece / / Telescope ESifh frame udk attached vkyfay;xm;aom adjustable slide jzpfonf ¤if;udk
frame wGif quick release screw jzifhzrf;xm;onf/ Rising piece udk quick relese screw avQmhí telescope ESifh
frame eD;/a0;atmif adjust vkyfEdkifonf/
Telescope ESifh frame eD;vQif reflected image ydk Brilliance jzpfía0;vQif dark jzpfonf/
19. Frame / / Rigid metal jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/ Horizontal position wGif csxm;Edkif&ef Leg or stand 3-
acsmif; wyfqifxm;onf/ Stand rsm;\ qefu
Y sib
f uf upper side udk "Plane of the sextant" [kac:onf/ Curve
jzpfaeaom lower part udk "Lower limb of the sextant" [kac:onf/
20. Handle / / Stands rsm;&So
d nfb
h ufwiG f frame ESihf attached vkyx
f m;onf/tcsKd U sextant rsm;wGif handel xJü
battery xnfhNyD; light xGef;&ef button yg&So
d nf/
21. Electric light / / tcsKd U Sextant rsm;wGif arc, micrometer drum ESihf vernir rsm;udMk unfE
h ikd &f ef light wyfxm;
onf/
22. COLLAR / / Rising piece \ tay:uGif;ydkif;rS telescope udkzrf;xm;onfhuGif;/
23. MILLED HEAD SCREW / / Rising pieceudkwif/csEdkif&ef adjust vkyf&onfh screw.
24. INVENTING TELESCOPE / / Lenses rsm;\ arrangement rsm;aMumifh objectsrsm;udkaZmufxdk; jyif&
onf/ ¤if;wGifajymif;vJwyfEdkfifaom eye piece 2 ck&Sdonf/
 40
- Higher magnifing power &Sdaom eye piece wGif ( spider threads ) cross wire 2 acsmif;yg&SdNyD;
horizon bright jzpfNyD; vessel steady jzpfonfhtcgwGifoHk;onf/
- Lower magnifing power &Sad om eye piece wGif ( spider threads ) cross wire 4 acsmif;yg&SNd y;D horizon
bright rjzpfaomtcgoHk;onf/

* ¤if; cross wire rsm;onf axis of the telescope (line of collimation ) udkcsdef&efjzpfonf/ sextant udk
toH;k jyKaepOf plane of the sextant ESihf telescope axis ( line of collimation ) wdYk parallel jzpfae&rnf/ rjzpfvQif
collimation error jzpfrnf/

SEXTANT ERRORS
A. Adjustable errors
1. Perpendicularity error / / Index mirror onf plane of the sextant ESiahf xmifr
h eS u
f s&rnf/ axmifh
rSefrusvQif error of perpendicularity &Sdrnf/ ¤if;udk check vkyf&ef -
Sextant udk horizontally udkifí index glass udk rdrdbufwGifxm;jyD; graduated arc udk rdrdESifha0;onfh
bufwGifxm;yg/ Index bar udk arc \tv,f (about 35º) avmufwGifxm;jyD; index glass xJodkY rsufpdwpfbuf
rSw f Munfyh g/ Index glass xJwiG f awGU&aom reflected arc ESihf glass \ab;wnfw
d í h nfrh S true arc ESpcf q
k o
kH nfah e&m
wGif wpfwef;wnf;&Sad eygu error of perpendicularity r&Syd g/ True arc ESihf reflected arc wpfwef;wnf;r&Sv
d Qif
error &Sdonf/ ¤if; error udk first adjustment screw ESifhvSnfhí azsmuf&rnf/
2. Side error / / Horizon glass onf plane of the sextant wGif axmifhrSefus&rnf/ axmifhrSef
rusvQif side error &Sdrnf/ Side error udk check vkkyf&ef -
Sun or star jzifh check vkyfEdkifonf/ Error of perpendicularity azsmufjyD;vQif Index bar udk zero
setting vkyjf y;D star odr
Yk [kwf sun udk vertically axmifíMunfyh g/ ¤if; star or sun onf wpfv;kH wnf;tjzpf awGU
vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? txufatmufwnfhwnfh ESpfvHk;jzifh awGUvQifaomfvnf;aumif; side error r&Sdyg/ odkYr[kwf
ab;wdu
k f wnfw h aJG evQiaf omfvnf;aumif;? ab;wpfapmif;odYk uGaJ evQiaf omfvnf;aumif;? side error &So
h nfu d nf/
Side error udkazsmuf&ef second adjustment screw ESifh vSnfhjyD;azsmufEdkifonf/
Side error &SdvQif sextant jzifh wdkif;í&aom angle wefzdk;onf tjyifwGif wu,f&Sdaomwefzdk;xuf
enf;rnf/ Horizon jzifh side error &Sm&ef sextant udk zero setting vkyjf y;D horizontally udik í
f horizon udMk unfh
yg/ Horizon ESpfck tay:atmufuGJaevQif error &SdjyD;? wpfxyfwnf;usvQif error r&Sdyg/
3. Index error / / Sextant udk zero setting xm;vQif horizon glass ESihf index mirror onf parallel
jzpfae&rnf/ rjzpfvQif index error &Srd nf/ Index mirror ESihf horizon mirro parallel jzpfrjzpfukd check vky&f ef
object wpfckck\ reflected ESifh true image 2 ckudk sextant xJwGif wpfxyfwnf; &Sdaeap&rnf/ xdktcsdefwGif rSef
ESpfck parallel jzpfaernf/ xdktcsdefwGif index onf zero wGif jyae&rnf/ Zero rjyvQif index error &Sdrnf/
Sextant rS reading wefzdk;onf I.E jzpfonf/
aejzifh Index error &Sm&ef - Reflected sun ESifh true sun udk sextant xJwGif wdwdusus xyfrxyfudk
rsupf jd zifh aocsmpGmrMunfEh ikd yf g/ xdaYk Mumifh true sun \tay:wGif reflected sun udk tangential jzpfatmifwifjy;D
sextant reading udkzwfyg/ Reading wefzdk;udk minus owfrSwfyg/ xdkYaemuf reflected sun udk true sun
\atmufodkYcsí tangential jzpfatmifvkyfjyD;? reading wefzdk;udk plus owfrSwfyg/ Reading 2 ckudkaygif;vQif I.E
wefzdk; 2 cgpm&rnf/ &&Sdvmaom I.E. wefzdk;udk 2 jzifhpm;vQif I.E &rnf/ &&Sdaom vu©Pmwefzdk;onf minus
wefzdk;onf on the arc jzpfí plus wefzdk;onf off the arc jzpfonf/
 41
Sun jzif h sextant I.E ½S m &mwG i f
1. I.E r½S d a om sextant rsm;twG u f -
“on the arc” reading wGif = Sun’s DIA+I.E = (32ft +O)
“off the arc” reading wGif = Sun’s DIA-I.E =(32ft - O)
xdkUaMumifh reading 2 ckudkEIwfvQif
(32ft + O) - (32ft -O)
= 32ft + O - 32ft + O
=O
* Sun’s DIA tcsif;csif;ausoGm;rnf/

2. I.E “on the arc” ½S d v Qif

“ on the arc” reading = sun’s DIA + I.E = (32ft + I.E)
“ off the arc” reading = sun’s DIA - I.E = (32ft - I.E)
Reading ckEw
I v
f Qif
(32ft + I.E) - (32ft - I.E)
= 32ft + I.E - 32ft + I.E
= 2I.E
* Sun’s DIA tcsif;csif;ausoGm;jyD; I.E 2 ckpmusefrnf/
3. “Off the arc” ½S d v Qif
“ on the arc” reading = sun’s DIA- I.E = ( 32ft - I.E)
“ off the arc” reading = sun’s DIA + I.E = (32ft +I.E)
Reading 2ckEw
I v
f Qif
(32ft - I.E) - (32ft + I.E)
= 32ft - I.E - 32ft - I.E
= -2I.E.
* Sun’s DIA tcsif;csif;ausoGm;jyD; I.E 2 ckpmusefrnf/
- Unknown I.E ½Sm&eftwGuf
“on the arc” wdi
k ;f í&aom reading udk (-) sign xm;í
“off the arc” wdi
k ;f í&aom reading udk (+) sign xm;yg/
Reading 2 ckudk difference vkyfvQif sun’s DIA tcsif;csif;ausoGm;jyD; I.E 2 ckpmomusefrnf/ usef½Sdaom (sign)
onf I.E \ name jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh difference vkyfí&aom yrmPudk 2 jzifhpm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
Index error yrmPonf various angle ü constant jzpfonf/ Error of perpendicularity ES i f h
side error onf constant rjzpf y g/
4. Collimation error (adjustable by maker) / / Telescope or monocle \ axis ((line of collimation)
onf plane of the sextant ESifh parallel jzpf&rnf/ rjzpfvQif collimation error &Sdrnf/
* ,cifu collimation error r&Sad tmifvyk jf cif;udk 4th adjustment [kac:Ny;D 4if;udak zsmuf&eftcsKd Usextant
rsm;wGif collar wGif screw 2 ckyg&Sdonf/ ¤if; screw rsm;udk 4th adjustment screw [kac:onf/
* Vernir sextant rsm;wGif special collimating telescope yg&So
d nf/ ¤if;\ eye piece wGif (spider thread)
cross wire rsm;wyfqifxm;onf/ micro meter sextant rsm;wGi4
f if; special telescope r&Sad y/ xdaYk Mumifh collima-
tion error udk instrument maker rsm;uom adjust vky&
f onf/
 42

* Modern micrometer sextant rsm;wGif non-flexible metal wGir

f sm;jzifh jyKvyk x
f m;Ny;D prismatic monocle
udk fixed wyfxm;ojzifh BuD;rm;aomxdcdkufrI (severe knock) ESifh rising piece auG;aumuf (bent) raevQif colli-
mation error rjzpfyg/

Collimation error &Sdr&Sd approximately & quickly check vk y f & ef

•
About 1 avmuf mis- alignment jzpfaejcif;udv
k w
l ikd ;f visual (by eye) jzifah tmufygtwdik ;f quickly check vkyEf ikd o
f nf/
- Telescope or monocle udw
k yfyg/
nDnmaom table ay:wGif sextant udkwifyg/
- rdrd\ eye-level udk telescope ESifh plane the sextant \ mid-way (tv,f)wGif&Sdapyg/
- Rising piece onf plane of the sextant ESihf vertical jzpfrjzpf visually check vkyy
f g/
- Telescope onf plane of the sextant ESihf parallel jzpfrjzpf visually check vkyy
f g/
•
- Vertical (od)Yk parallel jzpfrjzpfoo
H ,&Sv
d Qif instrument maker odjYk yefyyYkd g/ (about 1 error &Sv
d Qio
f o
d mpGm
jrifEdkifonf/)

Collimation error ud k collimation telescope jzifhwduspGm check vkyf&ef/

- (Spider therads of cross wires 2 ckygaom eye piece jzifh)
- Perpendicularity error ESihf side error udt
k &ifazsmufyg/
- Collimating (or) inverting telescope wGif cross wire 2 acsmif;ygaom eye piece udw
k yfí plane of
the sextant ESifh cross wire rsm; parallel jzpfatmifcsdefyg/
- Altitude teD;pyfq;kH wlnND y;D not less than 90• not more than 120• apart jzpfrnfh stars 2 vH;k udak &G;yg/
- Sextant udk horizontall udkifNyD;nmbufrS star udkb,fbufrS star ay:odkY (index bar udk)a&TUNyD; cross
wire wpfckckay:wGifxyfyg/
- Cross wire wckay:wGif wpfvHk;uJYodkYxyfaeaom reflected star ESifh true star udktjcm; cross wire
ay:odkY “Tilt” vkyfNyD;a&TUyg/ star wpfvHk;xJtaejzifha&mufoGm;vQif error r&Sdyg/ star 2 vHk;tjzpf
uGJoGm;vQif error &Sdonf/
(cross wire 4 acsmif;ygaom eye piece jzifh)
- Perpendicularity error ESifh side error azsmufyg/ xdkYaemuf observation 2 cgvkyf&onf/ (yxr
observation rSm)
- Inverting telescope wGif eye piece wyfyg/ plane of the sextant ESifh parallel jzpfae&rnfh wire 2
acsmif;udkaocsmpGm parallel jzpfatmifcsdefyg/ xdkodkYcsdef&mwGif -
1. Low altitude star wvHk;udk sextant vertical udkifínmbuf wire wGif reflected ESifh true star
wpfxyfwnf;usatmifwifí b,fzuf wire ay:odkYa&TUyg/ wpfvHk;wnf;taeESifhygvmvQif wire
2 acsmif;ESifh plane of the sextant ESifh parallel jzpfonf/
2. Approximate & quickly check vkyfpOfuuJYodkY level nDaompm;yGJay:wGifwifí csdefEdkifonf/
('kwd, observation rS m)
- Alt : nearly nDNyD; between 90• 120• apart jzpfaeaom star 2 vHk;udka&G;NyD; sextant udk zero setting
xm;NyD; horizontal udkifínmbufrS star \ reflected ESifh true image udk (plane of the sextant ESifh
vertical jzpfaernfh wire 2 acsmif;rS) b,fbuf cross wire wGifwpfxyfwnf;usatmifcsdefyg/
- b,fbuf Cross wire wGifwvHk;wnf;uJYodkY&Sdaeaom star udknmbuf cross wire odkY sextant udk
slightly “Tilt” vkyNf y;D a&GUvQi-f

* wpfvHk;xJtaeESifh a&TUoGm;vQif error r&Sdyg/

* b,fbuf wire wGifwpfvHk;usefcJYNyD; nmbuf wire odkYwpfvHk;a&TUoGm;vQif error &Sdonf/
 43
5. Vernir error (adjustable by marker)

B. Non adjustable errors

1. Centering error / / Index bar \qHc
k suf pivot onf graduation arc \ center wGif r&Sad omaMumifh
jzpfonfh error jzpfonf/ ¤if; error &Sdr&Sdod&ef index bar udk arc ay:wGif a&SUaemufa&TUMunfhygu index bar
ESifh graduation arc Mum;tuGmta0;onf wpfae&mESifhwpfae&m rwlygu ¤if; error &Sdrnf/ Error rsm;vQif od
omí error enf;vQif laboratory wGifom &SmEdkifonf/
2. Graduation error / / Sextant wGif graudate vkyx
f m;aom degree trSwt
f om;rsm; rrSeu
f efraI Mumifh
jzpfaom error jzpfonf/ ¤if; error udkodEdkif&ef object ESpfckMum;axmifhudk sextant jzifhwdkif;jyD;? &aomwefzdk;ESifh
theodolite jzifh wdkif;í&aom wefzdk;ESifh EdIif;,SOfjcif;jzifhodEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf altitude wlaom Mu,fESpfvHk;Mum;
axmifhudkwdkif;jyD; ¤if; Mu,fESpfvHk;Mum;wGif&Sdrnfh axmifhwefzdk;udk wGufMunfhjcif;jzifhvnf; check vkyfEdkifonf/
3. Micrometer error / / Micrometer wpfywfvn
S v
hf Qif graduation arc ay:wGif index mark onf 1
degree a&TUvmrnf/ xdkodkYra&TUvQif error &Sdrnf/
4. Shade error / / Shape glass rsm;onf plane of the sextant ay:wGif axmifhrSefrusvQifaomfvnf;
aumif;? rsufESmjyiftcsif;csif; rjydKifvQifaomfvnf;aumif; shape error jzpfrnf/ Optical error [kvnf; ac:Edkif
onf/ &Sdr&Sd check vkyf&ef object ESpfckMum;axmifhudk shape glass xnfhí wdkif;jyD;? shape glass rygbJwdkif;aom
reading ESifh EdIif;,SOfMunfhygu odEdkifonf/ Negligible error jzpfonf/
5. Prismatic error / / Index mirror, horizon glass ESihf shape glass rsm;\ a&SUESiahf emuf rsuE
f mS jyif
rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck rjydKifaomaMumifh tvif;wef;rsm;,dkifjyD; jzpfay:vmaom error jzpfonf/ ¤if; error udk
check vky&
f ef object ESpcf Mk um;&Sad xmifu
h w
kd ikd ;f yg/ xdaYk emuf index mirror udjk zKwjf y;D ? wpfbufov
Ykd n
S í
hf jyefwyfyg/
xdkYaemuf object ESpfckMum;&Sdaxmifhudk jyefwdkif;yg/ axmifhwefzdk;ESpfckuGmjcm;ygu error &Sdonf/
6. Worm and Rack error / / Micrometer wGifyg&Sdaom tangent screw \ 0uftl&pf (worm) ESifh
sextant lower limb wGif&Sdaom gear (rack) rsm; wdkufpm;oGm;aomaMumifh jzpfay:aom error.

Sextant Parallax
The angle subtended at an object by an index glass and the horizon glass of a sextant.
I.E ESifh side error r&Sdaom sextant jzifhta0;wGif&Sdaom object wckukd sextant zero set vkyfí telescope
xJwGif reflected ESifh true image onfwxyfxJ&Sdrnf/ object rS index mirror udk½dkufaom ray onf object rS
horizon glass udk½dkuf ray 2 ckMum; object wGifjzpfay:aomaxmifhonf tvGefao;i,fNyD;r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh ¤if; ray 2 ckwpfxyfwnf;usonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/
odkYaomf dist; eD;aom object wckudk zero set vkyfNyD;MunfhvQif wpfxyfwnf;rusawmhay/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf ray 2 ckMum; object wGif jzpfay:aomaxmifhonf odompGmjzpfay:vmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ Object onf
eD;vmonfESifhtrQ object wGifjzpfay:aomaxmifhonf ydkNyD;BuD;vmrnf/ ¤if;axmifhwefzdk;udk sextant parallax [k
ac:onf/
¤if; Parallax wefzdk;udkodvdkvQif reflected object ESifh true object udkxyfatmif micrometer udka&TUNyD;
reading udz
k wfvQi&f onf/
2 miles xufe;D aom object rsm;wGif sextant parallax &So
d nf/
• •
* Sextant \ arc onf 1/6 or a circle 60 om&SdNyD;tb,fhaMumifh arc wG i f120 yg0ifoenf;/
- Sextant principle aMumifjh zpfygonf/
- Sextant onf object 2 ckMum;&Sdaxmifhudkwdkif;aom instrument jzpfonf/
- Sextnat jzifh object 2 ckMum;axmifhudkwdkif;aom observer taejzifh ¤if;axmifhwefzdk;udk arc ay:wGif
wpfcgxJzwfEdkifatmif graduate vkyfxm;onf/
 44
Object wckukd index glass jzifz
h rf;,lNy;D horizon glass rSjrif&aom true object ESifhwpfxyfwnf;usatmif
a&TU&onf/
- xdkodkYawGYvQifrSef2 ckMum;wGif Angle jzpfay:onf/
- ¤if;wefzdk;rSm Arc ay:wGif index bar awGU&onfh arc yrmPESifhnDrQonf/
•
- Sextnat \ arc onftrSefwu,f 60 om&Sdonf/
• •
- Index bar udk arc ay:wGif 60 xdawGUvQifrSef2 ckMum;axmifhonf 60 &Sdrnf/
- odkYaomf Sextant principle t& object ESpfck Mum;axmifhwefzdk;onf rSefESpfckMum;&Sd axmifwefzdk; \
2 q &Sdonf/
•
xdaYk Mumifh Graduation rsm;udk mark vky&f mwGi rf eS Ef pS cf Mk um;wGiaf jymif;vJomG ;rnfh axmifw
h efz;kd 60 udt
k jyif
wGifajymif;vJoGm;rnfh axmifhwefzdk; 120° jzpfatmif pdyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Sextant wGif mark vkyfxm;aom 1°
onf ¤if; arc \ 1/2 degree om&Sdonf/ Graduation wefzdk;rsm;onf arc \wu,fhwefzdk;udk az:jyxm;jcif; (udk,f
pm;jyKjcif;)r[kwfyJ angle rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/

Back-lash of a micrometer sextant

- Sextant \ index bar (index mark) udk zero setting vkyNf y;D minute tenf;i,fa&TUyg/
- Star wpfvHk;udkMunfhyg/ reflected star ESifh true star txufatmufuGJaernf/
- Reflected ESihf true star wdu
Yk w
kd xyfwnf;jzpfatmif micrometer udv
k n
S Nhf y;D xyfyg/ (bring up vkyo
f nf
[kac:onf/)
- xdu
k o
YJ Ykd Reflected ESihf true wpfxyfwnf;jzpfonft
h csed w
f iG f H.Z glass ESihf index mirror parallel jzpf
onf/ xdktcsdefwGif main arc ESifh micro meter f index mark rsm;onf zero udkjyae&rnf/
- Zero rSuGmaeoavmufyrmPonf I.E jzpfNyD; “on the arc” udk (-) tjzpfowfrSwfí off the arc udk
(+) tjzpfowfrSwfyg/ I.E yrmPudkrSwfxm;yg/ xdkYaemuf micro meter udk anteclock wise vSnfhyg/
- txufygtwdkif; star 2 ckvHk;udkxyfatmif “brining up” jyefvkyfyg/
- xdkYaemufI.E yrmPudkzwfyg/
* ¤if; I.E yrmP2 ckwlnD&rnf/ rnDvQif ¤if; I.E 2 ckjcm;em;í &aomyrmPonf back-lash jzpf
onf/ (¤if;udk total back-lash [kac:onf/)
* ¤if; back-lash yrmPrsm;vQif correction vkyfay;&rnf/enf;2 enf;jzifhvkyfEdkifonf/
(a) Clock-wise direction ESihf bringing up vkyí
f &aom I.E ESihf anti- clock wise direction ESihf bringing up vkyk í
f
&aom I.E 2 ckaygif;\ mean I.E udk sextant observation wGif apply vkyfyg/ (back-lash azsmufNyD;om;jzpfrnf/)
(b) Sextant altitude wGif clock-wise (od)Yk anti-clock wise direction ESibhf ringing up vkyí
f &aom I.E udk apply
vkyfyg/ &&Sdvmaom observed altitude wGif total back-lash udk apply vkyfyg/
* Bringing up udk “on the arc” wGifvkyfxm;aom I.E jzifh apply vkyfygu back-lash udk observed
altitude wGiE
f w
I yf g/
* Bringing up udk“off the arc” wGiv
f yk x
f m;ygu back-lash udak ygif;yg/
* New instrument wGif back-lash onf negligible jzpfonf/

* Vessel udk astern qGp

J Of propeller rS,ufxw
k v
f u
kd af om a&rsm;udv
k nf; back-lash water [kak c:onf/
Sextant Certificate wGif - (rdwf? quf? a&? vD? yg? yg? 'dwf? qdkif;)
1. Maker's name, 5. The magnification power of the telescopes,
2. Sextant Serial Number, 6. The permanent errors at various angles,
3. Radius of the Sextant, 7. Date of Manufacture,
4. The least reading of the sextant, 8. The Signature of the Examiner. wdy
Yk g0ifonf/
 45
BAROMETER

Atmospheric presure udw k ikd ;f aom instrument jzpfonf/ Pressure unit udo
k ;kH onf/
Pressure = Fore per Unit Area
S.I. system wGif pressure unit rSm BAR jzpfonf/
1 bar = 10 tonnes weight per square meter (10 ts. / M2 ) odkYr[kwf
1 Kg weight per square centimeter (1 Kg / cm2 )
1 mb = 1 bar / 1000

Imperial system wGif pressure unit rSm inch of mercury jzpfonf/

1 inch of mercury = 14.7 lb. / in.2
urÇmajrrsufESmjyifteD; (ground level) wGif avxk\ average pressure onf 1 bar xuf slightly
rsm;onf/ Standard Barometric Pressure (S.B.P) onf
S.I unit wGif 986.9 mb jzpfonf/ (987 mb)
Imperial unit wGif 14.5 lb. / in2 jzpfonf/
S.B.P. &&SdEdkif&ef vdktyfaom standard rsm;rSm -
Latitude 45º N/S jzpfjy;D height onf mean sea level jzpfonf/ Temperature rSm standard temperature
jzpf&rnf/ ¤if; standard oHk;ckESifh udkufnDaomtajctaewGif &&Sdaom barometer reading onf S.B.P jzpfonf/
Nautical publication rsm;ESihf weather charts rsm;ay:wGiaf zmfjyxm;aom pressure rsm;rSm S.B.P rsm;jzpfonf/
Barometer ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf-
(1) Mecurial barometer
wpfbufyGifhzef>yef (Marine tube) about 1 M (36 inches.) xJwGif R.D. 13.6 &Sdaom mercury
udjk znfjh y;D tube udk ,m,Dyw d í
f cistern (cGu)f xJoaYkd rSmufcsvQif zef>yefxrJ S mercury rsm; cistern xJoYkd avQmusvm
rnf/ odkYaomf 25 cm cefYomavsmhusoGm;jyD; tube xJwGif 75 cm cefYusefaernf/ Mercury rsm;ukefatmif
rxG u f o G m ; jcif ; rS m cistern xJ o d k Y a&muf o G m ;aom mercury rsm;\ surface ud k tjyif r S a vxk u
zdxm;aomaMumifjh zpfonf/ xdak vsmu h somG ;aom av[me,fukd "Torricelli vacuum" (after torricelli) [kac:onf/
Torricelli av[me,fxJodkY avvHk;av;rsm; (air bubble) rsm;0ifoGm;vQif barometer reading wGif
error rsm;jzpfvmEdkifojzifh marine tube xJwGif air trap udkwyfqifí umuG,fxm;onf/
Mecurial barometer wGifatmufyg error wdkYjzpfay:Edkifygonf-
(1) Pumping error : vessel onf seaway wGif vIy& f mS ;aeaomaMumifvh nf;aumif;? gusty winds
aMumifhvnf;aumif; tube xJrS mercury level onfvIyf&Sm;jyD; wdusaom reading udkr&&SdEdkifyg/
¤if; error udkumuG,fEdkif&ef marine tube xJwiG f air trap \txufydkif;ü capillarity tube udk
wyfqifxm;onf/
(2) Capillarity error : capillarity tube udk xnfhxm;aomaMumifh mercury \ surface wGif
"meniscus" (Mercury level cHk;jcif;) jzpfay:aponf/ xdkuJhodkYjzpfjcif;rSm mercury \ surface
wGif tension jzpfaejyD; tube ESifh mercury wdkYtMum;jzpfay:aom friction aMumifhjzpfonf/ ¤if;
error udk compensate vky& f ef mercury \ top level ESifh tube udxk ad eaom level ESpcf t k Mum;
mean udkzwf&rnf/
(3) Capacity error : mecurial barometer wGifxnfhxm;aom mercury yrmPonf constant
jzpfonf/ Marine tube xJrS height of mercury udkwdkif;&ef cistren xJrS mercury level udk
tajccHxm;onf/ odkYaomf avxk pressure ajymif;vJaomtcg cistern xJrS mercury rsm;onf
tube xJodkY xdk;0ifoGm;jyD; level edrfhusoGm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh height of mercury udkwdkif;&mwGif
standard level ajymif;vJomG ;ojzifh reading wGif error jzpfaponf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd rjzpfap&ef enf;ESpcf k
jzifh compensate vkyfxm;onf/
- Kew pattern cistern xJrS edrfhusoGm;rnfh mercury level twdkif; graduation udk avQmhcs
jyD; mark vkyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh inch barometer rsm;wGif pressure rsm;vmonfESifhtrQ
jrifhwufoGm; rnfh tydkif;rS graduation rsm;onf actual 1 inch xuf 1/25 inch avQmí h
marking vkyfxm; onf/
- Fortin pattern cistern xJwGif mercury level jr§ifh^ESdrfhí&atmif pDpOfxm;jyD; standard
level xufajymif;vJoGm;onfESifh level adjust vkyfí reading zwfEdkifatmif pDpOfxm;onf/
(4) Observational error :
- Marine tube xJrS torricelli vacuum udk mercury rsm;u balance vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
tu,fí tube upright rjzpfygu high reading udkjzpfay:aponf/
 46
- Barometer reading vkyo f nft
h cg observer \ eye level onf Marine tube wGi&f adS om
ta&SUESifhtaemuf vernir mark rsm;ESifh wpfwef;wnf;jzpfaeap&rnf/ rjzpfvQif reading
error jzpfEdkifonf/
- Mercury level rzwfrD attached thermometer udt k &ifzwf&rnf/ Observer \ body heat
aMumifh reading wGif error jzpfEdkifonf/
(5) Height : nautical publication rsm;ESifh chart rsm; map rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom barometer
pressure rsm;onf S.B.P rsm;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vuf&Sdae&mwGif zwfí&aom barometer
reading udk sea level wGif&Sdrnfh reading tjzpf ajymif;ay;&rnf/ Barometer onf mean sea
level xuf approximately 10 M (30 ft.) jrifhoGm;wdkif; + 1 mb vkyfí? edrfhoGm;wdkif; -1 mb
vkyfay;&rnf/ Gold slight jzifhvnf; correction vkyfEdkifonf/
(6) Latitude : urÇmBuD;\ surface onf polar regions rsm;wGif center ESifheD;jyD; equator wGif
center ESihf a0;onf/ xdaYk Mumifh mercury wGiof ufa&mufaom gravitational force onf equator
rSmxuf pole wGif ydkrdkcHpm;&onf/ xdkYaMumifh latitude 45º N/S udk standard latitude
tjzpfowfrSwfí vuf&Sda&mufaeaom latitude ESifh latitude 45º uGmjcm;rnfh yrmPtwGuf
correction vkyaf y;&rnf/ ¤if; correction udk her mesjecty's stationery office (HMSO) table
rsm;wGif &Sm,lEkdifonf/ odkYr[kwf gold slight jzifh correction vkyfEdkifonf/
(7) Temperature : tube xJrS mercury onf thermometer xJu mercury uJhodkY ylvQifyGí
at;vQif usKH Uonf/ xdaYk Mumifh temperature rwlaomae&mrsm;rS barometer rsm;onf wlrnfr[kwf
acs/ xdkYaMumifh Correct reading &&SdEdkifrnfh standard temperature wpfckudk owfrSwf&onf/
Standard temperature = latitude 45º wGif mean sea level ü barometer udk correct reading
jzpfaprnfh temperature jzpfonf/ Milibar jzifhazmfjyaom barometer trsm;pk\ standard
temperature onf 285ºK (12º C) jzpfjy;D ? inch of mercury jzifah zmfjyaom barometer rsm;wGif
standard temperature onf 28.6º F jzpfonf/
- Latitude 45º wGif&Sdrnfh standard temperature udk vuf&Sd position latitude wGif &Sdrnfh
temperature tjzpf correction udk apply vkyv f u
kd v
f Qif fiducial temperature [kac:onf/
- Fiducial temperature udk vuf&dS position height wGi& f rdS nfh temperature tjzpf correction
apply vkyfvQif adjusted fiducial temperature [kac:onf/
- Adjusted fiducial temperature ESihf vuf&dS vessel a&mufaeaom ywf0ef;usif temperature
(actual temperature) udjk cm;em;vQif correction vky& f rnfh temperature &rnf/ ¤if; correction
vkyf&rnfh temperature yrmP 6º K &Sdwdkif; ± 1 mb correction vkyfay;&rnf/ (actural
temperature uenf;vQif +, rsm;vQif - )

Oyrm Lat. 60º N, barometer with standard temperature 285º K (12º C) reads 1014.2 mb, height of
barometer 60 ft. above sea level, attached thermometer reads 288º K (15º C), find S.B.P.
Standard temperature of barometer (12° C) = 285.0º K
For Lat. correction (15º ) = 7.5º K (from HMSO table)
Fiducial temperature = 292.5º K
Height correction (for 60 ft.) = 12.0º K (1º for 5 ft.)
Adjusted fiducial temperature = 304.5º K
Actual temp. (from attached thermometer) = 288.0º K
Temperature for correction = 16.5º K

Require correction = 16.5º / 6º = 2.75 mb (1 mb for each 6º K difference)

Barometer reading = 1014.2 mb
Corrections = 2.75 mb
Correct sea level reading = 1016.95 mb

Gold Slide Operation

vuf&Sda&mufaeaom position lat. eJY high above mean sea level udk wpfwef;wnf;jzpfatmifxm;yg/
Attached thermometer \ top level ESifh wnfhwnfhrS apply vkyf&rnfh correction wefzdk;udk zwf,lyg/ ¤if;
correction barometer reading wGif apply vkyy f g/
 47
Gold Slide

KEW PATTERN MARINE BAROMETER

PRECISION ANERIOD BAROMETER

Aneriod Restraining Contact Micrometer Digital Micrometer Operator's

Capsule plate Arm Spindle Counter lead screw Drive knob
 48
HYGRO METER OR PSYCHRO METER

Instrument for measuring relative humidity and dew point jzpfonf/

Mason's Hygrometer.
Mason's Hydrometer wGif thermometer (2)acsmif;udk side by side xm;jyD; wpfacsmif;udk thermom-
eter twdi k ;f dry bulb tjzpfo;kH onf/ tjcm;wpfacsmif;udk cotton wick or muslin jzifh atmufajcwGiyf wfxm;jy;D
distilled water xnfx h m;onfh container / reservoir xJwiG f muslin udpk rd xf m;onf/
Mason's Hygro Meter udk ywf0ef;usif objects rsm;rS radiation heat udkumuG,f&ef marine screen
or Stevenson's screen xJwGif xnfhxm;&onf/
Hygro Meter \ principle rSm - avxJwGif a&cdk;a&aiGUtenf;ESifhtrsm;yg0ifonf/ ylaomavonf
a&cdk;a&aiGU (water vapours) udkat;aomavxuf ydkrdkpkyf,lxdef;xm;Edkifonf/ avxkxJwGif xdef;xm;Edkifonfh
water vapour yrmPrjynfah o;vQif (satuated rjzpfao;vQif) reservoir xJrS distilled water rsm;onf muslin
rSwpf qifh water vapour tjzpf avxJodkY evaporate (taiGUysH) jzpfonf/ xdkodkY evaporate jzpf&ef heat
vdktyfonf/ vdktyfonfh heat udk muslin ESifhywfxm;aom wet bulb thermometer rS&&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh wet
bulb temperature onf dry bulb temperature xufenf;aejcif;jzpfonf/ (evaporation causes loss of heat)
Water vapour enf;í ajcmufaoGUaom avxkxJodkY water vapour rsm;ydkxGuf&aomaMumifh wet bulb
temperature onf dry bulb temperature xuf ydkíenf;wwfonf/ odkYaomf avxJwGif water vapour rsm;
satuated jzpfaevQif evaporation rjzpfawmhbJ dry bulb ESifh wet bulb temperature wlaernf/
* avxJwGif a&cdk;a&aiGUrsm;aejcif;? rdk;&Gmaejcif;ESifh reservoir xJwGif a&r&Sdonfhtcg dry ESifh wet bulb
temperature rsm; wlaernf/

Aspirated Psychrometer
tjym;wpfjym;wGif thermometer (2)acsmif;udck snx
f m;jy;D wpfacsmif;\jy'g;tdrw
f iG f cotton wick csnx f m;jy;D
a&pGwfxm;ygonf/ vufudkif wyfxm;jyD; tjym;udkavxJwGifvSnfhEdkifatmifvkyfxm;onf/ Cargo hold xJwGif
ae&mtESHYodkY wwfEdkiforQavQmufoGm;í operation vkyfjyD; dry ESifh wet bulb temperature udkrSwfyg/ xdkYaemuf
table for finding the realtive humidity % for the use with aspirated psychometer wGiz f wf,&l yg rnf/

Relative Humidity
Temperature wpfcü k one unit volume wGif saturated jzpfEikd af om water vapour ESihf vuf&adS vxJwiG f
yg0ifaom water vapour wdkY\ tcsdK;tpm;yrmPudk%jzifh azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm 1 M3 volume wGif a&cdk;
a&aiGU 50% yg0ifvQif relative humidity rSm 50% jzpfonf/
vuf&Sd a&cdk;a&aiGUxkxnf
Relative Humidity = × 100
Saturated jzpfEkdifaom a&aiGU\xkxnfu

Relative udk&Sm&ef Brown Nautical Almanac ESifh HMSO tables rsm;rS table for finding relative
humidity % wGif "Y" axis rS dry bulb temperature ESifh "X" axis rS depression of wet bulb wefzdk;rsm;
qHkonfhae&mwGif zwf,lEdkifonf/
Relative humidity udo
k jd cif;tm;jzifh -
- Dew point temp: udkwGufxkwfEdkifonf/
- tcsdKU paint rsm;onf owfrSwfxm;aom R.H. xufausmfvGefvQif okwf&efroifhavsmfaomaMumifh
check vkyfEdkifonf/
- Cargo sweat, Ship sweat udkMudKwifí umuG,fEdkifonf/

Dew Point Temperature "is the Lowest temp: at which air can be cooled without condensation."
(avxJwGif&Sdaom Water vapour rsm; water droplets tjzpf aiGU&nfrzGJUciftxd tedrfhqHk; edrfhusEdkifonfh temp:
udkac:onf/)
* Dew point temp: ESifh water vapour in the air onf wdkuf½dkuftcsdK;usonf/ Dew point temp:
jrifhvQif avxJwGif water vapour rsm;onf/
Dew point temp: udk&Sm&ef HMSO tables rsm;ESifh Mariner's Handbook wGifyg&Sdaom Dew point
table wGif dry bulb wefzdk;ESifh depression of wet bulb wefzdk;wdkYqHkaomae&mwGif zwf,lEkdifonf/
Brown Nautical Almanac wGif Dew point ud& k mS &ef/
Brown Nautical Almanac wGif R.H. ud& k mS yg/
 49
R.H.% t& Absolute humidity of air table rS grams of water in M3 udw k u
G x
f w
k yf g/ &&Sad om grams
of water in M wefzdk;ESifh nDrQonfh temp: onf dew point temp: jzpfonf/
3

Oyrm - Dry bulb temp: 15º C, wet bulb temp: 14º C, dew point temp: = ?
Depression of wet bulb 1º ESifh dry bulb temp: 15º C wGif R.H. = 89% jzpfonf/
Dry bulb temp: 15º C wGif absolute humidity of air = 12.90 gm/m3 jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh temp: 15º C ESifh R.H 89% wGif weight of water in the air -
12.9 × 89 / 100 = 11.48 gm/ m3
11.48 gm/ m3 \ saturated jzpfaom dew point temp: = 13º C jzpfonf/
Dew point temp: udkodjcif;tm;jzifh -
- Cargo hold xJodkY ventilation ay;oifhray;oifh qHk;jzwfEdkifonf/
- Dew point temp: of out side air ≤ cargo hold dew point temp: jzpfvQif ventilation ay;Edi k o
f nf/
- Sea fog b,ftcsdefusrvJudk cefYrSef;Edkifonf/
- Second officer taeESifh sight ,lp&m&SdvQif MudKwif,lEdkifonf/
- O.O.W. wpfa,muftaeESifh restricted visibility twGuf precaution ,lEdkifonf/

Sea fog ud k forecast vk y f & ef /

avxkxJwGif&Sdaom a&cdk;a&aiGUrsm;onf out side air \ dew point temp: ESifh sea surface temp:
wlaomtcg yifv,fa&rsufESmjyifESifh uyfaeaom avxkxJ&Sd water vapour rsm;xJ avxJrS zkefrIefYav;rsm;wGif
uyfí condense jzpfjyD; avxJwGif arsmaeonfudk sea fog tjzpf awGUEdkifygonf/ Sea fog usrnfhtcsdef
forecast vkyf&ef graph qGJ&rnf/
Vertical axis temp: (ºC) xm;jy;D horizontal axis udk time tjzpf owfrSwfyg/
Temp: change jzpfonfh range ay:rlwnfí time interval jcm;jy;D temp: rsm;udk plot vkyy
f g/ Out side
air dew point temp: ESifh sea surface temp: rsmudk qufqGJaom rsOf;ESpfaMumif; qHkonfhae&mwGif sea fog
usrnfjzpfjyD; ¤if; position wGif &Sdrnfhtcsdefonf sea fog usrnfhtcsdefjzpfonf/

* Wet bulb onf dry bulb xuf ydkírsm;Edkifaomtajctaersm;rSm -

(1) Reading vkyf&mwGif rSm;,Gif;jcif;?
(2) av0ifavxGuf rvHkavmufjcif;?
(3) Muslin odyfajcmufaevQif ^ odyfpdkaevQif?
(4) Thermometer wpfckonf tjcm;wpfckxuf sensitive ydkjzpfvQif?

RRRRR

TEMPERATURE AND ITS MEASUREMENTS

Thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.

¤if;\ principle rSm- liquid ESifh metal wdkif;onf ylvQifyG (expends) í at;vQifusHKU (contrasts) onf/
Thermometer jyKvkyf&ef t"duoHk;aom liquid rsm;rSm Mercury ESifh Alcohol jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm
¤if;wdkY\ boiling point ESifh freezing point rsm;jrifhaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
Mercury boiling point 670º F (354.4º C), freezing point 38º F (38.88º C).
Alcohol boiling point 170º F (76.67º C), freezing point 130º F (54.44º C).

Thermometer jyKvkyfyHkrSm - end wpfbufwGif mercury jznfhxm;aom bulb ygonfh capillary tube
wpfacsmif;udk freeze (cJ) jzpfaeaom a&cJwHk;r[kwfonf t&nfaysmfcgp a&cJa&xJwGif (melting ice) xnfhí zef
>yefxJwGif mercury tedrfhqHk;odkYa&mufonfh level position udkrSwfí a&cJrSwf (freezing point) tjzpfowfrSwf
onf/ xdkYaemuf boiling jzpfaeaom distilled water xJudkxnfhí mercury level tjrifhqHk;wufonfh position
udkrSwfjyD; a&qlrSwf(boiling point) tjzpfowfrSwfonf/
 50
Boiling point ESifh freezing point ESpfcktMum;wGif divisions rsm;owfrSwfí scale rsm;qGJxm;onf/
Scale trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm -
Freezing Point Boiling Point Scale
Temperature Temperature Divisions
Celsius / Centigrade(C) 0º 100º 100
Absolute or Kelvin (K) 273º 373º 100
Fahrenheit (F) 32º 212º 180
Réamur (R) 0º 80º 80

Scale wpfckESifhwpfck convert vkyf&ef -

Celsius = (Fahrenheitº - 32º) × 5 / 9
Fahrenheit = (Celsiusº × 9 / 5) + 32º
Absolute = Celsius + 273º
Réamur = Celsiusº × 4 / 5

* Air Temp: = Thermometer udk local warm air current roufa&mufapbJ direct ray of the sun
wGif xm;jyD; zwfí&aom temp:.
* Ground Temp: = ajrjyifrStxuf 50 MM (2 inches) wGif horizontally xm;jyD; zwfí&aom
temp: (Shore Station rsm;omoH;k onf)
* Sea Temp: = Sea water bucket odr Yk [kwf canvas bucket xJwiG f ruGaJ tmif specially guarded
vkyfxm;aom thermometer udk sea water xJwGif trailed vkyfí zwf,lEdkifonf/ ¤if; thermometer rsm;r&SdvQif
discharge pipe rsm;ESifha0;aom forward of the vessel rS sea water udkoefY&Sif;aom a&yHk;jzifh cyf ,ljyD;
thermometer jzifh wdkif;,lEdkifonf/

HYDROMETER

Instructment for measuring density or relative density of fluids. t&nfwpfck\ odyfonf;qudk

wdkif;aomud&d,mjzpfonf/
¤if;\ principle rSm Law of Floatation yifjzpfonf/
Hydrometer jzifh sea water odkYr[kwf dockwater udkwdkif;&ef -
Hydrometer xnfhvQif vGwfvyfpGmay:Edkifrnfh yHk;wpfyHk;udk &SmjyD;? oefY&Sif;atmifjyKvkyfyg/ ¤if;aemuf
MudK;wpf acsmif;wyfjyD; oabFm\ discharge pipe rsm;ESifh vGwfuif;aom oabFm\ forward tydkif;rS sea water
udk (5)ay?ESifh (10) ay avmufteufrS cyf,lyg/ ¤if;aemuf deck ay:qGJwifjyD;? a&jidrfatmifxm;í hydrometer
udk vufn§dK;ESifhvufr toHk;jyKjyD; vSnfhay;yg/ (Surface tension) r&Sdatmifjzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf reading udkzwfyg/
Density ud& k &Srd nf/
Hydrometer udw k ikd ;f &mwGif temp: correction vkyaf y;&efvt
kd yfonf/ Standard temp: udk hydrometer
\ body wGif a&;xm;onf/ oabFm\ draft twGuf toH;k jyK&efEiS hf draft survey vky&f eftwGuf temp: correction
udk apply vkyf &ef rvdkyg/ Hydrometer udktoHk;jyK&aomtcsufrsm;rSm -
(1) Dockwater allowance wGu, f &l ef
(2) Draft survey vkyf&mwGif density wGuf&ef?
(3) Tanker rsm;ü qDwif&mwGif qD\ density udkwGuf&ef?
 51
CHRONOMETER

A very accurately constanced times piece with a ballance wheel that precludes errors through
change of temp: chronometer always records G.M.T use as a navigational time keeper on board.
Type 2 rsdK;½Sdonf/
1. Traditional marine chronometer .( 1735 wGif John Harrison wDxi
Go
f nf )
2. Electronic quartz crystal chronometer.
Traditional marine chronometer udk2 rsKd ;xkwx
f m;onf/
1. Two days chronometer.
2. Eight days chronometer.

Parts of maring chronometer and accessories.

1. Bowl . ( tcGH )
2. Bezel . ( glass face )
3. Chronometer box .
4. Compensating balance . (balance spring (or) wheel )
5. Drum .
6. Driving wheel and cone shaped spindle .
7. Escapement. ( Escape wheel )
8. Fusee chain .
9. Gimbals .
10. Locking washer .
11. Main spring .
12. Winding key . ( Tipsy keey )
13. Carrying case .
14. Cork wedges.
15. Tweezers . ( Zm*em )
16. Rating certificate.

Compensating balance
Various temp: wGif reasonably uniform rate udk maintain vkyE
f ikd &f efxrd ;f ay;aom wheel jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif
split brass nuts 2 ck diamatically wyfxm;aom cross bar yg0ifonf/ ¤if;onfback wards and forward swing
vkyaf eonf/ ¤if;onfescape wheel \Tooth wckjcif;pDukd regular intervals ( beats )jzif1h sec wGi2f ckEeI ;f jzifh a&GUaponf/

Drum
Main spring udt
k yk x
f m;aom drum jzpfonf/ main spring onf uncoils (jyefjynfxu
G o
f nf)&mwGi¤f if; drum
vnfonf/

Fuse chain
Drum wGiftpwbuf½SdNyD; useftpwpfbufonf cone shape spindle wGif½Sdonfh chain jzpfonf/ Main
spring uncoil jzpfvQif drum vnfNyD; ¤if;drum ESihf spindle wheel udq
k ufo,
G x
f m;onfh chain jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf
drum ay:wGif tywfaygif;rsm;pGm ywfxm;onf/
 52
Driving wheel and cone shape spindle
Cone shape spindle onfconical shape ½Sad omdrum jzpfonf/ cone shape spindle udk tipsy keey jzifw
h ind
vkyfvQif fusee chain onfcone shape spindle ay:wGifvmíywfaernf/ ¤if;tcsdefwGif main spring wif;oGm;rnf/
main spring uncoil jyefjzpfaomtcg fuse chain onf spindle rS uncoil jyefjzpfNyD; drum ay:wGijf yefywfrnf/
Spindle udk conical shape vkyx
f m;ojzifh fuse chain u main spring tm;aumif;aecsdef vnfEeI ;f jrefojzifh
fusee chain \movement constant jzpfaponf/
Escapement
Fusee chain movement udk pinions rsm; gear wheel rsm;jzifhqufoG,fNyD; escape wheel udkvnfaponf/
escape wheel \movement udk balancing spring jzifh regulate vkyo
f nf/ compensate vkyo
f nf/
Gimbals
Two ring pivoted at right angle to each other which keep a chrommeter or compass in horizontal plain
in all circumstances.
Locking washer
Gimble ay:wGicf hromometer udsk crew ESiz
hf rf;xm;NyD;4if; screw jyKwrf xGuaf tmif lock vkyx
f m;aom washer
Cork wedges
Chronometer udkduring transit wGif balance ESifh escape wheel wdkYudk portect vkyf&ef cork wedges
(3)ck inserted vkyfxm;onf/ 2ckudk balance wheel atmufwGifxnfhxm;NyD; 1ckudkescape wheel atmufwGifxnfh
xm;onf/ chronometer udk start rvkyfcif4if;wdkYudk tweezer jzifhjzKwfxkwf&efvdktyfonf/
Un packing and setting the new chronometer
1. Chronometer topfudk thing paper jzifh final wrapping vkyfxm;onf ¤if; thin paper udk cGmrxkwf
cif chronometer box xJrS dust ESifhtjcm; packing cover rsm;udk aocsmpGm½Sif;xkwfypfyg/
2. Gaimbal ring rS locking washer udk release vkyfNyD; box \a½SYbufem;wGif½Sdaom gaimbal ring screw udk
jzKwfxkwfyg/ clean and stable jzpfaomae&mwGifcsyg/
3. Glass face (bezel) udk anti-clockwise direction jzifv h n
S x
hf w k yf g/ (face) uduk pvkyNf yD; chronometer udn k mvuf
jzifhudkifí bezel udkb,fvufjzifh unscrew vkyfyg/
4. xdkYaemuf chronometer udkb,fbufvufodkYajymif;í nmvufay:odkYarSmufcsyg/ xdkYaemufbowel udb k ,f
bufvufjzifh rçxkwfyg/ xGufrvmvQif widing hole rS tipsy keel jzifh n§ifompGmxdk;csyg/
5. Chronometer movement \rnfonhf parts udr k Qvufjzifrh xd&yg/
6. Balance wheel atmufrS cork wedges 2 ckESifh escape wheel atmufrS cork wedges 1ckudk twizeer jzifh
qGJxkwfyg/
7. oefY½Sif;aomrD;jcpfqH odkYr[kwf cJwHxdyfjzifh balance wheel udk slight swing jzpfatmifvIyfay;yg/
8. Chronometer aumif;pGm start jzpfvQifrD;jcpfqHjzifh balance wheel udknSifompGm stop vkyfyg/
9. Bowl udjk yefwwfyg/ (morement \centre pin ESibfh owl rScentre wGi½ f adS omtaygufEiS hf wnfah tmif owdjyKí
xnfhyg/)
10. Bezel jyefwwfyg/ gimbal ay:wGijf yefwifyg/ Chronometer udk anytime wGisf tart vky& f ef ready jzpfygonf/
Winding the chrommeter
Gimbal ring ay:wGifnSifompGm face down jzpfatmif turn vkyfyg face down jzpfvQif b,fvufjzifh
aocsmpGmxdr;f xm;yg/ b,fvufrv S ufacsmif;wacsmif;jzifh dust cover udq k zJG iG yhf g/ nmzufvufjzifh tipsy keey udu k ikd Nf yD;d
h g/ antielockwise direction jzifh 1/2 turn aygif; 7 cgnSio
winding hole xJoYkdxnfy f mpGmvSnyhf g/ clock wise vSnrhf v
d Qif
ratchet wwfqifxm;ojzifh acsmfxGufoGm;rnf/ 2days chronometer onf 54 hours cHonf/aeYpOfsame time wGif
winding vkyfyg/ 8 days chronometer onf 8 days cHonf winding udk 7 &ufajrmufaeYwGif wcgjyefay;&rnf/
tcsdKUpmtkyft& 1/2 turn aygif; 41/2 turn udk every day at same time ay; &rnf[ka&;om;xm;onf/
Chronometer face wGi½
f adS om pointer onf aemufq;kH oHygwfay;NyD;csed rf pS í rnfrQomG ;cJNh yD;onf udjk yoonf/
 53
Starting the chronometer
Start vkyfcsifaomtcsdefwGif chronometer udk bodily twist (jerky move) vkyí
f start vkyfEdkifonf/

Starting the chronometer against the time signal

oHygwfukefoGm;aom (Run down) jzpfoGm;aom chronometer udk start vkyf&ef?
1. glass face udk unscrew vkyy
f g/
2. rdepfw\
H centre wGi½f adS om“square”wGif winding keey udw
k yfí rdrt
d csed w
f u
kd rf nhf time singal em&DoYakd &muf&efvn
S yhf g
(forward only omvSn&hf rnf/ aemufjyefvn
S v
hf Qif mechnism rsm;ysuo
f mG ;Edkifonf/)
3. puúefYwHudkvHk;0rudkif&yg/ 4if;udk 12h position odkYa&muf&efnSifomaom jerky move jzifhvIyfNyD;a&TUyg/
4. Glass face udjk yefyw
d yf g/
5. Chronometer ud k winding vk y f y g/ half turn 1cgomay;yg/ winding vk y f a epOf E S i f h n ormal posi-
tion jyefa&mufatmifvSnfh&mwGif accidental starting rjzpfatmiftxl;*½kpdkuf&rnf/
6. Time signal vmvQip
f uúeYf waH &mufaeaom position t& check vkyNf yD; start vkyyf g/[Radio time signal onf
every hour G.M.T wGif59m 54s rSpíoHw(kd 5)csufvmNyD; oH&n
S q
f ;kH onftcsdeo
f nf ¤if; em&Dtwdtusjzpfonf]
¤if;em&D twdtustcsdefwGif jerky move jzifh chronometer udk start vkyf&rnf/ xdkYaemuf uyf&uf vmrnfh
time signal wGiferror udk cheek jyefvkyfNyD; aocsmaomtcg usefaom half turn (6)cgudk winding
xyfvkyfyg/

Checking the chronometer error

Chrono error udkj zpf E d k i f o í check vk y f & rnf / od k Y a omf G.M.T ES i f h check vk y f & ef interval 10 &uf
xufrydkap&yg/
Error udkcheck vkyf&efenf;vrf;rsm;rSm-
1. Radio time signal (A.L.R.S vol 2 wGif detail ½So
d nf)/
2. Chronometer deport clock (chronometer xkwv
f yk jf zefYjzL;&mae&m)/
3. Telephone time signal. (owfrw
S x
f m;aom Ph: No.udq
k ufvQif Auto/ vlu,
kd w
f ikd v
f uf&dS time udak jymonf??)
4. Visual time signal ,©Kacmwfwi
Gt
f oH;k rjyKawmhyg/signal station rSyard arm wGifball wpfv;kH csdwfxm;NyD; excet
time a&mufvQif ¤if; ball udjk zKwc
f svu
kd o
f nf/ ¤if; station rsm;udk chart /sailing direction ESihf ALRS Vol 5 wGif
ay;xm;onf/
5. Sextant obs:of sun (or) stars .
(L.M.T merpass wGif LIT apply vkyfí G.M.T udk check vkyfonf)/

Regulation (slow & fast adjusting)

Balance wheel udk temperature effect aMumifh elicity rjzpfEdkifaom“elinvar” metal jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/
¤if; wheel wGif different metal 2ck oHk;xm;ojzifh temperature aMumifhexpansion jzpfjcif;udk wpfckESifhwpfck
nSx
d m;ojzifw
h heel \diameter udkconstance jzpfaponf/
Balance wheel wGifmental 2 ckuo
kd ;kH xm;ojzifo
h wfrw
S f temperature 2 ckwiG f chronometer onf correct
time udkkeep vkyo
f nf/4if;temperature 2 cktwGi;f chronometer onfgain jzpfNyD;? ¤if; temperature 2 ck\ outside
wGif chronometer onfLose jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifhchronometer \gaining / losing onftemperature ajymif;vJrIaMumifhbalance wheel diameter
ajymif;vJí jzpfay:onf/
1. Chronometer \movement udq k xJG w
k yf g/
2. Balance wheel udk vuf ndk;wGif tissue paper cHí stop vkyfyg/
 54
3. Balance wheel wGif½Sdaomcross bar \ opposite end wGifwyfxm;aom split brass nut 2vHk;udk
- Clock-wise vSnfhvQif balance wheel usOf;oGm;NyD; gain jzpfrnf/
- Anticlose-wise vSnfhvQif balance wheel us,foGm;NyD; lose jzpfrnfh approximate guide tjzpf split
brass nut \ slot tus,c
f efUvSnv
hf Qif rate onf 1SEC rQajymif;rnf/ regalate vky&f ef special screwdriver
oHk;& rnf/ ¤if; screw driver \ blade wGif slot (tayguf)yg0ifonf/

QUARTZ CRYSTAL CHRONOMETER

extremely accurate jzpfonf light jzpfNyD; easily carry vkwE

f ikd o
f nf dust ESihf moisture udk resist vkyEf ikd &f ef
sealed vkyfxm;onf/
Starting the quartz time signal
Chronometer udk housing xJrSjzKwfxkwfyg/ ¤if;aemufstop button udkESdyfyg/ em&DESifhrdepfvufwH udkvSnfh&ef
“hand set” knob udq
k x
JG yk Nf yD;vSnyhf g/ teD;qH;k vmrnfhtime signal udck sdeyf g/
Time signal vmonft
h csed w
f iG f stop botton udk release vkyyf g? housing wGijf yefwyfyg? as soon as possible
error udk check vkyfyg/
Battery replacements
Chronometer udk housing rSjzKwfyg? face plate \atmufwi
G u
f wfxm;aom spare battery udjk zKwfxw
k yf g/
vuf½Sd battery udk cover zGifhíjzKwfxkwfyg? battery topfudkxnfhyg/
Chainging date udak &;yg? housing wGijf yefwyfyg/
Battery jzKwfvJaepOf secondry energy udkem&DxJwGif store vkyfxm;aomaMumifhem&D&yfroGm;yg/ ¤if;onf
5 rdepfcefUcHonf/
Battery tm;udkjy&ef tcsdKUem&Drsm;wGif rDwmygonf/
Maintanance of chronometer
1. Handling
- athorise person rSvGJí tjcm;roufqdkifolrsm;rudkif&yg/
- winding vky&
f eftwGurf v
S í
JG chronometer box udrk zGi&hf /
- winding udk daily same time wGijf yKUvky&
f rnf/
- Temperature,damp air, dust r0ifEi
kd o
f nfah e&mwGif xm;&rnf/txl;ojzifh repaired jyKUvkyaf ecsdew
f iG f sudden
knocks ESihf magnetic influence rcHpm;&atmif *½kpu
kd &f rnf/
- Daily rate,maximun temperature and manimun temperature ESihf total error of instrument udk log xJ wGif
daily xnfo
h iG ;f &rnf/
- Chronometer udkrdrdudk,fwdkif clean vkyfjcif;? qDxnfhjcif;? repair vkyfjcif;rnfonfhtcgrQrvkwf&? vdktyfvQif
shore udkydkU&rnf/
2. Stowage
- Normaly chart room xHwGif store vkyfxm;&rnf/
- Electrical instrument rsm; mag:compass.position rsm;ESihf safe distance wGix
f m;&rnf/
- Chronometer udMk unf&
h ef presrex window (shutter rSef) wwfqifxm;&rnf/ Chart table wGif wyfqifxm;
&rnf/
3. Transporting
- Short distance yifjzpfygap instrument udk swing rvky&
f ef *½kpu
kd &f rnf gimbal udk lock vky&f rnf/
- Murf;jyifay:wGif csrxm;&/
 55
4. Cleaning and repair
- Every 2 years wcg competent technician jzifh clean vky&
f rnf ? r[kwv
f Qif makers xHyUkd í clean vky&f rnf/
5. Quartz chronometer
- tenf;qHk; 1 ESpf 1 cg battery vJ&rnf? battery meter udkMunfhí vdktyfvQif vJ&rnf/ (+/- aocsmMunf h í
xnfh&rnf) short circuit rjzpf&ef battery udk rMumcP check vk y f & rnf / pG wfp d k xikd ;f rd I i f ; rI r &Sad p&ef xm;
&rnf/

AZIMUTH MIRROR

Terestrial or celestial objects rsm;udk wduspGm bearing ,lEdkif&ef oHk;aom instrucment jzpfonf/ ¤if;
udk gyro repeater odrYk [kwf standard compass bowl wpfcck ck w k iG f fits jzpfatmifwifí toH;k jyKEikd o
f nf/ ¤if;udk
anodised aluminium ESihf brass a&míjyKvy k x
f m;jy;D reflecting prism udk support vky&f ef stand onf triangular
or circle yHkoP²mef design vkyfxm;onf/
Sun udk bearing ,l&ef power rygaom colour shade glass wyfqifxm;onf/ Sun \ reverse bearing
udk,lEkdif&ef shadow pin wyfqifxm;onf/ Modern ydkjzpfaom azimuth mirror rsm;wGif transit bearing
,lEdkif&eff shadow pin ESpfacsmif;yg0ifonf/
Bear udk wduspGm,lEkdif&ef prism \ axis onf tjrJwrf; horizontal jzpfaeap&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh prism
xnfx h m;aom frame xJwiG f prism alignment udk adjust vky&f ef small screw ESpcf &k o dS nf/ Reflector prism udk
rotate vkyfEkdif&ef arrow mark vkyfxm;onfh milled screw ESpfckudk wpfbufpDwGifxnfhxm;onf/
Altitude &Sa
d om objects rsm;udk bearing ,l&ef milled head screw rS arrow udk "Arrow up" xm;jy;D
object udk prism rS compass card ay:odkY reflect vkyfízwf&rnf/ Horizontal wGif&Sdaom objects rsm;udk
bearing ,l&ef milled head screw rS arrow udk "arrow down" vkyfí compass card xJrS degree wefzdk;udk
prism xJwGif reflect jzpfapjyD;zwf,l&rnf/

PELORUS

Azimuth mirror uJo h yYkd if bearing ,l&efo;kH aom portable instrument jzpfonf/ odaYk omf ¤if;onf vessel
rS standard odrYk [kwf gyro ESiq hf ufo, G jf cif;r&Syd g/ Magnetic power udo k ;kH xm;jcif;r&Syd g/ Pelorus jzifh oabFmay:&Sd
rnfonfah e&mrSrqdk bearing ,lEikd o f nf/ txl;ojzifh ships components rsm; (funnel, mast, accommodation)
ESifh bearing ,lvdkonfh objects rsm;uG,faevQif pelorus jzifh bearing ,lEdkifonf/
Pelorus wGif standard compass \ compass card twdi k ;f marking rsm;ygaom damp compass card
yg&SdjyD;? ¤if;udk freely vdkcsifonfhae&modkY a&TUEdkifonf/ xdkYaemuf lock vkyfí&onf/ xdkYtjyif ¤if;wGif lubber line
(vessel fore and aft direction udkjyaom line) ESifh sight vane rsm;yg0ifonf/
Vessel \vuf&dS course udk compass card ESihf lubber line wnfa h tmifcsed jf y;D lock vkyyf g/ Pelorus \
lubber line udk vessel \ fore and aft direction twdkif;jzpfatmifxm;jyD; sight vane jzifh bearing ,lvQif
standard compass odkYr[kwf gyro repeater rS bearing ,louJhodkY wefzdk;rsm;&Edkifonf/ Lubber line wGif
compass card \ 000º ESifhwnfhatmifcsdefjyD; bearing ,lvQif relative bearing &rnf/
tcsdKUoabFmrsm;wGif pelorus xm;&efae&mrsm; bridge wings rsm;wGifxm;&Sdonf/
 56

Circular
stand fitting
the top of the
compass bowl
Prism

Shadow pin

Sun shades

Lens

Arrow down - For surface/ land observations

Line of sight
Observer's
Target eye
area
Prism

Lens
Sight tube
Index
Pointer
Compass Card

Arrow up - For Observer's eye

celestial body

Direct ray from card

Lens

Sight tube
Compass Card

Image of sun or star

 57
FIRE

Type of Fire
Type "A" fire - Dry fire / organic j'yfaygif; (wood, paper, textiles, etc.)
Type "B" fire - Fire in combustable liquid (oil fire)
Type "C" fire - Fire in electrical equipment
Type "D" fire - Fire in light metals (owåKypön;f )
Type "E" fire - Petroleum gas
Type "F" fire - Spontaneously combustable substances. (Coal, Cotton, fish meal)
( D. J. House Seamanships Techniques Pg. 167 )

-F.F.E Class VII

-Fire Fighting Equipments rsm;ESihf Extinguishers rSm -
1. Fireman's out fit & breathing apparatus.
2. International shore connection.
3. Fire pumps, fire mains, hydrants and hoses nozzle.
4. Fire control plans.
5. portable fire extinguishers.
6. Fixed fire extinguisher.
7. Fire alarms systems.
8. Fire Blanket
- Accommodation fire.
- E / R fire.
- Cargo hold fire (in port & at sea)
- Gallery fire.

F.F.E. CLASS VII (CARGO SHIP)

(1) Vessel navigate vkyfaecsdefwGif crew or passenger a&mufEdkifaom ae&mtm;vHk;udk 2 jets of water
a&mufEdkif&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif any store room ESifh cargo space rsm; empty jzpfonfhtcsdefwGif 2 jets of
water a&mufEdkif&rnf/
GT 1000 ESifhtxuf vessel wGif power fire pump tenf;qHk; ESpfvHk;&Sd&rnf/ Fire pump wpfvHk;pDwHk;
onf hydrant ESpfckrS water jet ESpfckudk wpfjydKifwnf; pressure twlwl xGufaeap&rnf/
GT 500 ESifh 1000 Mum;wGif fire pump ESpfvHk;&Sd&rnf/ Pump wpfvHk;onf hydrant wpfckudk pressure
aumif;pGm xkwfay;Edkif&rnf/ Pump wpfvHk;pDjzifharmif;aom Pressure ESpfckwl&rnf/
(2) Emergency fire pump udk GT 500 ESit hf xuf oabFmwdik ;f wGif wyfqifxm;&rnf/ ¤if; pump onf puf
cef;\tjyifbufwGif&Sd&rnf/ GT 500 ESifh 1000 Mum; vessel rsm;\ emergency fire pump onf
manual operate jzpfEdkifjyD; GT 1000 txufwGif power pump jzpf&rnf/
Fire main &Sd&rnf? water service pipe rsm;ESifh hydrant rsm;&Sd&rnf/
GT 1000 ESifhtxufwGif 30 M (100 ft.) wdkif;wGif fire hose tenf;qHk;wpfck&Sd&rnf/ oabFmwpfpD;vHk;
twGuf tenf;qHk; fire hose ig;ck&Sd&rnf/ &SdorQ fire hose rsm;\t&Snfonf oabFmt&Snf\ 60% &Sd
&rnf/ Hose tydkwpfacsmif;yg&rnf/
GT 500 ESifh 1000 Mum;wGif fire hose tenf;qHk;ESpfacsmif;&Sd&rnf/ ¤if; hose ESpfacsmif;\t&Snfonf
oabFmt&Snf\ 60% &Sd&rnf/ Hose wpfacsmif;tydkyg&rnf/
Oil fire boiler or internal combustion propelling machinery space rsm;wGif tenf;qHk; hydrant
ESpfck&Sd&rnf/ wpfbufwGif wpfckxm;&rnf/ Spray Nozzle wyfxm;&rnf/
(3) &SdorQ accommodation space wdkif;ESifh service spaces rsm;wGif portable fire extinguisher tenf;qHk;
wpfckpDxm;&rnf/ GT 1000 ESifhtxufqdkvQif tenf;qHk; ig;vHk;yg&rnf/ GT 500 ESifh 1000 Mum;wGif
tenf;qHk; 3 vHk;yg&rnf/ Spare charge rsm;yg&rnf/
(4) GT 2000 ESit hf xuf oabFmrsm;wGif cargo space rsm;udk umuG,&f eftwGuf fixed fire smothering gas
installation &Sd&rnf/ Gas tpm; steam udk explosive rygaomtcef;rsm;twGuf tpm;xdk;Edkifonf/
Tanker rsm;wGif foam udktpm;xdk;Edkifonf/ Tanker rsm;rSvGJí -
(i) Steel hatch cover &SdjyD;? &SdorQtayguftm;vHk;udk ydwfEdkifonfh vessel rsm;?
(ii) Ore, Coal, Grain only omo,faqmifaomoabFmrsm;?
 58
(iii) Short vuoyage oGm;aomoabFmrsm;wGif gas installation rwyfvQifvnf;&onf/ uif;vGwfcGifh
ay;xm;onf/
(5) Oil - fired boilers or oil - burning equipment &Sad om machinery spaces rsm;wGif fixed fire extinguishing
installation &Sd&rnf/ ¤if;onf -
(i) Boiler Room xJwi G f 30 gallons (136 litres) qefo Y nfh foam extinguisher wpfv;kH (od)Yk 45 Kg (100
lbs.) qefYaom CO2 extinguisher wpfvHk;&Sd&rnf/
(ii) Portable foam applicator wpfcE k iS hf firing space wpfcpk w D ikd ;f twGuf portable fire extinguisher
ESpfvHk;&Sd&rnf/ oJESifh a*:jym; (SCOOP) &Sd&rnf/
(6) Internal combustion type machinery &Sdaom machinery spaces rsm;wGif pressure water spraying
system or smothering gas installation or HHC system wpfc& k &dS rnft h jyif 45 litres foam extinguisher
wpfvHk; odkYr[kwf 16 Kg. capacity &Sdaom CO2 wpfvHk;&Sd&rnf/
Space wpfckvHk;udk cover jzpfrnfh vHkavmufaom portable extinguisher rsm;&Sd&rnf/
(7) Steam engine ygaom machinery space rsm;wGif ¤if; steam engine udk main engine odr Yk [kwf auxiliary
engine tjzpfo;kH rnfqv kd Qif engine power onf 375 Kw &Scd v hJ Qif ¤if; engine twGuf fixed installation
wpfck odkYr[kwf 45 litres foam wpfvHk; odkYr[kwf 16 Kg CO2 wpfvHk;&Sd&rnf/
Space wpfckvHk;udk cover jzpfrnfh vHkavmufaom portable extinguisher rsm;&Sd&rnf/
(8) Fire detection and alarm system rsm;udk engine room xJwGif remote control jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
auto jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&GufEdkif&ef wyfqifxm;&rnf/
(9) Fireman's outfit rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; o,faqmif&rnf/
GT 500 ESifh 2500 Mum;wGif 2 pHk?
GT 2500 ESifh 4000 Mum;wGif 3 pHk?
GT 4000 ESifhtxuf 4 pHk?
Fireman's outfit wpfcktwGuf air-hose type breathing apparatus wpfckyg0ifjyD; usefaom fireman's
outfit rsm;twGuf self-contained type jzpf&rnf/ wpfpHkESifhwpfpHk wwfEdkifoí cGJxm;&rnf/
(10) International shore connection wpfco k ,faqmif&rnf/ ¤if;udk oabFm\rnfonfh side wGirf qdk wyfqifEikd f
atmif pDpOfxm;&rnf/
(11) GT 500 atmufoabFmrsm;twGuf reduce scale jzifho,faqmifEdkifonf/

Fire Pumps
Emergency fire pump rSvGJí oabFmwGif&Sdaom fire pump rsm;onf total require capacity \ 80%
udkay;Ekdif&rnf/ Emergency pump tygt0if pump wpfckpDwdkif;\ capacity onf not less than 25 M3 / h
&Sd&rnf/ Cargo ship wpfpD;\ total require capacity of fire pump onf 180 M3 / h xufrsm;&efrvdkyg/
- Cargo ship 1000 tons gross ESifhtxufwGif independent fire pump atleast (2)vHk;&Sd&rnf/
- Diesel power fire pump onf 0º C temp: wGif manually vufjzifhvSnfhí vG,fulpGmEdk;Edkif&rnf/
- Pump \ service tank xJwGif fuel tenf;qHk; 3 h armif;Edkifatmif &Sdae&rnf/ Pump onf 15 h
contineous armif;Edkif&rnf/ Suction head of pump wdkif;onf in service wGif under all
condition of list, trim, roll and pitch wGif a&pkyfEdkifatmif vkyfxm;&rnf/
- Emergency fire pump onf E/R xJwGifr&Sd&/ ¤if;twGuf source of power onfvnf; E/R
xJwGifr&Sd&/

Fire Main
- Fire main ESihf service pipe rsm;\ diameter onf fire pump ESpv f ;kH operate vkyEf ikd &f ef sufficient
jzpf&rnf/ odkYaomf cargo ships rsm;wGif 140 M / h jzifh discharge vkyfEdkif&efom sufficient jzpfzdkY
3

vdkonf/
- Hydrant wpfcw
k iG &f adS om maximum pressure onf fire hose wpfcck EH ikd rf nfh pressure xufrydak p&/

Fire Hose
- Administration u approved vkyaf om non-perishable material ESijhf yKvy
k jf y;D ? ¤if;wdt
Yk oH;k jyKaom
space twGuf sufficient length &S&
d rnf/
- Number, diameter of fire hose onf administration u satisfy jzpfonfy h rmP &S&d rnf/
 59
Nozzles
- Accommodation twGuf 12 MM xufrMuD;ap&/
- Machinery space rsm;twGuf 19 MM xufydkrMuD;ap&/
- tjcm;ae&mrsm;twGuf 16 MM size rsm;vnf;oHk;Ekdifonf/
Fireman's Outfit
Personal Equipment
(1) Steam ESifh fire rS radiation heat udk umuG,fay;Edkifrnfh protective clothing wpfpHk? ¤if;\ outer
surface onf water-resistance jzpf&rnf/
(2) Rubber odkYr[kwf vQyfppfrul;Edkifaom material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onfh boots and gloves
(3) Impact 'PfudkumuG,fEdkifrnfh rigid helmet wpfvHk;?
(4) Electric safety lamp wpfvHk;? ¤if;onf tenf;qHk; 3 em&Dvif;&rnf/
(5) Axe wpfacsmif;? ¤if;onf administration u satisfaction jzpf&rnf/

Breathing Apparatus
(1) Smoke helmet or smoke mask wpfck? ¤if;onf air pump ESifh sufficient length &Sdaom air hose
yg&rnf/ Air hose t&Snfonf 36 M xufausmfvGefvQif self-contained breathing apparatus jzifh
toHk;jyK&rnf/
(2) (Self-contained breathing apparatus ¤if;wGif 1200 litres qefaY om odr Yk [kwf 30 min toH;k jyKEikd af om
air cylinders rsm;yg0if&rnf/ ) Spare charges rsm; oabFmay:wGif&Sd&rnf/ Passenger 36 a,mufxuf
ydko,faom passenger ship rsm;wGif spare charge tenf;qHk; 2 ckyg0if&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif air cylinder
rsm;udk interchangable vkyfEdkif&rnf/ Sufficient length &Sdaom fire proof life line ESifh snap hook
yg0if&rnf/
B.A wGif bellow type ESifh self contained [líESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/
Bellow type wGi-f
- Smoke mask or smoke helmet wpfck?
- E/R ESifh carog hole \ ae&mwdkif;udk open deck rS hatch way or door way rsm;ESifh well clear
jzpfEdkifonfh vHkavmufaomt&Snf&Sdonfh corrogated fire proof air hose, not more than 36 M
wpfacsmif;?
- Sufficient air ay;Edkifonfh bellow or air pump wpfvHk;yg&Sdonf/
Self contained type wGif -
- Compressed air 1200 liters yg0ifaom air cylinder wpfvHk; odkYr[kwf ESpfvHk;?
- yg0ifaomavonf tenf;qHk; 30 min. tvkyfvkyfEdkifatmif vHkavmufrI&Sd&rnf/
- pressure guage onf cylinder xJrS air pressure enf;oGm;vQif alarm jrnf&rnf/
Type ESpfrsdK;pvHk;wGif HARNESS (odkif;MudK;) odkYr[kwf separate belt ESifh attached vkyfEdkifaom snap
hook ygonfh vHak vmufaom t&Sn& f adS om fire proof life line wpfacsmif;&S&d rnf/ ¤if; life line udq
k v
JG Qif B.A.
jyKwfrxGufap&/ (Life line csdwf&ef belt udk B.A. \twGif;ydkif;wGif 0wfqif&rnf/ )
Life line jzifh operate vkyfaom signal rsm;rSm
bellow type wGif wpfcsufqGJvQif avQmh(slack)
ESpfcsufqGJvQif avydkay; (more air)
oHk;csufqGJvQif csufcsif;xGufcJh^ qGJwif
Self contained type wGif - wpfcsufqGJvQif avQmhay;
ESpfcsufqGJvQif csufcsif;xGufcJh^ qGJwif

B.A ud k check vk y f & ef (Monthly)

(1) Emergency by-pass control udk aocsmydwfyg/
(2) Cylinder valve rsm;udkzGifhyg? set xJwGif pressure rsm;vmaomaMumifh alarm jrnfrnf? xdktcsdefwGif
pressure gauge udkMunfhjyD; cylinder rsm; fully charge jzpfrjzpf ppfaq;yg/
(3) Apparatus xJwGif air leakage &SdvQif toHMum;&rnf/ vdktyfvQif leakage ae&mrsm;udk aocsmpGm
ppfaq;jyD; tight vkyfyg? over tight rjzpfap&ef owdjyKyg/
(4) Cylinder valve rsm;udk jyefydwfjyD;? pressure gauage udk jyefppfyg/ Gauge rSrDwmonf 30 sec. twGif;
zero odkY jyefrusap&/
(5) Mask rS demand valve diaphragm udk zdí air hose xJrSavrsm;ukefatmifvkyfyg/
(6) Pressure gauge shut off valve udy k w
d jf y;D cylinder valve rsm;udk jyefziG yhf g/ Pressure gauge onf zero
wGifjyae&rnf/
 60
(7) Pressure shut off valve udk jyefziG yhf g/ xdaYk emuf emergency by-pass control udk jznf;jznf;csi;f jyefziG yhf g/
k cgavrsm;onf demand valve rSwpfqifh xGuv
xdt f monft
h oHuMkd um;&rnf/ xdt
k cg control udjk yefywd yf g/
(8) Cylinder valve rsm;udk jyefydwfyg/ Demand valve udkzdí avrsm;xkwfyg/ Pressure gauge rSrDwmonf
avQmhusvmonf 43 ATS (44.5 kg/m3 ) odkYa&mufvQif alarm jrnf&rnf/

B.A 0wfqif&ef -
(1) Mask rS visor (rSef) udk clean vkyfyg/
(2) B.A udk0wfqif&ef harness udk fit jzpfatmif adjust vkyfyg/
(3) Cylinder valve rsm;udkzGifhjyD;? mask udkwyfyg/ Mask \tay:rS side straps ESpfckudk t&ifqGJwif;yg/ jyD;rS
atmufrS straps ESpfckudk qGJwif;yg/
(4) Demand valve ESifh exhalation valve rsm; properly function vkyfrvkyfod&ef avudk oHk;av;MudrfcefY
deeply ½IoGif;^xkwfyg/
(5) Cylinder valve rsm;jyefydwfjyD; vufusefavr&Sdatmif ½Ixkwfyg/
(6) avudk jyif;pGm½Iyg/ xdktcg mask onf rsufESmwGif wif;MuyfpGmuyfvmvQif mask ESifh valve rsm; air tight
jzpfaMumif; odEdkifonf/
(7) Cylinder valve rsm;udk zGifhyg/ toHk;jyK&ef ready jzpfonf/
(xkwfvkyfol\ design t& B.A wpfckESifhwpfck operation uGmjcm;aomfvnf; principle rSm twlwlyif
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh toHk;rjyKcif instruction udkaocsmpGmzwf&rnf/ Drill rsm;wGifvnf; pratice vkyfí
familiar jzpfatmif toHk;jyKxm;oifhonf/)

International Shore Connection

(1) GT 500 ESifhtxuf oabFmwdkif;wGif tenf;qHk;wpfckyg0if&rnf/

(2) Either side of the ship wGif connect vkyfEdkif&rnf/
(3) Standard dimensions rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
Outside Diameter 178 mm
Inside Diameter 64 mm
Bolt Circle Diameter 132 mm
Bolt hole (4 ayguf) Diameter 19 mm
Bolt Diameter 16 mm
Bolt Length 50 mm
Flange Thickness 14.5 mm (Min.)
Gasket 1 pcs (Max: Pressure 1.0 N/mm2 )
Washers 8 pcs
(4) International Shore Connection udk Steel or other suitable material jzifhjyKvkyfjyD; 1.0 N/mm2
pressure udkcHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
(5) International Shore Connection \ face wpfbufonf flat jzpfjyD; tjcm;wpfbufonf oabFmrS
hydrant ESifh hose udk permanently attach vkyfEdkifap&rnf/
(6) ¤if;udk tjcm;udpötwGuf toHk;rjyK&? tvG,fwul&,lEdkifrnfhae&mrSm xm;&rnf/ (Bridge)

Fire Control Plan

(a) Ship's Officer rsm;udk Guidance ay;&ef oabFm\ Deck wdik ;f wGif Fire Control Plan udk permanently
azmfjyxm;&rnf/ ¤if; Plan wGif atmufygtcsufrsm; yg&Sd&rnf/
(1) Control Stations
(2) A class division ESifh B class divisions [lí various fire section rsm;udk enclosed vkyfí
owfrSwfjcif;
(3)Particular of fire detection and fire alarm systems
(4)Sprinkler installation
(5)Fire Extinguishing appliances.
(6)Means of access to different compartments & decks etc.
(7)The position of dampers and identification numbers of the ventilating fans serving each
station rsm;yg0ifonf/
(b) tao;pdwf booklet pmtkyfwGif a&;om;azmfjy&rnf/
Copy rsm;udk officer wdkif;xHay;xm;&rnf/ ukrÜPDudkvnf; one set ay;&rnf/
One copy vlwdkif; tvG,fwuljrifEdkifwJhae&mwGifxm;&rnf/ (up to date)
 61
Company oHk; language jzifhazmfjyxm; (Oyrm - English (or) French (odkY) translation vkyfay;xm;)&
rnf/
Deck House tjyifbufwi G f water tight container (Bullet) aZmufx;kd xm;&rnf/ Gangway Entrance
2 bufpvHk;wGifxm;&rnf/ L.S.A, F.F.E xm;wJhae&mrsm;udkvnf;odEdkif&rnf/

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

(1) Fire Extinguisher rsm;onf approved vkyfxm;aom type and design rsm;jzpf&rnf/
(2) Fluid Medium toH;k jyKxm;aom portable fluid fire extinguisher rsm;\ capacity volume onf not
more than 13.5 litres and not less than 9 litres jzpf&rnf/
(3) Fluid medium r[kwaf om tjcm; medium rsm;udo k ;kH xm;onfh extinguisher rsm;onf fluid extinguisher
uJhodkY portable jzpf&rnf/ rD;jidrf;owfEdkifonfh pGrf;&nfonfvnf; tenf;qHk; 9 litres fluid extinguisher
ESifh nDrQ&rnf/
(4) Extinguisher rsm;twGuf spare charges rsm;udk administration u owfrw
S af y;xm;onft
h wdik ;f oabFm
ay:wGif o,faqmifxm;&Sd&rnf/
(5) vludk tEÅ&m,fjzpfapEdkifavmufonfh yrmPyg0ifaom toxic gas medium rsm;udk roHk;&/ Administra-
tion uwm;jrpf&rnf/
(6) Portable foam applicator onf fire main ESiq hf ufo,G Ef ikd af om air-foam nozzle wyfqifxm;onfh fire
hose wpfacsmif;yg0if&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif 20 litres foam liquid yg0ifaom portable tank wpfvHk;ESifh
spare tank wpfvHk;yg0if&rnf/ Nozzle onf oil fire udk jidrf;owfEdkifrnfh foam rsm;udk tenf;qHk; 1.5
m3/min. EIef;jzifhxkwfEdkif&rnf/
(7) Extinguisher rsm;udk periodically test and examine vky& f rnf/
(8) Space wpfcktwGuf toHk;jyK&efxm;aom extinguisher onf ¤if; space \ entrance wGifxm;&rnf/
(9) Accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations rsm;wGif appropriate type extinguisher
rsm;udk administration \awmif;qdck sut f wdik ;f vHak vmufaomta&twGuf &S&d rnf/ GT 1000 ESit hf xuf
oabFmwdkif;wGif tenf;qHk; portable extinguisher 5 vHk;o,f&rnf/

Portable Extinguisher twGut f oH;k jyKaom Medium rsm;rSm -

Water (1) CO2 Expelled Type
(2) Soda Acid Type
Water onf rD;jir d ;f owf&mü heat udak vQmah y;onfh cooling affect &aponf/ ¤if;tjyif steam tjzpfajymif;
vJjy;D oxygen udzk ,fxw k of nfh smothering affect ud&k aponf/ ¤if;\ disadvantage rsm;rSm vessel \
stability udkxdcdkufaponf/ Oil fire twGuf tvkyfrjzpfyg/ Salt water onf vQyful;aumif;onf/
oabFm\ component rsm;udk ysufpD;aponf/ tcsdKU substances rsm;onf a&ESifhxdaomtcg toxic
odkYr[kwf explosive gas rsm;jzpfay:aponf/
Foam (1) Mechanical Foam Type
(2) Chemical Foam Type
rD;jidrf;owf&mwGif smothering affect udk&aponf/ txl;ojzifh oil fire twGuf oifah vsmo f nf/ Engine
room rsm;ESifh tanker vessel rsm;wGif cargo spaces rsm;twGuf operate vkyf&efoHk;onf/ ¤if;\
disadvantage rsm;rSm vQyful;aumif;jyD;? rD;jidrf;oGm;aomtcg cleaning jyefvkyf&cufonf/
CO2
CO2 gas \ characteristics rsm;rSm -
(1) It is a non-flammable gas.
(2) It is colourless.
(3) It is odourless.
(4) It is readily available in almost every port of the world.
(5) It is comparatively cheap compared, say, to Halon.
(6) Systems may incorporate smoke detector units.
(7) It may be kept either in 45 kg cylinders or in bulk storage tanks.
(8) Normal temperature of liquified CO2 is -20º C.
¤if;onf rD;jird ;f owf&mwGif smothering affect udak y;onf/ Cargo rsm; damage rjzpfyg/ Compartment
rsm;odkY vsifjrefpGm xkwfvTwfEdkifonf/ Disadvantage rsm;rSm limited quantity onfom oabFmay:
wGif&Sdonf/ avxufydkav;aomaMumifh tay:,H surface rsm;odkY rD;rjidrf;Edkif? package rsm;Mum;wGi&f adS om
rD;rsm;udk rjidrf;owfEdkif/
 62
Dry Powder
Smothering and starving affect ay;onf/ txl;ojzifh electrical fire ESifh class A fire rsm;twGuf
oifhavsmfonf/ Disadvantage rSm extinguisher xJwGif limited quantity om&SdjyD;? rD;jidrf;owfjyD;aemuf
cleaning jyefvy
k &f cufco
J nf/
CO2 Expelled Type (Water Medium)
Outer Container xJwGif water xnfhxm;jyD; CO2 bottle cylinder xJwGif CO2 udk compressed vkyf
íxnfhxm;onf/
Safety clip udkjzKwfí striker knob udk½dkufvdkufvQif piercer (oHcRef) u CO2 bottle seal udkazmufjyD;
CO2 rsm; pressure jzifhxGufvmrnf/ xGufvmaom CO2 rsm;u outer container xJ&Sd a&rsm;udk wGef;xkwfojzifh
hose rSa&rsm; yef;xGufvmonf/

Soda Acid Type (Water Medium)

Outer container xJwi G f sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3 ) azsm&f nfxnfx h m;jy;D inner glass container
xJwGif sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ) udkxnfhxm;onf/
Safety clip udjk zKwí
f striker knob ud½k u
kd v
f Qif glass container uGjJ y;D chemical reaction jzpfum water
rsm; pressure jzifh hose rSwpfqifh xGufvmrnf/

NaHCO3 + H2SO4 = NaHSO4 + H2O + CO2

Mechanical Foam Type (Foam Medium)

Outer container xJwGif water xnfhxm;jyD; inner container plastic bag xJwGif foam concentrate
rsm;xnfhí foam concentrate rsm;xJwGif CO2 bottle cylinder udkxnfhxm;onf/
 63
Safety clip udkjzKwfí striker knob udk½dkufvQif CO2 bottle aygufjyD; xGufvmaom CO2 pressure
aMumifh plastic bag uGjJ y;D foam concentrate ESihf a&a&mí foam rsm; hose rSxuG v
f monf/ xGuv f maom foam
rsm;udk hose \xdyfwGif&Sdaom control trigger jzifh vdkovdk xkwfEdkifonf/
Chemical Foam Type (Foam Medium)
Inner container wGif aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4 )3 ] / powder A xnfx h m;jy;D outer container wGif
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ) / powder B azsmf&nfxnfhxm;onf/
Extinguisher udk up side down vkyfí striker knob udk&dkufjyD; vIyfay;vdkufvQif chemical reaction
jzpfjyD; foam rsm; hose rS xGufvmonf/ vdktyfovdk hose \xdyfrS contrl trigger jzifh xdef;Edkifonf/

CO2 Type (Gas Medium)

Heavy steel bottle xJwi G f CO2 udk pressure jzifh compress vkyíf liquid condition jzifx
h nfx
h m;onf/
Safety clip udjk zKwí
f striker knob ud½k u kd v
f Qif CO2 gas rsm; pressure jzifx
h u
G v
f mrnf/ xGuv f maom
CO2 gas onf tvGefat;aomaMumifh hose \xdyfwGif bell mouth / horn udkwyfxm;jyD; control trigger jzifh
vdktyfovdk xdef;Edkifonf/

Dry Powder (Powder Medium)

Outer container xJwi G f aluminium bicarbonate ESifh magnesium 2% a&mxm;aom powder rIerYf sm;
xnfhxm;jyD; ¤if; power rIefYrsm;tv,fwGif CO2 bottle cylinder udkxnfhxm;onf/
Safety clip udkjzKwfí striker knob udk½dkufvQif CO2 bottle rS seal aygufoGm;jyD; CO2 rsm; pressure
jzifhxGufvmrnf/ xdktcg powder rIefYrsm;onf inner container xJ&Sd hose \ weak point udkazmufjyD; hose
rS xGufvmrnf/ ¤if; Power rIefYrsm;udk control trigger jzifh vdktyfovdk xdef;Edkifonf/

Portable Extinguisher Maintenance

CO2 expelled type wGif water level ESifh CO2 bottle udk check vkyf&rnf/
Soda acid type wGif sulphuric acid \ concentrated (jyif;tm;) ESifh level udk check vkyf&rnf/
sodium bi carbonate aysmf&nf level udkvnf; check vkyf&rnf/
Chemical foam Type wGif inner container xJrS aluminium sulphate rsm;\ condition ESihf sodium
bicarbonate aysmf&nf level udk check vkyf&rnf/
CO2 type wGif extinguisher wpfcv k ;kH \ weight udck sed &f rnf/ &S&d rnfh weight xuf 10% avsmeh nf;vQif
refill vky&
f rnf/
Dry powder type wGif CO2 bottle ESifh powder rIefYrsm;\ condition udk check vkyf&rnf/
Extinguisher tm;vHk;\ safety pin rsm;ESifh okwfxm;aom aq;rsm;\ condition udk check vkyf&rnf/ Last
service date ESifh bottle wpfckpD\ location t& rSwfom;xm;aom number rsm;udk odomxif&Sm;atmif azmfjy
xm;&rnf/
Extinguisher rsm;wGif okwf&rnfh colour rsm;rSm -
Water = signal red
Foam = cream
 64
Powder = french blue
CO 2 = black
Halon = green
(a&eD? aygifjym? zkef;c&if(r)? umbvuf? a[vGefpdrf;)

FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHER

CO2 , HHC, inert gas, steam, foam and pressure water spraying
GT 1000 ESit hf xuf oabFmrsm;wGif fixed gas fire extinguishing system or fixed high expension
foam fire extinguishing system &S&
d rnf/
CO2 carbon dioxide system -
(1) Cargo space rsm;twGuf oabFmwGi&
f adS om largest cargo space \ 30% twGuf vHak vmufaomyrmP
&Sd&rnf/
(2) Machinery space rsm;twGuf largest machinery space wGif engine casing twGuf xnfr h wGuof nfh
volume \ 40% twGuf vHak vmufaomyrmP&S& d rnf/ (Engine casing ygxnfw
h u
G v
f Qif space wpfcv
k ;kH \
35% twGuf vHkavmufaomyrmP&Sd&rnf/)
(3) o,faqmif&rnfh CO2 yrmPudkwGuf&mwGif vdktyfonfh volume \ 0.56 m3 / Kg. EIef;jzifh wGufío,f
aqmif&rnf/
(4) Machinery space rsm;twGuf toHk;jyK&rnfh CO2 yrmP\ 85% udk 2 min. twGif; fixed pipe line
rsm;jzifh discharge vkyfEdkif&rnf/
(5) CO2 system installation wGif CO2 release vky& f ef separate control (2)ck&&dS rnf/ Control wpfco
k nf
CO2 rsm;udk store vkyfxm;aom storage container rsm;udk discharge vkyf&efjzpfjyD;? aemufwpfckonf
CO2 discharge vkyfrnfh space twGuf pipe line rsm;\ valve udkzGifh&efjzpfonf/ rnfonfh control
udkrqdk toHk;jyKvQif alarm jrnfatmif pDpOfxm;&rnf/
(6) Control ESpfckpvHk;onf release box xJwGif&Sd&rnfjzpfjyD;? oufqdkif&m space rsm;twGuf clearly iden-
tified vkyfxm;&rnf/ ¤if; release box udk lock vkyfxm;&rnf/ ¤if; lock twGuf key onf release
box \ teD;tem;wGif brake-glass type (cGJí&aomrSeftdrf) enclosure xJwGif&Sd&rnf/

Operation
CO2 cylinder batteries rsm;xnfx h m;onfh CO2 room \ tjyifbufwiG &f adS om release box \ locker
door udk key jzifh zGifhvQif oabFmwpfpD;vHk; Mum;&rnfh alarm jrnfrnf/
3 ways valve rS sampling pipe rS smoke detector odkY oGm;rnfh pipe line udkydwfí cargo hold
odrYk [kwf engine room odo Yk mG ;rnfh pipe line udzk iG rhf nf/ xdaYk emuf CO2 vTwrf nfh engine room odrYk [kwf cargo
hold rsm;wGif&Sdaom vlwpfa,mufrSrusefatmif ppfaq;rnf/ Ventilator ESifh escape rsm; water type door rsm;
udkvHkatmifydwfí activation handle udkqGJí pilot bottle odkYr[kwf CO2 starting cylinder rsm;udk zGifhrnf/
¤if; pilot bottle rsm;rS CO2 gas rsm;onf CO2 cylinder battery rsm;udk zGifhrnfh MudK;ESifh qufxm;aom
piston udkwGef;jyD; CO2 bottle rsm;udkzGifhrnf/ xGufvmaom CO2 rsm;onf oufqdkif&m pipe line rsm;rSwpfqifh
engine room odkYr[kwf cargo hold xJodkYa&mufoGm;onf/

Halogenated hydrocarbon system (HHC, BTM, CF3Br)

(1) HHC udk machinery space ESifh pump room rsm;twGufom toHk;jyK&ef permit vkyfonf/ Cargo
space rsm;wGif vehicle rsm;rSvGJí tjcm; cargo rwifaom space rsm;twGufom cGifhjyKrnf/
(2) Total flooding system twGuf toHk;jyK&mwGif -
- power release vkyf&ef manual jzifhomvkyf&rnf/
- protected space udk HHC rvTwfcif ventilation ESifh fan system rsm; automatic stop jzpfatmif
pDpOfxm;&rnf/ Dampers ESifh ventilator rsm;udk manually close vkyfEdkifatmif pDpOfxm;&rnf/
- gas tm;vHk;udk less than 20 sec. twGif; release vkyfEdkif&rnf/

Halon wGif atmufyg characteristics rsm;&Sdonf/ -

(1) Boiling point at 1 bar -57.8º C
(2) Freezing point -168º C
(3) Critical temperature 67º C
(4) Critical pressure 39.64 bar
(5) Critical density 74 kg / m3
(6) Density in liquid state at 20º C 1.574 kg / m3
(7) Density in gaseous state at 20º C 115.6 kg / m3
 65
¤if;onf colourless, odourless, non-conductive jzpfjyD; avxuf 1.57 time ydkíav;onf/ ¤if;onf
extinguishing agent xuf inhibiting agent tjzpftvkyv f yk o
f nf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS avmifaeaomrD;rS avmifpmESihf
oxygen \ chemical reaction udkjzwfawmufay;onf/ Gas state wGif non-corrosive jzpfjyD; a&xJwGifaysmf
vQif highly corrosively jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk 4-5 min. txd ½SLrdaomoltwGuf toxic rjzpfyg/ CO2 xuf tq
oHk;q,f ydkíaps;MuD;onf/ Space wpfck\ 5% udk jznfhvQif rD;jidrf;owfEdkifonf/
Halon \ advantages rsm;rS m -
(1) It is a clean gas and leaves no residue.
(2) It is easy and safe to store.
(3) Electrically it is non-conductive.
(4) It penetrates into all areas of the compartment containing the fire.
(5) It suppresses incipient fires.
(6) It is ideal for automatic release.
(7) It possesses a low working concentration, which allows a relative safe working atmosphere for
personnel.
(8) It extinguishes the fire quickly and efficiently.

¤if ; \ disadvantages rsm;rSm-

(1) It is expensive by present-day standards.
(2) It has a slightly narcotising effect on personnel who are over-exposed to it.
(3) Large injection areas are generally required in pipes to deliver an effective volume of the gas.
(4) It is ineffective against chemicals containing their own oxidiser.

Fire Detector and Alarm System

Fire detector wGif smoke, heat, visual detector rsm;&Sdonf/
Smoke detector rsm;udk stairways, corridors, escape route within accommodation spaces rsm;ESihf
ventilation duct rsm;wGif wyfqif&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYudk wyfqifonfhae&mrsm;onf air flow udkxdcdkufapEdkifonfh
beams, vetilation ducts rsm;em;wGifrjzpf&/ xdcdkufrIaMumifh ysufpD;Edkifonfhae&mrsm;wGifvnf; rxm;&/ Over
head position rsm;wGifwyfqifjyD;? bulk head rsm;ESifh tenf;qHk; 0.5 M uGmonfhae&mrsm;wGif wyfqif&ef/
Detector rsm;\ maximum spacing rsm;onf atmufygtwdkif;jzpf&rnf/

Type of detector Max: Area Max: dist: apart Max: dist: fr. B.H
Heat 37 M2 9M 4.5 M
Smoke 74 M2 11 M 5.5 M

Smoke detector onf 1 M distance twGif 12.5% xuf rD;cdk;rrsm;cif operate vkyf&rnf/ odkYaomf
2% xufrrsm;cif operate rvkyf&/
Heat detector onf 78º C xufrrsm;cif operate vkyf&rnf/ odkYaomf 54º C xufrrsm;cif operate
rvkyf&/
Visual smoke detector cabinet rsm;udk bridge wGifxm;jyD; cargo hold rsm;rS smoke accumulator
rsm;jzifh pkyf,ljyD;? sampling pipe rsm;rSwpfqifh visual cabinet rsm;udk jzwfaponf/ Cabinet xJwGif glass pipe
rsm;xJü fan odkYr[kwf yvwfpwpftrQifav;rsm;xnfhxm;jyD;? operate vkyfaejcif;udk jrifapEdkifonf/ tu,fí
rD;avmifcJhvQif rD;cdk;rsm;onf smoke accumulator rSwpfqifh sampling pipe udkjzwfjyD; glass pipe rsm;wGif
MunfhvQif awGUEdkifonf/ Sampling pipe rsm;tMum;wGif audio alarm ay;&ef photo electric cell circuit jzifh
tvkyv f yk af om audible detector udw k yfqifxm;onf/ ¤if; detector udk smomke jzwfvQif photo electric cell
udk balance vkyfxm;aom Relay uyfoGm;jyD;? alarm jrnfonf/
Accommodation Fire
Accommodation wGifavmifaomrD;rsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh small fire rS pwifavmifjcif; odkYr[kwf
explosion jzpfí avmifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf explosion aMumifhavmifjcif;rSm jzpfcJonf/
Small fire udk consequently, speedy and efficiently action ,líjir d ;f owfvQif large fire rjzpfap&ef
prevent vkyfEdkifonf/ xkdYaMumifh regular training drill rsm;vkyfay;jcif;ESifh well plan rsm;onf F.F.E rsm;udk oH;k
wwf,HkrQru familiar jzpfaponf/
rD;avmifonf[k oHo,&SdonfESifhyif fire alarm udkay;oifhaMumif; oabFmom;rsm;udk od&Sdap&rnf/
False alarm ay;rdjcif;aMumifh punishment tay;rcH&Edi k af Mumif; od&adS p&rnf/ Accommodation fire rsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh class A fire jzpfonf/ atmufyg action rsm;udk ,loifhonf/
 66
(1) Fire alarm raise vkyfyg/
(2) Vessel speed udk reduce vkyfyg/ odkYr[kwf lee ward odkY alter vkyfyg/
(3) Ventilation system rsm;ydwy f g/
(4) Electrical line rsm;udk jzwfawmufypfyg/ rD;avmifonfh {&d,mtwGuf circuit breaker udkcsypfyg/
(5) Type, amount and location of fire udk tjrefqHk;avhvmjyD;? vltm;vHk;odap&efaqmif&Gufyg/
(6) rD;avmifonfhae&m\ ywf0ef;usifudk cooling jzpfap&ef fire hose ESifh yufjzef;yg/ avmifonfhae&m\
teD;tem;tcef;rsm;rS rD;avmifEdkifonfhypönf;rsm; a&GUxm;yg/
(7) Oxygen udkjywfawmufap&ef fire and W/T doors rsm;udk ydwfyg/
(8) rD;avmifonfhae&mudk B.A jzifh approach vkyfí tajctaeudk vdktyfovdkqHk;jzwfyg/
(9) vdktyfygu Urgency signal transmit vkyfEdkif&ef jyifqifxm;yg/
Accommodation xJwGif rD;avmifonfh tajctaerSm trsdK;rsdK;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh tajctaeay:
rlwnfí vdktyfovdk rD;jidrf;owf&rnf/ txufygtcsufwpfcsufpD\ ta&;MuD;yHkudkvnf; odxm;oifhonf/
Engine Room Fire
Engine room wGif rD;avmifvQif tjcm;ae&mrsm;xuf tvGeftEÅ&m,frsm;aomae&m jzpfygonf/ E/R
fire onf t"dutm;jzifh oil fire (Class B) ESifh electrical fire (Class C) wdkYjzpfwwfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh E/R rD;avmifvQif type, amount and location of fire udak ocsmpGmodatmifvyk í f small fire
qdvk Qif portable fire extinguisher jzifh tjrefq;kH jird ;f owfí large fire qdv
k Qif tajctaeqd;k ygu fix smothering
gas installation jzifh jir d ;f owfoifo
h nf/
E/R rD;avmifvQif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk aqmif&Gufoifhonf
(1) Fire alarm &atmifay;yg/
(2) Master and Bridge udk tjrefqHk; inform vkyfyg/
(3) Small fire jzpfvQif appropriate portable fire extinguisher jzifh twwfEdkifqHk;? tjrefqHk;jidrf;owfyg/
(4) Emergency team ra&mifciftxd rD;udkqufíjidrf;owfaeyg/
(5) Injured jzpfaom vlrsm;&SdvQif rescue vkyfEdkifatmif pDpOfyg/
(6) FFE rsm;udk supply vkyfEdkifatmif pDpOfyg/
(7) Bridge tygt0if vdt k yfonfah e&mrsm;odYk communicate vkyfEdkif&ef communication system tjrefq;kH
aqmif&Gufyg/
(8) Fire udk conventional means jzifh wwfEdkifoa&GUjidrf;owfyg/
(9) Rescue team rS non-essential person rsm;jzifh ventilator, damper, skylight door and water type
door rsm;udkydwfckdif;yg/ (back up team)
(10) Large fire jzpfvQif conventional means jzifh jidrf;owfí rEdkifygu fix installation udk master \
approval &aomtcg vdktyfaom preparation rsm;udk aocsmpGmaqmif&GufjyD; toHk;jyKyg/ (CO2 , Halon,
Foam)
Cargo Hold Fire
Cargo hold fire udkjidrf;owf&ef avmifaeaom cargo \ nature, location ESifh ¤if; cargo \ ywfvnf
wGif&Sdaom tjcm; cargo rsm;\ nature ay:wGif rsm;pGm*½kpdkuf&ygrnf/
Cargo hold rD;avmifvQif rD;jir
d ;f owf&efwpfcw
k nf;udo
k m OD;pm;ay;jy;D tvsipf vdak qmif&u
G yf gu rSm;,Gi;f rI
rsm;&S d w wf o nf / xd k r S m ;,G i f ; rI u d k j yif q if & ef tvG e f c uf c J w wf y gonf / xd k Y a Mumif h rD ; jid r f ; owf & ef t wG u f
aocsmpGmpOf;pm;jyD; plan csí aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/
Type of fire udk cargo plan t& ppfaq;jyD; od&SdEdkifonf/ xdkYtwl ywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom cargo rsm;\
nature udkvnf; check vkyfEdkifonf/ Amount of fire ESifh location of fire udk rD;cdk;xGufaomtajctae
temperature tajctaejzifh od&SdEdkifygonf/
Type, amount and location of fire udkod&Sdonfhtcg small fire jzpfygu appropriate portable
extinguisher jzifh jidrf;owfjcif;? ywf0ef;usifrS carbon rsm;udkz,f&Sm;jcif;jzifh tjrefqHk;jidrf;owfygrnf/ tu,fí
deep seated fire jzpfygu conventional means jzifh jidrf;owf&efcufcJygonf/ xdkYaMumifh fix installation jzifh
jidrf;owf&ygrnf/ Boundary cooling &&eftwGuf rD;avmifonfh hatch ywfvnfudk hose jzifh a&yufay;ygrnf/
atmufygtcsufrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufygrnf/
(1) Fire alarm ay;jyD; master inform vkyfygrnf/
(2) Engine room inform vkyfjyD; speed reduce vkyfygrnf/
(3) Ventilation ESifh fire damper rsm;udk ydwfygrnf/
 67
(4) Cargo plan t& jzpfEdkifaom type of fire ESifh nature of fire udkqHk;jzwfygrnf/ vufawGUtm;jzifh
vkyfEdkifvQif B.A 0wfjyD;? location ESifh amount of fire udk detect vkyfygrnf/
(5) Boundary cooling udw k wfEikd o
f a&GU continuously ay;xm;ygrnf/ Adjacent cargo hold rsm;\ risk of
fire udkvnf; owdjyKí vdktyfovdk prevention vkyfxm;ygrnf/
(6) Large fire jzpfvQif master \ approval awmif;,lí smothering gas udkvTwfygrnf/
(7) Master \ order &vQif port of refuge facilities &Smjy;D shore authorities rsm;udk inform vkyy f g rnf/
(8) Smothering gas udkvTwfay;jyD; rD;jidrf;rjidrf;udk B.A jzifh check vkyfcdkif;ygrnf/ Hold xJodkY r0ifEdkifygu
hatch cover udkrzGifhbJ port udka&mufonftxd maintain vkyfí port udka&mufatmifoGm;ygrnf/
odkYaomf master approval &vQif hatch jznf;jznf;csif;zGifhí check vkyfygrnf/

Galley Fire

Galley Fire onf t"dutm;jzifh rD;zdkESifh rD;zdkESifhqufpyfaeaom ypönf;rsm; (electric wire lines, gas
pipe lines, fuel refilling) ESifh ylaeaom ',ftdk;xJwGifqDxnfhjyD; *½krpdkufbJxm;jcif;? tvGefylaom qDxJodkY
rD;0if[yffjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfEdkifygonf/
xdkYaMumifh fire triangle wGifyg0ifaom rD;avmifaponfh taMumif;t&if;rsm;rS heat ESifh fuel aMumifh
galley fire trsm;qH;k jzpfonf/
Galley fire udkjidrf;owf&ef extinguishing method ESifh extinguisher rsm;udk vdktyfovdk rSefuefpGm
toHk;csEkdif&ef tvGefta&;MuD;ygonf/ Galley fire udkjidrf;owf&ef atmufyg extinguisher rsm;udk galley xJwGif
tqifhoifhtoHk;jyKEdkif&ef xm;&SdwwfMu\/
(1) Foam extinguisher (for oil fire)
(2) Dry powder (for electrical fire)
(3) CO2 (for electricla fire)
(4) Fire blanket (',ftdk;xJrS qDylrD;udkjidrf;owf&ef)
(5) oJESifh oJa*:jym; (t0wfprsm;rD;avmifvQif jidrf;owf&ef)
(6) Small hose reel and nozzle
(7) Fire hose box (¤if;xJwGif hose, nozzle ESifh fire axe wdkY0ifonf/)
Galley fire udk condition udMk unfjh y;D jir
d ;f owf&ygrnf/ txl;ojzifh ventilation system ESihf electricity
udkjzwfawmuf&ygrnf/ Water tight door rsm;? fire door rsm;udk ydwfxm;&ygrnf/ Injured jzpfaomvlrsm;&Sdygu
rescue vkyf&ef preparation rsm;vkyfygrnf/

INTERNATIONAL SHORE CONNECTION.

 68
PORTABLE FOAM APPLICATOR
 69
SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea)
1974 wGifpwifonf/ 78, 81, 83 wGif amendments vkyfcJhonf/

Chapter (11) ck&Sdygonf/

Chapter I General Provision

Chapter II Construction
(a) Sub-division and stability, machenary and electrical installations
(b) Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction.
Chapter III LSA and Arrangement
Chapter IV Radio communication
Chapter V Safety of Navigation
Chapter VI Carriage of cargoes
Chapter VII Carriage of Dangerous Goods
Chapter VIII Nuclear ships
Chapter IX Management for the safety operation of ship.
Chapter X Safety measures for high-speed craft.
Chapter XI Special measures to enhance meritime safety

CHAPTER III
LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES AND ARRANGEMENTS

PART A - General
PART B - Ships Requirements
Section 1 Passenger Ships and Cargo Ships
Section 2 Passenger Ships (Additional Requirements)
Section 3 Cargo Ships (Additional Requirements)
PART C - Life Saving Appliance Requirements
Section 1 General
- General Requirements for L.S.A
Section 2 Personal L.S.A
- Life Buoys
- Life Jackets
- Immersion Suits
- Thermal Protective Aids
Section 3 Visual Signals
- Rocket Parachute Flares
- Hand Flares
- Buoyant Smoke Signals
Section 4 Survival Craft
- General Requirement for Life Rafts
- Inflatable Life Rafts
- Rigid Life Rafts
- General Requirement for Life Boat
- Partially Enclosed Life Boat
- Self-righting Partially Enclosed Life Boat
- Totally Enclosed Life Boat
- Life Boat with a Self-contained Air Support System
- Fire-protected Life Boat
Section 5 Rescue Boats
Section 6 Launching and Embarkation Appliances
Section 7 Other L.S.A
- Line-throwing Appliances
- General Emergency Alarm System
Section 8 Miscellaneous
- Training Manual
- Instruction for On-board Maintenance
- Muster List and Emergency Instruction
 70
Solas Exemption &aom oabFmrsm;/
(i) Ships of war and troopships.
(ii) Cargo ships of less than 500 gross tonnage.
(iii) Ships not propelled by mechanical means.
(iv) Wooden ships of primitive build.
(v) Pleasure yachts not engaged in trade.
(vi) Fishing vessels.
(opf? &Guf? 500? uif;ppf? ig;&Sm? pufryg/)

L.S.A Class VII (Cargo Ship)

(1) GT 500 ESit hf xuf oabFmwdik ;f onf oabFm\wpfbufwpfcsupf üD oabFmay:&Sv d t l m;vH;k udk o,faqmif
Edkifaom life boat rsm;o,faqmif&rnf/
(2) GT 1600 ESifhtxuf oabFmwdkif;wGif life boat length onf 7.3 M xuf renf;ap&/ rnfonfhoabFm
twGufrqdk life boat \ length onf 4.9 M xufrenf;ap&/
(3) GT 500 ESit hf xufoabFmrsm;wGif oabFmay:&Sv d tl m;vH;k udo
k ,faqmifEikd af om life raft o,faqmifEikd o f nf/
(4) GT 500 ESifhtxuf 1600 atmufoabFmrsm;wGif tcsdK;tpm;rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJo,faqmif&rnf/
(Modified scale of appliances)
(5) 150 M ESifhtxuf mid ship superstructure r&Sdaom oabFmrsm;onf tydk'f (3) \vdktyfcsuftjyif
tenf;qHk; vlajcmufa,mufudk o,faqmifEdkifaom life raft wpfckudk forward end odkYr[kwf after end
wGif xm;&Sd&rnf/ (Superstructre r&Sdonfh end)
(6) GT 3000 ESifhtxuf tanker rsm;wGif oabFm\wpfbufpDü tenf;qHk; life boat ESpfpD;o,faqmif&rnf/
¤if;wdoYk nf tyd'k (f 1)\vdt
k yfcsut f wdik ;f jzpf&rnf/ Mid ship wGiEf pS pf ;D ? aft wGiEf pS pf ;D o,f&rnf/ tu,fí
mid ship superstructure r&Sv d Qif tm;vH;k udk aft wGio f ,faqmif&rnf/ BOT rS equivalant arrangement
udk cGifhjyKcsifjyKrnf/
(7) Life raft rsm; xm;aomae&monf oabFm\rnfonfh side rSrqdk a&xJoy Ykd pfcsEikd af omae&mwGif xm;&rnf/
(8) Life boat wpfp;D pDwi kd ;f onf gravity davit wpfcpk ED iS x
hf m;&rnf/ GT 1600 ESit hf xuf tanker rsm;rSví
JG
turning of condition wGif life boat \tav;csdefonf 2300 kg xufrrsm;vQif luffing type davit
rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ Davit wpfckpDwdkif;twGuf side ladder wpfck&Sd&rnf/
(9) GT 1600 ESifhtxuf tanker rsm;rSvGJí oabFmwdkif;wGif motor life boat tenf;qHk;wpfpD;yg&rnf/ GT
1600 ESifhtxuf tanker rsm;wGif each side ü motor life boat wpfpD;yg&rnf/
(10) Portable radio equipment o,faqmif&rnf/
(11) GT 500 ESifhtxufoabFmwdkif;onf life buoy rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;o,faqmif&rnf/u
Less than 100 M - 8 Nos.
100 M - 150 M - 10 Nos.
150 M - 200 M - 12 Nos.
More than 200 M - 14 Nos.
(12) Appropriate type life jacket rsm;udk 32 Kg atmufwpfa,mufpDwdkif;wGuf wpfckpDESifh 32 kg txuf
wpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf wpfckpDyg&rnf/
(13) Line throwing apparauts o,faqmif&rnf/

GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR L.S .A

1991 1ST July xufaemufrusbJoabmFay:wGif&Sdaom L.S.A ypönf;rsm;onfatmufygtcsufrsm;jynfhpHkap&rnf/
ADMINISTRATION \tjcm;vdktyfcsufrSvGJí
1. Proper workman ship and meterial jzpf&rnf/ vuf&maooyfuserI&Sd&rnf/
2. Air temp -30 .c rS + 65.c twGif; ¤if;ypönf;xm;aomae&mwGifysufpD;jcif;r&Sdap&/
3. S.W temp -1c to + 30 c twGif; S.W xJwGiftoHk;jyKaepOf ¤if;wdkY\ function rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnf/
4. Rot proof, corrosion proof, S.W , oil ESifh fungas (rIdwufjcif;)aMumif;ysufpD;jcif;r&Sdap&/
5. aea&mifjcnf'PfudkcHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
6. Detection udt k axmuftuljyK&ef all parts onf highly visible colour jzpf&rnf/
7. Retro - reflective meterial rsm;wyfqifxm;ay;&rnf/
8. Sea way wGif ¤if;ywf0ef;usifü operation udk satisfactorily vkyfaqmifEdkif&rnf/
9. L.S.A ypön;f rsm;\toH;k jyKrt
I ajctae administration uqH;k jzwf&rnf/ ¤if;ypön;f rsm;\oufwrf; expire
vkyf&rnfh date rsm;udkrSwfom;xm;&rnf/
 71
PERSONAL L.S.A
EFFICIENT LIFE/ BOUY Asuf 150 mm
txl 100 mm
1. Diameter - outter - not more than 800 mm
- inner - not less than 400 mm
2. No Inherently buoyant material (jywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfonfU Buoyant meterial) rsm;ESifh support
vkyfxm;jcif;? avxdk;NyD;oHk;&wmrsdK;rjzpfap&/
3. 14.5 Kg &SdaomoHwkH;udk F/ W xJrSm24 em&Dcsdwfxm;aomfvnf; support vkyfEdkif&rnf/
4. Mass not less than 2.5 Kg
5. Totally avmifaeaomrD;xJrSmjzwfoGm;vQif 2 sec twGif;rD;ul;pGJavmifjcif;r&Sd&? t&nfaysmfjcif;r&Sd&/
6. L.S.G.D rSm stow position uaomfvnf;aumif; 30 M tjrif(h rsm;aomyrmP)u drop test udc k EH ikd &f rnf/
olvnf; rysufap&? attachement rsm;vnf; rysufap&/
7. Self - activating smoke sigmal , self igniting light ESiw
hf o
JG ;kH rnfqv
kd Qif (M.O.B) life buoy mass onf
4 Kg (odkY) stow position uaetvsiftjrefjyKwfus&rnfh mass &Sd&rnf/
8. Outer diameter \4 q( 9.5 mm Dia;) &Sdaom grab line udkuGif;av;cktnDtrQjzpfatmifwyfxm;&rnf/

“LIFE BUOY SELF IGNITING LIGHT

1. a&aMumif;rD;rNidrf ;ap&/
2. 2 candle power ESihf all dir: udk contineously or 50 flashes per min tenf;qH;k 2 Hrs:vif;&rnf/
3. Drop test (L.S.G.D 30 m) udkcHedlif&rnf/
“LIFE BUOY BUOVANT LIFE LINE”
1. Non -kinking jzpf&rnf/
2. Not less than 8 mm Dia;
3. B.S. (not less than) 5 KN
LIFE BUOY STORING ARRANGEMENT
1. oabmF\ Both side wGif readily &&SdEdkifatmifxm;&rnf/ vufawGUtm;jzifhjzpfEdkifoa&TU open deck
rsm;wGifxm;&rnf/ship side ESifhuyfEdkiforQuyfxm;&rnf/ tenf;qHk;wckudk visinity of the astern
wGifxm;&rnf/
2. tvsiftjrefqGJxkwfEdkif&rnf/ Permanently secure rvkyf&/
3. Total yrmP\w0ufonf self igniting Light yg&rnf/
4. tenf;qH;k 2 ckonf Self activating smoke singnal &Sd&rnf/ tvG,fwulypfcsEdkif&ef bridge rSmxm;&rnf/
5. Self igniting Light ESihf self activating smoke signal wyfxm;aom (M.O.B) L/Buoy rsm;udk each side rSm
equally jzefYxm;&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYudk L/Line rsm;wyfrxm;&/
6. Buoyant life line wyfxm;aom L/Buoy tenf;qHk;wpfckpDudk each side rSmxm;&rnf/ ¤if; L/Line
onftenf;qHk; 30 M (odkY) L.S.G.D wGif stow position rSa&pyf2 qxufrenf;(which ever is the
greater.)&Sd&rnf/ L/Line rsm;wpfbufESifh wpfbuft&Snfwl&rnf/
7. Ship’s name ESifh port of registry udk capital letter ESiahf &;xm;&rnf/
Carrying capacity;
Less than 100 m 8 ck
100 m - 150 m 10 ck
150 m - 200 m 12 ck
200 m Or more 14 ck
LIFE JACKET (PERSONAL L.S.A)
1. Totally avmifaeaomrD;xJwGif jzwfoGm;vQif 2 Sec.twGif; rD;pGJavmifjcif;r&Sdap&? t&nfaysmfjcif;r&Sdap&/
2. o½kyfjy0wfqifjyD;aomtcg 1 Min; twGif; tultnDrvdkbJ rSefuefpGm0wfqifEkdif&rnf/
3. Only one way om 0wfqifEdkfif&rnf/ rSm;,Gif;pGm0wfqifjcif;r&Sdatmif twwfEdkifqHk;jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
4. 0wfqifoltwGuf oufawmifhoufomjzpf&rnf/
5. 0wfqifxm;aomolonf 4.5 M tjrifhrS a&xJodkYckefcsvQif xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdap&/ L/J uRwfxGufroGm;&?
ysufpD; jcif;r&Sd&/
6. Calm fresh water wGif sufficient buoyancy ESihf stability &S&
d rnf/
7. owdarhaeaomvlukd Any position rS yg;pyfuakd &jyifEi S hf Not more than 5 Sec twGi;f jyefveS Ef ikd &f rnf/
8. vl\yg;pyfukd a&jyifrS tenf;qH;k 120 mm vGwaf e&rnf/ vertical line rS not less than 20° / not more than
50° &Sd&rnf/
 72
9. Fresh water xJwGif 24 hours Mumatmif jr§Kyfaeaomfvnf; buoyancy 5% xuf ydkíravsmh&/
10. 0wfqifxm;aomolonf Survival craft ay:odkYa&muf&ef short distant a&ul;Ekdif&rnf/
11. L/J wdkif;wGif BudK;ESifhaocsmcdkifcHhpGm wyfqifxm;aom whistle yg&Sd&rnf/

“L/J LIGHT”
1. Not less than 0.75 cdl &Sd&rnf/ 50 flashes per min. jzifv
h if;aom , flashing Light jzpf&rnf/
2. Atleast 8 hrs vif;&rnf/
3. rD;onf Sector trsm;qHk;vif;Edkifonfhae&mwGif wyfxm;&rnf/
4. tvif;wef;ydkxGufap&ef rSefbDvl; Lens rsm;rwyf&/
5. Manually operated switch wyfxm;&rnf/

“IMMERSION SUIT”
IMS - "is a protective suit which reduces the body heat - loss of a person wearing it in cold water .”
1. Water proof material ESifh vkyfxm;&rnf/
2. tultnDrvdkbJ 2 min twGif; txkyfudkajzí 0wfqifEkdif&rnf/ (¤if; 2 min wGif L/J ESifh tjcm;wGJ0wf&
rnfht0wfrsm; 0wfqifcsdefyg0ifonf/)
3. Totally avmifaeaomrD;xJwGif 2 sec Mumatmifxm;aomtcg rD;pGJavmifjcif;r&Sd&? t&nfaysmfjcif;r&Sd&/
4. rsufESmrSvGJí wpfudk,fvHk;zHk;tkyfxm;&rnf/ permenently wyfxm;aom gloves rsm;r&SdvQif vufrsm;udk
cover vkyfxm;&rnf/
5. 0wfpHk\ajcaxmufydkif;wGif av[me,fenf;atmif vkyfxm;&rnf/
6. Not less than 4.5 m tjrifhrSckefcsvQif 0wfpHkxJodkY a&r0ifap&/
7. L\J udk immersion suit xJwGif wpfcgwnf;jyKvkyfxm;ygu L/J \ requirement rsm;ESifhnD&rnf/
8. L/J wpfcgwnf; tygt0ifvkyfxm;aom IMS jzpfap L/J ESifhwGJ0wf&aom IMS jzpfap vertically 5 m
jrifhaomavScg;udk wufEdkifqif;Edkfif&rnf/
- abandon ship wGif normal duties rsm;udk xrf;aqmifEdkif&rnf/
- not less than 4.5 m tjrifhrS a&xJodkYckefcsvQif ysufpD;jcif;? uRwfxGufjcif;? temw&jzpfjcif;rsm; r&Sd
ap&/
- survival craft odkYwuf&ef short distance a&ul;Edkif&rnf/
9. L/J wpfcgwnf; tygt0ifjyKvkyfxm;aom IMS jzpfvQif L/J light ESifh BudK;jzifhcdkifcHhpGmcsnfxm;aom
whistle yg&rnf/
10. L/J ESifh wGJíoHk;&aom IMS wGif L/J udk IMS \tay:wGif0wf&rnf/
11. Thremal performance
No - inherent insulation material IMS jzpfvQi-f
* Warm clothing ESifh wGJ0wf&rnfhtaMumif; marking a&;xm;&rnf/
* 5º C &daS om circulation calm water xJwi G f 1 hrs; a&pdrjf y;D aemuf body heat lost onf not more than
2ºC jzpf&rnf/
Inherent insulation material IMS jzpfvQif 0º C to 2º C &dSaom cairculating water xJwGif 6 hrs;
a&pdrfjyD;aemuf body heat lost onf 2º C xufrydkap&/
12. IMS 0wf x m;aomvl o nf 5 Cº &S d a oma&xJ w G i f 1hrs; Mumatmif a ejyD ; aemuf vuf t d y f r cRwf y J
cJwHudkaumufudkifNyD; pma&;Edkif&rnf/
13. IMS 0wfxm;aomvlonf fresh water xJwGif 5 sec. twGif; rsufESmonf arSmufvsuftaetxm;rS
yufvuftaetxm;odkY jyefvSefEdkif&rnf/

“CARRYING CAPACITY”
1991 1st JULY rSpí -
- rescue boat wGif crew wpfa,mufpDtwGuf wpfpHkpD&Sd&rnf/
- passenger ship wGif L/B wpfpD;pDtwGuf tenf;qHk; IMS oHk;cko,f&rnf/o,f&rnfh vlOD;a&xJwGif
IMS r&ol wpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf T.P.A &Sd&rnf/
- Cargo ship wGif L/B wpfpD;pDtwGuf IMS tenf;qHk; (3)OD;&Sd&rnf/ o,f&rnfhvlOD;a&twGuf IMS
r&ol wpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf T.P.A wpfckpD&Sd&rnf/
- Administration u vlwpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf wpfckpDay;&rnf[kqHk;jzwfvQif? wpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf
wpfckpD&Sd&rnf/ L/B o,faqmif&rnfh vlOD;a&\ 10% odkYr[kwf ESpfck (rsm;aomyrmP) udk T.P.A o,f
aqmif&rnf/
 73
T.P.A (THERMAL PROTECTIVE AID) (PERSONAL L.S.A)
* T.P.A "is a bag or suit made of water proof material with low thermal conductivity"

Water proof material ESifhjyKvkyfxm;&rnf/ tylul;EIef;onf 0.25W/(mk) xuf rrsm;ap&? ¤if;onf

0wfqifxm; aomvl\ body heat loss ESifh tylpD;jcif;enf;atmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
rsuEf mS uvTjJ y;D wpfu,
kd v f m;onf Permanently wyfxm;aom gloves rsm;r&Sv
f ;kH udk zH;k tkyx d Qif vufrsm;udk
cover jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
Survival Craft ESifh rescue boat xJwGif tultnDrygbJ tvG,fwul packing ajzí0wfqifEdkif&rnf/
0wfqifxm;aomolonf vdktyfygu a&ul;Edkif&ef 2 min. xufrMumbJ 0wfpHkudk cRwfypfEdkif&rnf/
Air Temp: - 30º C to + 20ºC twGif; ¤if;\ Function rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&rnf/

CARRYING CAPACITY
Rescue Boat ESihf survival craft rsm;xJwi
G f number of person permitted to carry \ 10 % or 2 ck
(which ever is the greater)o,faqmif&rnf/

"VISUAL SIGNALLING"
"HAND FIARES"
1. Water resistant casing xJwi G &f &dS rnf/
2. ¤if;\ casing ay:wGif brief instruction ESifh diagrams udk clearly print vkyfxm;&rnf/
3. Self contained means of ignition &S& d rnf/
(Ignition vkyf&ef ¤if;\ casing xJwGif tm;vHk;tqifoifhyg0ifjyD;om;jzpf&rnf/)
4. xkwfvkyfol\ Instruction twdkif; operate vkyfaomtcg udkifxm;aomol\ vufudk rD;ravmifap&?
tqifrajyrjzpfap&? usvmaomrD;yGm;rsm;aMumifh survival craft udktEÅ&m,frjzpfap&/
5. Bright red colour vif;&rnf/
6. Not less than 15,000 cdl Power udk uniform rate jzifh 1 min. Mumatmif vif;&rnf/
7. 100 mm eufaoma&xJwGif 10 sec. Mumatmif jr§KyfcJhjyD;aomfvnf; qufvufíavmifuRrf;Edkif&rnf/

"BUOYANT SMOKE SIGNAL"

1. Water resistant casing xJwi G &f &dS rnf/
2. ¤if;\ casing ay:wGif brief instruction ESifh diagrams udk clearly print vkyfxm;&rnf/
3. xkwfvkyfol\ instruction twdkif; oHk;aomtcg aygufuGJjcif;r&Sdap&/
4. calm water xJwi G f highly visible colour smoke rsm;udk uniform rate jzifh tenf;qH;k 3 mins Mumatmif
xkwfvTwfEkdif&rnf/
5. smoke rsm;xkwfvkyfaepOftcsdeftwGif; rD;awmufrD;vQHrsm; rxGufap&/
6 sea way wGif aysmhjyJysufpD;jcif;r&Sdap&/
7. 100 mm a&teufxJwGif 10s Mumatmif jr§KyfjyD;aomfvnf; smoke rsm;udk qufvufxkwfvTwfEdkif&rnf/

"ROCKET PARACHUTE FLARE"

1. Water-resistant casing xJwi G &f &dS rnf/
2. Casing ay:wGif brief instruction ESihf diagrams udk clearly print vkyx
f m;&rnf/
3. Integral means of ignition yg&rnf/
(wpfcgwnf; ready ypfvTwfEdkifatmif txJwGif tqifoifhjyKvkyfjyD;om;jzpf&rnf/)
4. xkwfvkyfol\ instruction twkdif; toHk;jyKaomtcg (Discomfort) tqifrajyrjzpfap&
5. Bright red colour vif;&rnf/
6. Not less than 30,000 cd1 Power udk uniform rate jzifh 40 sec. Mumatmifvif;&rnf/
7. jyefusqif;vmaomEIef;onf 5 m/s xufydkrrsm;&/
8. rD;vif;aepOftcsdeftwGif; ¤if;\ attachments rsm;ESifh parachute udk rysufpD;ap&/
9. Vertically tjrifhodkY atleast 300 M a&mufEdkif&rnf/
Carrying Capacity
L/B wpfpD;pDwdkif;ESifh L/R wpfpD;pDwdkif;wGif -
6. Hand flare (60.s)
4. Rocket parachute flare (40s)
2. Buoyand smoks signal (3mins) yg&S& d rnf/
Ship Distress Signal tjzpf rocket parachute flare 12 cko,faqmif&rnf/ Navigating Bridge rS tvG,w
f ul
&,lEdkifaomae&mwGifxm;&rnf/
 74
SURVIVAL CRAFT
GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR LIFE RAFT

1. All Sea Condition rS exposure 'Pfudk &ufaygif; (30)cHEdkifatmif wnfaqmufxm;&rnf/

2. 18 m tjrifh or L.S.G.D. \ Stow Position rS Drop Test cHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
3. Canopy &Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd L/R ay:odkY 4.5 m rS tBudrfBudrfckefcsjcif; (Repeated Jump) udk cHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
4. Calm Water wGif Full Complement of Person and Equipment ESihf Sea Anchor wpfcc k sxm;csdew
f iG f
3 knots ESifh tow vkyfjcif;udk cHEdkif&rnf/
5. L/R water born jzpfonfESifh Automatic yGifhxGufvmrnfh canopy yg&rnf/
¤if; canopy onf-
- tyltat;'PfudkcHEdkif&ef av[me,fjzpfatmif tvTmESpfxyf odkYr[kwf insulation jzpfaprnfh efficient
material wyfxm;&rnf/ ¤if;av[me,fwGif a&cdkatmif;r0ifatmif vkyfxm;&rnf/
- tjyifbufta&mifonf highly visible colour jzpfjyD; twGi;f bufwiG f pD;eif;olrsm; oufawmifo h ufom
jzpfrnfhta&mifrsm;jzpf&rnf/
- t0if^txGuf aygufudk xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;&rnf/ ¤if;0ifxGufaygufudk twGif;a&mtjyifyg zGifh^ydwfEdkif
atmif pDpOfxm;&rnf/ vl&Spfa,muf o,faqmifEdkifaom L/R wGif Diametically Opposite jzpfonfh
0if^xGufayguf tenf;qHk;ESpfck&Sd&rnf/
- Entrance udkydwfxm;aomfvnf; av0ifavxGufaumif;&rnf/
- tenf;qHk; Viewing Port wpfck&Sd&rnf/
- rdk;a&udk pkaqmif;Edkifatmifvnf; jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
- txJwGifxdkifolrsm; acgif;vGwfatmif aqmufxm;&rnf/ Head Room BuD;&rnf/
6. tenf;qHk; vl 6 a,muf o,faqmifEdkif&rnf/
7. 185 Kg or 400 lbs. xuf ydkrav;&/ odkYaomf Portable jzpf&efrvdkyg/
8. L/R \ tjyifa&m txJwGifyg Life Line rsm;wyfqifxm;&rnf/
9. L/R PAINTER onf L.S.G.D. wGif stow Position rS a&pyfxd 2 q or 15 m rsm;onfhyrmP&Sd&rnf/

STABILITY

1. Fully loaded wGif sea way ü canopy udk upper most wGif&SdapjyD; Stable jzpf&rnf/
2. Calm water ESihf sea way wGif wpfa,mufwnf;jzifh arSmufaeaom L/R udk jyefveS Ef ikd &f rnf/ wpfa,mufwnf;
jzifh L/R udk inflat vkyfEdkif&rnf/

L / R FITTING

1. Weak link rSvGJí PAINTER ESifh ¤if;\ attachment rsm;onf-

- 9 Person or more L/R rsm;twGuf not less than 10.0 KN
- 7 Person or less L/R rsm;twGuf not less than 7.5 KN
2. Dark night ESifh clear horizon wGif at least 2 NM rS jrifEdkif&rnf/ Manually control vkyfEdkifaom
rD;wpfv;kH canopy \ xdyw f iG yf g&rnf/ ¤if;onf flashing light vnf;jzpfEikd o
f nf/ 50 flashes / min jzpf&rnf/
L/R inflat jzpfonfEi S hf automatically vif;&rnf/ ¤if;rD;twGuf power onf sea activated cell or dry-
chemical cell jzpf&rnf/ Not less than 12 hours twGuf energy &Sd&rnf/ ¤if;onf L/R inflat
jzpfonfEiS hf auto vif;&rnf/ 12 hours tenf;qH;k cHEikd &f rnf/ Survival ESihf equipment instruction rsm;udk
zwfEkdif&ef vHkavmufaomtvif;a&mif ay;Edkif&rnf/
L/R CONTAINER
L/R container onf -
1. yifv,fa&vdIif; &moDOwk'Pfudk cHEdkif&ef jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
2. PAINTER udk aqmifhqGJonfhtcgESifh oabFmjr§Kyfaomtcg L/R inflat jzpf&ef painter udkqGJonfhtcg cHEdkif
&nf&Sdrnfh buoyancy vHkavmufrI&Sd&rnf/
3. Container ay:wGif&Sdaom drain hole rSvGJí wwfEdkifoa&GU water tight jzpf&rnf/

MARKING ON L / R CONTAINER
1. Maker's name or trade mark.
2. Serial number.
3. Name of approving authority, Number of person permitted to carry.
 75
4. SOLAS.
5. Type of emergency pack enclosed. (Ration, Battery, Medicine, F/W etc.)
6. Date when last serviced.
7. Length of painter
8. Launching instruction
9. Maximum permitted hight of stowage above the water line

MARKING ON L/R
1. Maker's name or trade mark.
2. Serial number.
3. Name of approving authority.
4. Date of manufacture (Month & year).
5. Name & place of servicing station when it was last serviced.
6. Number of person it is permitted to accormodate over each entrance, in characters not less
than 100 mm in height of a colour contrusting with that of the L/R.
L/R CONSTRUCTION

1. Main buoyancy chamber udk tenf;qHk; separate compartment ESpfckjzifh wnfaqmufxm;&rnf/ ¤if;
chamber rsm;udk inflat vky&f ef compartment wpfcpk t
D wGuf non return valve wpfcpk &D &dS rnf/ Compartment
wpfckysufpD;vQifvnf;aumif;? inflat rjzpfvQifvnf;aumif;? tjcm; compartment wpfckonf ¤if; L/R udk
full load twGuf support vkyfEkdif&rnf/
2. L/R floor rsm;onf water proof material jzpf&rnf/ tat;'PfcE H ikd &f ef inflat vkyí
f &aom compartment
jzifhvnf;aumif;? tjcm; inflat vkyfp&mrvdkaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; vkyfxm;&rnf/ (L/R water
born jzpfjyD; vltrsm;wwfEi dk o
f nft
h aetxm;a&mufatmif not more than 30 sec. twGi;f inflat vkyEf ikd f
&rnf/
3. L/R udk non toxic gas jzifh inflat vkyf&rnf/ ywf0ef;usif temperature 18°C ESifh 20°C wGif 1 min.
twGi;f completely inflat vkyEf ikd &f rnf/
- ywf0ef;usif temperature -30°C wGif 3 min. twGif; water born jzpf&rnf/
- inflat vkyjf yD;csed f full completement ESihf person wGif L/R onf ¤if;\yHo k P²mefajymif;vJjcif; r&Sd ap&/
4. Compartment wpfcp k w
D idk ;f onf vdt
k yfaom working pressure \oH;k qcefYukd cHEidk &f nf&f &dS rnf/ vdt
k yfaom
working pressure \ESpq f a&mufvQif pressure xufrwuf&ef relief valve odYk r[kwf gas udk limite jzifh
xnfhxm;jcif;jzifh umuG,fxm;&rnf/
- working pressure udk maintain vkyEf idk &f efxm;aom topping up pump or bellows rsm;udk fitting vkyf
Edkif&ef ae&m&Sd&rnf/

CARRYING CAPICITY OF L/R

1. Main buoyancy tube, (volume m3) udk 0.096 jzifh pm;í&aomvlOD;a&/

2. Buoyancy tube \ inner edge rS wdi k ;f í&aom cross-sectional area udk 0.372 jzifh pm;í&aom yrmP/
3. ysrf;rQ 75 Kg &Sdaom life jacket 0wfxm;aomolrsm; oufawmifhoufomjzifh acgif;vGwfatmifxdkifEdkifjyD;
L/R equipment rsm;\ operation udk taESmifht,Sufrjzpfaprnfh vlOD;a&/

FLOAT FREE ARRANGEMENT OF L/R

WEAK LINK

1. L/R container xJrS painter udk qGJxkwf½Hkjzifhrjywf&/

2. L/R inflat jzpfonftxd cHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
3. 2.2 ± 0.4 KN tm;oufa&mufvQif jywfxGuf&rnf/

HYDROSTATIC RELEASE
1. Function udk ysujf ym;aprnfh material rsm;jzifr
h vky&f / Galvanizing metallic aq;rokw&f /
2. Not more than 4 m wGif L/R udk release vkyfEdkif&rnf/
3. Normal position wGif ¤if;xJwGif a&rsm;pkraeap&ef drain ayguf&Sd&rnf/
4. yifv,fvdIif;½dkufonfh'PfaMumifh jyKwfrxGufap&/
5. Serial number ESifh type udk ¤if;\tjyifbufwGif xif&Sm;pGm permanently marking vkyfxm;&rnf/
 76
6. Date of manufacture, type, serial number wdYk uakd zmfjyaom document odYk identification &S&
d rnf/
7. Painter system wGif&Sdaom parts rsm;onf painter twGufvdktyfaom strength xufrenf;ap&/

GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR EFFICIENT LIFE BOAT

1. CONSTRUCTION
(1)Properly constructed jzpf&rnf/
- Full completement of person and equipment jzifh sea way wGif ample stability ESihf sufficient
free board &Sd&rnf/
- Rigid hull &S& d rnf/
- Buoyancy material rsm;ESihf tjcm;ysupf ;D rIr&Sad om tajctaewGif full complement of person and
equipment ESihf calm water wGif positive stability udk upright position ESihf maintain vkyEf ikd &f rnf/
vlwdkif;udkvnf; water line atmufwGif &Sdaeap&rnf/
(2) Full complement of person and equipment udkwifjyD; a&xJudk safely csEdkif&efESifh 5 knot jzifh
calm water xJwGif oabFmarmif;aepOf csEdkif&ef odkYr[kwf qGJEkdif&ef sufficient strength &Sd&rnf/
(3) Hull ESifh ragid cover rsm;onf fire retardant or non-combustible jzpf&rnf/
(4) 100 Kg weight udc k EH ikd rf nfh xdik pf &mrsm;udk side benches rsm; thwarts odYk r[kwf fixed chair rsm;
wGifjyKvkyfxm;jyD; ¤if;ae&mrsm;onf edrfhEdkiforQedrhfatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
(5) Metal hall jzpfvQif ¤if; L/B full load weight \ 1.5 times tav;csdefwifaomtcg cHEdkif&nf&Sd&
rnfhtjyif ydefcsdKifhjcif;r&Sdap&/ tjcm; material hall rsm;onf \ full load \ESpfqudk cHEdkif&rnf/
(6) Full load wGif skate ESifh fender rsm; in position ü ship side udk at least 2.5 ms-1 jzifhf twdkuf
cHEdkif&rnf/ a&xJudk 3 m tjrifhrS ypfcsjcif;udk cHEdkif&rnf/
(7) Floor surface 50 % area wGif floor rS trdk;xd vertical distance onf-
- 9 a,mufESifhatmuf o,faqmifaom L/B twGuf tenf;qHk; 1.3 m 24 a,mufESifhtxuf
o,faom L/B wGif tenf;qHk; 1.7 m
- 9 a,mufESifh 24 a,mufMum;wGif interpolation vkyfíwGuf&rnf/

2. CARRYING CAPICITY
(8) rnfonfh L/B rS vl 150 xuf ydkro,f&/
(9) L/J 0wfxm;aom ysrf;rQ 75 Kg &Sdonfhvlrsm; normal position twdkif;xdkifaejyD; L/B equipment
rsm; propulsion ESifh operation rsm;udk rxdcdkufEdkifonfh yrmPo,faqmif&rnf/
- seating position rsm;udk clearly mark vkyx f m;&rnf/

3. ACCESS TO L/B
(10) L/B xJodkY full complement of person udk not more than 3 min. wGif wufa&mufEdkif&rnf/
(11) L/B wpfbufbufwi G f L/B light water line \atmuf tenf;qH;k 40 cm &Sad om boarding ladder
&Sd&rnf/
(12) L/B onf a&xJrS odkYr[kwf stretcher ay:wGif&Sdaomvludk o,faqmifEdkifatmif pDpOfxm;&rnf/
(13) vrf;avQmufrnfhae&mrsm;onf non skid surface jzpf&rnf/

4. BUOYANCY
(14) L/B wGif inherently buoyancy &S&
d rnf odYk r[kwf inherently buoyant material rsm; wyfqifxm;&
rnf/ ¤if; material rsm;onf sea water, oil ESifh oily products rsm;aMumifh affect rjzpf&/
- L/B xJwGif a&tjynfh0ifaejyD; full equipment o,faqmifxm;csdef yifv,fxJü ay:Ekdif&rnf/
¤if;tjyif L/B o,faqmif&rnfhvlOD;a& wpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf 280 N ESifhnDrQaom buoyancy
tydkyg&rnf/
- Buoyant material rsm;udk L/B hull \ tjyifbufwGif wyfqifrxm;&/

5. FREE BOARD AND STABILITY

(15) Center line \wpfbufwGif o,faqmif&rnfhvlOD;a&\ 50% udk normal position wGifxdkifaepOf
- Gunwale ESifh water line onf 100 mm odkYr[kwf
- 1.5 % of boat length rsm;aomyrmPvGwf&rnf/
 77
6. L/B PROPULSION
(16) L/B engine wdkif;onf compression ignition engine jzpf&rnf/ toHk;jyKonfh fuel flesh point
43°C xufrenf;&/
(17) Engine udk power start vkyfEdkif&rnf/ Rechargable energy source ESpfck&Sd&rnf/ engine udk
ywf0ef;usif temperature -15°C wGif 2 min. twGif;Edk;Edkif&rnf/
(18) engine onf avxJwGif pwifEdk;onfhtcsdefrS 5 min. Mumonftxd operate vkyfEdkif&rnf/
(19) Crank Shaft center line txd a&jr§Kyfaeaomfvnf; engine onf operation vkyfEdkif&rnf/
(20) Propeller udk engine rSjzKwfxkwfEdkifatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/ L/B udk ahead ESifh astern armif;Edkif&ef
jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
(21) Exhaust pipe onf normal operation vkyfaepOf a&r0ifEdkifatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
(22) Propeller onf a&xJwGif&Sdaomvlrsm;ESifh trdIufrsm;udk r½dkufrdap&ef pDpOf design vkyfxm;&rnf/
(23) Calm water wGif full completement of person & equipment jzifh tenf;qHk; 6 knots jzifh
armif;Ekdif&rnf/ vl 25 a,mufwifaqmifxm;aom L/R udk 2 knots jzifh qGJEdkif&rnf/ 6 knots jzifh 24
hours oGm;Ekdifatmif qDvHkavmuf&rnf/
(24) Engine udk fire - retardant casing jzifh zHk;tkyfxm;&rnf/ ¤if; casing udk rawmfwq xdcdkufrdygu
tylravmifap&/
(25) Radio operation ESifh LSA ypönf;rsm; operation udk engine rSxGufaom electromagnet wave
rsm;u interfrence rjzpfap&ef design jyKvkyx f m;&rnf/
(26) L/B starting, radio ESifh search light rsm;twGuf recharge vkyfEkdif&ef pDpOfxm;&rnf/
(27) Engine starting ESifh operation twGuf water resistance instruction udk engine starting
vkyfaomae&mteD;wGif xif&Sm;odomatmif wyfxm;&rnf/

7. L/B FITTING
(28) Hull \ lowest point drain valve tenf;qHk;wpfck&Sd&rnf/ ¤if;onf L/B xJrSa&rsm;udk avxJwGif
L/B &Sad epOf drain vkyE
f ikd &f rnf/ ¤if; drain valve udk automatically or plug or cap jzifyh wd f &rnf/
Plug ESifh cap landyard jzifh permanent wyfxm;&rnf/ drain aygufae&mudk L/B xJwGif clearly
mark vkyfxm;&rnf/
(29) rudder ESifh propeller ae&mrSvGJí L/B \ out side ywfvnfwGif grab line rsm;wyfqifxm;&rnf/
(30) L/B arSmufoGm;aomtcg jyefaxmif&ef hull \atmufydkif;wGif hand holds rsm;wyfqifxm;&rnf/
¤if; hand holds rsm;onf wpfckckESifhxdrdí usdK;oGm;vQif L/B udkrxdcdkufap&/
(31) Forward painter (toggle painter) udk under tension wGif jzKwfEi dk &f ef release divice wyfqifxm;
&rnf/
(32) Ship side cs&rnfh L/B rsm;wGif skate ESifh fenders rsm;wyfqifxm;&rnf/
(33) Fall rsm;wGiw
f yfxm;aom hook rsm;udk wpfjydKifwnf;jzKwfEidk &f ef pDpOfxm;&rnf/ ¤if; releasing device
rsm;onf hook ay:wGif weight r&Sad omtcg jyKwx f u
G Ef ikd &f rnf/ Release udk ywf0ef;usif ta&mifrsm;ESifh
uGJjym;aprnfh ta&mifokwfxm;&rnf/
(34) Steering position onf all round view jrifEi
kd &f rnf/

8. Life Boat Equipments

(1) Sufficient buoyant oars (thwart wpfckpDwdkif;twGuf wpfacsmif;&Sdaom one set ESifh spare ESpfacsmif;)
(2) Two boat hooks
(3) Buoyant bailer wpfckESifh bucket ESpfyHk;
(4) Survival manual wpfck
(5) rSefbDvl; (binnacle) ygaom compass wpfvHk;
(6) Sea anchor wpfck
(7) Efficient painter ESpaf csmif;wpfacsmif;onf permanent painter jzpfjy;D bow sheet wGi&
f adS om ring wGif
permanently splice vkyx f m;&rnf/ aemufwpfacsmif;rSm toggle wyfxm;jy;D bow sheet atmufwiG x f nfh
xm;&rnf/
(8) Hatches (ykqdefESpfacsmif;) life boat \ each end wGif wpfacsmif;pDxm;&rnf/
(9) Fresh water, vlwpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf 3 litres yg&rnf/
(10) Lanyard ESifhqufxm;aom rust proof dipper wpfck
(11) Rust proof graduated drinking vessel
(12) Ration food ( vlwpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf 10000 kJ )
 78
(13) Buoyant smoke signal 2 ck
(14) Rocket parachute 4 ck
(15) Hand flare 6 ck
(16) Morse signalling ay;Edik af om water proof electric torch (spare battery one set ESihf bulb wpfv;kH )
(17) Day light signalling mirror (Heliograph) instruction yg&rnf/
(18) Life saving signal card 1 ck (water proof jzpf&rnf/)
(19) Whistle or equivalent sound signal 1 ck
(20) First aid kit one set
(21) Anti Seasickness medicine vlwpfa,mufpDwdkif;twGuf (6)vHk;ESifh seasickness bag 1 vHk;pD
(22) Jack knife 1 acsmif;
(23) 30 M t&Snf&Sdaom buoyant line ESifh attached vkyfxm;onfh buoyant rescue quoits 2 ck
(24) Tin opener 3 acsmif;
(25) Manual pump 1 vHk;
(26) Fishing tackle one set
(27) Minor adjustment vky& f ef vdt
k yfaom sufficient tools rsm;
(28) Oil fire ESifh tqifajyrnfh portable extinguisher 1 vHk;
(29) Radar transponder rygvQif radar reflector 1 ck
(30) Search light 1 vHk;
(31) Thermal protective aid (life boat o,faqmif&rnfh vlOD;a&\ 10% odkYr[kwf 2 ck rsm;onfhyrm)
(32) EPIRB
9 Life Boat Marking
(1) Dimension of the life boat (L × B × D) ESihf number of person permitted to accommodate wdu
Yk kd
clear permanent character jzifh mark vkyfxm;&rnf/ (Normally steel plate wGif azmfjyonf/)
(2) Ship name ESifh port of registry udk life boat \ bow wpfbufwpfcsufpDü capitals of the roman
alphabet jzifhazmfjyxm;onf/
(3) Above rSjrifEdkifaomae&mwGif ship's name ESifh life boat number udk mark vkyfxm;&rnf/

RESCUE BOAT ( MARSHAL BOAT )

* oabFmay:wGif&Sdaom engine ygonfh life boat udk rescue boat tjzpftoHk;jyKrnfqdkvQif rescue boat
\ requirements rsm;ESifhnDvQif toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ Rescue boat \ requirements rsm;rSm -
(1) Rescue boat onf rigid or inflacted construction odr Yk [kwf combination construction jzpfEikd o
f nf/
combination construction jzpfvQif administration u approved vky& f onf/
(2) Length onf not less than 3.8 M and not more than 8.5 M jzpf&rnf/
(3) vlig;a,mufxdkifvsuf position ESifh vlwpfa,muf vJavSmif;onfh position udko,faqmifEdkif&rnf/
(4) Adequate sheer r&Sad om boat rsm;wGif life boat length \ 15% &Sad om sheer jzpfatmifvy k af y;&rnf/
(5) Speed 6 knot jzifh manoeuvring vkyfEdkif&rnfhtjyif ¤if; speed udk tenf;qHk;av;em&D maintain vkyf
Edkif&rnf/
(6) a&xJwiG &f adS omvlukd u,fwif&ef vHak vmufaom movility and manoeuvrability &S&d rnf/ oabFmay:wGif
&Sdaom largest life raft udk vltjynfh ypönf;tjynfh wifaqmifxm;csdefwGif tenf;qHk; 2 knot jzifh tow
vkyfEdkif&rnf/ tjcm; life raft rsm;udkvnf; marshal vkyfEdkif&rnf/
(7) Rescue boat wGif inboard or outboard motor wyfqifEi kd o
f nf/ tu,fí outboard motor wyfrnf
qdkvQif rudder ESifh tiller onf engine \ part 1 ckjzpfEdkifonf/
(8) Towing arrrangement rsm;udk permanently wyfqifxm;&rnf/ ¤if; arrangement rsm;onf life raft rsm;
udk marshal vkyf&efESifh tow vkyfEdkif&ef strong jzpf&rnf/
(9) Small item rsm;udk store vkyfEdkif&ef watertight stowage tank wpfvHk;wyfqif&rnf/

TOTALLY ENCLOSED LIFE BOAT

(1) ¤if;onf ½dk;½dk; life boat wpfpD;\ requirements rsm;twdkif; jynfhpHk&rnf/
(2) Rigid water tight enclosure &Sd&rnf/ (Life boat udk vHk;0a&vHkatmifydwfaom wHcg;jzpf&rnf/)
(3) txJrSvlrsm;udk tyl'Pf? tat;'Pf umuG,fEdkif&rnf/ ¤if;wGif 0ifaygufxGufayguf&Sd&rnf/
(4) ¤if;taygufonf enclosure ydwfonfhtcg water tight jzpf&rnf/
 79
(5) ¤if;taygufonf tjyifxu
G jf y;D tvkyv
f yk Ef ikd af omae&mwGif azmufxm;&rnf/ ¤if;taygufrS tjyifrxGub
f J
tvkyfvkyfEdkif&rnf/
(6) Enclosure udk twGif;ua&m tjyifuyg zGifhEdkifydwfEdkif&rnf/
(7) ¤if; enclosure udk open position wGif wpfcsdefvHk;xm;vdkygu zGifhxm;Edkifatmif pDpOfxm;&rnf/
(8) ¤if; boat udk vdktyfygu a&xJwGifavSmfí&Edkif&rnf/
(9) ¤if; life boat arSmufoGm;vQif a&pdrfh0ifjcif;r&Sdap&/
(10) Window odkYr[kwf translucent port (rSefESifhumxm;aom tvif;a&mif0if&eftayguf) yg&rnf/
(11) ¤if;\ tjyifbuf colour onf highly visible colour jzpfjy;D ? twGi;f wGif comfortable colour jzpf&rnf/
(12) Life boat xJodkY0if&ef hand rails rsm; wyfqifxm;&rnf/
(13) Life boat xJodkY0ifí rdrdae&modkYa&muf&ef ausmfcGjyD; oGm;p&mrvdkatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
(14) Life boat engine rSxGufaom rD;cdk;rsm;onf txJodkY0ifí vlrsm;udk 'ku©ray;Edkifatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
(15) vlxdkifaomae&mrsm;wGif safety belt rsm;wyfqifxm;jyD;? one hundred lbs. 'PfudkcHEdkif&rnf/
(16) Life boat stability onf arSmufoGm;aomfvnf; csufcsif; upright jyefjzpfatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/

LAUNCHING AND EMBARKATION APPLIANCES

Davit Regulation
(1) Floating block (lower fall block) rsm;onf non toppling type jzpf&rnf/
(2) Power oHk;jyD; boat udkqGJwifonfhtcg winch rsm;onf life boat in position ra&mufcif power jywf
awmufoGm;rnfh safety cutout switch &Sd&rnf/ Power jywfoGm;jyD;vQif in position odkY craddle jzifh
vSnfhíwif&rnf/
(3) Life boat fall udk (2)ESpfcGJwpfcg end to end vJjyD; (5)ESpfwpfcg totally renew vkyf&onf/
(4) Luffing type ESihf gravity type davit rsm;wGif davit head ESpc f u
k q kd ufxm;onfh wire span onf tight
jzpfraeap&ef span \t&Snfonf davit head ESpfckMum; distance xuf 15 cm ydk&Snf&rnf/
(5) Life boat wpfcw k iG f tenf;qH;k life line ESpaf csmif;&S&d rnf/ ¤if;wdoYk nf davit head ESit
hf enf;qH;k wpfay
cGmxm;&rnf/
(6) Life line \t&Sno f nf lightest sea going draft wGif 20º adverse list ü deck rS a&pyftxdr&D rnf/
(7) Emergency boat xm;aom davit rsm;wGif tenf;qHk; life line av;acsmif;&Sd&rnf/ (Rescue boat)
(8) Full complement of persons and equipments wGif life boat udak &xJocYkd s&ef davit onf cHEikd &f nfr&Sad omf
vnf; ¤if; davit wGif tjzLa&mifaemufcHaq;ü ajcmufvufr teDa&mif belt udk aq;jc,fxm;jyD; marking
vnf;a&;xm;&rnf/ ¤if; marking wGif life boat udk water born jzpfonftxd vlESpfa,mufESifhomcsjyD;
water born jzpfjyD;rS usefvlrsm;wuf&rnf[k a&;om;xm;onf/
(9) Life boat rsm;udk smoothly and quickly csEi dk &f ef davit, winch, block, swivel and disengaging gear
rsm;udk tjrJwrf; maintain vkyfjyD;? in good condition wGifxm;&rnf/
OTHER L.S.A.
Line Throwing Appliances
Line throwing appliances rsm;onf -
(1) Resonable accuracy jzifh ypfEkdif&rnf/
(2) Calm weather wGif 230 M tenf;qHk;&Sdaom line udk o,faqmifEdkifonfh projectile (4)ck &Sd&rnf/
(3) Not less than 2 KN &Sdaom line (4)acsmif;o,f&rnf/
(4) Brief instruction or diagram rsm;udk apparatus ay:wGif clearly azmfjyxm;&rnf/
(5) Pistol fire rocket type wGif rocket odkYr[kwf integral rocket type wGif assembly onf water
resistant casing xJwi G &f &dS rnf/ Pistol type wGif line, rocket and ignition rsm;onf weather 'Pfukd
cHEdkifrnfh container xJwGif&Sd&rnf/
Line throwing appliances wGif type ESpr f sKd ;&So
d nf/ Pistol ESihf integral type rsm;jzpfonf/ Pistol type
wGif -
- a gunmetal and steel pistol
- Four rocket of seamless
- Six ignition cartridges
- 4 mm diameter nylon lines (4) acsmif; wdkYyg0ifonf/
Integral type wGif rocket ESifh line udk plastic bl;xJwGif wpfcgwnf;xnfhxm;jyD; safety pin udkjzKwfí
ypfEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh SOLAS requirements ESifhudkufnD&ef oabFmay:wGif bl;(4)vHk;o,faqmif&rnf/ bl;xJrS
 80
rocket udk (3)ESpfwpfcg renew vkyfEdkifjyD;? nylon line onf (9)ESpfwpfcg renew vkyf&onf/
Line throwing apparatus udt k oH;k jyKonfth cg lee ward bufoYkd a&jyifnED iS hf 30º xm;jy;D ypfrS rdryd pfvkd
aomae&modkYa&mufonf/

MISCELLANEOUS

Muster List
(1) Muster list wGif general emergency alarm signal rnfodkYay;rnf? crew and passengers rsm;onf
alarm signal Mum;vQif vkyaf qmif&rnfw h m0efrsm;? ¤if; list wGif abandon ship jzpfvQif rnfonfh signal
ay;rnfudk detail azmfjyxm;&rnf/
(2) Muster list wGif crew wpfa,mufpD\ duty ESifh yg0ifaom crew ta&twGufudk azmfjyxm;&jyD;? yg0if
aom crew rsm;\ t"du duty rsm;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm;vnf; yg0if&rnf/
- Closing of W / T doors, fire doors, valves, scuppers, skylight, port holes ESihf oabFmwGi& f adS om
tjcm; opening rsm;
- Equipping of the survival craft and other L.S.A.
- Preparation and lounching of survival craft
- General preparation of other L.S.A.
- Muster of passengers
- Use of communication equipment
- Manning of fire parties assigned to deal with fire
- Special duty assign and respect of the use of F.F.E and installation.
(3) ¤if; list wGif L.S.A and F.F.E wdkY\ condition ESifh ready for immediate use udk check vkyf&ef rnf
onfh officer wGif wm0ef&Sdonfudk azmfjyxm;&rnf/
(4) ¤if; list wGif t"duwm0ef&Sdol wm0efrxrf;aqmifEdkifonfhtajctaewGif tjcm;rnfolu ¤if;\wm0efudk
tpm;xdk;,laqmif&rnfudk azmfjyxm;&rnf/
(5) ¤if; list wGif in case of emergency ü passenger wpfa,mufcsi;f pDtwGuf wm0ef,&
l rnfh crew rsm;\
duty rsm;udk azmfjyxm;&rnf/ ¤if; duty wGif atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0if&rnf/
-Warning the passengers;
-seeing that they are suitably clad and have donned their lifejackets correctly;
-assembling passengers at muster stations;
-keeping order in the passageways and on the stairways and generally controlling the
movements of the passengers;
- ensuring that a supply of blankets is taken to the survival craft.
(6) Muster list udk yifv,fxo
J rYkd xGucf if jyifqifa&;qGjJ y;D jzpf&rnf/ a&;qGjJ y;D onft
h csed w
f iG f tajymif;tvJ&ydS g
u master taeESifh new list qGJjcif;? odkYr[kwf revise vkyf&rnf/
(7) Passenger ships rsm;wGiftoHk;jyKaom muster list \ format udk approve vkyf&rnf/

MAINTENANCE OF L.S.A.

L.S.A ypön;f rsm;\ on-board meintenance instruction onf em;vnfv,

G af p&rnf/ &Edik o
f rQae&mrsm;
wGif azmfjyxm;&rnf/ atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0if&rnf/
(1) Inspection aqmif&u
G &f eftwGuf check list
(2) Maintenance and repair instruction
(3) Periodic maintenance vkyaf qmif&rnfh schedule
(4) Recommended lubricant jzifh lubrication vky&
f rnfh points rsm;\ diagram
(5) Replaceable parts rsm;\ list
(6) Spare part &Edkifaom sources rsm;\ list
(7) Inspection and maintenance vkyfaqmifonfh record rsm;twGuf log ponfwdkYyg0ifygonf/

Weekly Inspection vk y f & rnf h L.S.A ypö n f ; rsm; (Check list ES i f h v k y f & rnf)
(1) Survival craft tm;vH;k ESihf rescue boat \ launching appliances rsm;udk visual inspection vky&
f rnf/
Ready for use jzpfrjzpf check vkyf&rnf/
 81
(2) Life boat rsm;ESihf life boat engine rsm;udk check vky&
f rnf/ Engine udk ahead / astern armif;Munf&h rnf/
Total tcsdef tenf;qHk; 3 min. &Sd&rnf/
(3) General emergency alarm udk test vky& f rnf/

Monthly Inspection
- Life boat equipments tm;vHk;tygt0if L.S.A ypönf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk MuHhcdkifrI&Sdr&Sd? ready for use jzpf
rjzpf check vkyf&rnf/

Annually Inspection
- Inflatable life raft tm;vH;k ESihf inflatable lifejackets hydrostatic release rsm;udk check vky&
f rnf/

Buoyant Appratus
- Life Buoy ESifh Life Jacket wdkYrSvTJí a&xJwGif&Sdaom vludk Support vkyfEdkif&ef design xkwx
f m;onfh
floating equipment jzpfonf/
- oabFmay:wGif store vkyfxm;pOf&SdrnfhyHkESifh a&xJa&mufoGm;vQif&Sdrnfh yHkoP²mefrajymif;vJap&/
- toHk;jyK&eftwGuf jyifqifwyfqifrIrsm; vkyfaqmifp&mrvdkap&/
- Retro-reflective tape uyfxm;&rnf/
- 18 rDwmtjrifhrS drop test vkyfjcif;udk cHEdkif&rnf/
- GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) ESifh jyKvkyfxm;&rnf odkYr[kwf txJwGif air cases rsm;udkxnfhjyD;
hardwood frame jzifh cover vkyfxm;wmrsdK;jzpfEdkifonf/
- tem;ywfvnfrsm;wGif nDnmjyD; cRefxGufaejcif;rsdfK; r&Sdap&/
- Manila Grab line rsm;wyfqifxm;&rnf/ ¤if; line rsm; a&ay:wGiaf y:aeap&ef azmh odr
Yk [kwf opfom;wH;k
av;rsm; wyfxm;&rnf/
- Grab line rsm;\ attachment ESifh strength onf apparatus wpfckvHk;udk qGJrvQif cHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
- Apparatus \ weight onf 400 lbs. (180 kgs.) xufrydk&/
- ab;wpfbufwpfcsufwGif vljrifomaomae&mrsm;ü atmufygtcsufrsm;udk a&;xm;&rnf/
(Buoyant Apparatus, Number of Persons permitted to carry, Store vkyf&rnfhtjrifh? Surveyor's
Initial, Date of Manufacture, Department of Trade Stamp)
- Painter BudK;onf 20 mm (2.5 inches) &SdjyD; manila rope jzpf&rnf/ ¤if;onf buoyant apparatus udk
a&xJodkYavQmcsEkdif&ef cHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
- Painter t&Snfonf lightest sea going draft wGif deck rS a&pyftxdrDEdkifonfhtjyif 6 ay (1.8 M)
tydk&Sd&rnf/
- oabFmay:wGif tqifajyaomae&mrsm;wGif jzefYa0xm;&Sd&rnf/ odkYaomf monkey island wpfoD;wpfjcm;
ae&mrsm;wGif rxm;&/ tvG,w f ul float free jzpfEikd rf nfh ae&mrsm;wGix
f m;&rnf/ ig;ckxyfyí
kd xyfrxm;&/

PILOT LADDER
(1) Pilot ladder onf Pilot qif;^wufaomtcg safely qif;^wufEi kd &f ef efficient jzpf&rnf/ Clean and
in good order jzpfatmif tjrJwrf;xdef;odrf;xm;&rnf/ Port t0iftxGufwGif Official Persons rsm;
toHk;jyKvQifvnf; oHk;Edkif&rnf/
(2) Pilot ladder udk wyfqifaomae&monf discharge pipe, finer lines rsm;ESihf jzpfEi dk o
f í vGwu f if;apjy;D
ship side ESifh firmly against jzpfaeap&rnf/ Pilot boat twGuf tEÅ&m,frjzpfapEdkifrnfhae&m wwf
Edkifoa&GU mid ship wGif&Sd&rnf/
(a) Climbing distance 1.5 M to 9 M (5 ft. to 30 ft.) twGif; toHk;jyK&rnf/ 9 M xufausmfvQif
accommodation ladder ESiw hf o
JG ;kH &rnf/
(b) Any condition of loading ESihf trim ESihf 15º adverse list wGif water level udr
k ED ikd &f ef vHak vmufaom
t&Snf&Sd&rnf/
(3) Steps rsm;onf . . .
(a) Hardwood odkYr[kwf ¤if;ESifhnDrQaom material ESifhjyKvkyfxm;onfh non slip surface jzpf&rnf/
atmufqHk; step av;ckonf rubber odkYr[kwf ¤if;ESifhnDrQaom oifhavQmfaom material jzpf&rnf/
(b) Step wpfck\ dimension not less than L = 480 mm, B = 115 MM, D = 25 mm &Sd& rnf/
(c) Step wpfckESifhwpfck 300 to 380 mm twGif;jzpf&rnf/ Equally spaced jzpf&rnf/ Step rsm;udk
secure vkyf&mwGif tjrJwrf; horizontal jzpfaeap&ef jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
 82
(4) Step rsm;wGif original securing mean ESifhrwllaom step ESpfckxuf ydkr&Sdap&/ ¤if; step rsm;udkvnf;
tajctaeay;onfESifh original securing mean twdkif;jzpfap&ef jyefjyifay;&rnf/
(5) (a) Side rope rsm;onf single one legth uncover manila rope jzpf&rnf/ Circumference not less
than 60 mm (2.25 inch.), diameter 18 mm &Sd&rnf/
(b) Man rope ESpaf csmif;udk vessel wGif aocsmpGm secure vkyx f m;&rnf/ Man rope \ circumference
onf not less than 65 mm (2.5 inch.), diameter 20 mm &Sd&rnf/
(c) vdktyfvQiftoHk;jyK&ef safety line wpfacsmif; tqifoifh&Sdap&rnf/
(6) Battens (spreaders) rsm;onf step rsm;twdkif;jzpfjyD; length rSm 1.8 M (5 ft. 10 inch.) tenf;qHk;&Sd&
rnf/ atmufqHk;ig;xpfajrmuf step onf spreader jzpf&rnf/ Spreader wpfckESifhwpfckMum; 9 steps
xuf ydkrjcm;ap&/ (5th step, 14th step, 23rd step)
(7) Ladder \xdyr f S oabFmay:odYk safely and coveniently wufEikd &f ef pDpOfxm;&rnf/ Bulwark odrYk [kwf
rails wGif gateway &Sdygu adequate handholds rsm;wyfqifxm;&rnf/ Gateway r&Sdygu bulwark
ladder ESifh handhold stanchions rsm;udk wyfqifxm;ay;&rnf/ Stanchions wpfacsmif;pD\tjrifhonf
bulwark rS not less than 1.2 M jrif& h rnf/ wdik Ef pS w
f ikd Mf um;wGif not less than 0.7 M not more than
0.8 M &Sd&rnf/ Stanchions \ diameter onf not less than 40 mm &Sd&rnf/
(8) Pilot ladder ESihf oabFm\ overside udk vHak vmufaomrD;xGe;f ay;xm;&rnf/ oabFmay:&Sd pilot wufrnfh
ae&mudv k nf; vHak vmufaomrD;xGe;f ay;xm;&rnf/ Self-igniting light wyfxm;aom light buoy wpfcu k kd
vnf; vdt k yfygu tqifoift h oH;k jyKEikd &f ef xm;&S&d rnf/ Heaving line wpfacsmif;vnf; tqifoif&h &dS rnf/
(9) Pilot ladder udk oabFm\ rnfonfh side wGifrqdk wyfqifEdkifatmif jyKvkyfxm;&rnf/
(10) Pilot wuf^qif;onfhtcgwdkif;ESifh pilot ladder wyfqifonfhtcgwdkif;wGif wm0ef&Sd officer rS super-
vised vkyf&rnf/

BOAT & FIRE DRLL

SOLAS chapter III part B, regulation (18) t&

oabFmwdkif;onf Abandon ship drill ESifh fire drill udk at least wpfvwpfBudrfjyKvkyf&rnf/
oabFmwGif&Sdaom crew 25% onf training drill vkyf&mwGifyg0ifzl;jcif;r&SdvQif port rSxGufcGmNyD; 24h
twGif; drill vkkyf&rnf/
Life boat wdkif;onftenf;qHk; 3 vw pfBud
vwpf B udrf a&xJodkYcsNyD; manoeuvrs vkyf&rnf/ jzpfEkdifvQif 1 vwpfBudrf
vky&f rnf/ odUk aomf short international voyage oGm;aomoabFmrsm;wGif administraation ucGijhf yKvQif 3 vwBurd f
embarkation deck leval odkU lower vkyfEkdifonf/ odkUaomf wpfESpfwpfcga&xJcsí manoeuvre vkyf&rnf/
- Rescue boat onftenf;qHk; 1 vwpfBudrfa&xJcsNyD; manoeuvre vkyf&rnf/
- Drill vkyf&mwGiftrSefwu,f emergency ESifhawGUMuHK&ouJhodkUjyKvkyf&rnf/

ABANDON SHIP DRILL wG i f a tmuf y gtcsuf r sm;yg0if & rnf /

1. Emergeney alarm ay;í crew ESifh passenger rsm;udk MUSTER STATIONS rsm;wGifpka0;apNyD;
MUSTER LIST wGifyg0ifaom ¤if;wdkU\wm0efrsm;udkem;vnfrI&dSr&SdvkyfaqmifEkdifrIU&Sdr&Sdppfaq;&rnf/
2. Muster List wGifygaom duties rsm;ukdvkyfaqmif&efjyifqifjcif;ESifh oufqdkif&m station rsm;udk reporting
vkyfjcif;ukdppfaq;&rnf/
3. Passengers ESifh crew rsm; properly dress jzpfrjzpfppfaq;jcif;?
4. Life Jacket rsm;ukdrSefuefpGm0wfxm;rxm;ppfaq;jcif;?
5. vkdtyfonfh preparation NyD;vQif life boat teJqHk;wckukd launching vkyf&ef lower vkyfjcif;?
6. Life boat engine udk start vkyfjcif; operation vkyfjcif; (ahead ESifh asterm 2 ckaygif;tcsdeftenf;qHk; 3m
vkyf&rnf/)
7. Life raft launching vkyf&efoHk;enf;? davits rsm;\ operation udkaqmif½Gufjcif;wdkUyg0ifonf/
 83
FIRE DRILL
1. Muster list wGifaz:jyxm;aom duties rsm;udkaqmif½Guf&ef preparation vkyfjcif; reporting vkyfjcif;/
2. Fire pump udkEdI;NyD;rD;owfydkuf2acsmif;rSwNydKifwnf; properly working vkyfEdkifovm;ppfaq;jcif;/
3. Fire mas’s out fits ESifhtjcm;aom personal rescue equipment rsm;udkppfaq;jcif;/
4. Communication equipment rsm;udp
k pfaq;jcif;/
5. W/T doors, fire doors, ESifh fire arrangements rsm;udkppfaq;jcif; ponfwYdkyg0if&rnf/
FIRE DRILL vkyf&mwGif vessel \ type ESifh cargo ay:rlwnfíjzpfEkdifaomtajctaersm;udk pOf;pm;í
avhusifh&rnf/

LOWERING A LIFEBOAT

SOLAS Chapter III (B) regulation (13)t&

Survival craft wckudk embark vkyfzdkYESifh launching vkyf&ef crew ESpfa,mufxJjzifh vkyfaqmifEdkifNyD; 5m
twG i f ; muster station wGifvlpHk&rnf/ Boat ay:odkYwuf&efESifh boat cs&ef ready jzpf&rnf/

LOWERING PROCEDURE
- Master \ approval t& emergency alarm ay;rnf/
(consisting of 7 or more short blasts follow by one long blast)
- Properly dress vkyfí two way radio V.H.F (Walkitalky) ESifh muster list ,lNyD; muster station
odkYoGm;&rnf/
- rdrd boat wGifvlpHkrpHkESihf proper dress jzpfrjzpfppfaq;&rnf/
- L/J 0wfenf;rSefrrSef? duty rsm;udkar;NyD;em;vnfrIY&Sdr&Sdppfaq;&rnf/

* ppfaq;NyD;vQif master udk inform vkyfNyD; lauching vkyf&ef preparation vkyf&ef order ,lrnf/
- Preparation vkyf&mwGifaqmif½GufNyD;wdkif; report vkyfcdkif;yg/ boat ay:odkU crew 2 a,mmufwufí?
- Life boat cover clear vkyfodrf;?
- FWD rS toggle painter pass out vkyfatmufrS crew u as far as possible FWD rS strong point wGif
made fast vkyfyg/
- Life line rsm;udk clear vkyfyg/
- atmufrS crew u safety trigger udkqGJNyD; Gripe slip link udkjzKwfNyD;vQif boat ay:rS ¤if; grip line udk
clear vkyfNyD; pass vkyfay;yg/
- Tiller wyf?
- Plug wyf?
- Boxing tackle prepare vky?f

* Tricing pendant ESifhtjcm; structure awGeJUrnd§atmif check vkyfNyD; clear vkyf?

- Boat hook ready at hand xm;NyD;? life line ukd ready jzpfaMumif; report vkyf?
- atmufrS crew rsm;u track way rsm; clear jzpfrjzpf check
- Grip line \ slip link udkcsdyfxm;aom safety clip jzKwfNyD;tay:u vludk pass vkyfay;?
- Embarkation lader lashing rsm;udk clear vky?f
- Winch cover jzKwf? power vmrvmppfaq; (L/B cs&eftwGuf power rvdkaomfvnf;? jyefqGJwif&ef
power vdktyfonf/)

* tm;vHk; ready jzpfvQif master udk report vkyfNyD; embarkation deck odkU lower vkyf&ef order awmif;?
 84
- (Davit cradle onf track away ay:wGifavsmusí track way qHk;vQif cradle head rS floating block
rsm;onf fall wire jzifhatmufodkYusvmrnf/ xdkodkYusvmpOf cradle wGif secure vkyfxm;aom tricing
perdant aMumifh boat onf deck level wGif ship side odkUuyfvmrnf)
- Boat deck level a&mufvQif FWD ESifh AFT rS boxing tackle rsm;udk pass out vkyfyg/ (Hauling part
onf shipside rSxGuf&rnf ) vessel \ strong point wGifcsdwfyg/ Tricing pendent jzKwyf g/
- Passenger ESihf crew rsm;wufyg/ trsdK;orD;ESihfcav;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay;yg/ (Solas t&o,faqmif&rnfhvl
tm;vHk;ukd 3m twG i f ; Boarded vkyfEkdif&rnf/ )
* vltm;vHk;wufNyD;vQif rdrdxdkifcHkrsm;wGif as low as possible xdkifcdkifNyD; master order awmif;ívIdif;xdyf
(wave crest) avmufxdavQmhcsyg/
- rudder udk secure vkyfxm;aom chain / rope udkjzKwfyg/
- engine EdI;NyD; ahead / astern operation vkyfí slow ahead avmufwGifxm;yg/ (V/L \ head way
ay:rl w nf í xm;yg/ ) boat ud k vessel ES i f h Parallel fore and AFT twd k i f ; jzpf a tmif painter
udkwwfEdkiforQqGJawmihf NyD;xdrf;xm;yg/
- skate ukdjzKwfNyD; L/B xJwGifodrf;xm;yg/

* Water born vkyf&ef master \ approval xyf,lyg/

- order &vQifvdIif;xdyfESifh keel xdvQif “Let go the fall” [k orderay;yg/ vdIif;csdKihfxJusNyD; jyefwufvmcsdef
- fall wire ay:wGif tension r&Sad wmhonft
h cg floting block rsm;udjk zKwyf g/
- boat rS flotting block rsm;jyKwo
f mG ;vQif “hoist the fall wire” [k order ay;Ny;D winch man udjk ref&pfwifcikd ;f yg
(floating block rsm;&rf;Ny;D xdcu
kd Ef idk o
f nf/)
- boat a&xJa&mufonfESifh tiller udk out board odkUcsdK;xm;NyD; vessel ESSihfuyfatmif xdrf;xm;yg/ ship side
ESifh boat hook jzifh FORE and AFT rSaxmufxm;yg/
- Embarkation Ladder csí winch man boat ay:odUk qif;yg/
- boat udk FWD odkUarmif;yg toggle udkjzKwfí painter udk let go vkyfyg/
- vessel ESifh 1/4 mile odkYarmif;oGmNyD; sea anchor csí rescue udkapmihfyg/
- L/B portable radio ESifh SART udk test vkyfyg/

* L/B wGif efficient painter 2 acsmif;&Sd&rnf/ Length rSm L.S.G.D wGif stowage position rSa&pyfxd
tjrifh 2 q (odkY) 15m (rsm;onfhyrmP)

1. Permanent Painter onf L/B \ at or near the bow wGif firmly secured vkyfxm;&NyD; ¤if;udk L/B
tcsif;csif;qGJ&ef? sea xJwiG af rsmxm;pOf survival craft rsm;wuGJwjym;rjzpfatmifpkícsnfxm;&ef oHk;onf/

2. Toggle Painter L/B bow sheet atmufwGifxm;NyD; toggle wwfxm;onf L/B launching vkyf&mwGif
oHk;onf/ painter ay:wGif tension avQmhoGm;aomtcg toggle udk ring rSjzKwfí painterudk ship side
wGifxm;cJh onf/
* Painter 2 acsmif;pvHk;ukd FWD bow sheet atmufwGifacGíodrf;xm;&onf/
* Painter ukd boat ESifha0;EkdiforQ forward buf strong point ücsnf&rnf/ odkYaomf painter udk wwfEdkif
orQvnf; slack jzpfaeap&rnf/ tight jzpfvGef;vQif L/B csaepOfwpf0ufü painter BudK;jzifh csdwfxm;
ouJhodkYjzpfaernf/ xdkYjyifa&xJa&mufvQif embarkation ladder udkjyefuyf&efcufcJonf/
 85
* Painter oH k ; &jcif ; rS m ?
- Boat ukd launch vkyfpOf FORE and AFT twdkif;xdrf;xm;Edkif&ef/
- Vessel head way &Sdaeaom (odkY) current &SdaepOf painter wGifcsnfxm;aomaMumifh boat udk engine
roHk;bJ sheer vkyfEkdif&ef/
- Boat a&xJa&mufvQif vessel head way odkU current udk engine jzifh counter vkyfp&mrvdkbJ davit head
atmufwGif&Sdaeapí? floating block udkjzKwf&mwGifvG,fulapjcif;wdkUaMumihfjzpfonf/

DANGEROUS CARGO
Class 1 Explosives
Class 2 Gases: Compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure
Class 3 Flammable liquids
Class 4.1 Flammable solids
Class 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
Class 4.3 Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
Class 5.1 Oxydizing substances
Class 5.2 Organic peroxides
Class 6.1 Poisonous (Toxic) Substances
Class 6.2 Infectious substances
Class 7 Radioactive materials
Class 8 Corrosives
Class 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances, that is any other substance which experience
has shown, or may show, to be of such a dangerous character that provisions of this shall
apply to it.
(uGJ? aiGU? avmif? vG,f? a&? cJr,f? atmuf? atmf? ayGU? zuf? a&'Dtuf? aumf½dk? rpfq,f? u,frpfu,f)
 86
BEACHING A LIFE BOAT TO SHORE

Life boat udk surf (vdi I ;f *,uf) &Sdaomae&mwGif beaching vkyfvQif txl;*½kpdkufí aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ qHk;
jzwfcsurf mS ;,Gi;f oGm;vQif life boat wpfcv k ;kH qH;k ½I;H Ekid o
f nft
h jyif crew member rsm; serious injury jzpfEidk o
f nf/ xdYk
aMumifh beaching vky&f mwGif tvif;a&mif&adS om day light tcsdew f iG f jyKvkyo
f ifo
h nf/ txl;ojzifh unknown beach
rsm;udk nbufwGif beaching vkyfjcif;onf tvGeftEÅ&m,fMuD;onf/
Beach condition rsm;udv k nf; rSe;f qívdt k yfovdk aqmif&u G &f rnf/ Generally taejzifh high land (jrifah om
uke;f ajr)&Sad om urf;pyfwiG f a&eufwwfjyD;? steep beach jzpfwwfonf/ (edrahf omajr) Low lying land rsm;onf flat
beach jzpfwwfonf/

Flat Beach (Shallows)

a&wdryf ikd ;f onf sea ward bufoYkd rsm;pGm extend jzpfaewwfonf/ Breaking sea or wave trsm;qH;k jzpfjyD;?
¤if;ae&mrsm;onf beaching vkyf&ef tEÅ&m,ftvGefrsm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh beaching vkyf&mwGif -
- Coxswain onf handling vkyf&mwGif experience &SdoljzpfoifhjyD;? crew tm;vHk;onf ay;onfh order
rsm;udk wduspGmvdkufem&rnf/
- Surf area rsm;wGif motor life boat xuf rowing vkyí f beach vkyfoifhonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
surf area wGif boat beaching jzpfaevQif yefumonf head way a&mufatmif toHk;jyKír&yg/
¤if;tjyif astern way armif;aepOf manoeuvering quality udek nf;aponf/ txl;ojzifh diesel engine
rsm;onf t&Sdef&&ef tvGefaES;auG;onf/ Surf \ vdIif;acgif;jzLrsm;Mum;wGif propeller grip power
enf;onf/ Rowing boat rsm;wGif oars rsm; udk a&eufxo J Ykda&mufatmif adjust vkyEf ikd o f jzifh vdt k yfovdk
manoeuvre vkyfEdkifonf/ Life boat \ moving power udkvnf; vdkovdkjyKvkyfEdkifonf/
- Sufficient free board &Sd&rnf/ Board \ ends rsm;wGif lightly loaded jzpfap&rnf/
- Boat udk manoeuvrability aumif;atmif crew rsm;udk double-banked xm;oifo h nf/ Beaching vkyf
aepOf shore bufodkYvSnfhí (back water) xdkif&rnf/ xkdodkYxdkifjcif;jzifh -
(1) Coxswain onf life boat odkYvmaeaom dangerous wave rsm;udk clearly MunfhjrifEdkifjyD; oars
men rsm;onf approching shore bufodkY rsufESmrlxm;ojzifh rocks and other dangers rsm;udk
sharp lookout vkyfEdkifonf/
(2) Oars men rsm;taejzifh dangerous sea wave rsm;udk rawGU&aomaMumifh aMumufpw d u f kd avsmu h sap
jyD; coxswain \ order udk tm½HkpdkufEdkifonf/
- Life boat udk head to sea (sea ward bufodkY) vSnfhxm;&rnf/ odkYrSom heaved to wave jzpfrnf/
Sea anchor udk strean vkyfxm;&rnf/
- Head to sea vkyfjyD;vQif rudder and tiller udkjzKwfí steering oar udk after crutch or gronmet
strap wGix f nhyf g/ taMumif;rSm pitching jzpfaepOf rudder effect udo k ;kH ír&aomaMumifjh zpfonf/ ¤if;
procedure rsm;udk shore breaker wave rsm;ra&mufcif atleast boat length (2) q tuGm ta0;cefYwi G f
tqifoifhvkyf&rnf/ xdkYaemuf wave cycle udkapmifh&rnf/
- Sea wave rsm;onf development and deterioration (,kwaf vsmh) jzpfapaom cycle &Sdonf/ Wave
cycle wpfcw k iG f 5 to 7 waves &So
d nf/ ¤if; wave cycle jyD;vQif yifv,fjyifonf jidro f mG ;aom period
&Sw
d wfonf/ (Period of quiet) Wave cycle \aemufq;kH wave wGif grounding vky&f ef a&G;cs,&f rnf/
Wave cycle twGif oars men rsm;onf oars rsm;udak &xJwi G f aocsmpGmjr§Kyfí oars rsm;jzifh r½du k rf ad p&ef
vufrSvGwfrxGufoGm;ap&ef aocsmpGmudkifxm;&rnf/
- Boat grounded jzpfvQijf zpfcsi;f boat \ side (2)bufoYkd crew rsm; nDwn l rD Qcek cf sjyD; aemufxyf½u kd cf wf
rnfh wave t&Sdefjzifh boat udk a&twufqHk;a&mufEdkifrnfhae&modkY wGef;,loGm;&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh high
water wGif breaching vkyfjcif;onf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/
- ukef;ay:odkYqGJwif&mwGif painter udk boat hull wGifodkif;í qGJwifEdkifovdk boat \ yard, mast, oars
or round timper pieces rsm;udk roller jzifhtoHk;jyKjyD; qGJwifEdkifonf/
- Boat ay:rSqif;&mwGif uav;ESifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;jyD;rS crew rsm;udkqif;ap&rnf/ Boat \
astern (beach bufrS) qif;ap&rnf/ Bow wGif&Sdaom crew ESpfa,mufudk aemufqHk;rSqif;ap&rnf/
xdEk pS af ,mufonf boat udk head to sea jzpfaeatmif xde;f xm;ay;&rnf/ (Astern bufrS weight enf;
oGm;ojzifh life boat udk beach ay:odkY wave rsm;\tultnDjzifh ydkrdka&mufaponf/)
- Sea anchor ud k beaching vkyfaepOfwpfcsdefvHk; stream vkyfxm;&rnf/
 87
Steep Beach
Flat beach rSmuJo h Ykd preparation rsm;vky&f rnf/ odYk aomf shore em;wGif a&eufaomaMumifh head to shore
ESifh beaching vkyf&rnf/ Shore udk grounded jzpfonftxd wave rsm;udk right angle xm;jyD; speed ravQmhbJ
beaching vkyf&rnf/ Boat grounded jzpfonfESifh astern udk shore ESifh boat parallel jzpfatmif swing vkyfyg/
Boat \ broad side udk vdIif;½dkufaomtcg boat wpfckvHk;urf;ay:odkY a&muf&efvG,fuloGm;aponf/ Grounded
jzpfcsdefwGif shore udk end on twdkif;qufxm;vQif shore udk½dkufjyD; jyefxGufvmaom vdIif;rsm;onf boat udkqGJcsjyD;
dangerous position jzpfaponf/ xdkYaMumifh steep beach udk beaching vkyfvQif wdusaom timing ,lí ground
vkyf&rnf/

Unknown Beach
nbufwGif beaching vkyfvQif tEÅ&m,ftvGefrsm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh daylight &onftxd apmifhoifhonf/
xdkYaemufrS beach condition udkMunfhí beaching vkyfoifhonf/ Daylight udkapmifhaepOftcsdeftwGif; distress
signal rsm;udkoHk;í tultnDudk&SmazGEdkifonf/

Approaching A Rocky Shore

oabFmrSvludk shore ay:odkYydkY&efvnf;aumif;? shore rSvludk boat jzifhac:,l&efvnf;aumif;? wpfcgwpf&H
rocky shore rsm;udk approach vkyf&rnf/ xdkodkYvkyf&mwGif -
- Head to sea vkyfyg/
- Suitable anchor udk rocky braker (vdIif;acgif;rsm;) ESifh vGwfonfhae&mwGif let go vkyfyg/
- Shore ESihf anchor position tv,favmufwiG f anchor \ holding power udk test vkyyf g/ tu,fí
ausmufrjrJvQif procedure udk tprSjyefvyk yf g/ Holding ground aumif;aumif;&onftxd vkyaf qmifyg/
- Life boat udk oars men a&xJuckd ek cf sapjyD; painter jzifh stream movement udk xde;f Edik o
f nfah e&ma&muf
onftxd approach xdkYaemufvlwif^vlcsvkyfjyD; anchor udkjyefqGJí ausmufrjyD;jyefxGufyg/
- ¤if; procedure rsm;udkvkyfaqmif&mwGif jury keel, jury rudder, jury sea anchor rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkif
onf/

FACTORIES ACT
Factories and Worishop Act (A.)

Access to the Vessel

Vessel rsm;odkY access vkyf&ef tus,f 22 inches tenf;qHk;&SdjyD; 2 ft. 9 in. tjrifh&Sdaom rails rope
ESpfacsmif;ygonfh fenced wyfxm;aom accommodation ladder or gangway ladder &Sd&rnf/ ¤if; ladder onf
sound construction and adequate length &Sd&rnf/ ¤if;tjyif ship side ESifh properly against jzpfjyD; slipping
rjzpf&ef secure vkyfxm;&rnf/
Accommodation ladder onf ship ESihf firmly against jzpfaevQif ship side bufrS fenced udk wyfxm;
p&mrvdk/
oabFmESpfpD; along side vkyfxm;vQif free board jrifhaomoabFmu edrfhaomoabFmtwGuf means of
access udkpDpOfay;&onf/

Access to the Hole

5 ft. xufeufaom hatch rsm;wGif ladder yg&rnf/ odkYr[kwf cleats or cups in the coaming yg&rnf/
Twin deck ESifh lower hole xJwGif&Sdaom ladder rsm;onf wwfEdkifoa&GU wpfajzmifhwnf;&Sd&rnf/
Rungs (ajceif;acsmif;) rsm;onf 10 in. wide jzpfjyD; foot hold onf coaming ESifh 4.5 in. uGm&rnf/
Tunnel rsm;udk ausmfjzwf&ef adequate hand holds and foot holds rsm;yg&Sd&rnf/

Lighting
Cargo or bunker operation vkyr f nfah e&mrsm;ESihf oabFmwGif tvkyv
f yk rf nfo
h rl sm; a&mufEikd o
f nfah e&mrsm;
tm;vH;k udk efficient lighting ay;xm;&rnf/

Beams and Covers

Beams rsm;udk jzKwf^wyf &efESifh in position xnfh&ef ¤if; beams rsm;ay:odkY vlrwufbJESifh vkyfaqmifEdkif&
rnf/
 88
Beams rsm; in position wGif &Sad eonft
h csdew
f iG f cargo operation vkyaf omtcg accidental lifting rjzpf
atmif securing means &Sd&rnf/
Beams ESifh hatch cover rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ position rsm;t& marking and number rsm; aocsmpGm mark
vkyfxm;&rnf/
Hatch cover rsm;udk good condition jzpf&
f ef tjrJwrf; xde;f xm;&rnf/ tjcm; purpose twGuf roH;k &/ ¤if;
wdkYudk manually rEdkifatmif hand grip rsm;wyfxm;&rnf/

Derrick
Derrick ESifh permanent attachment rsm;udk annually inspect vkyf&rnf/ 4 years wpfcg thoroughly
examined vky& f rnf/
Machinery tm;vH;k ESihf winch rsm;tm;vH;k udk annually thoroughly examined vky& f rnf/
Temporary attachment lose gear rsm;jzpfaom chain, ring, swivel, shackles and hooks rsm;udk steel
jzifh vkyfxm;jcif;r&SdvQif diameter 12 mm xufi,fvQif ajcmufvwpfcg annealing (rD;zkwf)&rnf/ Diameter 12
mm xufMuD;vQif wpfEp S w
f pfcg annealing vky&f rnf/ Steel jzifjh yKvkyx
f m;aom lose gear rsm;udk 12 months wpf
cg annealing vky&f rnf/
Winch, every derrick gear, eye plates rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ SWL xufrsm;aom proof load jzifh test
vkyf&rnf/
Derrick SWL Proof Load
up to 20 tons SWL + 25% of SWL
between 20 and 50 tons SWL + 5 tons
over 50 tons SWL + 10% of SWL
Proof load ESifh test vkyaf omtcg derrick \ test angle odYk r[kwf horizontal xm;jyD;? both side odYk as
far as possible swing vkyf&rnf/
Loose gear rsm;jzpfaom chain, ring, hook, shackle, swivel rsm;\ proof load = two times of SWL
Block rsm;twGuf proof load -
Single Sheave Block Proof Load = 4 times of SWL
Multiple Block SWL Proof Load
up to 20 tons two times of SWL
between 20 to 40 SWL + 20 tons
over 40 1.5 times of SWL
Block ESifh derrick rsm;wGif SWL rsm;udk clearly mark vkyfxm;&rnf/
Loose gear rsm;udk toHk;rjyKcif inspect vkyíf annually thoroughly examined vky&f rnf/
Winch rsm;\ ywfvnf working parts rsm;udk fenced umxm;&rnf/ Winch rsm;rSxGufvmaom steam
rsm;onf cargo operation udk taESmifht,Sufrjzpfap&/
Gear tm;vHk;\ certificates rsm;udk register xJwGif odrf;xm;&rnf/

Wire Rope
Wire rope udk ¤if;\ breaking stress \ 1/5 xufrrsm;aom proof load jzifh test vkyf&rnf/
Wire rope tm;vH;k udk generally oH;k vwpfcg check vky&f rnf/ Broken jzpfjyD;aom wire rsm;udk wpfvwpfcg
inspect vkyf&rnf/
Wire wpfacsmif;\ diameter &Spfq t&SnftwGif; wire rope wGifyg0ifaom wire trQifta&twGuf\
10% visually ysufoGm;vQif wire udkroHk;& odkYr[kwf excessive wear or corrosion sign rsm;jyaevQif roHk;&/
Wire splices rsm;onf tenf;qHk; 3 full strand tuck and 2 half strand tuck against the lay splice
vkyf&rnf/ odkYr[kwf ¤if;ESifhnDrQaom efficient splice vkyf&rnf/

Hatch Opening
Cargo operation rvkyfaomtcsdefrsm;wGif hatch cover rsm;udk zGifhxm;rnfqdkvQif meal time rSvTJí usef
aomtcsdefrsm;wGif 2 ft. 6 in. tjrifh&Sdaom fenced umxm;ay;&rnf/
Loading / unloading operation vkyaf epOf tween deck \ hatch cover one section tenf;qH;k zH;k xm;
&rnf/ odkYaomf em&D0uftwGif; cargo discharging jyD;rnfqdkvQif ydwfxm;p&mrvdkyg/
Hatch way rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfaomtcg gunnies odkYr[kwf cotton bales rsm;\ band rsm;udk hook ESifh
rcsdwf&/
 89
DOCK REEGULATION 1934 - SUMMARY

Dock, wharf, or quay rsm;wGif cargo rsm;udk heading, discharging, moving and handling vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk
(od)Yk dock, harbour or canal rsm;wGif loading, discharging vkyaf eaom oabFmrsm;tm;vH;k ESihf oufqikd af p&rnf/

PART (1) SAFETY MEASURES AT DOCKS, WHARVES AND QUAYS.

(1) Dangerous parts, corners, across bridges ESihf caissons (a&atmufwi G t
f vkyvf yk &f eftwGuf vlaeEdik af om
avvHkaowåm)rsm;udk 2 ft. 6 inches. xufrenf;apaom fencing rsm;um&Hxm;&rnf/
(2) Wharf ESihf quay rsm;wGif L.S.A ypön;f rsm;udt k qifoifo h ;kH Edik &f efxm;&S&d rnf/ ¤if;tjyif water level wGi&f adS om
vlwpfa,muf “holding on” vkyfEdkif&eftpDtpOfrsm;vkyfxm;&rnf/
(3) tvkyv f yk rf nfv
h rl sm;twGuaf e&mwdik ;f wGif efficient lighting &Sad prnf/
(4) First aid boxes ESifh ambulance facilities &&SdEdkifrnfhae&mrsm;udk notice rsm;jzifhjyxm;&rnf/

PART (2) ACCESS TO AND FROM SHIP AND PARTS OF THE SHIP

( A ) (1) Alongside quay, wharf or dock : at least 22 ft. tus,f non. slip surface &SNd y;D both side wGif
33 ft. tjrif&
h adS om upper and lower rails &So
d nfh accommodation ladder (od)Yk similar access vkyx
f m;
&rnf/ Accommodation ladder onf ship’s side ESifh aocsmpGmuyfaevQif out board side
fencing wpfco k mvdo
k nf/
(2) Alongside other ship : higher free board &Sad omoabFmrS safe means of access udk jyKvy k f
ay;&rnf/
(3) Access to holds : depth 5 ft. xufrsm;aom holds rsm;tm;vHk;oufqdkifaponf/ Hold xJodkY
ladder jzifw
h uf&rnf coaming wGif ladder, cleats or cups rsm;&S&d rnf/ Twin deck ESifh lower hold
ladder rsm;onf if practicable same stright line wGiw f yfqif&rnf/
- Ladder \ rungs (width) 10 in. &Sd&rnf/ Foot hold 4.5 in &Sd&rnf/ Firm hand hold &Sd&rnf/
cleats ESifh cups onfvnf; xdkuJhodkYjzpf&rnf/ Cargo wif&mwGif ladder ESifh 4.5 in cGmxm;&rnf/
- Ladder wyfxm;aomae&m hatch coaming ESihf obstruction rsm;wGif pass vkyo f mG ;Edik &f ef vHak vmuf
aom tus,ft0ef;&Sd&rnf/
- Ladder udk hatch way ESifh clear jzpfaomae&mwGifwyfqifxm;&rnf/
- Shaft tunnel \ each side wGif sufficient band hold ESihf foot hold rsm;&S&d rnf/
- Hold xJEiS t
hf vkyv
f yk rf nfo
h rl sm;oGm;vmrnfah e&mtm;vH;k udk efficient lighting &Sad tmifvyk &f rnf/

(B) HATCH COVERS

- Beams rsm;udkjzKwf&efwyf&ef beam ay:odkYvlrwufbJaqmif&GufEdkifap&rnf/
- Beam rsm;ESifh hatch cover rsm;udk¤if;wdkY\ deck, hatch ESifh position rsm;twdkif; marking
xif&Sm;pGmvkyfxm;&rnf/(interchangeable cover rsm;rSvGJí) hatch cover rsm;wGif adequate
hand grips &S&
d rnf/
- Hatch way ywfvnfwiG f beam ESihf hatch cover rsm;udk handle vky&f eftus,f 2 ft xufenf;vQif
safely handle vkyfEdkif&eftpDtpOfrsm;vkyfxm;&rnf/

PART (3) TESTS, ETC., OF LIFTING MACHINERY

- Lifting machinary rsm;udt k oH;k rjyKcif test vky&f rnf/ Competent person rS examined vky&f rnf/
- Derrick tm;vH;k ESihf attachment tm;vH;k udk 12 months wpfcg inspect vky& f rnf/ tenf;qH;k 4 years
wpfcg throughly examined vky&f rnf/
- Lifting machinary rsm;udt k enf;qH;k 12 months wpfcg throughly examined vky&f rnf/
Through examination = visual examination + hammer test or similar with dismantling if necessary.
- Chain, rings, hooks, shackles, swivel, ESihf pulley block rsm;udt k oH;k rjyKcif test and examined
vkyf&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf steel r[kwyf gu 12 mm dia: xufi,fvQif 6 vwpfcgESi¤hf if;xufBu;D aom
size rsm;ESifh steel jzifhvkyfxm;aom gears tm;vHk;udk wpfESpfwpfcg annealing (rD;zkwf) odkY similar
treatment vky& f rnf/
- vGefcJhaom 3 vtwGif; inspect rvkyf&ao;onfh gear rsm;udktoHk;rjyKrD inspect vkyf&rnf/
- Rope rsm;onf suitable quality &Sd&rnf/ xif&Sm;aomcsdKU,GifrIuif;&rnf/
- Wire rope rsm;udktoHk;rjyKrD test vkyf&rnf/ 3 vwpfcg inspect vkyf&rnf/ broken (ayguf)
jzpfaeaom wire udw k pfvwpfcg inspect vky&f rnf/ (dia: \ 8 qt&Snt f wGi;f total wire rQiaf ygif;
10 % jywfaevQifroHk;&yg/)
- Ware and corrosion sign jyaeaom wire udkroHk;&yg/
 90
- Block ESifh chain sling rsm;wGif S.W.L rsm; mark vkyfxm;&rnf/
- Chain sling rsm;udwk akd p&ef (shortend) rxH;k &/
- Machinary winch rsm;udk fenced vkyx f m;&rnf/
- Crane cabs ESifh driver platform rsm;ay:odkY safely access vkyfEdkif&rnf/ Fencing &Sd&rnf/
- Crane ESifh derrick rsm;wGif S.W.L rsm; mark vkyfxm;&rnf/
- Machinary rsm;rSxGufvmaom steam (a&aEG;aiGU) rsm;onf deck ESifh any part of access udk
obscure rjzpfap&/
- Derrick foot udk ¤if;\ socket rSjyKwfrxGufatmif preventvkyfxm;&rnf/

PARTS (4) MISCELLANEOUS RULES

- Coal or bulk cargo operation vkyaf epOf tween deck (od)Yk cargo hold xJrS escape vkyE
f ikd &f efppD Of
xm;&rnf/
- Lifting gear wck\ S.W.L xufausmfvGefíwpfcgwpf&H operate vkyfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf record
vkyf&rnf/
- Winch driver ESifh signal man onf 16 ESpfxufri,f&/
- Quay ay:wGifyHkxm;aom cargo rsm;ywfvnfwGif walking space &Sd&rnf/
- 5 ft xufeufaom hatch rsm;twGuf 3 ft tjrifh&Sdaom fences &Sd&rnf/ odkYaomf avmavmq,f
toHk;rjyKonfh hatch wGif coaming (ywfvnfwGif&Sdaomvrf;avQmufEdkifonfhtus,f) 2 ft 6 in
txuf&Sdaom hatch rsm;wGifrvdktyfyg/
- Hatch cover rsm;udkrSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;rjyK& (miss: use)/
- Tween deck xJwi G f cargo operation vkyaf epOf tween deck hatch \ tenf;qH;k one section udk
ydwx f m;&rnf/ (discharging operation wGief m&D0uftwGi;f complete jzpfrnfqv kd Qirf vdt
k yfyg??)
- Hatch square wGiftvkyfvkyfaepOf bale (abxkyf) rsm;\ bands rsm;udk hook ESifhrcsdwf&/(sling
(odkY) net rsm;udk toHk;jyK&rnf/)
- Hatch beam rsm;udk secure vkyfxm;&rnf/
- Fall wpfckpDwdkif;twGuf signal man wpfa,mufxm;&rnf/

PART (5)
- Authorized person rSvGJírnfolrQ cargo gear rsm;udk interfere rvkyf&/(toHk;rjyK&/)
- Beams rsm;udk adjust vkyf&ef tay:odkYrnfolrQrwuf&/

PART (6)
- Ship owner u safe access regulation udv
k u
kd ef m&efysuu
f u
G yf gutvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk cdik ;f apaom
olwGif wm0ef&Sdonf/
- Inspection rsm;twGuf rSwfwrf;xm;&Sd&rnf/

DOCKS REGULATION 1934

Tests and Examination Before Taking Lifting Machinery and Gear into use

Every winch and all accessories thereto

Test Proof load in excess of S.W.L as follow:
S.W.L up to 20 tons - 25% in excess
20-50 tons - S.W.L.+ 5 TONS
Over 50 tons - 10 % in excess

Method Either weights or spring / hydraulic

Balance (derrick swung out as far as possible each way)

Every crane or hoisting machine and all accessories thereto

Test As above

Method Weight swung as far as possible each way for cranes with variable jib
At max. and min. radii as well
Loose gear whether necessary to a machine or not

Test Proof load as follows:

Chain, Ring, Hook, Shackles and Swivel 2 x S.W.L.
Single sheave blocks 4 x S.W.L.
 91
TIMBER CARGOES
M.S. (Loadlines) (Deck Cargo) Regulations 1968 (S.I.)

Requirements applicable to Ships Assigned Timber Freeboards (1968)

(1) Forecastle length onf vessel length \ not less than 7% (0.07 L)&S& d rnf/ Height onf not less
than standard height of enclose super structure &Sd&rnf/
(2) Less than 100 M vessel rsm;wGif poop deck or raise quarter deck &Sd&rnf/ ¤if;wGif deck house
or steel hood rsm;&Sd&rnf/
(3) Mid ship tydik ;f wGi&f adS om D.B tank rsm;udk sub-divide vkyx
f m;&rnf/ ¤if; sub-division tank tm;vH;k \
t&Snfonf tenf;qHk; half ships length &Sd&rnf/
(4) Not less than 1 M height &Sdaom permanent bulwark or strong guard rials rsm;&Sd&rnf/

All Vessels Carrying Timber Deck Cargo

(1) Opening : free board deck \atmufwGif&Sdaom opening rsm;udk securely close or batten down
vkyx f m;&rnf/ Beams and hatch cover rsm;onf in position wGi&f &dS rnf/ Ventilation ay;&efvt kd yfvQif
ventilator rsm;udk protect vkyfxm;&rnf/
(2) Deck Cargo : Compactly stowed vky& f rnf/ Working space and navigation of ship wGif toH;k jyK
rnfh spaces rsm;udk intefere rjzpfap&/ u
Buoyage wpfcv k ;kH twGuf safe margin of stability udMk udKwifwu G x
f m;&rnf/ txl;ojzifh wd;k vmEdik af om
weight rsm;ESihf avsmhomG ;Edi k af om weight rsm;udk MudKwifwu G x
f m;&rnf/ xdYk aMumifh deck cargo \ height udk limit
vkyx
f m;jcif;r&S?d odYk aomf certain winter zone rsm;wGif maximum height onf 1/3 of the beam from weather
deck tjzpfowfrSwfxm;onf/
(3) Access : Crew quarter and navigation spaces rsm;udk satisfactory and safely access vkyE f ikd &f rnf/
vdktyfvQif opening rsm;udk zGifh^ydwfEdkif&rnf/
Top of the deck cargo wGif height not less than 1 M, width not less than 1 M and wpfcE k iS w hf pfck
tMum; not less than 1.5 M apart &Sdaom stachion wdkifrsm;ESifh wpfckESifhwpfck vertically 1/3 M apart jzpfaom
walk way wnfaqmufxm;&rnf/
(4) Steering arrangement : Steering arrangement rsm;udk protect vkyx f m;&rnf/ vdt
k yfygu ¤if;ae&mrsm;
odYk access vkyEf ikd &f rnf/ Main steering gear failure jzpfvQif emergency steer vkyEf ikd &f ef arrangement
rsm;&Sd&rnf/
(5) Lashings : Ample strength, in good condition, fitted width releasing arrangement rsm;udk tjrJwrf;
&&SdEdkifrnfh over all lashing rsm;&S&d rnf/
(6) Uprights : Nature of timber t& uprights rsm;vdktyfjyD; ¤if;wdkYonf-
(a) Metal or wood jzpfEdkifjyD; adequate strength &Sd&rnf/
(b) Suitably spaced vkyfxm;&rnf/ odkYaomf wpfckESifhwpfck not more than 3 M apart jzpf&rnf/
(c) Adequately secured vkyfxm;&rnf/

Additional Arrangements Applying to Vessel Using Timber Load line

(1) Wells : Free board \tay:wGif&Sdaom Hatch ESpfckMum;&Sd wells rsm;xJwGif cargo rsm;udk solidly
stowed vkyf& rnf/ Deck cargo \ height onf -
- up to 75 M in length = 1.8 M
- up to 125 M in length = 2.3 M
tjcm; length vessel rsm;twGuf interpolate vkkyf&rnf/
(2) Deck cargo : Independent over lashing rsm;udk deck cargo \ height t& space vkyfjyD; secure
vkyf&rnf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY\ space onf not more than 3.6 M apart jzpf&rnf/
Bulkhead em;wGi& f adS om cargo ends \ not more than 2 M wGif over all lashing securing vky&f
rnf/ Cargo ends wGif bulkhead r&SdvQif ends rS 0.6 M and 1.5 M ESpfae&mwGif lashing zrf;&rnf/
Independent over all lashing onf 19 mm close link chain or equivalent jzpfaom flexible steel
wire rope jzpfEdkifonf/ Wire rope jzpfvQif length udk wdk;^avQmh Edkif&ef chain yg&rnf/
(3) Metal Sockets : Upright rsm;udkpGyf&ef wyfxm;aom metal socket rsm;\atmufajconf deck
strainger ESifh attached vkyx f m;&rnf/ Upright rsm;udk athwartships lashing zrf;&rnf/
 92
G.M.D.S.S

(Global Maritime Distress & Safety System)

(The basic concept of G.M.D.S.S)

Distress jzpfvQifurÇmay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mrSrqdk distress alart xkwfvTifhjcif;udk rapidly zrf;,l&&SdEdkiNf yD;

SAR operation udk minimun delay jzifh shore S A R authorities rsm;uJoYkd distress vessel \jrifui
G ;f teD;tem;
wGif&Sdaom vessels rsm;uvnf; Co - ordinated (wef;wl&nfwl) aqmif½GufEdkif&ef pDpOfxm;aom system
jzpfonf/
¤if;tjyif G.M.D.S.S wGif Urgency ESihf Safety communication rsm;udak qmif½u
G Ef ikd Nf y;D navigational &
mateorological warning rsm;tygt0if M S I information rsm;udv
k nf;xkwv
f iT Ehf ikd o
f nf/
G.M.D.S.S onfurÇmay:&dS a&jyiftm;vH;k udk fully cover jzpfNy;D operation vky&
f eftwGuf system wpfcv
k ;kH
wGif area (4) ckcGJxm;onf/

Sea Area ( 1 )
Means an area withing the radiotelephone coverage of atleast one VHF, coast station in which continu-
ous D.S.C alerting is avilible, as may be defined by a cuntracting goverment .
Coast radio station wpfcr
k S V.H.F jzifh communication vkyEf ikd o
f nf area (coast rS 20-30 miles)

Sea Area ( 2)
Means an area excluding sea area (1) within R.T coverage of atleast one M F coast station in which
continuous D.S.C alerting is avilible , as may be defined by a cuntracting goverment
Sea area 1 rSausmv
f eG Nf y;D coast radio station wckrS MF communication vkyEf ikd o
f nfh area (coast rS approxi-
mate 100 miles)

Sea Area ( 3 )
Means an area excluding sea area (1) & (2) withing the coverage of an INMARSAT geostationary
satellites in which continuous alerting is avilible .
GEO - Stationary satellite coverage jzpfaom area (roughly between Lat 70 N & 70 S)

Sea Area (4)

Means an area outside sea area A1,A2 and - A3( Polar orbiting satellite ESifhtvkyfvkyfEdkifonfh area ) polar
regions

G.M.D.S.S ud k passenger ship tm;vHk;ESifh h cargo ship GT 300 ESifhtxuftm;vHk;vdkufem&rnf/

G.M.D.S.S onf f / 1st Feb: 1992 wG i f Inforce jzpf N yD ; 1st Feb: 1999 wG i f Implement jzpf & rnf/

Function
(1) Transmitting ship-to-shore distress alerts.
(2) Transmitting and receiving ship-to-ship distress alerts.
(3) Receiving shore-to-ship distress alerts.
(4) Transmitting and receiving search and rescue co-ordinating communications
 93
(5) Transmitting and receiving on-scene communications
(6) Transmitting and receiving signals for locating
(7) Transmitting and receiving bridge-to-bridge communications
(8) Transmitting and receiving Maritime Safety Information (MSI)
(9) Transmitting and receiving general radiocommunications to shore.

G.M.D.S.S Equipment
Sea area A1
* VHF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* Watch receiver for VHF DSC channel 70
* Satellite EPIRB or VHF EPIRB
* NAVTEX
* SART(s) and portable VHF(s)
* 3 cm (9 GHZ) radar
* Until at least 1 February 1999; Watch receiver for 2182 kHz

Sea area A2
* VHF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* MF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* Watch receiver for VHF DSC channel 70
* Watch receiver for MF DSC 2187.5 kHz
* Satellite EPRRB
* NAVTEX
* SART(s) and portable VHF(s)
* 3 cm (9 GHZ) radar
* Until at least 1 February 1999; Watch receiver for 2182 kHz

Sea area A3
* VHF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* MF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* Satellite communication equipment or HF equipment using DSC, radiotelephony and radiotelex.
* Watch receiver for VHF DSC channel 70
* Watch receiver for MF DSC 2187.5 kHz
* If HF equipment is chosen above; watch receiver for HF DSC
* Satellite EPRRB
* NAVTEX
* An EGC safety NET receiver or HF radiotelex equipment for receiveing MSI broadcasts
* SART(s) and portable VHF(s)
* 3 cm (9 GHZ) radar
* Until at least 1 February 1999; Watch receiver for 2182 kHz
 94
Sea area A4
* VHF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* MF equipment using DSC and radiotelephony
* HF equipment using DSC radiotelephony and radiotelex
* Watch receiver for VHF DSC channel 70
* Watch receiver for MF DSC 2187.5 kHz
* Watch receiver HF DSC
* 406 MHz satellite EPIRB using the COSPAS/SARSAT system
* NAVTEX
* HF radiotelex for receiving MSI broadcasts
* SART(s) and portable VHF(s)
* Until at least 1 February 1999; Watch receiver for 2182 kHz

M.F Medi frequency

30 KHZ .............3 MHZ

H.F High frequency

3 MHZ ...............30 MHZ

V.H.F Very high frequency

30 MHZ ...............300 MHZ

EPIRB
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons
VSL or suruival craft awG&UJ pos: udkd Emergency xkwaf y;aom Radio Beacon jzpfonf/
EPIRB trsdK;tpm;rsm;
1. COSPAS - SARSAT EPIRB (Polar obiting satellite jzifh 406 MHz rStvkyfvkyfonf)
2. E - EPIRB (L - BAND EPIRB)GEO - STATIONARY SATELLITE jzifh106 MHz rStvkyf
vkyfonf/)
3. V.H.F EPIRB (Polar orbiting Satellite ESihf Air Craft jzifh 121.5 MHz rStvkyv
f yk o
f nf/)
4. V.H.F - CH 70 EPIRB (V.H.F, D.S.C channel 70 rS tvkyfvkyfonf/ )

COSPAS SARSAT SYSTEM

COSPAS (½k½Sm;pum;) = Space System For Search And Distress (VSL &SmazGa&;ESifh Distress VSL
rsm;twGufjyKvkyfxm;aom space system)
SARSAT (tar&duef) = Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (Satellite tultnDjzifh &SmazG
a&;ESifhu,fq,fa&;vkyfjcif;)
Cospas Sarsat System wGifoHk;aom Beacon (3) rsdK;
1. P.L.B Personal Locator Beacon uke;f ay:twGuo
f ;kH
2. E.L.T Emergency Locator Transmitter (Air Craft) twGuo
f ;kH
3. EPIRB Emergency Pos: Indicating Radio Beacon.oabFmtwGuo
f ;kH
 95
¤if; Beacon wckcu
k kd distress jzpfvQio
f ;kH jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdUk rSxw
k af om signal udk Sattellite rSzrf;,lNy;D Earth
Station udkydkUay;NyD;vdktyfonfrsm;qufvufaqmif&Gufonf/
* Satellite rSzrf;,l&&Sad om signal udu
k rÇmay:&Sd L.U.T. (Local User Terminal) odyYk aYkd y;onf/
* L.U.T rS M.C.C (Mission Control Center ) u,fq,fa&;ESifh &SmazGa&;xdef;csKYyf&mXmecsKyfodkYydkUonf/
* M.C.C rS R.C.C (Rescue Co- Ordination Centre ) u,fq,fa&;XmecGJodkYydkUonf/
* R.C.C rS S.A.R Foces (u,fq,fa&;ESifh&SmazGa&;tzGJU)odkUydkYonf/

COSPAS / SARSAT

406 MHz ESifhvkyfaom beacon rS data udk Satellite rSrdvQif L.U.T odkUydkUonf/ L.U.T udkrawGUao;vQif
store vkyfxm;NyD;awGUrSykdYonf (Full Global Coverage) jzpfonf/ 121.5 MHz rSvTwfaom Beacon rS data udk
Satellite rS L.U.T ESifh Beacon wpfjydKifxJjriffaecsdefwGifykdUay;onf wpfNydKifxJrawGUvQifrydkUay;Edkifyg/ data udk
store rvkyfyg/ txl;ojzifh Southern Hemisphere wGif Satellite rS L.U.T udk Transmit rvkyfEdkifyg/
1993 August txdurÇmay:wGif L.U.T 28 ck&SdonfurÇmrStjrifh (850-1000) KM wGifvSnfhaeaom
POLAROBITING Satellite (6) ck&Sdonf/ (3) ck U.S.A, (3) ck U.S.S.R (2)ck xyfvTwfwif&ef&Sdonf/
¤if;wdkUonf S.A.R tjyiftjcm;vkyfief;rsm;vnf;vkyfonf/ urÇmudk 1h 40m vQif ( 8 ) ywfEIef;ESifh ywfae
Muonf/ 1993 txd 406 MHz beacon 40000 cefU&Sdonf/

1. COSPAS SARSAT EPIRB wGif tajccHtm;jzifh

(1) Digital Logic (Maritime Mobile Service Identity) MMSI number

Beacon rSay;&rnfh massage wGif Internationally Agree vkyx
f m;aom Figure eHygwfjzpfonf? eHygwf
9 vHk;ygonf yxrqHk; 3 vHk;onf EdkifiHeHygwfjzpfonf/ yxrqHk;*Pef; 3 vHk;udkMunfhvQif
rnfonfhEdkifiHrSoabFm jzpfaMumif;odEdkifonf/
(2) Transmitter
(406 MHz) Every 50 sec wdi
k ;f wGif Approximately 5 watts jzifh burst Information rsm;udx
k w
k o
f nf
transmition Duration onf 0.44 Sec: omMumonf/
(121.5 MHz) 100 mw &Sdaom swept rsm;udk contineous vGifhonf/
(3) Antenna
(4) Battery wdkUyg0ifonf/
Beacon udkenf; 3 enf;jzifh activate vkyfEdkifonf/
1. Manually (Seal udjk zNJ y;D Switch udk Transmit odUk on vkyf )
2. Automatically a&xJjrKyo
f mG ;csed f (2-4)meter a&mufvQif Float free jzpfNy;D sea water ESix
hf ad wGU transmit
3. Remote Activation ( tcsKd UBeacon rsm;onf Remote Activation switch wyfxm;onf/ a&xJa&mufNy;D
ryGifhvQif Remote jzifhvSrf;zGifhEkdifonf/)

2. The Immersat E - EPIRB (L - band EPIRB)

E - EPIRB onf Cospas / Sarsat EPIRB ESifh equivalent jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;tvkyfvkyfaom
Frequency rSm 1.6 GHz or L-band jzpfjyD;? Geostationary Satellite jzifhtvkyfvkyfonf/ Float free
Satellite tjzpfoHk;onf/
Geostationary Satellite rsm;onf Equator ay:wnfhwnfhwGif&SdjyD; ajrjyifrS 35700 Km tjrifh Major
Ocean Region rsm;wGif&SdjyD; urÇmvnfonfhEIef;twdkif; vdkufvnfaeonf/ ¤if; region rsm;wGif Stationary jzpf
 96
aeonf/ Ocean Region av;cktwGuf Satellite av;vHk;&Sdonf/
(1) AORW = Atlantic Ocean Region West
(2) AORE = Atlantic Ocean Region East
(3) IOR = Indian Ocean Region
(4) POR = Pacific Ocean Region
Satellite rsm;udk oabFmrS Elevation Angle (jrifah xmif)h tenf;qH;k 5º &Sr
d S tvkyv
f yk Ef ikd o
f nf/ xdaYk Mumifh
Geostationary Satellite rsm;onf Lat. 70º North ESifh 70º South txdom Coverage jzpfonf/
Manually and Automatically operate vkyE
f ikd Nf y;D float free arrangement jzifx
h m;onf/
¤if;onf 10 mis twGif; tBudrf (20) alart signal rsm;ukdvTifhEdkifonf/
¤if; Alart signal wGifatmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifonf/
(1) MMSI Number ( Marine Mobile Service) digital number)
(2) Position (G.P.S ESifhqufvdkY&)
(3) Additional Information (Rescue Operation twGuftoHk;0ifrnfhowif;rsm;4if;wdkUudk Direct
ydkYvYkd&onf/)
¤if; E- EPIRB rSvTifhaom message rsm;udk Satellite rSzrf;NyD; C.E.S (Coast Earth Station) odkYydkYonf/
tcsdefwdkif;wGiftenf;qHk; CES 8 ckrS message rdEdkifonf/

3. D.S.C V.H.F Channel 70 Beacon

Sea area A1 twGuf apporve vkyfxm;aom EPIRB jzpfNyD; V.H.F Channel 70 (156-525 MHz) rS
D.S.C rsm;udk alert signalling vky&
f efo;kH onf/
¤if;onf SART ESihf wGJudkwGJxm;&rnf/
Sea area AI wG i f o G m ;aom Small Boat rsm;oH k ; onf / Oyrm - Fishing VSL, supply Boat rsm;

4. VHF EPIRB (Aero Nautical Frequency VHF EPIRB)

þ type onf automatically activate rvkyfEdkifyg/ ¤if;udk store vkyfxm;aom container / bracket rS
f jl y;D Manually Activate vky&f rnf/ ¤if; EPIRB rStoH;k jyKaom Frequency rsm;rSm 121.5 MHz (Cival
jzKw,
Aviation) ESihf 243 MHz (Military Aviation) wdjYk zpfonf/
¤if;onf contineous swept tone rsm;udk 0.2 watt jzifh 48 hours operate vkyfonf/ ¤if;\ Battery
onf Lithium jzpfjyD; 3 to 5 years cHonf/

DIGITAL SELECTIVE CALL (D.S.C)

GMDSS ray:cifu Old system wGif oabFmwpfpD;udkac:&ef odkYr[kwf Station wpfckudkac:&ef
odkYr[kwf Distress alerts udkxkwfvTifh&ef radio range rD&onf/ ¤if;tjyif Communication vkyf&ef vessel
wdkif;onf Distress and Calling Frequency wGif &Sdae&efvdktyfonf/ (2182 KHz, 500 KHz, 156.8 MHz
/ Channel 16) ¤if;tjyif rdrdoabFmtwGuf message &Sdr&Sdod&ef teD;qHk; coast station rS traffic list udk em;
axmif&onf/ xkdYaMumifh radio watch ,lraeaom oabFmrsm;udk directly ac:&ef pepfvdktyfvmonf/
xdkYaMumifh GMDSS wGif r&Sdrjzpftydkif;rSyg0ifaom D.S.C. udk wDxGifvdkufonf/ D.S.C. system wGif-
(1) rdrdac:vdkaomoabFmwpfpD;?
(2) rdrdac:vdkaom Coast Station wpfck?
(3) rdrdac:vdkaom Area wGif&Sdonfh oabFmtkyfpkwpfck?
(4) oabFmrsm;tm;vHk;udk tcsdefra&G; Calling vkyfEdkifaom system jzpfonf/
 97
xdkYjyif ¤if; system onf -
(a) ship to ship
(b) ship to shore
(c) shore to ship vnf; calling vkyf&efoHk;Edkifonf/
oabFmwpfpD;onf rdrdoGm;rnf Sea Area wGiftoHk;csEdkifrnfh D.S.C Equipment udkwyfqif&ef Oya't&
jy|mef;xm;onf/

D.S.C. Equipment trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkUrSm -

1.V.H.F D.S.C (156. 525 MHz)

Ship to ship drstress and safety call vkyE
f ikd &f ef G.M.D.S.S oabFmtm;vH;k V.H.F D.S.C channe70.
(156. 525 MHz) wyfqifxm;onf/
Sea Area I wGif&Sdaom oabFmrsm;onf coast-station wpfckodkU distress and safety call vkyfEdkif&rnf/

2. M.F D.S.C (2187.5 KHz)

Sea area A2, A3, A4 wGifoGm;rnfhoabFmwdkif;onf 2187.5 KHz rStvkyfvkyfaom M.F D.S.C udk
ship to ship udk Distress and safety call vkyfEdkif&ef wyfqifxm;&rnf/
Sea Area 2 ckwGifoGm;aom oabFmonftjcm;oabFmrsm;ESifh coast station rsm;udk distress and safety
call vkyfEkdif&rnf/

3. H.F D.S.C ( 3. MHz. to 30 MHz.)

4207.5 KHz., 6312 KHz., 414.5, 12577 KHz., 16804.5 KHz.
G.M.D.S.S wyf q if x m;aom oabF m rsm;tm;vH k ; ES i f h oabF m wG i f sea area A4, A3 wGif oGm;aom
( INMERSAT rwyfxm;aomoabFmrsm;) tm;vHk; V.H.F D.S.C ESifh M.F. D.S.C wyfqifxm;&rnfhtjyif
tjcm;oabFmrsm;ESifh coast station udk distress safety call vkyfEdkif&ef H.F D.S.C wyfqifxm;&rnf/

NAVTEX (NAVIGATIONAL TELEX)

Coast station rS 400 N.M txd safety message rsm;udk &,lEdkifaom radio equipment Nzpfonf 518
KHz rStvkyfvkyfonf/
¤if; 518 KHz wpfckxJomoHk;ojzifh xkwfvTifhaom station rsm;\ power ESifh timersm;xyfjyD;taESmuf
t,Sufrsm;jzpfEdkifojzifh station 24 ckudk 1 Navtex Area tjzpfowfrSwfNyD; urÇmay:wGif Nav Area 16 ckcGJ
xm;onf/
Nav Area 1 ckwiG f Station 24 ckxd&SdEdkifonf/ station 6 ckpyD gaom Group 4 ckcx
JG m;onf/
Group wpfckpDtwGuf transmit vkyf&eftcsdef 10 mins &onf/ ¤if;enf;jzifh r½IyfaxG;atmif jyKvkyf
xm;onf/
Navtex Message udkzrf;,l&ef
(1) B1 vdkcsifaom station udk a½G;Edkifonf/ Navtex Area t& station wpfck (odkY) vdkoavmufa½G;Edkif
onf/
(2) B2 vdkcsifaom Message a½G;Edkifonf/ (Type of Message)odkUaomf -
(a) Message Type (A) Nav. Warning
(b) Message Type (B) Meteorogical Warning
(c) Message Type (D) SAR Warning rsm;udkdzsufír&/
 98
SART
SEARCH AND RESCUE RADAR TRANSPONDER

* oabFmysufrsm; surival craft rsm;\ pos: udk&SmazGíu,fq,f&mwGifaxmuftul? tultnD&&Sdap&ef

toHk;jyKaom radio equipment jzpfonf/
* Switch on vkyfNyD; stand by vkyfxm;csdefwGif (‘X’ Band / 3cm ) radar jzifh 9. GHz jzifh detect vkyfvQif
radar rS pulse (Rays) rsm;vmxdrSomvQif Automatice Respond vkyf&ef Design vkyfxm;onf/
* Radar Pulse rsm;vmxdvQif Sart rS 12 Swept frequency signal rsm;xkwaf y;onf/ signal rsm;onf radar
screen wGif 12 Blops twHk;av;rsm; line tjzpf display vkyfonf/
¤if; 12 Blips line onf SART pos: rS outward 8 N.M txdxkwfay;onf? 4if; Blips line udkMunfhjcif;
jzifh SART pos: udk clearly jrifEkdifonf/

Range
15 M height &Sa
d om Navigational Radar jzift
h enf;qH;k 5.N miles rS Interrogated vkyEf ikd o
f nf/
Power 10 KW &Sdaom Air Born Radar (av,mOfysH radar) jrifhay 3000 (oHk;axmif) tjrifhrSqdkvQif 30
N Miles txd Interrogated vkyE
f ikd o
f nf/
Survival craft survivors rsm;udt
k jcm; VSL/ air craft rS sart signal udk received jzpfvQif sart rS audio and
visual signal rsm;xkwa
f y;jcif;jzifo
h &d EdS ikd o
f nf/

SART (3) rsdK;&Sdonf/

1. L/B, L/ Raft and VSL wGif Fixed wwfxm;aom SART
2. Portable SART (Survival Craft twGu)f
3. EPIRB wGif Float Free qifxm;aom SART
¤if; Sart rS EPIRB release vkyfEdkif&ef and / or Float Free jzpfap&efpDrHxm;onf

Test: Proceclure
- VSL rS radar udk 6 miles / 12 miles, range wGif set vkyfyg/
- Sart rS test switch udk ON yg/
- Radar Screen wGifMunfhyg/ sart rSxkwfaom 12 swept signal udk 12 rings or 24 rings tjzpfawGU&onf/
- N.B sart rSxkwfaom 12 swept signal rsm;onf observe vkyfaom radar ESifheD;vQif rings rsm;tjzpf
ay:NyD;a0;vQif blips (twHk;uav;) rsm;tjzpfay:onf/
- Sart wGifvnf; Audio tone toHHqufwdkufjrnfNyD; “Led” rD;vnf;qufwdkufvif;aeonf/
Sart udkomrmef Test vkyfvQif Led rD;ESifh Audio tone toHonf (jywfawmif;awmif;) jrnfonf/
* Sart &Sdaeaom Posn: t& radar screen wGifay:aeaom signal ring rsm;onf jywfaeaomae&mrsm;
&SdEkdifonf/

Specification
Frequency 9200 - 9500 MHz
Battery Stand by Condition - 96 hours
In tran Spond Mode 8 hours
Signal 12 Swept
Out put power 400 MW

Marking
Permanently - Maker’s Name Type
- Type
- Serial No
- Operational Instruction
- Battery Expire Date
- VSL’s Identification
- MMSI No or Call Sign
 99
TIME

LOCAL MEAN TIME = GMT/UTC ± L.I.T

TIME ZONE = onftcsdefr[kwfyg/ urÇmBuD;udk long 15º = 1h udk zone (odkU) area wpfcktjzpfowfrSwfí zone
(odkU) area 24 ck jzpfatmif cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mrsm;omjzpfonf/
¤if;Time zone rsm;udo
k wfrw
S &f mwGif Greenwich meridian udck enter xm;í Greenwich meridian \ta&SU
7º 30' long ESifhtaemuf 7º 30' long udk zero hour zone okUd time zone zero [kowfrw
S Nf yD; 7º 30' long rS22ºE long
xdudk1 hour zone odkY time zone 1 [kyifac:onf/ zero zone \ta&SUbufrS zone rsm;udk(-) sing wyfí azmfjy NyD;
taemufbufrS zone rsm;ukd(+) sing wyfíazmfjy&ygonf/
TIME ZONE udkowfrSwf&ef=15ºESifhpm;íjywfaomeHygwfonf 4if; TIME ZONE \eHygwfjzpfNyD; ¤if; TIME
ZONE 15º ESifhpm;íjywfaom long \ E 7º 30' ESifh w 7º 30' us,f0ef;onf/ eastly long jzpfvQif (-) wyfí westly
long jzpfvQif (+) sing wyfonf/

Oyrm 135º E \ TIME ZONE = 135º E = TIME ZONE -8

15º

120 W \ TIME ZONE = 120º W = TIME ZONE + 8

•

15º

TIME ZONE ± 12 udk (+) / (-) owfrw

S &f mwGif Date line \East zuf West long tydik ;f udk (+) [kowfrw
S Nf yD; Date
line \West bufEast long tydkif;udk (-) [kowfrSwfonf/
Oyrm long 175º W onf TIME ZONE +12 wGifyg0ifonf/
long 175º E onf TIME ZONE -12 wGifyg0ifonf/

ZONE TIME = TIME ZONE wpfc\

k keeping time
ZONE TIME udk vdc
k siv
f Qif G.M.T ESihf ¤if; TIME ZONE eHygwfEiS ahf ygif;/Ekwv
f Qi&f onf/
G.M.T 1200 wGif TIME ZONE (-) 6 \ ZONE TIME
ZONE TIME = G.M.T + TIME ZONE eHygwf
h h h
= 12 + 6 = 18
EASTERLY zone rsm;udk GMT ESifh (+) &onf/ (* LONG EAST GMT LEAST)
WESTLY zone rsm;udk GMT ESifh (-) &onf/ (* LONG WEST GMT BEST)
* ZONE TIME onf GMT ESifh em&DtwdtusomuGmonf/ rdepfydkif;uGmjcm;rIr½Sd/
yifv,fjyifwGif TIME ZONE wckxJwGif½Sdaom VSL rsm;tm;vHk; keeping time wlap&ef&nf½G,fí TIME
ZONE rsm;udkowfrSwfxm;NyD; ¤if; zone \central meridian \LMT udk ZONE TIME tjzpfowfrSwfí omref
tm;jzif h keeping vk y f M u&onf / >cif ; csuf a wmh &Sdo nf / SHIP MEAN TIME ES i f h ZONE TIME rnDaom
tajctaersm;rSm -
* summer time kept vkyaf omtcse
d /f
* oGm;rnfh PORT \STD time udkBudKwif keeping vkyfxm;csdef/
* TIME ZONE wpfckxJudkpwif0ifa&mufcsdef/
* LMT merpass ESifh SMT noon udkufnDap&ef csdefxm;csdefrsm;wGif ZONE TIME udkoabFmrsm; keeping
rvkyfyg/ rate of change of long on daily ay:rlwnfygonf/
 100
STANDARD TIME = EdkifiHwpfck\wpfEdkifiHvHk;toHk;jyKaom time

rsm;aomtm;jzifh standard time rsm;onfZone Time rsm;ESifhwlnDonf/ odkYaomf pdwfBudKwfowfrSwfrIvnf;

½Sdonf/
Edik if w
H pfc\
k e,ferdwo
f nf Time Zone 2-ckMum;wGi&f v
dS QiT
f ime Zone udrk Munfah wmhbEJ ikd if \
H center meridian
\LMT udkEdkifiHwpfckvHk;toHk;jyKaeaom standard time tjzpfowfrSwftoHk;jyKonf/
odYkaomf EAST and West tvGeu
f s,jf yefYaomEdik if rH sm;wGif standard time wpfcx
k x
J m;í rjzpfEikd af omaMumifh
EdkifiHwckxJwGifyif regionrsm;cGJí standard time rsm;trsdK;rsdK;owfrSwfMuonf/
Oyrm - U.S.A, AUSTRALIA, CANADA, USSR
ZONE TIME udkvnf;roHk; EdkifiH\central meridian udkvJroHk;yJ pdwfBudKuf STD time owfrSwfonfh
h h
EdkifiHrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/ Oyrm Wrangell Island (-) 13 , Singapore (-8 )
* EdkifiHwpfck\ STD TIME udk Nautical almanac ESifh Radio signal vol. 2 wGif&Edkifygonf/

SHIP MEAN TIME (oabFmwpfp;D \keeping time) - ¤if;onf LMT ESihf (odYk) ZONE TIME (odYk) STANDAD
TIME ESifh udkufnDatmif keeping vkyfxm;vdrfhrnf/ master \ approval t&om keeping vkyf&onf/
oabFmay:wGifem&Db,ftcga½TYovJ ?
oabFmay:rS SMT udka½GYjcif;rSm-
- 0ifrnfhEdkifiH (odkY) Pass vkyfoGm;onfhEdkifiH\ standard time ESifh udkufnDap&ef?
- VSL a&muf½adS om ZONE \ ZONE TIME ESiu
hf u
kd n
f aD p&ef? time zone chart 5006 wGiMf unfrh nf/
LMT merpass ESifh SMT noon udkufnDap&ef?
- Summer time kept vky&f efa½GYygonf/
L.M.T MERPASS ESifhudkufnDap&efa&TUjcif;
• h
vuf½Sd vessel onf LONG 116 15 E wGif½SdNyD; SMT rSm GMT + 8 jzpfonf/ vessel onf easterly
•
oGm;aeNyD; rate of change of long rSm 5 dally jzpfvQif
st nd rd
1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY
h m h m h m
LMT mer pass 11 56 11 56 11 57
• h m h m h m
LIT 116 15 E 7 45 8 05 8 25
h m h h m
G.M.T mer pass 4 11 3 00 3 32
h m h m
keeping ZONETIME +8 00 +8 00 8 00
h m h m h m
SMT merpass 12 11 11 51 11 32

oabFmrS SMT udk ra½TYyJxm;vQifaemuf2 &ufmerpass wGif SMT noon (12h) ESifh SMT merpass
onf 28m uGmrnf/ mer pass jzpfcsdefwGif oabFmrS 11h 32m om&Sdao;onf/
nd m rd
2 DAY nrSpí SMT udk 30 advancce vkyf&rnf/odkYrSom3 DAYwGifSMT merpass ESifh SMT noon
udkufnDEdkifonf/
odkYaomftcsdKUVLS rsm;wGif 1h a½YT&efvdktyfrSoma½TYwwfonfvnf;&Sdonf/ master \oabmomjzpfonf/
Easterly CO; oGm;vQif Advance vkyí
f
Westerly CO; oGm;vQif Retard vkyf&rnf/
∴ em&Da½GUrnfqdkvQif 2nd officer rS clock book wGifpDpOfa&;om;xm;í vufrSwfxdk;NyD; master \ ap-
proval ,lí master vufrw
S x
f ;kd cdik ;f &ygrnf/ master vufrw
S x
f ;kd Ny;D rS useaf om officers ESifh engineers rsm; petty
officer rsm;vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;&rnf/
 101
E.T.A (ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL)

1. DEP; time and date

2. STEAMING time
3. TIME DIFF : between DEP : port and arrival port
∴ E.T.A = DEP; TIME AND DATE + STEAMIE ± TIME DIFF.
- STEAMING TIME &&ef = TOTAL DIST TO GO ÷ GENERAL AVERAGE SPEED
* omrmeftm;jzifh steaming time udk general average speed wGif 0.5 knots wdk;avsmYNyD; 3-
ckwGufavU&Sdonf/
Oyrm - general average 12 knots jzpfvQif speed udk 11.5 knots, 12 knots, 12.5 knots jzifw
h u
G af vh&o
dS nf/
- TIME DIFFERENT ud&
k &ef = DEP : port \ standard time ESiYf arrival port \ standard time ukd
od&efvdktyfygonf/
EdkifiHwpfck\ standard time udk nautical almanac ESifh admiralty list of radio signal VOL : 2 wGif
&SmEdkifygonf/
* standard time udkMunfh&mwGif tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;onf day light saving time ( SUMMER TIME ) kept
vkyw
f wfMuygonf/ ¤if;wdUk udk N.A wGif asterisk (*) jzifjh yNy;D rnfonft
h csed w
f iG pf í rnfonft
h csed w
f iG f
qHk;aMumif; razmfjyyg/
Radio signal VOL: 2 wGif kept vkyfxm;onfhEdkifiHrsm;ESifh SUMMER TIME ponfhaeY/tcsdefESifhqHk;
onfhaeYtcsdefrsm;udk aocsmpGmazmfjyxm;ygonf/ odkUaomf ¤if; VOL- 2 wGifazmfjyxm;onfh kept vkyfonfh
tcsdefrsm;udk pmtkyfwGifazmfjyNyD;rS ajymif;vJwwfMuojzifh weekly notices to mariners wGifajymif;vJrIrsm;&Sdu
azmfjywwfonf/ ¤if;tcsufukd owdjyK&rnf/
DEP: port rS westly direction (WEST BOUND) oGm;&rnfh port twGuf “TIME DIFF:” udE
k w
I f (-)í eastery
direction (EAST BOUND) oGm;&rnfh port twGuf (+) &rnf/
* TIME DIFF : - WEST BOUND odkYr[kwf Westerly Course (-)
- EAST BOUND odkYr[kwf Easterly Course(+)
st
Oyrm - Yangon ESihf London time diff : on June 21 1988.
* 1988 wGif U.K \ summer day light saving time onf last Sunday in Murch wGipf í last Saturaday in
October wGifqHk;onf/
paomaeYwGif 0300 HRS: Local time rwdkifrDESifh qHk;aomaeUwGif 22:00HRS: Local time aemufydkif;
jzpfonf/
form radio signal VOL: 2 (LEGAL TIME)
h
UNITED KINGDOM STD time = (-) 1 : (summer time kept)
h m
MYANMAR STD time = (-) 6 : 30
h m
TIME DIFF: 5 : 30
* VOL: 2 wGifay;xm;aom sign onf GMT &&ef STD time wGif apply vkyf&rnfh sing jzpfonf/
* Time diff: wGif sign xnf&
h efrvdyk g/ EAST bound qdv
k Qiaf ygif;? WEST bound qdv
k QiEf w
I f
* YANGON and LONDON time diff: on 22nd DEC: 1988
UNITED KINDOM STD: = 00:00 HRS: (summer time kept)
MYANMAR STD = (-) 06:30 HRS:
TIME diff: = 06:30 HRS:
 102
h
* Singapore and Sanfransisco TIME diff: on 7 JULY 1988
from VOL 2:
U.S.A (Pacific zone) STD = (+) 07 HRS: (summer time kept vky)f
S'pore STD = (-) 08 HRS:
TIME diff: = 15 HRS:
TIME diff: ON 25th DEC 1988
U.S.A (Pacific zone) STD = (+) 08 HRS: (summer time kept rvky)f
S'pore STD = (-) 08 HRS:
TIME diff: = 16 HRS:

omrmeftm;jzifeh m&Da½GUaomtcsed rf sm;rSm1st watch wGif 22:00 HRS, middle watch wGif 02:00 HRS ESihf morning
watch wGif 05:00 HRS wdkUwGif a½GUwwfygonf/

"Date line " onf long 180 meridiam ESiw

hf pfxyfxrJ usyg/
South sea xJwGif&Sdaom tcsdKUuRef;rsm;\ local tcsdefrsm; uRef;wpfckxJwGif 2 rsdK;rjzpfap&efauGUaumufí owfrSwf
xm;ygonf/
DATE line udk TIME ZONE chart NO. 5006 ESi
S hf VOL 2 NO. D 6085 wGif twdtusazmfjyxm;ygonf/
* Date line udk Easterly co.,(EAST bound) ESijhf zwfvQif 1 day avQmY
Westerly co.,(WEST bound) ESifhjzwfvQif 1 day wdk;yg/
* Date line udkjzwfjcif;jzifh TIME diff: udkrxdcdkufyg/ date only omajymif;vJonf/
* Date line \ EAST ESifh WEST uyfvQifwGif&Sdaom uRef;2ck\ local time rsm;wlNyD; DATE om
uGmjcm; onf/
* "DATE LINE" \wpfbufpDwGif&Sdaom (ta&SUurÇmjcrf;ESifh taemufurÇmjcrf;) EdkifiH2 ck\ TIME
diff; udk &Sm&ef/
1. STANDARD TIME DIFF; jzifh&SmEdkifonf/ (Date line udkrjzwfyJwGufjcif;) Date line udkrjzwfvQif
Greenwich meridiam udjk zwfonf/
h
2. DatelineudkA[dkxm;í TIMEdiff: vkyfNyD;&SmEdkifonf/ Dateline\ ZONE TIMEonf +12 jzpfonf/
(dateline udjk zwfNy;D wGujf cif;) date line udjk zwfvQif G-meridiam udr
k jzwfyg/
Oyrm Yokohoma ESifh Vancouver TIME diff: ON 21st March 1988.
date line udr
k jzwfvQif (STD TIME diff : jzifw
h u
G )f
Japan standard time = (-) 09 HRS:
Canada (Pacific Zone) = (+) 08 HRS: (summer time kept rvky)f
TIME diff: = 17 HRS:
h
* Japan rS vancovver udk(odkU) vancover rS Japan udk date line udkrjzwfyJwGufvQif TIME diff: 17
jzpfonf date twdk;avsmhvkyf&efrvkdyg/
date line udkjzwfvQif -
h h h
Japan to date line = (-) 9 (-) 12 = 3
h h h
Vancouver to date line = (+) 8 (+) 12 = 4
h
* TIME diff: = 7
 103
h
Japan rS Van couver odkUoGm;vQif 7 aygif; 1 day avsmh/
h
Van couver rS Japan odkUoGm;vQif 7 EIwf 1 day wdk;/
Japan time diff. date line time diff. vancouver
h h h h h
- 09 3 ±12 4 +08
(EAST urÇmjcrf;) (WEST urÇmjcrf;)

Date line udjk zwfvQif -

h
Japan to Vancouver TIME diff: = 7 (date wdk; /avsmh)

SUMMER TIME ( DATE LIGHT SAVING TIME ) kept vkyfjcif;rSm lat jrifhaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif
aEG&moDwiG af eudjk rif&aom tcsed af pmNy;D day time rsm;aomaMumifh ¤if;wdUk \ standard time rsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh
1hr advance vkyfMuonf/ (em&D0ufwdk;aomEdkifiHrsm;vJ&Sdonf)/ ¤if;udsk ummer time kept vkyfonf[kac:onf/
Vancouver Time Diff. Greenwich Meridian Time Diff. Japan
h h h
+ 08 8 00:00 9 09
(WEST urÇmjcrf;) (EAST urÇmjcrf;)

G. meridian udkjzwfvQif -
h
Japan to Vancouver TIME diff: = 17 (date wdk;avsmhvkyf&efrvdk )

E.T.A EXAMPLES

h th
YANGON TO S'PORE E.T.D 12 29 August (M.S.T)
steaming time 4 days: E.T.A = ?
h m
YANGON STD = - 6 30
h m
S'PORE STD = - 8 00
h m
TIME diff = 1 30
h m
DEP: time = 12 00 (29/8)
h m
S'PORE STD time = 13 30 (19/8)
on DEP:
h m
steaming time = 00 00 ( 4days)
h m
E.T.A S'PORE = 13 30 (2/9)

h th
S'PORE TO YANGON E.T.D 12 29 August (S.S.T)
steaming time 4 days : E.T.A= ?
h m
S'PORE STD = - 8 00
h m
YGM STD = - 6 30
h m
TIME diff: = 1 30 (WEST BOUND)
h m
DEP: time = 12 00 (29/8)
h m
STD on DEP: = 10 30 (29/8)
h m
steaming time = 00 00 (4 days)
h m
E.T.A YANGON = 10 30 (2/9)
 104
h th
1. YOKO HAMA TO SAN FRANSISCO: E.T.D = 20 , 29 August (J.S.T)
(Date line rjzwf) steaming time 7 days E.T.A = ?
h m
JAPAN STANDARD time = - 09 00
h m
U.S.A (Pacific zone) = + 07 00 (summer time kept)
h m
Time diff: = 16 00 (West bound)
h m
DEP: time = 20 00 (29/8)
h m
STD time of Sanfransisco = 04 00 (29/8)
on DEP:
h m
steaming time = 00 00 (7days)
h m
E.T.A sanfransisco = 04 00 (5/9)

2. SANFRANSISCO to YOKOHAMA
(Date line rjzwfvQi)f
h m
DEP: SANFRANSISCO = 20 00 (29/8)
h m
TIME diff: - 16 00 (EAST BOUND +)
h m
DEP: time of YOKOHAMA = 12 00 (30/8)
h m
steaming time = 00 00 ( 7days)
h m
E.T.A YOKOHAMA = 12 00 (6/9)

h th
1. YOKO HAMA TO SAN FRANSISCO: E.T.D = 20 , 29 August (J.S.T)
(Date line jzwfvQif) steaming time 7 days E.T.A = ?
h m
JAPAN to date line time deff : = 3 00
h m
U.S.A (Pacific zone) to date line = 5 00
h m
JAPAN to USA (Pacific zone) = 8 00 (East +)
h m
DEP: time from YOKOHAMA = 20 00 (29/8)
h m
TIME at SANFRANASISCO = 04 00 (30/8)
Date line ukd EAST bound jzifhjzwfí = retard - (1day)
h m
Steaming time = 00 00 (7 days)
h m
E.T.A SANFRANSISCO = 04 00 (5/9)

2. SANFRANSISCO to YOKOHAMA
(Date line udjk zwfvQi)f
h m
TIME diff: = 8 00 (WEST -)
h m
DEP: SANFRANSISCO = 20 00 (29/8)
h m
DEP: at YOKOHAMA = 12 00 (29/8)
Date line ukd WEST bound = advance (+1 day) jzifhjzwfí
h m
DEP: at YOKOHAMA = 12 00 (30/8)
h m
Steaming time = 00 00 (7 days)
h m
E.T.A YOKOHAMA = 12 00 (6/9)
 105
PASSAGE PLANNING

Passage Planning bmaMumifv h yk &f ovJ/ Passage planning qdw k mbmvJ/

oabFmwdik ;f onf all time wGif positive control jzifh safely navigate vkyEf idk &f efEiS hf undetected errors
rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmEkdifonfh disastrous ('ku©a&mufapaom) consequences rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;Ekdif&eftwGuf
passage planning udkvkyfaqmiffjcif;jzpfonf/
Passage planning udkvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh &&SdEdkifaom advantages rsm;rSm -
(1) Danger areas rsm;udk identified vkyfEdkifonf/
(2) O.O.W twGuf important data rsm;udk tqifoifh&&SdEkdifonf/
(3) MudKwifqGJxm;aom plan rS deviate jzpfoGm;vQif BudKwifod&SdEkdifonf/
(4) Position fixing vkyf&mwGif tcsdefenf;yg;aponf/
(5) rdrdoGm;rnfh passage udk ydkrdk safe jzpfaponf/

Passage planning udkvkyf&mwGif major stages ESpfck&Sdonf/

(a) Preparation
(b) Execution wdjYk zpfonf/
Preparation wGif appraisal ESifh planning [lí tqifhESpfqifh&Sdonf/

APPRAISAL

rdrdoGm;rnfh passage udk jynfh0pGm ydkif;jcm;qHk;jzwfpOf;pm;&ef (appriasal) vkyf&ef informat ion sources
rsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;rS &&SdEdkifonf/
(1) Ocean Passages for the World
(2) Sailing Directions
(3) Notices to Mariners
(4) Mariner's Handbook (N.P 100)
(5) Distance Tables
(6) Chart Catalogue
(7) Navigational Charts
(8) Routeing Charts or Pilot Charts
(9) Load Line Chart
(10) Lists of Light
(11) Tide Tables
(12) Tidal Stream Atlases
(13) Electronic Navigational Systems Information.
(14) Routeing Information
(15) Radio Signal Information (Including VTS and Pilot service)
(16) Radio and Local warnings.
(17) Climatic Information
(18) Owner's and other unpublished sources
(19) Draft of Vessel
(20) Personal experience.
¤if; Information sources rsm;rS passage planning twGuf pOf;pm;vQif ocean and open water rsm;
twGufwpfydkif;? coastal and estuarial (jrpf0) [lí aocsmpGmpOf;pm;yg/

Appaisal twGuf information sources rsm;pkaqmif;jy;D vQif planning tydi k ;f twGuf vkyaf qmif&mwGi-f
(1) vuf&Sd port rS oGm;&rnfh port wGif toHk;jyK&rnfh way chart rsm;udk &SmazGxkwf,l&rnf/ oGm;rnfh
port udk ra&mufbl;vQif odkYr[kwf position rodvQif ocean passages for the world odkYr[kwf
Nories table wGif&Sd aom ports of the world rS &Sm,l&rnf/
(2) vuf&Sd port rS oGm;&rnfh port wpfavQmuf yg0ifaom way chart rsm;yg0ifonfh chart index
rsm;udk rSwfom;&ef chart catalogue \ yxrqHk;pmrsufESmwGif&Sdaom limit of chart indexes
wGif &SmazG Edkifonf/ xdkYaemuf xdk index wpfckpD\ page number udk aemufwpfrsufESmwGifvSefí
Munfhrnf/
(3) Chart index rsm;rS passage twGuf oHk;&rnfh way charts rsm;udk od&SdEkdif&ef planning charts
index AA odkYr[kwf port ESpfckpvHk;udk coverage jzpfrnfh small scale chart (General chart)
rsm;udk chart index (A) ESifh (A1) rS MunfhjyD;qGJxkwfrnf/
 106
(4) General Chart wGif route tMurf;udk information sources rsm;t& qGJygrnf/ xdkodkYqGJ&mwGif ¤if;
route onf safest, shortest and most economy jzpfatmifqGJygrnf/
(5) General Chart wGifqGJxm;aom route tMurf;udk master udkjyí approval ,lygrnf/ Master \
approval &vQif
(6) rSwfxm;aom chart index rsm;rS general route wGif effect jzpfrnfh way chart (large scale
chart) rsm;udk qGJxkwfygrnf/
(7) Way Chart tm;vHk;udk update jzpfrjzpf check vkyfygrnf/ vkdtyfvQif correction vkyfygrnf/
(8) Update jzpfjyD;om; way chart tm;vHk;wGif general route udk way point rsm;owfrSwfí qGJxnfh
ygrnf/ xdkYaemufatmufygtcsufrsm;udk vdktyfovdk xnfhoGif;ygrnf/
(i) No go areas
(ii) Margin of safety
(iii) Safe water
(iv) Way points
(v) Tracks
(vi) Distance and Course between way points
(vii) Chart changes
(viii) Distance of to navigation dangers
(ix) Under keel clearance
(x) Tidal windows
(xi) Parallel indexing
(xii) Course alteration and wheel over positions
(xiii) Clearing bearing
(xiv) Radar conspicious objects and visual navigation aids
(xv) Land fall target
(xvi) Radar target
(xvii) Leading lights and extreme ranges
(xviii) Reporting points
(xix) Traffic areas
(xx) Anchor clearance
(xxi) Aborts and contingencies
(xxii) Pilot boarding area
ponfhtcsufrsm;jzpfonf/
(9) Chart wpfckESifhwpfck change vkyfonfh position rsm;onf traffic rsm;aom areas rsm;rjzpfap&ef?
critical position rsm;rjzpfap&efEi
S hf chart ESpcf pk vH;k wGif change vkyrf nft
h csed üf position wifEidk rf nfh
ae&mrsm; jzpfap&ef *½kpdkuf&ygrnf/
(10) Passage planning udk track qGJ&mwGif port to port (berth to berth) qGJ&jyD;? distance udkwGuf
onfhtcg pilot to pilot wGuf&ygrnf/
(11) tm;vHk;qGJjyD;vQif master \ approval xyf,l&ygrnf/ Master \ approval &onfhtcg distance
table qGJ&ygrnf/ Distance table wGif ships name's, vuoyage number, departure port ESifh
destination port ESpcf\
k standard times ESihf time different, total distance to go, steaming time,
way chart numbers rsm; ponfwkdYyg0ifygonf/

Planning vkyfjyD;vQif planning book wGif record rsm;xm;jyD; vuoyage rprD aocsmpGm jyefvnfppf
aq;&rnf/
a a a a a

NAUTICAL PUBLICATION

N.P ESifhywfoufí SOLAS Chapter V, Safety of Navigation, Regulation 20 t& oabFmwdkif;

onf -
- Adequate and up to date jzpfonfh
(1) Sailing directions
(2) Lists of lights
(3) Notices to Mariners
(4) Tide tables
(5) Intended vuoyage twGufvdktyfrnfh other N.P. rsm;udk o,faqmif&rnf/
 107
Sailing Directions (PILOT BOOK, N.P. No. 1 to 74)
Is the Complementry to the chart and other navigational publications. Chart rsm;ESihf navigational
publication rsm;wGif detail azmfjyír&aom navigation udt k axmuftuljyKaprnfh ta&;Mu;D aom information
rsmudk jynfhpHkpGmazmfjyxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ ¤if;onf 12 M or more oabFmrsm;twGufom &nf &G,fonf/
txl;ojzifh coastal areas rsm;wGif navigate vkyf&ef? sailing vkyf&ef guide vkyfay;onfh pmtkyfjzpfonf/
pmtkyftm;vHk; 74 tkyf&Sdonf/ Volume 72 ck&Sdonf/
Vol. 1 to 72 wGif vol (16, 29, 53) ryg0ifyg = 69 tkyf
Vol. 42(B), 57(B), 58(B) wdkYwGif A ESifh B ESpftkyfwGJxm;onf = 3 tkyf
Vol. 7(A), 69(A) = 2 tkyf
Total = 74 tk y f

Sailing Direction wGif atmufygtwdi

k ;f Chapter rsm;yg0ifonf/ wpftyk Ef iS w
hf pftyk f chapter ta&twGuf
rwlnDyg/
Chapter I wGif (1) Navigations and Regulations
(2) Country and Port
(3) Natural condition.
Chapter II rSpí aemufydkif; chapter rsm;wGif atmufyg information rsm;twGuf details azmfjyxm;onf/
(1) Passage planning and instructions
(2) Vuoyage
(3) Navigation Danger
(4) Fairways
(5) Anchorage
(6) Harbours
(7) Port formalities ponfwy Ykd g0ifygonf/
Sailing Direction wpfty k f new edition xGujf y;D ajymif;vJrrI sm;&Scd v hJ Qif correction rsm;vky&f ef vdt k yfvm
onf/ Correction vkyf&ef weekly notices to mariners section IV wGif azmfjyay;onf/ Normally month
wpfc\
k last week wGif section IV yg0ifonf/ ¤if; correction rsm;udk file wGjJ y;D oufqikd &f m sailing direction
volume rsm;wGif file wGJxm;&rnf/
Weekly correction rsm; rsm;vmvQif ¤if; correction rsm;tm;vH;k udk pkaygif;í yHE k ydS x
f m;aom supplimentry
pmtkyfxkwfa0rnf/ 1 year to 1.5 years twGif; suppliment number topfwpfckxyfxGufonf/
ig;ESpw
f pfMurd af vmufwiG f suppliment rsm;udk pmtkyx f w
J iG x
f nfjh y;D yHEk ydS jf y;D revised edition xyfxu G of nf/
17 years to 20 years avmufwpfBudrf new edition xyfxGufonf/

List of Lights and Fog Signals (M.P. No. 74 to 84)

Total 11 tkyf&Sdonf/ Volume A to L owfrSwfxm;jyD; volume I ryg0ifyg/ ¤if;pmtkyfwGif 8 M ESifh
txufjrifah om light houses, lights, light vessels, light floats, LANBY, light buoys, leading lights ESihf transit
lights rsm;\ position ESifh character rsm;udk detail azmfjyxm;onf/ 12 months to 15 months twG if; new
edition xGuof nf/ new edition rxGucf if vdt k yfaom correction rsm;udk weekly notices to mariners section
V wGifazmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if; correction rsm;udk jzwfjyD; pmtkyfwGifuyf&rnf/

Tide Table
Volume oH;k ck&jdS y;D annually publish vkyo
f nf/
Volume I European water (N.P. 201)
Volume II Indian and Atlantic Ocean (N.P. 202)
Volume II Pacific Ocean and adjcent seas (N.P. 203)
¤if;wdkY\ coverage jzpf onfh {&d,mrsm;udk chart cataloque ESifh tide table pmtkyfaemufausmrsm;wGif
azmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if;pmtkyfwGif tydkif;(3)ydkif;yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm -
Part I Standard Port rsm;\ daily high and low water times ESifh height rsm;udkazmfjyonf/
Part II Secondary Port rsm;udkwGuf&ef time ESifh height different rsm;udk azmfjyonf/
Part III Principle Hermonic Constant rsm;udk azmfjyonf/

Tidal Stream Atlases

{&d,mwpfck\ tidal stream rsm;\ direction ESifhyrmPudk ajryHkqGJí umvmjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
pma&;í aomfvnf;aumif;? azmfjyxm;onf/ ta&;Mu;D aom {&d,mrsm;twGuf azmfjyonf? Oyrm English Channel
Malacca strait {&d,mrsm;/

Ocean Passages for the World (N.P. 136)

 108
Ocean ESifh open water rsm;wGif toHk;jyKoifhonfh recommanded track rsm;udk principle port ESifh
important position rsm;tMum;wGif distance ESifh route rsm; detail azmfjyay;onf/ ¤if;pmtkyfwGif detail of
weather, current, wind, effect rsm;aMumifh jzpfay:Edik o
f nfh advantages rsm;ESihf weather 'PfrcHpm;&rnfh route
rsm;udkazmfjyay;onf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;pmtkyfrSay;aom route rsm;onf distance table rSay;aom route rsm;xuf
ydkí&Snfwwfonf/ ¤if;tjyif rnfonfh sailing direction ESifh wGJoHk;&rnfh link rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyay;onf/ Load
line information rsm;? Load line zone rsm;ESihf weather routeing rsm;vnf;ay;xm;onf/ ¤if;wGif tydik ;f ESpcf yk g0ifjy;D -
Part I Power driving vessel rsm;twGufjzpfjyD;? Part II wGif sailing vessel rsm;twGufjzpfonf/
¤if;pmtkyt
f wGuf correction udk weekly notices to mariner section 4 wGif azmfjyay;onf/ Correction
rsm; rsm;vmvQif supplement edition udk periodically xkwo f nf/

Admirality Distance Table (N.P. 350)

wpfurÇmvH;k twGuf t"du port rsm;ESihf important position rsm;twGi;f shortest navigable distances
rsm;udk nautical miles (1852 M) jzifhazmfjyay;onf/ Volume oHk;ck&SdjyD; -
Volume I [N.P. 350 (1)] North Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, North-west Europe,
Mediterranean, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico.
Volume II [N.P. 350 (2)] Indian Ocean and part of the Southern Ocean from South Africa
to New Zealand, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Eastern Archipelago.
Volume III, [N.P. 350 (3)] Pacific Ocean and Sea bordering it.

Admiralty List of Radio Signal

Volume (6)ck&SdjyD; volume (4)rSvGJí usef volume rsm;onf approximately (3)ESpfwpfcgxkwfonf/
Volume I [N.P. 281(1)] Part I ESifh Part II [N.P. 281(2)] ESpftkyf&SdjyD;? Coast Radio Station
rsm;udkazmfjyonf/
Volume II [N.P. 282] Radio Navigational Aids, Electronic Position Fixing Systems and
Radio Time Signals.
Volume III [N.P. 283] Radio Weather Services and Navigational Warnings.
Volume IV [N.P. 284] Lists of Meteorological Observation Stations.
Volume V [N.P. 285] Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.
Volume VI Part I [N.P. 286(1)], Part II [N.P. 286(2)] ESifh Part III [N.P. 286(3)] Vessel
Traffic Services, Port Operations and Pilot Stations.

Correction
¤if;wdkYudk Correction vkyf&ef Notices to Mariner Weekly Edition Section VI wGifazmfjyxm;onf/

The Nautical Almanac

Annually xkwaf 0jy;D HMSO (Her Majestys' Stationery Office) rSxw
k af 0onf/ ¤if;onf Astronomi-
cal navigation at sea twGuf vdktyfaom wGufcsufxm;onfh data rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/

Admiralty Notices to Mariners

Mariner rsm;twGuf Charts ESifh N.P. rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdao;aom odkYr[kwf topfawGU&Sdaom
danger rsm; odr Yk [kwf topfjyKvyk af om danger to navigation jzpfEikd o f nfh important information rsm;udk chart
ESifh N.P. rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rjyKEdkifrD oabFmay:&Sd vuf&SdoHk;pGJaeaom chart ESifh N.P. rsm;udk update
vky&f efazmfjyay;aom pmtkyjf zpfonf/ ¤if;pmtkyu f kd Saturday of every week wGif xkwjf yefjy;D ? edition oH;k ck&o
dS nf/
(1) Weekly Notices to Mariners
(2) Cumulative Notices to Mariners (N.P. 234)
(3) Annually Notices to Mariners

(1) Weekly Notices to Mariners

Every Saturday wdi k ;f wGif xkwaf 0onf/ yxrpmrsuEf mS \ b,fbuftay:axmifw h iG f ¤if;pmtkyw
f iG yf g0if
aom notices number, weekly edition number, published date, contents ESihf request rsm;yg0ifonf/ Content
wGif section (6) ck&Sdonf/
Section I Explanatory Notes, Indexes to Section II.
Section II Admiralty Notices to Mariners. Correction to Charts.
Section III Reprints of Radio Navigational Warnings.
Section IV Corrections to Admiralty Sailing Directions.
 109
Section V Corrections to Admiralty Lists of Lights and Fog Signals.
Section VI Corrections to Admiralty List of Radio Signals.
yxrpmrsuEf mS wGi&f adS om request vkyx f m;onfh pmyd'k \ f t"dygÜ ,frmS - Mariners rsmonf topfawGU&Sad om
danger rsm; odkYr[kwf navigation aids rsm;\ ysufpD;rIrsm;? ajymif;vJrIrsm;? nautical publication ESifh chart rsm;
wGif xnfohf iG ;f azmfjy&efvt kd yfaom odrYk [kwf rjynfph akH om information rsm;udk awGU&Syd gu azmfjyxm;aomvdypf mt&
Hydrographer of the Navy odkYtaMumif;Mum;&ef request vkyfygonf/
Report vky& f eftwGuf toH;k jyK&rnfh form H 102 udk weekly N.M. Section V wGix f nfah y;xm;ygonf/
¤if;tjyif chart agent rsm;xHrv S nf; form H 102 udk txkyv f ukd f awmif;,lEidk yf gonf/ jznf&h rnfh yHo
k P²meferlem
udk Mariners Handbook wGif section 8 azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Weekly N.M. topfwpftkyf&vmvQif -
(1) Weekly edition serial number udk check vkyí f aemufq;kH &xm;onfh number ESihf qufwu kd jf zpfrjzpf
Munfh&rnf/ yg0ifaom notices numbers rsm; qufwdkufjzpfrjzpf check vkyf&rnf/
(2) Notices yg0ifaom charts rsm;\ number rsm;udk chart log book wGif xnfhoGif;&rnf/
(3) Section II \ yxrqHk; pmrsufESmudkvSefí temporary (T) ESifh preliminary (P) notices rsm;udk
check vkyfí cancelled, add to or amend rsm;udk chart log wGif xnfhoGif;&rnf/
(4) Admiralty publications, new chart, new edition rsm;topfxkwfjcif;? y,fzsufjcif;rsm;udk check
vkyfí chart log wGif xnfhoGif;&rnf/ topfrSmp&m&SdvQif jyifqifxm;&rnf/
(5) Section III rS notice rsm;udk jzwfxkwfí zdkifwGJxm;&rnf/ vdktyfvQif chart rsm;ay:wGif warning
rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh note rsm;a&;xm;&rnf/ Section IV rS correction jzKwfí zdkifwGJxm;&rnf/
(6) Section V rS correction rsm;udjk zwfí list of light pmtkyr f sm;wGiu f yf&rnf/ Section VI rS notices
rsm;udkjzwfí List of Radio Signal rsm;wGifuyf&rnf/

(2) Cumulative Notices to Mariners

(6)vwpfcg xkwfonf/ ¤if;pmtkyfxkwfonfh tcsdefrSpí vGefcJhaom (2)ESpftwGif; permanent notices
rsm;udk pkpnf;í azmfjyonf/ Chart number wpfckpDwdkif;twGuf (2)ESpfpm permanent notices rsm;udk notices
number rsm;udo k m azmfjyonf/ Chart wpfcpk t
D wGuf aemufq;kH edition date rsm;jzifo
h m azmfjyonf/ ESpt
f pwGif
wpfcgESifh ESpftv,fwGif wpfcgxkwfonf/ ¤if;pmtkyfudk chart agent rsm;xHwGif weekly N.M. uJhodkY &&SdEdkifonf/

(3) Annually Notices to Mariners

wpfESpfwpfcgxkwfonf/ ESpftpwGifxkwfonf/ wpfESpfvHk;wGif mariners rsm;twGuf xkwfjyefxm;aom
odoifh odxkdufaom notices rsm;udk detail azmfjyay;onf/ ¤if;wGif tydkif;(2)ydkif;yg0ifonf/ Part I wGif Annual
Notices rsm;? Part II wGifwpfESpfvHk;xkwfjyefxm;onfh Sailing Direction twGuf infroce jzpfaom temporary
and preliminary notices rsm;ygonf/

Routeing Charts
Ocean vuoyages rsm;twGuf important information rsm;udk azmfjyay;aom chart rsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;
chart rsm;wGif recommanded track rsm;? distance between ports, fuelling terminals, meteological and ice
conditions, ocean currents ESihf load line zones rsm;udak zmfjyxm;onf/ wpfurÇmvH;k twGuf cover jzpfjy;D area
(5)ck owfrSwfí area wpfckpDtwGuf wpfvvQif wpfapmifEIef;jzifh (12)apmif&SdjyD; wpfurÇmvHk;twGuf tapmif
(60)&Sdonf/
1. North Atlantic Ocean 12 charts
2. South Atlantic Ocean 12 charts
3. Indian Ocean 12 chart
4. North Pacific Ocean 12 charts
5. South Pacific Ocean 12 charts

Chart Cataloque (N.P. 131)

Hydrographer to the Navy (British) rS Annually xkwo f nf/
Birtish Admiralty chart, plotting sheets and diagrams, Australian and New Zealand chart, other
nautical publications rsm;\ date of publications, date of current editions ESihf other publications rsm;\
prices rsm;udk detail azmfjyay;onf/ ¤if;wGif section (38) ckyg0ifjyD;? ¤if;wdkYrSm -

Section XA. Limits of Admiralty chart indexes (yxrqH;k pmrsuE

f mS wGiyf gonf/)
Section I General Information.
 110
Section II Countries with established hydrographic offices publishing charts of their national
waters availability of notices to mariners
Section III List of admiralty chart agent for the sale of chart and hydrographic publication.
Section IV Navigational charts.
Section V to XXIV other charts and diagrams.
Section XXV to XXXVIII Publication.

Mariner's Handbook
Mariners rsm;twGuf general interest ESihf admiralty chart rsm;? nautical publications rsm;udk upkeep
vkyf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;? supply vkyfjcif;rsm;tjyif weather ice, ESifh navigational hazard taMumif;udk aocsmpGm
azmfjyxm;ay;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ ¤if;pmtkyfonf 5 to 6 years twGif; new edition xGuw f wfonf/

Chart Correction
N.M. Weekly edition wGif ygaom section II rS notices ay;xm;aom correction rsm;rSvGJí chart
xJwGif ink jzifhrnfonfh correction rSrvkyf&yg/
Hydrographic department rSví JG tjcm; authority rsm;uay;aom chart rsm;twGuf correction rsm;udk
pencil jzifo
h mvky&f rnf/ odaYk omf rnfonfh charted danger udrk S hydrographer of the navy \ authority r&bJ
expunged (y,fzsuf) rvkyf&/
N.M. rSay;xm;aom correction rsm;udk affected chart rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;&rnf/ jyD;vQif notices
number udk clearly and neatly jznfhoGif;&rnf/ Permanent notices rsm;udk water proof violet ink jzifh
correction vkyfjyD; temporary (T) ESifh preliminary (P) notices rsm;udk pencil jzifh correction vkyf&rnf/
T and P notices rsm;udk cancelled vkyfonfh notice &vQif chart ay:rSjzwfxkwf&rnf/
Correction vkyfonfhtcg oHk;rnfh symbol rsm;udk uniform jzpf&ef chart number 5011 wGifazmfjyxm;
aom symbol rsm;udkom toHk;jyK&rnf/
Notice wpfckonf chart rsm;pGmudk affect jzpfygu largest scale udk t&ifqHk; correction vkyf&rnf/
 111
IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (I.A.L.A)

When the mariner is confronted unexctedly by night or in low visibility by the lights marking
an uncharted danger such as a recent wreck; immediately he must instinctively, positively and correctly
decide which way to go.
Mariner rsm;taejzifh ntcse
d w
f iG v
f nf;aumif;? visibility tjrifraumif;onft
h csed w
f iG v
f nf;aumif;? ra&muf
zl;ao;onfha'orsm;udk a&muf&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? chart ay:wGifazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdao;aom tEÅ&m,frsm;
recent wreck rsm;ESifh awGYMuHK&onfhtcg a&Smif&Sm;Edkif&efESifh Safe Nav: Passage udk wdusrSefuefpGm qHk;jzwfa½G;cs,f
Edkif&ef aqmif½Gufxm;onfh System wpfckjzpfygonf/
Scope / / The system applies to all fixed and floating marks, other than. [ Lihgt house, sectors of light,
and mark, Lanbys, Certain Large lihgt-floats, and lihgt vessel.]
It serves to indicate -
- Side and centerline of navigable channels
- Navigable channel under fix bridges
- Natural danger and other obstruction such as wrecks. (New Danger)
- Areas in which navigation my be subject to regulation.
- Other features of importance to the mariner.

I.A.L.A System wGifatmufyg mark rsm;yg0ifonf/

1. Laterial mark & Preferred channels mark
2. Cardinal mark
3. Isolated Danger mark
4. Safe water mark
5. Special mark
6. New Danger mark

Lateral Marks
Lateral marks are generally for well-defined channels in conjunction with a Concentional Direction of
Boyage. They indicate the port and stb: hand sides of the must to be followed.
Channel wpfckudk follow vkyf&ef Safe Passage wGif Navigate vkyfEdkif&ef rdrd\ Port ESihf stb: wGifxm;
í oGm;&rnfh mark rsm;jzpfonf/ Lateral marks rsm;udk conventional Dierection of Boyage ESifh conjunction
vkyfítoHk;jyK&onf/
Region ESpfckcGJjcm;toHk;jyKonf/
Region (A) usefEdkifiHtm;vHk;
Region (B) ajrmufESifhawmiftar&du? *syef? awmifudk&D;,m;? xdkif0rf? zdvpfydkif

Conventional Direction of Voyage / / (EdkifiHwpfum Convention vkyfí oabmwla&;qGJxm;onfh

Voyage Direction) jzpfonf/
Area wpfckwGif armif;ESifaeonfh Vessels rsm;tm;vHk; generally follow vkyf&rnfh Route direction
udkazmfjyonf/ Area wpfct
k wGuf Admirally Sailing Directions wGiaf zmfjyxm;onf/
 112
Conventional Directional Buoyage udkowfrSwf&mwGif ESpfydkif;cGJxm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm -
(1) Local direction of buoyage/ / ¤if;udk owfrSwf&mwGif Sea ward rS land ward udk Approach
odrYk [kwf Main flood tide direction twdik ;f follow vky&f rnfh direction jzpfonf/
(2) General direction of buoyage / / uRef;awG? urÇm hwdkufBuD;awGudk ywfoGm;vQif following
vky f &rnf h direction udkjyonf/

LATER AL MARKS IN REGION (A)

POPT HAND STARBOARD HAND

1. TOP MARK - Single red can. TOP MARK - Single green cone point
2. SHAPE - Can, pillar or spar SHAPE - Conical, pillar or spar
3. COLOUR - Red. COLOUR - Green
4. LIGHT - Red lihgt LIGHT - Green Light
5. RHYTHM - Any (Except Group FL (2+1) RHYTHM - Any (Except Group FL (2+1)
6. RETROREFLECTOR - Red band or square. RETROREFLECTOR - Green bond or triangle.

PREFERRED CHANNELS
rdro
d mG ;vdak om Destination Port odYk Conventional Direction of Voyage twdik ;f Proceed vkyaf e
pOf Channel ESpfck cGJxGufoGm;aomae&mwGif Channel ESpfckpvHk;rSarmif;Edkifaomtcg ydkrdkaumif;aom Channel
udkjyo&ef Mark vkyfxm;aom Marking jzpfonf/

PREFERRED CHANNEL TO STARBOARD PREFERRED CHANNEL TO PORT

1. TOP MARK - Single red can Top mark - Signal green con point upword.
2. SHAPE - Can pillar or spar SHAPE - Conical , pillar or spar.
3. COLOUR - Red with one bread green band. COLOUR - Green with one broad red band.
4. LIGHT - Red light. LIGHT - Green light.
5. RHYTHM (GP. FL 2+1) RHYTHM (GP. FL 2+1)
6. RETROREFLECTOR - red band or square RETROREFLECTOR - Green band or triangle

Region B wGif Starboard Hand Buoy udk Red Colour okwjf y;D Port Hand Buoy udk Green Colour
okwfxm;onf/ usefwmtm;vHk;wlonf/ Light onfvnf; Starboard Hand Buoy wGif Red jzpfjyD; Port
Hand Buoy wGif Green jzpfonf/
 113
CARDINAL MARKS.

Cardinal marks may be use to Indicate that the deepest water in an area is on the name side of the
marks Indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger.
Draw attention to a feature in a channel such as a bend, junction, bifurcation, or end of a shoal.
Channel wpfcktwGif;&Sd bend (auGU), junction (vrf;qHk), bifurcation (vrf;cGJ), end of a shoal rsm;wGif
Danger rsm;udk a&SmifEdkif&efjyoonf/
Name side onf Safe Navigable Water jzpfonf/

NORTH CARDINAL MARK SOUTH CARDINAL MARK

(1) Top Mark Double Cones Points Up Top Mark Double Cones Points Down
(2) Shape Pillar or Spar Shape Pillar or Spar
(3) Colour Black over the Yellow Colour Yellow over the Black
(4) Light White Light White
(5) Rhythem Qk or VQk Fl. Rhythem Gp. Fl. 6 + 1 L. Fl.
(6) Retroreflectors Blue over the Yellow Retroreflectors Yellow over the Blue

EAST CARDINAL MARK WEST CARDINAL MARK

(1) Top Mark Double Cones Points Outward Top Mark Double Cones Points Inward
(2) Shape Pillar or Spar Shape Pillar or Spar
(3) Colour Black Yellow Black Colour Yellow Black Yellow
(4) Light White Light White
(5) Rhythem Gp. Fl. 3 Rhythem Gp. Fl. 9
(6) Retroreflectors Blue Blue Retroreflectors Yellow Yellow
 114
ISOLATED DANGER MARKS
Isolated Danger of limited extent which have narigable water all round them.
¤if; Marking \atmufwnfhwnfhwGif Danger &SdjyD;? ywfvnfwGif Safe Navigable Water &Sdonf/

(1) Top mark - Double Black Sphere.

(2) Shape - Piller or spar.
(3) Colour - Black with one or more horizontal red bands.
(4) Light - A white flashing light.
(5) Rhythm - Gp. Fl. 2
(6) Retroreflectors - One or more white band, numerals, symbols or one or more pair of blue
above red bands.

SAFE WATER MARKS

There is navigable water all round a mark. Such a mark may be use as a centreline, mid-channel or
land fall buoy or to indicate the best point of passage under a fixed bridge.
¤if;\ywfvnfwGif Safe Navigable Water &Sdonf/ ¤if;udk Channel wpfck\ Centre line udak zmfjy&m
wGifvnf;aumif;? wHwm;rsm;atmufwGif&Sdonfh Safe Passage azmfjy&mwGifvnf;aumif;? Land Fall Mark
tjzpfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKonf/
(1) Top mark - Single Red Sphere.
(2) Shape - Spherical, Pillar or spar.
(3) Colour - Red and White Vertical Stripes.
(4) Light - A white flashing light.
(5) Rhythm - Long Flash or Morse Code (A).
(6) Retroreflectors - One or more white bands, letters, numerals or symbols.
Letters, numerals, or symbols.
Red and white stripes or bands.

1. S.W.M \ywfvnfwGif Safe Nav: water &Sdonf/

2. mid - channel marks taejzifjh yonf/
3. Land fall buoy (yifv,fjyift0ifwGif yxrqHk;jrif&aom mark)
4. fixed bridge awG&ahJ tmufrS safe passage udjk yonf/
 115
SPECIAL MARKS

Special area or feature rsm;udkjy&efoHk;onf/

1. ODAS (Ocean Data Aquisition System.)
2. Traffie spraction scren and zone
3. Spoil ground.
4. Mililary exercise zone.
5. At fall pipe position.
6. Cable or pipe line.
7. Recreation zone.
8. Deep water route.

(1) Top mark - Single Yellow X.

(2) Shape - Optional
(3) Colour - Yellow
(4) Light - Yellow Light
(5) Rhythm - White Light rsm;wGio
f ;kH aom Rhythm rsm;rSví
JG Any Rhythm.
(6) Retroreflectors - One Yellow Band, An X, Or A symbol.

NEW DANGERS

Not yet shown on chart or included in sailing direction. mon suffeciently promulgated by Notices to
mariner is termed a New-Danger. Naturally occurring obstructions such as sand banks, or men- made danger
such as corecks.
Chart sailing direction wGir
f azmfjy&ao;onft
h jyif N.D wGiv
f nf;azmfjy&ef owif;rvHak vmufao;onfh
(odkY) rrDvdkufonfh New Danger rsm;udkazmfjyaom mark jzpfonf/ ¤if;danger rsm;onf natural, obstruction ESihf
men made danger wdkUyg0ifonf marking ESpfrsdK;toHk;jyKonf/
1. LATERAL mark
2. CARDINAL mark
¤if;wdkYESpfckrS oifhavsmf&mwpfckckudk Duplicate ESpfcktjzpf jyxm;rnf/ Light onf Lateral or Cardinal
twdkif;jzpfjyD;? Qk or V.Qk light jzpfrnf/ tenf;qHk; 1 Nautical mile rS radar wGifjrifEdkifaom Morse Code
(D) wyfqifxm;&rnf/
 116
BEACONS AND BUOYS

Beacons = Erection on land, or in shoal waters, intended as a guide or warning to vessels

M.D. navigating in sight of it. May be fitted with a light, or lights, or may emit a radio signal.
Always carries some distinctive characteristic so that it may be identified.
Beacons = A fixed artificial navigational mark, sometimes call a daybeacon in the USA and
N.P 100 Canada. It can be recognised by means of its shape, colour, pattern or topmark. It
may carry a light, radar reflector or other navigational aid.
Buoys = (1) Floating object that is used to mark a position.
M.D. (2) Object with a large reserve buoyancy that allow it to support a require load.
(3) To buoy a position is to mark it with a buoy.
Buoys = A floating, and moored, artificial navigational mark. It can be recognised by
N.P. 100 means of its shape, colour, pattern, topmark or light character, or a combination of
these. It may carry various additional aid to navigation.
Racon = A radar beacon which transmits a signal or receiving a radar signal from ship and thus
shows morse code echo on radar display.

Anchor Buoy
a&xJrSm&SdaewJh anchor &Jh position udkrSwfzdkY oHk;aom buoy jzpfw,f/ wpfcgwpf&HrSmom oHk;onf/ odkY
aomf ,ckacwfwGif odyfroHk;awmhyg/ Starboard anchor twGuf tpdrf;a&mifokH;jyD;? port anchor twGuf teD
a&mifokH;onf/ ausmufrcscif depth of water xuf 2 / 3 M ydk&SnfwJhBudK;eJY anchor &Jh crown wGifcsnfjyD; let go
vkyfonf/ In case of emergency ausmufjywfoGm;vQifaomfvnf;aumif;? ausmufjzwfí xGuf&vQifaomfvnf;
aumif; anchor &Jh position udk rSwx
f m;Edik &f ef? ¤if;tjyif ¤if; buoy &SadS omae&mwGif tjcm; vessel rsm; ausmufvm
rcs&eftwGufoHk;onf/

Bar Buoy
Bar odkYr[kwf patch &Sdaomae&mudk azmfjy&eftwGufoHk;onf/

Bell Buoy
Buoy wGif bell wyfxm;jyD; ¤if;onf automatically or wave motion aMumifh toHjrnfaponf/

Cable Buoy (Telegraph Buoy)

Buoy ay:wGif telegraph [kpma&;xm;onfh a&atmufwi G &f adS om submarine cable \ end udrk w
S o
f m;xm;
aom buoy jzpfonf/ Cable ukd laying, servicing or picking up vkyfaeaom oabFmu odatmifjyay;onf/

Can Buoy
Nearly cylinder shape &SdjyD; upper surface onf flat jzpfjyD; mooring point rsm;&Sdonf/

LANBY Buoy (Large Automatic Navigational Buoy)

tvGefBuD;rm;aom buoy jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif tall super structure ESifh marking rsm;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
urf;em;rS rjrifEdkifonfh ae&mwGif&Sdwwfonf/ Light vessel tjzpfvnf; toHk;jyKonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif radio beacon
odkYr[kwf reacons odkYr[kwf radar reflector rsm;wyfqifxm;onf/ tcsdKUonf wef 140 cefYav;jyD; height
odkYr[kwf diameter onf 12 M cefY&Sdwwfonf/

Landfall Buoy
Buoy ay:wGif tall super structure odkYr[kwf marking &SdjyD;? seaward rS landward odkY approach
vkyf&mwGif habour odkYr[kwf jrpf0rsm;\ position jy&müoHk;onf/ ¤if;wdkYonf wpfcgwpf&H urf;em;rS rjrifEdkifaom
ae&mwGif&Sdonf/

Mono Buoy
Single point mooring buoy rsm;\ ,cifuoHk;aom emrnfjzpfonf/

Mooring Buoy
oabFm moor vkyf&eftwGuf mooring ring wyfxm;aom special constructed buoy jzpfonf/
 117
Nun Buoy
Cone shape ESpfckudk base to base xdxm;onfhyHk&Sd\/ ¤if; base ae&mrS sea bed odkY moor vkyfxm;
onf/

Ogival Buoy
Buoy \ water line tay:wGif arch-shape vertical cross-section &Sdonf/

Outfall Buoy
Sea xJodkY discharge vkyfaom pipe rsm;\ position udkjyonfh buoy jzpfonf/

Pillar Buoy
Water line \ tay:wGi& f adS omtydik ;f onf pillar yHo
k P²mef&o
dS nf/ odrYk [kwf water line \ tay:wGi&f dS
aom greater part onf pillar yHkoP²mef&Sdonf/

ODAS Buoy (Ocean Data Aquisition System Buoy)

yifv,fjyifwGif&Sdaom oceanographical data rsm;udk pkpnf;&ef toHk;jyKaom system buoy jzpfonf/
¤if;wGif yellow colour jzpfjyD; ODAS ESifh identification number marking rsm;ygjyD;? awGU&Sdolu rnfolYxH
report vkyf&rnfhtaMumif; a&;xm;aom small plate jym;wpfckyg0ifonf/ Buoy ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf-
(1) Moored buoy - ¤if;wdkYonf 7.5 M (diameter), 2-3 M (height)ESifh weight onf 18 wef cefY
txd&w dS wfonf/ ¤if;wduYk kd ocean rsm;twGi;f rnfonfah e&mwGirf qdk anchor csívnf;xm;wwfonf/
¤if;wdkYwGif every 20 second wdkif; 5 flashes jyaom yellow fleshing light ygwwfonf/
(2) Drifting buoy - ¤if;wdkYonf diameter 0.75 M cefY&Sdwwfonf/ 2 M cefY&Snfwwfonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif
aerials ESifh lights rsm;ryg0ifwwfyg/

Spar Buoy
Buoy wGif pole udk up right &Sdaeap&ef wyfqifxm;aom buoy.

Spherical Buoy
Buoy \jrifEdkifaomtydkif;onf approxiately spherical shape &So
d nf/

Telegraph Buoy
Cable buoy ESifhtwlwljzpfonf/

Watch Buoy
Special position udkjyo&efESifh rSwfom;Edkif&ef toHk;jyKaom buoy jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh light vessel
rsm; teD;tem;wGi&f o
dS nf/ ¤if;wd\
Yk position udk check vky&f efjzpfonf/ Buoy ay:wGif watch qdak ompmvH;k a&;xm;
onf/

Whistle Buoy
Buoy wGif whistle wyfxm;jyD; vdIif;vIyfonfh action jzifh whistle udk jrnfap&ef air bottle xJodkYavudk
0ifaponf/

Wreck Buoy
oabFmysufrsm;&Sdonfhae&mudk jyoonfh buoy jzpfonf/

Submarine Indicator Buoy

¤if; buoy onf submarine a&ay:jyefrwufEdkifonfhtaMumif; azmfjy&mwGifoHk;onf/
¤if;onf semi-spherical shape &Sod nf/ Diameter 76 cm ESihf depth 90 cm &Sod nf/ Calm water wGif
free board 15 cm cefYjzifh float jzpfonf/
Colour rSm red and white vertical stripes retro-reflective jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ Body ay:wGif FWD
odkYr[kwf AFT, serial number 3 vH k ;? call sign, FINDER INFORM NAVY COAST GUARD OR
POLICE. DO NOT SECURE TO OR TOUCH. ponfhpmwrf;rsm;&Sdonf/
¤if;udk 3 MM txl&Sdaom GRP (Glass Reinforce Plastic) jzifhjyKvkyfxm;jyD;? not less than 1000 M
t&Snf&Sdaom flexible steel wire odkYr[kwf braided nylon rope jzifh moored vkyfxm;onf/
 118
¤if;\ upper part wGif every two second wGif fleshe white colour vif;aom light yg&Sd jyD; good
weather condition wGif tenf;qHk; 5 miles rSjzifEdkifonf/ ¤if; light onf 72 hours continuous vif;onf/
Radio transmitter twGuf aerial wdi k Ef pS cf yk gjy;D ? H.F. twGuf 168 cm &Snjf y;D ? 8364 KHz rS tvkyv
f yk f
onf/ H.F twGuf 100 cm t&Snf&SdjyD;? 243 MHz. rS transmit vkyfonf/

Transmition Procedure (H.F) 8364 KHz. (for vessels)

(1) 3 figures serial number 3 times, duration 30 s.
(2) Silent period. Duration 120 s. (± 5 s.)
(3) 3 figure serial number 3 times, duration 30 s.
(4) S.O.S 6 times, duration 30 s.
(5) SUB SUNK 3 times, duration 36 s.
(6) Long D.F mark 1 time, duration 30 s.

Transmition Procedure (U.H.F) 243 MHz. (for air craft)

1600 uae 300 Hz twGif;rSm&SdwJh audio down swept oHk;Mudrfudk every 2 second wdkif;rSm transmit
vkyfonf/ Total transmision time onf 72 hours &So
d nf/
 119
LIGHT trsdK;tpm;rsm;
Steady or Fixed Light / / A light which is lighting continuously. wpfcsdefvHk;vif;aeaomrD;vHk;/
Flashing Light / / A light recurring the period of light is shorter than the period of darkness.
vif;csdefxuf arSmifcsdefrsm;aomrD;/
- Quick flashing = 50 or 60 flashes per minute. (wpfpuúefYwpfcsufEIef;)
- Very quick flashing = 100 or 120 flashes per minute. (wpfpuúefYESpfcsufEIef;)
- Long flash = Duration of light is between 2 to 4 seconds.
Isophase : The period of light is equal to period of darkness.
Occulting : Period of light is longer than the period of darkness.
 120
PRINCIPLE OF SHIP HANDLING

VSL udk aooyfuseatmifjrifpGmxdef;csKyfEdkif&ef handle vkyfolwGif Handling ESifhywfowfaom taMumif;

tcsufrsm;pGm A[kokwrsm;pGm &Sdxm;&efvdktyfygonf/
tcsdKUtcsufrsm;onf control vkyfí&aomfvnf; tcsdKUtcsufrsm;rSm CONTROL vkyfír&Edkifyg ¤if;wdkY\
effect rsm;udk toHk;jyKí handle vkyfEkdifonf/ Wind, cur effect rsm;udkaocsmpGmem;vnfxm;vQif handle vkyf&m
wGif rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/

(1) THE ENGINE (UNDER CONTROL) omreftm;jzifh ENG: (3)rsdK;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/

(i) STEAM (a&aEG;aiGU)
Steam power jzifhvnfaom Eng: rsm;onf Best Response ay;Edkifonf/ Repidly Stop vkyfNyD;
Reverse qGJEdkifonf/ Ahead or Astern full Power udkpuúefUtenf;i,f twGif;ay;Edkifonf/
(ii) DIESEL ENG:
Start ESifh stop udkcsufcsif;vkyfEdkifonf/odkUaomfHead Wayrsm; aecsdefwGif Propeller Blades rsm;\
Resistance aMumifh Reverse qGJ&ef Start vkyfzdkUcufonf/xdkUaMumifh Eng: Dirt; udk change &ef
VSL \ way udk reduce vkyf&efvdktyfonf/
(iii) TURBINE ENG:
Power wif&mwGifaES;auG;onf/ Revolution wif&ef ESifh Stop vkyfzdkYavsmhcs&eftwGuf tcsdefay;&
onf/ Turbine Eng: wyfxm;aom VSL rsm;wGif stop vkyf&ef TURBINE udk enf;enf;apmí
&yf&onf/ ¤if; TURBINE udk&yf&ef 5 rdepfcefYtcsdefay;&ef vdktyfonf/
Astern power twGuf separate turbine xm;&SNd y;D ¤if; astern power turbine onf ahead turbine power \
3 yHk 2 yHkcefYom&Sdonf/ ¤if; vsl udk handle vkyf&mwGif BudKwifaqmif&GufrIrsm; rsm;pGmvdktyfygonf/
rnfonfh Engine udkrqdk start and stop vkyfaomtBudrf enf;EdkiforQenf;atmif handle vkyfoifhonf/
txl;ojzifh diesel engine (start vkyf&mwGif air oHk;&aomaMumifh )
(2) PROPELLERS (UNDER CONTROL)
(i) Single screw
Convention t& engine shaft rsm;udk ahead odkYoGm;vQif clock-wise ESifh astern odkYoGm;vQif anti:
clock wise jzifv
h nfaf p&ef design xkwx
f m;MuaomaMumifh prepeller wpfcw
k nf;ygaom (single screw)
vsl rsm;wGif right- handed propeller rsm;om trsm;qHk;jzpfonf/
(ii) Twin screw
¤if;wdo
Yk nf Outward - turning screw rsm;jzpfonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS ahead oGm;vQif taemufrMS unfv
h Qif
starboard side rS propeller onf right - handed jzpfjyD; port side rS porpeller onf left handed
jzpfonf/ reverse qGJvQif inward turning jzpfrnf/
(iii) Triple screw
tjyifq;kH rSEpS v
f ;kH onf Twin screw uJo
h v
Ykd nfjy;D manoeuvre vky&f mwGio
f ;kH onf/ centre rS propel-
ler onf ahead odkYr[kwf astern power increase vkyf&efomoHk;onf/
(iv) Quadraple screw
(4 PROPELLE RS) Right Handed 2 vHk;udk Stbd side wGifxm;NyD; left handded 2 vHk;udk port
side wGifxm;onf/ Manoeuvre vkyf&mwGif Outer Screw rsm;udkoHk;onf/ Turbing eng: rsm;wGif
Astern qGJ&mwGif outer propellers udkomoHk;onf/
 121
(v) Pitch Propeller
Eng: ESifh Shaft Dirt udkwpfbufxJ costant vnfaeapNyD; Propeller Blade Angle (Pitch) udk wdk;
avsmhjcif;jzifh SPD udkwdk;avsmhEdkifNyD; Ahead or Astern udkvJ Pitch - Dir ajymif;NyD;vkyfEdkifonf/
Control udk Bridge wGifxm;onf/
(vi) Manoeuvring Propeller (Active Rudder)
Rudder \ Traling Edge (taemufzsm;) wGif Submersible Electric Motor wyfqifxm;onfah &ESihf
lubricated vkyfxm;onf/ Power onf 15 TO 1200 KW twGif;jzpfEdkifonf/ Motor Shaft
taemufzsm;wGif Propeller wyfqifxm;onf/ Reverse Dir: vJajymif;Edik o
f nf/ Any Dirt;odaYk uG&Y mwGif
Turning Power wuf&efoHk;Edkifonf/ txl;ojzifh VSL stop vkyfxm;csdefwGif toHk;jyKonf/ xdkYtjyif
Main Eng Failure jzpfomG ;vQif Active Rudder udo
k ;kH í Port udkuyfEdkifonf/
(vi) Bow Thruster
wyfqifxm;ojzifh VSL udk ownlength twGi;f turn vkyEf ikd o
f nf/ ¤if;udk Astern wGif vJwyfEdkifonf/
Quay rScGm&mwGif Forward Spring awmifxm;NyD; Eng udk Ahead ay;í Thruster udkoHk;vQif VSL
ab;wdkufcGmxGufEdkifonf/

PROPELLER aMumifhjzpfay:vmaom oufa&mufrItm; (Thrust) udk (2) ydkif;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/

(a) The Axial Thrust (Fore & Aft Thrust )

oabFmudk Ahaed or Astern a½GUapaom FORE and AFT thrust jzpfonf/ ¤if; AXIAL THRUST onf
Ahead odkYoGm;aomtcgwGifydkrdkefficient jzpfonf/ tb,f aMumifhqdkaomf oabFm\ design onf Ahead
oGm;&efomqGJxm;aMumifhjzpfonf/ Astern qJG&mwGif ¤if; force onf less efficient jzpfonf/tb,faMumifq
h akd omf
VSL astern onf Propeller odkUwdk;0ifaoma&rsm;udk wGef;xkwfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ full asternforce onf full
ahead force \xuf0ufcefYom&Sdonf/ turbine power rsm;wGif eng astern power onf ahead power \ 60%
om&Sdonf/

(b) The tranverse Thrust (Sideway Thrust, Athwartships thrust, Screwing Effect, Starting Bias)
“DANTON seamanship” (Pg. 52)
¤if;Force onf Propeller vnf&mwGif Upper Blades aMumifhjzpf ay:vmaom suction onfydk strong
jzpfNyD; VSL \ hull onfvnfaeaom Upper Blade \aemufwGifuyf vQuf&SdaomaMumifh VSL udk
SIDE WAY odkYa½GUoGm;aponf/
“KANDY seamanship note” (Pg. 25)
¤if; Force onf propeller vnfaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ Upper Blade onfa&rsufESmjyifem;wGif
vnfaomaMumifh Upper Blade rSa&udkwGef;xkwfaom force onf lower blade ua&udkwGef;xGufaom
tm;udkracszsufEdkifay/ VSL \ ASTERN udk side odkUa½GUaponf/

Right Handed Propeller rsm;wGif Ahead odkUoGm;&mwGif Upper Blade ua&rsufESmjyifem;wGif STBD
odkYwGef;xkwfaomtm;xuf lower blade ua&eufydkif;odkUwGef;uefxGufaomtm;udk racsEdkifojzifh VSL \ astern
onf STBD odkUa½GUonf/ xdkUaMumifh VSL \ bow onf PORT odkYa½GU (CANT) jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh AHEAD oGm;vQif ]nm&pfyefumbufodkUcGmonf}
ASTERN oGm;vQifajymif;jyefjzpfonf/
Tranverse thrust onf ahad odkUoGm;vQif Speed ESifhajymif;jyeftcsdK;usonf/
 122
Head way &aomtcg (frictional wake) “Hull” wpfavsmufpD;0ifvmaoma&pD;vdkif;onf upper blade
aMumifhjzpfay:vmaom STARTING BIAS udkacszsufvdkufíjzpfonf/
Astern way qGJ&mwGif FRICTIONAL WAKE teJi,fomjzpfay:í upper blade \ tranverse thrust
udkracszsufEkdifaomaMumifh astern way wGif Speed increase vkyfvQif tranverse thrust increase jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh tranverse thrust onf astern way wGif speed ESifh ditrect tcsdK;usonf/
Twin screw VSL rsm;wGif propeller 2ckudk center line \wpfzufwpfcsufpDwGifwyfxm;ojzifh (OFF
SET FROM THE CENTER LINE) ¤if; propeller wpfckpDuxGufvmaom axial thrust onf VSL udk FORE
and AFT a½GUapovdkab;odkUvJxGufoGm;aponfh (OFF SET-EFFECT) udkvJjzpfay:aponf/
Port side wGix
f m;aom propeller onf left-handed jzpfygu ahead odUk oGm;&mwGif tranverse thrust aMumifh
vsl bow ukd Stbd odUk (CANT) a½GUapNy;D propeller udk center line \ Port side wGiw
f yfxm;í VSL udk Port side
rS wGef;ovdkjzpfaomaMumifhf bow udk Stbd odkY CANT jzpfapaom OFF SET EFFECT jzpfay:aponf/ xdkUaMumifh
twin screw vsl: wGif outward turning jzpfygu ahead oGm;&mwGif Port propeller onf tranverse thrust ESifh OFF
SET- EFFECT aMumifh vsl bow udk Stbd odkY Cant jzpfaponf/
xkdenf;wl Stbd propeller onfvJ tranverse thrust ESifh OFF SET EFFCT aMumifh VSL bow udk Port odkU
Cant jzpfaponf/
propeller 2 ckvHk;udk revolution wlatmifay;ygu tranverse thrust rsm;tcsif;csif;acszsufaomaMumifh bow onf
rnfonfhbufodkUrS Cantrjzpfyg/
xdkUaMumifh OUTWARD turning twin scren vsl rsm;onf manoeuvre vkyf&vG,fulaumif;rGefonf/
INWARD-turning screw rsm;wGif port side wGif right handed stbd side wGif left handed wyfqifxm;
onf/
* Ahead oGm;vQif -
Port propeller aMumifh -
tranverse thrust = Cant to port
off-set effect = Cant to stbd
Stbd propeller aMumifh -
tranverse thrust = Cant to stbd
off-set effect = Cant to port
xdkYaMumifh VSL onf difference of effect ay:wGif swing jzpfrnf/
Shallow water rsm;wGif INWARD turning VSL rsm;onf xdef;rEdkifjzpfwwfonf/
OUTWARD turning ptopeller rsm;wGif turning ability ydkvkdvQifwpfvHk;udk ahead tjcm;wpfvHk;udk astern
qGJxm;jcif;jzifh &&SdEdkifonf/
Stop vkyfay;csdefESifh slow move vkyfaecsdefwGif tranverse onf off set-effect xufydkrsm;onf/ ¤if;
effect (2)ckaygif;onf/ wheel effect xuf ydkxda&mufrI&Sd&onf/
 123

(3) THE WAKE CURRENT (under not control)

Square barge rsm; head way ESifhoGm;&mwGif hull uwGef;z,fvdkufNyD;umxm;aoma&rsm;onf astern
ae&mwGif cavity (tayguf)uJhodkUjzpfaeonf/ ¤if;ae&modkU a&rsm;0J*,ufuJhodkUpD;0ifoGm;onf/ ¤if;udk wake
cur;[kac:onf/
WAKE CUR; aMumifh partial vacuum jzpfay:apNyD; steering udk effect jzpfaponf/ propeller disturbed
water wGifvnfaponf/ xdkUaMumifh Speed usaponf/ vibration jzpfaponf/
Cavitation ESifh wake cur; onf speed increase vkyfvQifydkrsm;vmonf/ (wdkuf½dkuftcsdK;usonf)
Astern qGJaomtcg stem wGif cavitation ESifh wake cur: jzpfay:onf/ odkUaomftvGefeJNyD; propeller ESifh
steering udk effect rjzpfay:apyg/

(4) THE RUDDER

VSL \ turning properties onf rudder \ size, shape ESifh position ay:wGifrsm;pGmrIwnfygonf/
tajccHtm;jzifh rudder type 2rsdK;&Sdonf/ OLDER-FASHIONED rudder (rudder wpfcsyfvHk;onf rud-
der post aemufwGif&Sd)ESifh BALANCED rudder (rudder wpfckvHk;\ area oHk;yHkwpfyHkonf rudder post
a&SUbufwGif&Sfdonf/)xdkuJodkU rudder post \a&SUwGif3yHk 1yHk&Sdaom area udk propeller rS,ufxkwfvkdufaom
a&rsm;u
wGef;aomaMumifh rudder vnf&mwGif assist vkyfay;onf/
single screw VSL rsm;wGif rudder onf propeller aemufwnfhwnfhwGif&SdNyD; twin screw wGif center line
wGif&SdaomaMumifh VSL onf slow spd (odkU) stopped vkyfNyD; ahed oGm;aecsdefwGif single screw VSL \
rudder onfydkí sensitive jzpfonf/
single screw VSL ahed oGm;aecsdef eng; udkoHk;NyD; head way reduce vkyf&ef reverse qGJvQif rudder \
effect vHk;0eD;yg;aysmufoGm;Edkifonf/vIyf&Sm;aeaoma&rsufESmjyifaESmuft,SufaMumifhjzpfonf/
tcsdKU Twin screw VSL rsm;wGif propeller rsm;\aemufwnfhwnfhwGif ruddder rsm;wyfqifjcif;jzifh
single screw VSL uJoUkd steering-quality &&So
d nf/
Unusual distribution of weight aMumifh steering effect xdcu
kd af ponf/
ASTERN oGm;pOfwGif rudder odkUpFD;0ifaom flow eJaomaMumifh rudder effect udkwduspGmwGufír&yg/
astern qGJpOf tranverse thrust \ effect udkydkrdktoHk;cs&onf/xdkUaMumifhrudder udk mid ship wGifxm;oifhonf/
vHkavmufaom stern way udkMumMum&&Sdxm;csdefwGifrS steering effect &&SdEdkifonf/odkUaomf4if;tajctaeudk
small VSL rsm;wGifompdwfcspGm&&SdEdkifonf/
 124
(5) SIDE SLIP OR SKID
VSL udk rudder oHk;NyD; turn vkyf&mwGif VSL OD;zsm;ESifhyJhzsm;rsm;onf pivot point avmufwGifavQmhwGuf
(SKID) jzpfonf/ VSL wpD;vHk;onfA[dkcGmtm; (centerifugal force) aMumifhab;wdkufacsmfxGuf (slip) jzpfonf/
Light ship wGif under water ckcHrI (grid) eJaomaMumifh ydkrdkodomjrifomonf/
High spd ESifhoGm;pOf SPD udk reduce vkyf&ef skidding udktoHk;jyKEdkifonf/

(6) THE TURNING CIRCLE

VSL udk wheel oHk;í 360 auGU&mwGifjzpfay:vmaom roughly circular vrf;aMumif; (path) udk [kac:
onf/ 4if; path udk VSL \ centre of gravity a½GUoGm;onfh vrf;aMumif;t&qGJonf/
* VSL turning vkyfvQif original track ay:odkYjyefra&mufyg/ VSL swing jzpfaomaMumifh speed vnf;us
oGm;onf/ original rS 90º auGUNyD;vQif original speed \ 25% (1/4) avsmUoGm;rnf/ original co rS 180º auGU
NyD;vQif original speed \ 1/3 avQmUusrnf/ xdkUaemuf constant jzpfoGm;onf/
* PIVOT POINT VSL alter vkyf&mwGif FORE & AFT line ay:wGif&Sdaom VSL turn jzpf
aom point (cock-croft)
* Turning circle \ center of curvature rS VSL \ FORE & AFT Line udk
perpendicular jzpfatmifqGJvQif? ¤if; FORE & AFT Line wGifxdrnfh point
(Danton)
* Pivot point onf forward rS VSL’S length 3 yHk 1 yHkcefUwGif&dSonf/
* Astern way wGif pivot point onf astern ESifheD;uyfpGm&Sdonf/
* THE ADVANCE The distance travelled by the center of gravity along the original course
(rudder udkpoHk;onfhae&mrS original CO: wGif C.of G trsm;qHk;a½GUoGm;onfh
DIST: ¤if;wGif total advance ESifh advance for 90º [lí 2 ck&Sdonf/ advance
onf average 3 to 4 ship’s length &SdNyD; 2 to 3 minutes MumEdkifonf??)
* THE TRANSFER The distance travelled by the C. of G, measured from the original track to
the point whore the vessel has altered her co: by 90º degrees (vessel onf
50º auG;NyD;csdef C of G rS original track ay:odkUaxmifhrSefusatmifwdkif;aom
distance approximately 2 ship’s length &So
d nf/
 125
.
* THE TATICAL DIAMETER Transfer for 180 ususlly greater than advance 4 ship’s length
cefU&Sdonf/
* THE DRIFT ANGLE Turning circleudk Tangent jzpfatmifqGJxm;aom LineESihf vsl \ fore & aft
line Mum;wGif&dSaomaxmifh/ ¤if;onf Turning circle \ curvature ay:wGif
rlwnfí vary jzpfEdkifonf/
* COMPLETE CIRCLE Complete turning circle jzpf&ef (DANTON t& 7-8 min ) (cock croft
5-10 min) Mumonf/ original track ra&mufcifrSm original co: udk jyef
a&mufonf/
single screw right handed vsl onf PORT udkauGUNyD; turn vkyfvQifydkaumif;onf/ twin screw rsm; wGif-
astern way wGif propeller rsm; revolutions wdk;/avsmhvdktyfovdkvkyfay;NyD; steer vkyfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf head
way oGm;csdefavmuf steering power raumif;ay/ wind &SdvQif twin screw vJ steer vkyfír&ay/

(7) EFFECT OF LOADING

Same Speed jzifhoGm;aepOf Vessel onf Deep Laden Condition wGif Light Condition xuf Under
Impact aMumifh Damage ydkjzpfonf? Wheel Effect tvdkufaES;onf? t&Sdef &&ef aES;auG;onf? Wind Effect
cHpm;rIenf;onf/ Turning Circle onf Speed aMumifh Effect rjzpfyg/ Turning Circle ydBk u;D onf? Side Slip or
Skid enf;onf/
Light Ship wGif Anchor ESihf Mooring Lines ay:wGif Brought Up jzpfonf/ Turning Circle enf; onf?
Speed wifvQif Turning Circle Bu;D onf/
Vessel udk Handle vkyf&ef Half odkYr[kwf oHk;yHkESpfyHk Laden vkyfxm;jyD; Trim udk By the Astern enf;
enf;ydkay;xm;vQif taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/

(8) EFFECT OF TRIM

* TRIM = the difference of drafts forward and aft
trim by the astern wGif pivot point onf even keel tajctaexuf aft bufodkYydka&mufonf/
turning vkyv
f Qif down wind odaYk uGU&efydkvG,fonf/
* Trim by the head wGif pivot point onf even keel tajctaexuf forward ydak &mufonf/ turning
circle ao;onf/ full power rxkwfEdkif turn vkyf&efcuf/ wind ward odkYfauGU&efvG,f/ astern rSwind wdkufvQif
astern way oGm;&efaES;onf/ quarter rSavwdkufvQifxdef;ír&Edkifay/

(9) EFFECT OF LIST

List jzpfaeaom VSL wGif high sidebufodkYauGU&efydkvG,fNyD; small turning circle jzpfonf/
Twin screw rsm;wGif low side rS eng; uydk effect jzpfNyD; off set effect udk wheel jzifh correct vkyf&ef
vdktyfonf/

(10) CARRYING WAY

Large, deeply loaded, smooth hull &Sdaom non-fouled fine form &Sdaom VSL onf carrying way
trsm;qHk;&SdEdkifonf/
VSL\ spd udk wave-making(vdIif;xapaomtajctae)tenf;qHk;odkYavsmcsvQif headway tjrefqHk;
avsmhenf;oGm;onf/
 126
(11) THE EFFECT OF SHALLOWS
(a) Patial Vacuum
armif;ESifaeaomoabFmwpfpD;[m a&rsm;udkab;odkY z,fxkwfjypfvdkuf wJYtwGuf ¤if;ae&mudk
tpm;xdk; zdkYtwGuf csufjcif;a&awGjyefr0ifvmEdkifbl; ¤if;ae&mudk partial vacuum vdkY ac:w,f/
* P.V aMumifh wheel [mcsufjcif;rvdkufbl;/
* engine slaggish jzpfw,f/
* yaw (odkY) sheer jzpfwmudk correct vkyfzdkYcufw,f/
(b) Smalling the ground
a&tvGefwdrfaomae&mrsm;wGif a&wdrfbufodkY VSL \ bow 0ifoGm;NyD; csufjcif;t&Sdefjzifh jyefuef
xGufoGm;um stern u a&wdrfudkuyfoGm;jcif;udkac:ygonf/
(c) Squart
The difference between the vertical positions of a vsl: moving and stopped.
Squart = Settlement + change of trim.
Settlement - moving vsl \ a&jyif level edrfhusoGm;jcif;udk ac:onf/ a&jyifedrfhusoGm;onfhtwGuf
Depth of water enf;oGm;onf/ Under Keel Clearence enf;oGm;rnf/ odkYaomf Draft rajymif;yg/
Depth of water ESifh Speed aMumifh Shallow water wGif odompGmjzpfay:onf/
Change of Trim - &yfaeaomtcsdefwGifxuf oGm;aeaomtcsdefwGif vsl. \ Astern ydkif;onf
a&xJoYkd ydí
k epf0ifomG ;onf/ xdaYk Mumifh ajymif;vJoGm;aom Aft Draft yrmPaMumifhjzpfonf/ Speed
rsm;vQifydkjzpfonf/
(d) Sheer
Suddenly change of course by outside effect (external influence)
* vsl: &JU bow [mrarQmfvifhbJ Course uae deviate jzpfjcif;?
* Bank cushion (a&eufzufodkY deviate jzpfjcif;)
* Bank Suction (a&wdrfzufodkY deviate jzpfjcif;)
(e) Interaction
Forces of attraction and repulsion between two vessels (shellow water wGif same direction
(Diff speed) jzifh wpfpD;BuD;? wpfpD;ao;&if ydkjzpfonf/)

12. THE EFFECT OF STERN WAY

Single Screw vessel rsm;wGif Astern odaYk rmif;aepOf Wheel Effecct &&ef - Good stern way, Calm
Condition ESifh Propeller rsm; rvnf&ef vdktyfonf/
- Wind &SdvQif Astern qGJpOf Steering Effect &&ef Wind Direction wnfhwnfh (Wind’s Eye)
udkoGm;rS &&SdEdkifrnf/ odkYaomf vTJacsmfrIrsm;udk ydkjzpfapEdkifonf/
- Astern way wGif Rudder response poor jzpfaomaMumifh vessel udk Star board odkY Swing
vkyfvdkvQif tranverse thrust udkoHk;Edkifonf/ Port Side udk Swing vdkvQif Stern way udk aumif;
pGm&apjyD; Engine udk Stop vkyf&rnf/ (Tranverse thrust effect roufa&mufap&efjzpfonf/)

13. GENERAL EFFECT OF TWIN SCREW

Twin Screw &SdaomaMumifh&&Sdaom Advantage rSm Ahead odkUoGm;aepOf Engine wpfvHk;udkoHk;í vsl: udk
Swing vkyfEdkifonf/ Turning Ability trsm;qHk;&&SdEdkifí Head way &Sa
d e&efvt
kd yfonf/
* Small Turning Circle vkyE
f ikd o
f nf/
* Singal Screw vsl: rsm;xuf Sudden Sheer udk Correct vkyfEkdifonf/
 127
14. THE EFFECT OF WIND (NOT UNDER CONTROL)
Light Ship Condition wGio
f mrmefavajywdu
k cf wfc&H íjzpfaom (BREEZE) effect onf loaded condition
wGifavjyif; (GALE)wdkufcwfcH&íjzpfaom effect ESifhnDrQonf/
* &yfaeaom vsl: twGuf wind onf roughly abeam rSwu
kd v
f rd rhf nf/
* Effect of wind onf pivot point \ FWD or AFT wGif&Sdaom windage (avwdkufcH&aom area) ESifh
apparent wind dirrection ay:rlwnfonf/
Head way wGif Trim by the astern &SdvQifrsm;aomtm;jzifh windage area onf FWD zufwGif&Sdí abeam
or bow wind wGif VSL onf leeward bufodkUygoGm;wwfonf/odkUaomf fodward Superstructore vsl: rsm;wGif
wind ward bufygoGm;wwfonf/ 4if; effect onftenf;i,fom&SdNyD; rudder jzifhtenf;i,fom counter
vkyfp&mvkdonf/
Astern way wGif Pivot point onf astern zufodkUuyfoGm;ojzifh windage area onf FWD wGif
rsm;aomaMumifh astern onf wind’s eye (avhvmonfh direction) odUk OD;wnfomG ;onf/ astern way aumif;pGm&&Sv
d Qif
wheel udk opposite direction odUk tukea
f y;xm;aomfvnf; counter vkyí
f r&ay/
Single screw right handed propeller vsl: wGif astern way ü STB: side rS wind &&SdvQif tranverse thrust
aMumifh wind effect udkacszsufEkdifonf/ odkUaomf breeze wind xufrsm;aomtajctaewGif wind effect
uydkoufa&mufonf/

15. THE EFFECT OF CURRENT OR TIDE

Current or tide effect onf vsl: \ heandling udkxdcdkufrIr&Sday/ oabFmwdkif;udk effect jzpfonf/ trim or
loading condition aMumifah jymif;vJrr
I &Sad y/
Current effect onf strength of stream ESifhoufa&mufcH&rnfh time period ay:wGifrlwnfonf/ current
&Sad omae&mwGif headling vkyv f Qif down strem drift ukd allownace ay;&rnf/ txl;ojzifh course set vky&f mwGif
fix: object rsm;ESifh transit ,lí leading line rsm;&Smí set vkyfoifhonf/ r&&SdEdkifygu estimated set and drift
udkod&Sdxm;&rnf/
* a&pD;aMumifh rudder udk effective jzpfaponf/
* urf;ESie hf ;D aomae&mrsm;wGif a&pD;enf;wwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H ajymif;jyef direction ESiyhf if pD; wwfonf/
* Slow speed ESihf strean wGif turn vkyy f gu own length avmufom tunning circle &So d nf/
* Speed over the ground (speed made good) onf with the current wGif slack water xuf2-qrQ
wufoGm;Edkifonf/
* Up stream wGif turning circle ao;í dow stream wGifrsm;onf/ dow stream wGif handle vkyfvQif
owdxm;&rnf/
 128
* Berth udkuyf&mwGif against the tide uyf&rnf/ odkYrS rudder effect udk warf rScGmaomtcg FWD rS
BudK;rsm;udkavsmhNyD; bow udka&vnfodkU swing vkyfyg/ wharf ESifh clear jzpfoGm;rnfh pile wdkifrsm;ESifh
aqmufxm;aom warft rsm;wGifxdkuYJodkYr&Edkif/ xdkYaMumifh engine udkoHk;í cGmxGuf&onf/ r[kwfvQif
wharf udk astem ESifh xdcdkufEdkifonf/

16. THE EFFECT OF NARROW CHANNELS, RIVERS AND RESTRICTED CHANNELS

¤if;ae&mrsm;wGif shallow water effect rsm;ESifhtjcm;aom effect rsm;&Sdaeonf/ ¤if;ae&mwGif&Sdaom effect
rsm;onfrsm;aomtm;jzifh ahead of the ship wGif build up jzpfNy;D astern bufwiG ef nf;oGm;onf/ xdUk aMumifh moving
vkyaf eaom vsl: \a&SU 3-kilometer cefU&Sad om moored vsl: ukyd if wharf rSumG [apaom effect jzpf ay:aponf/
Moving vsl: \ bow wave, stern wave ESifh trough rsm;onfus,fjyefUEdkifojzifh 4if; area rsm;wGif slow
speed ESifh proceed vkyfoifhonf/
* Restricted channel rsm;wGif bank em;wGifuyfarmif;aomaMumifh bank ESifh vessel Mum;wGifnyfaeaom
a&rsm;onf velocity rsm;vmonf bank ESihf vsl: Mum; water presure vJeJvmonf/ vsl: \ bow onf bank
ESifha0;&modkUa&TUNyD; (bank cushion) effect cHpm;&onf/ Vsl: \ stern onf (bank suction) effect aMumifh bank
bufodkUa&TUoGm;onf/ 4if; effect rsm;udk “Sheer” jzpfonf[kac:onf/
* Ship side ESpb f ufwiG f under water volume udk constantly z,fxw
k af omaMumifh vsl: onf bank &Sad ombufoUkd
heel jzpfonf/
* Channe effect onf speed ESifhwdkuf½dkuftcsdK;usonf/ Sp: eJeJ change vkyfonfESifhBuD;rm;aom canal
effect udkjzpfay:aponf/ canal effect udk correct vkyfxm;aom helm udk speed avQmhcsvsif helm correction
udkvJavQmh&efowdxm;&rnf/
* Bank cushion onf vsl turn vkyf&eftwGuftaxmuftuljzpfaponf/ STB: odkUauGUvkdvQif port side
bank bufou
Ykd yfNy;D rS bank cushion tultnDjzifh auGUvsiv
f ,
G u
f o
l nf/ bank cushion effect odyrf sm;vQif oppo-
site helem uky
d ifay;&wwfonf/
* Channel rsm;wGif navigate vkyfvQif true center of the channel rSoGm;oifhonf/ visual center of the
channel rSroGm;&yg/ true center of the cannel udk chart ay:rS&Edi
k o
f nf/ true center of channel rSomG ;vQif halm
udk minimum omoH;k &efvt
kd yfonf/
* Shallow water rsm;wGif navigate vkyv
f Qif speed avQm&h onf/ xdUk aMumifh ruddeer response udak ES;aponf/
* Revolution wlvQif shallow water wGif deep water xuf speed usonf/ maximum helm correction ESifh
manoeuvring room rsm;pGmvdt
k yfonf/
 129
17. THE EFFECT OF BANDS
Band area rsm;wGiaf rmif;ESiaf om vsl: rsm;ü sheer effect rsm;jzpfwwfí jzpfEi
dk v
f Qif vsl: ESppf ;D narrow band
wGif pass rvkyfoifhay/ band rsm;ESifh narrow water rsm;wGif strength and directions of stream onf
trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJEdkifojzifh out of control jzpfwwfonf/

18. EFFECT OF NARROW ENTRANCE

River xJwGif&Sdaom Dock, Lock ESifh Pier head rsm;udk0if&mwGif strong current &SdaevQif tug rsm;\
tultnDjzifh0if&onf/ small vessel rsm;wGif head way aumif;aumif;jzifh0ifvQif tultnDrvdkbJ0ifEdkif aomf
vnf; large vessel rsm;wGif head way aumif;pGm&atmifarmif;zdkU sea room r&SdEdkifay/
* Current udkuefUvefUjzwfí dock (or) lock xJodkU0ifvQif VSL: \ fore part onfurf;ESifheD;aom slack
water xJwGif&SdNyD; stern onfa&pD;oefaomjrpftv,fydkif;wGif&SdaeaomaMumifh bow onf up stream bufodkU
swing jzpfoGm;rnf/ cant pwifjzpfrnfhtcsdefudk aocsmpGmapmifhMunfhNyD; cant pjzpfjcif; helm correction
rsm;rsm;ay;&rnf/ engine udkvnf; surge ahead ay;í correct vkyf&rnf/ down stream drift allowance
vJBudKwifay;&rnf/
* Up stream bow ESifh dow stream quarter wGif fender rsm;xm;&Sd&rnf/

19. THE EFFECT OF TUGS

Tugs udk push vkyf&müoHk;vQif VSL: \ center of gravity &Sdaomae&mrSwGef;ap&rnf/ odkUrSom bo dily
move jzpfonf/
C of G &Sdaomae&mrS meter teJi,fuGmaom ae&mrSwGef;vQif push tvkyfcH&aom end onfvsifjrefpGm
swin jzpfNyD;tjcm; end onf stationary jzpfusefcJhonf/
VSL: udk swing vkyf&ef tug jzifh pushing force u towing rorce xufydkí effective jzpfonf/ swing
vkyf&ef tug onf VSL: \ just abaft the stem rS hull plating rsm;udk right angle xm;NyD;wGef;&rnf/
 130
.
Tug head way oGm;pOf tug \ fore and aft line ESifh VSL: \ fore and aft line onf about 70 &Sdaeí
VSL: udkwpfydkif;wGif swing vkyfNyD;wpfydkif;udk push vkyfovkdjzpfaeonf/4if;udk counter vkyf&ef enging udk
slow ahead xm;&onf/
Tug rsm;onf VSL: \ voilent sheer udk correct vkyf&efcufcJaomaMumifh VSL udkt&Sdefrsm;pGmr&Sdap&ef
owdjyK&rnf/
Tug line rsm;onf VSL: \ center of floatation wGif secure vkyfxm;aomaMumifhqGJonfh direction
ay:wGifrIwnfí tug onfvdrfhNyD;arSmufwwfonf/ txl;ojzifh tow line udk abeam uxm;NyD; move vkyfaepOf
line udkqGJygu list jzpfNyD;arSmufEdkifonf/
Tug qGJaepOf VSL: rsm;udk sudden movement on ahead or astern vkyfvdkvsif tug udk ample waning
ay;&rnf/ VSL: wGif secure vkyfxm;aom tow line udktcsdefra&G;vsifjrefpGmjzKwfcsEdkif&ef stand by crew wpf
a,mufxm;&rnf/

20. THE EFFECT OF PASSING A MOORED VESSEL

Berth em;wGifarmif;oGm;aom VSL: onf bow and stern wave rsm;xkwfvTwfxm;aomaMumifh bank
cushion ESihf bank suction effect rsm;jzpfNyD; side rSpD;xGufvmaom water flow rsm;aMumifh wharf wGif along
side vkyfxm;aom moored vessel udk effect rsm;oufa&mufaponf/
Moored vessel onfOD;pGm stern repelled jzpfNyD;aemuf surge astern jzpfonf/xdkUaemuf stern attracted
jzpfNyD;aemufqHk; sruge ahead jzpfonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf moored vessel onf fix object r[kwfbJ floating object jzpfaomaMumihf effect
rsm;udkcHpm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
¤if; moored vessel rsm;em;wGif navigate vkyfvQif speed udk reduce vkyfNyD; moored vessel ESifh keep
well clear vkyfoifhonf/
 131
SHORT ROUND TURN

Turning a Vessel Short Round, Single Screw (No Wind No Current)

Vessel udk own length twGi;f 180º vSnjhf cif;jzpfonf/ Transverse thrust udk toH;k jyKí vSnjhf cif;jzpfonf/
Single screw right handed vessel twGuf -

Procedure
(1) Hard over wheel to starboard side ay;jyD; engine ukd full ahead ay;yg/ Vessel onf starboard odYk swing
pjzpfrnf/
(2) Head way pxGufonfESifh stop engine ay;yg/ Wheel midship ay;yg/
(3) Engine full astern ay;yg/ Vessel onf transverse thrust aMumifh bow onf starboard odkY cant jzpfrnf/
xdkYaMumifh starboard bufodkY swing jzpfjcif;udk ydkítaxmuftul&aponf/
(4) Astern way pxGufonfESifh engine stop ay;yg/ xdkYaemuf eHygwf (1) procedure udkjyefvkyfjcif;jzifh oabFmudk
180º round turn vkyfyg/

Turning Short Round in an Ahead River Stream

jrpfxJwGif a&qefarmif;vmonfh vessel udk reverse course odkY jyefauGUjcif;jzpfonf/ Affect of Stream
ESifh thrust of trnasverse thrust udkaygif;íoHk;jcif;jzpfonf/

Procedure
(1) Vessel udk port side rS bank em;wGif&Sdaom slacker water &SdonfhbufodkY proceed vkyfyg/
(2) xdkYaemuf bow udk mid channel buf&Sd faster water odkY swing jzpf&ef Hard over wheel to starboard
ay;yg/
(3) Current direction onf oabFm\ broad side udk catch jzpfonfEi S hf engine udk reverse qGyJ g/ xdo
k Ykdaqmif&u
G f
jcif;jzifh transverse thrust \ effect aMumifh bow udk starboard odkY cant jzpfapjyD; river wpfavQmuf bodily
drift down stream ukv d nf; umuG,af y;onf/ xdYk aemuf 180º reverse course odYk a&mufonft h cg port helm
udkoHk;í round turn vkyfjcif;udk complete vkyfyg/

Turning Short Round in an Astern River Stream (Snub Round Turn)

With the current proceed vkyv f mjyD;? against the current jzpf&ef round turn vkyjf cif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif
transverse thrust, current affect ESifh anchor \tultnDudkoHk;jyD; vSnfhjcif;jzpfonf/

Procedure
(1) Vessel udk mid chennel rS proceed vkyv f mjyD;? starboard side bank em;wGi&f adS om slacker water &Sw
d b
hJ uf
odkY swing vkyf&ef hard over wheel to starboard ay;yg/
(2) Current affect onf vessel \ broad side mid ship em;odYk oufa&mufonft h cg engine udk reverse qGyJ g/
xdkodkYjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh transverse thrust \ affect ukd &&Sdapovdk lee drift udkvnf; umuG,fay;onf/
 132
(3) xdt
k csdewf iG f up stream anchor udk short stay position (about one shackle in the water) &atmif let go
vkyyf g/ Cable udk rsm;rsm; let go vkyv f Qif vessel \ weight onf cable ay:wGif excessively oufa&mufjyD;
cable jywfxu G Ef ikd o
f nf/ xdYktjyif reverse course odYka&mufonft
h cg anchor jyef&pfwifvQif tcsed yf Mkd umEdik o
f nf/
(4) Vessel onf head to current jzpfvQif engine udk ahead ay;í anchor udjk yef&pfwifjyD; complete the round
turn vkyfyg/

Berthing Port Side to in Calm Weather (No Wind No Current wG i f Wharf od k Y along side
vkyjf cif;)
(1) Vessel udk quay ESihf about one and half point angle xm;jyD;? headed in vkyyf g/ xdt
k csdew
f iG f slow head
way ESifh steady head xm;yg/
(2) Along side vkyfrnfh position em;odkYa&mufvQif head line pay;jyD; engine reverse ay;yg/ xdktcg vessel
onf head way ukefoGm;jyD;? bow rSmvnf; starboard odkY cant jzpfojzifh wharf ESifh parallel jzpfoGm;rnf/
(3) Bow onf transverse thrust aMumifh starboard odkY cant jzpfjyD; wharf rS um;xGufoGm;vQif head line jzifh
adjust vkyfyg/

Berthing Starboard Side to In Calm Weather (No Wind No Current wGif wharf odkY along side
vkyjf cif;)
(1) Vessel udk burst ahead on engine jzifh quay ESifh fine angle xm;jyD; headed in vkyfyg/
(2) Along side vkyfrnfh position em;odkYa&mufonfhtcg hard over wheel to port ay;jyD; engine reverse
qGyJ g/ xdt
k cg transverse thrust aMumifh bow onf starboard odYk cant jzpfjyD; engine reverse qGaJ omaMumifh
head way ukefoGm;rnf/ Astern line udkpay;yg/
(3) Transverse thrust aMumifh astern onf wharf rS uGmoGm;vQif astern line jzifh adjust vkyfyg/

ANCHOR

Implement by which a ship becomes attached to the ground at sea bed, and so
rendered stationary.
Anchor \t"duwm0efrSm cable udk home xJrS qGJxkwfzdkYESifh sea bed wGif position p,lí cable udk
range out jzpfap&efwdkYjzpfonf/ Vsl. onf pos; wGif stationary jzpfaejcif;rSm a&xJwGif&Sdaom cable \ weight
aMumifhjzpfonf/ Anchor u csdwfqGJxm;jcif;aMumifh r[kwfyg/

Part of Anchor
Shank = Main body of the anchor. Is a part of anchor between anchoring and
arm. ¤if; shank ay:wGif weight of anchor udka&;xm;onf/
Throat / Trend = The increase girth of and anchor shank as is approches the arms
extends for a distance equal to that of arms.
Gravity band = Anchor udr k &eftwGuf anchor \ center of gravity point wGif wyfqifxm;
aom oHuGif;/
Arm of Anchor = That part of an anchor which extends from crown to fluke.
Fluke of Anchor = Flattened triangular extremity of arm of an anchor.
Crown of Anchor = That part, directly beneath shank, where arms go in opposite direc-
tion.
 133
Tipping Palm = More or less flat projection on arm of a self-canting anchor. Its duty
is to bite into the ground and ensure that the flukes turn downward to
bite into the ground. (anchor a&xJoYkdusomG ;onft h csed f fluke onfajrjyifxJ
odYk pdu
k 0f ifomG ;ap&efajrjyifEiS jhf cpfzYkd anchor \ head wGiw
f yfqifxm;aomtjym;/
Stock = Is the cross piece just below ring of anchor. Being right angle to line
of flute is ensure fluke biting, and resist shank turning, and so
releasing fluke from ground.

Type of Anchor t"dutm;jzifh ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/

Stock or common anchor

¤if;wGif stock yg&SdjyD; stock onf anchor wpffckvHk; weight \ 25% &Sdonf/ ¤if;onf arms rsm;xuf
yd&k n k av;onf/ ¤if;\wm0efrmS anchro sea bed odYk píxdonfEiS hf horizontal position jzpfomG ;ap&efjzpfonf/
S jf yD; ydí
¤if;onf fluke rsm;ESifh right angle wyfxm;ojzifh fluke onf sea bed udkaocsmpGmukwfrdoGm;onf/ ¤if;onf
rotation udk prevent vkyjf yD; great stability &&Sad ponf/ ¤if;wGif moving part rsm;r&So d jzifh sea bed material rsm;
aMumifh choke rjzpfyg/ ¤if;tjyif sea bed rS accidentally ckefxGufvmvQifvnf; holding jzpfzkdY vG,fulonf/
¤if;\ disadvantages rsm;rSm moving parts rsm;ryg&Sdojzifh hawse pipe xJodkYqGJoGif;ír&yg/ xdkYaMumifh
store vky& f efcufco
J nf/ a&xJwiG &f adS epOf fluke wpfbufonf a&jyifbufoYkd axmifaeojzifh toH;k r0ifay/ ¤if;tjyif
a&wdrfonfhae&mwGif xdk axmifaeaom fluke udk oabFmi,frsm;0ifwdkufjyD; ysufpD;wwfonf/
Steel common anchor wpfacsmif;onf tMurf;tm;jzifh holding power onf ¤if;\ weight 3 to 4
times txd&Sdwwfonf/
Stock \ ends rsm;wGif spheres or enlargments (oHvHk;rsm;) rsm;&Sjd yD; ¤if;wdYk onf anchor bite jzpf&eft
wGuf rotation udk assist vkyfonf/ ¤if;tjyif sea bed xJodkY anchor rjrKyfap&ef prevent vkyfonf/

Stock less or patent anchor

¤if;wGif stock ryg0ifay/ xdkYaMumifh hawse pipe xJokdY vG,fulvsifjrefpGm store vkyfEdkifonf/ Letting go
vky&f ef vG,uf al ponf/ ¤if;\ head onf anchor wpfcv k ;kH weight \ ajcmufq,f&mcdik Ef eI ;f &So
d nf/ Head \ end
of the shunk position wGif arms rsm;udk rotation jzpfEi kd &f ef? pivot yg&So
d nf/ Arms rsm;onf axis of the shank
ESifh about 30 to 45º txd rotate vykDkifonf/ Holding ground aumifa;omae&mwGif ¤if;\ holding power
onf ¤if; weight \ 3 to 4 times txd&Sdwwfonf/

Stockless anchor \ disadvantage rsm;rSm ¤if;wGif moving parts rsm;yg&Sdojzifh sea bed rsm;ESifh chock
jz[fwwfonf/ Anchor biting udk 'kua© y;wwfonf/ Under heavy load wGif 180º avmuftxd rotate jzpfwwfonf/
oabFmwGif normally anchor (3) ck&o dS nf/ (2)ckonf bowers anchor rsm;jzpfjyD; hawse pipe xJwiG xf nfh
xm;jyD; usef(1)ckrSm spare/sheet anchor jzpfonf/

Anchor Marking
Shank ay:wGif anchor weight marking &Sdonf/ Fluke wpfckwGif circle yg&SdjyD; ¤if;wGif test vkyfonfh
serial number ESihf test certificate xkwaf y;onfh certifying authorities \ serial number ygonf/
76 kg txuf anchor rsm;udk test vkyf&onf/ Test vkyf&mwGif anchor udkqGJqefYaom tensile stress udk
test vkyf&ef 1 ton weight &Sdaom anchor udk 20 tons stress jzifhqGJqefYjyD; 30 tons &Sdaom anchor 150 tons
stress jzifh qGq
J efYonf/ Test vkyjf yD; wpfvtwGi;f test certificate xkwaf y;onf/ Certificate wGiaf tmufygtcsurf sm;
yg0ifonf/

(1) Serial number of test.

(2) Name of certifying authorities.
(3) Name of test surveyor.
(4) Type of anchor
(5) Weight of anchor
(6) Weight of stock (Stock &Sdaom anchor twGuf)
(7) Length of shank (mm)
(8) Length of arms (mm)
(9) Diameter of trend.
(10) Proof load
 134
Chain Cable
¤if;wdkYudk wrought iron, forged, mild steel or cast steel rsm;ESifhjyKvkyfonf/
Chain cable \ diameter udk wdkif;vQif uGif;ESpfckqufonfhae&mudk wdkif;&onf/ Link rsm;wGif stud
yg0ifjyD; ¤if; stud onf chain \ strength udkydkrdkaumif;aponf/ tcsdKU link rsm;wGif stud rygay/ ¤if;wdkYudk open
link or end link [kac:onf/
Chain cable rsm;wGif 27.5 M / 15 fathoms / 90 ft. t&Snf&Sdaom length rsm; tjzpfxkwfvkyfonf/ ¤if;
length udk 1 shackles ac:jyD; american rsm;u shots [kac:onf/ ¤if; shackle rsm;udk wpfcE k iS whf pfcq
k uf&mwGiof ;kH
aom joining shackle ESprf sKd ;&So
d nf/ wpfcrk mS lug joining shackle jzpfjyD;? aemufwpfcrk mS lugless joining shackle
(kkenter shackle) jzpfonf/
Lug joining shackle jzifh cable shackle ESpc fu
k kd join vky&f mwGif common link ESpcf u k kd direct join vkyf
&ef rqefYojzifh open link jzifh join vdkY&onf/ Open link ESifh common link Mum;wGif intermediate link
(enlarged link) udkcHpm;ay;&onf/ Shackle ta&twGufudk marking vkyf&mwGif xrqHk; stud ygonfh link rS pí
a&wGuf&onf/
Lug less joining shackle udk nickle jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ wpfppDjzKwfí&onf/ Lug joining shackle
uJoh Ykd open link, enlarge link rsm; Mum;cHp&mrvdb k J shackle ESpcf u
k kd direct join vkyEf ikd o
f nf/ Kenter shackle udk
wpfppDjzKwf&ef top swaged udktoHk;jyK&onf/

Marking on Cable
End of the cable link wGif cable marking rsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if; marking onf circle jzpfjyD; circle xJwGif
serial number of test certificate ESihf certifying authority \ initial yg&So
d nf/

Securing cable within the locker

Chain locker xJwGif&Sdaom cable end udk bitter end [kac:jyD;? ¤if;udk secure vkyfonfhenf;trsdK;rsdK;&Sd
onf/ toHk;rsm;aomenf;rsm;rSm -
(1) End link udk chain locker \ bulkhead wGi& f adS om steel lugs wGif Hericane pin jzifh lock vkyjf yD; split pin
jzifhzrf;xm;onf/
(2) Port and starboard cable ESpfck\ end links rsm;udk join xm;onf/
(3) Cable end link udk chain locker \ upper part wGif steel lug ü secure vkyx f m;onfoYkd r[kwf forecastle
deck ay:wGif secure vkyfxm;onf/
oabFmwpfpD;wGif&Sdaom chain cable wpfacsmif;\ length onf 9 to 11 shackles twGif;&Sdwwfonf/
Cable wpfacsmif;\ diameter 10% wear down jzpfomG ;vQif roH;k oifah wmhyg/ topfv& J rnf/ xkYdaMumifh oabFmrsm;
onf docking üaomfvnf;aumif;? tcGifhta&;&vQif wharf ay:wGif range out vkyfíaomfvnf;aumif;? cable
rsm;udk end to end vJwwfonf/ xdkdodkYvJ&mwGif anchor rS yxrqHk; three shackle txudkjzKwfjyD; locker xJrS
aemufqHk; 3 shackle ESifhvJMuonf/

Slipping the Cable (ausmufjzwfjcif;)

(1) rnfonfah usmufjzwfrvJar;jyD;? vdt
k yfonfyh pön;f rsm;udk pkaqmif;onf/ omreftm;jzifh starboard ausmufukd
jzwfavh&Sdonf/
(2) jzwfrnfh anchor udk acock bill vkyfí jacob ladder csygrnf/
(3) Jacob ladder rSvw l pfa,mufqif;jyD; 2.5 inch manila massenger rope udk anchor ring xJwiG f vQdKjyD;
tay:rScsay;xm;aom heaving line wGifcsDay;vdkufrnf/
(4) tay:rSvu l heaving jzifh massenger rope udq k ,
JG jl yD; bow fair lead rSxw
k x
f m;aom wire \ eye wGif
csnfrnf/
(5) Massenger rope \ twGif;pudk gipsy drum wGifwifí anchor cable avQmhonf direction wGif
massenger rope udk qGJwifonfh direction jzpfatmifywfygrnf/
(6) Manila MudK;udk&pfjyD; wire onf anchor ring xJrS jzwf0ifvmjyD;? gipsy drum ay:a&mufonftxd &pfyg
rnf/ wire onf gipsy drum ay:wGif 5 ywfrQa&mufaomtcg windlass udk gear xd;k í cable udak vQmyh grnf/
xdktcsdefwGif wire \twGif;pudk bitt wdkif;wGif secure vkyfxm;ygrnf/
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(7) xdktcg wire wif;vmjyD; anchor onfwjznf;jznf;jcif;ygvmrnf/ Bow fairlead teD;odkh achor a&mufvm
aomtcg winch udk &yfjyD;
(8) Snotter wire 2 acsmif;udk anchor ring xJodkhoGif;jyD; bitt wdkifwGif secure vkyfygrnf/
(9) Winch udk jznf;jznf;jcif;jyefavQmvh Qif anchor \ weight onf snotter wire 2 acsmif;ay:wGiaf &mufomG ;rnf
(10) Gipsy drum rS wire udkavQmhcsjyD;jyef&pfwifyg/
(11) Cable \ Ganger shackle tqkH;avmufwGif&dSaom Kenter shackle deck ay:a&mufvQif cable udk crow
bar jzifh xdk;jyD; secure vkyfyg/ Spurling pipe wGif crow bar xdk;jyD; secure vkyfyg/
(12) Kenter shackle \ side wGi&f adS omtaygufus,b f ufwiG &f o
dS nfh lead udck mG xkwjf yD; split pin udk taygufusO;f
bufrS spike jzifhxdk;xkwfyg/ xdkYaemuf Kenter Shackle udk wpfppDjzKwfxkwfyg/
(13) Winch gear on jyD; cable udk hawse pipe rSavsmhcsyg/ Cable end link udk heaving line wGifcsnfjyD;
a&pyfwGif up and down xm;yg/ xdktcsdefwGif buoy csnf&ef ready jzpfjyD/

Buoy udkcsnfrnfqdkvQif -
- Mooring line ESpfacsmif;udk port and starboard bow fairlead rsm;rS avsmhcsjyD; ready vkyfyg/
- Buoy odkY approach vkyfvmpOf buoy ESifh distance udk report vkyfaeyg/
- Mooring boat a&mufvmvQif mooring line ESpfacsmif;udkay;jyD;? buoy ay:wGif secure vkyfcdkif;yg/
- Buoy ay:rSvlrsm; &Sif;oGm;aomtcg mooring line ESpfacsmif;udk qGJwdkufyg/ Vessel \ bow ESifh buoy
aocsmpGmuyfaeaomtcg buoy ay:odkY mooring man jyefwufjyD; cable udk buoy ring wGif secure
vkyfyg/
- Cable udk buoy wGif aocsmpGm shackle on jyD;aomtcg mooring line rsm;udjk yefavsmí h buoy ring rS jzKwf
yg/
- Windlass jzifh cable udkqGJwdkufyg/
- Bow fairlead ESpfbufrS slip wire ESpfacsmif;udk buoy ring xJwGifvQdKjyD; opposite bow rsm;wGif secure
vkyfyg/ xdk slip wire rsm;udk vessel's weight roufa&mufap&eff jast slack xm;&rnf/

ANCHORING TERMS

Windrode = vessel is riding head to wind (avvmonfhbufodkYacgif;vSnfhxm;jcif;)

Tiderode = vessel is riding head to tide (a&pD;onfhbufodkYacgif;vSnfhxm;jcif;)
Lee Tide = Tidal stream is setting to lee ward or down wind. (a&pkefavpkef)
xdtk csdew
f iG f water surface wGif minium chop jzpfaernf/ Wind ESihf tidal
stream force ESpfckpvHk; vessel ay:wGif oufa&mufaprnf/
Weather Tide = Tidal stream is setting to windward or up wind. (a&pkeaf vqef) xdt
k csed w
f iG f
water surface wGif very choppy jzpfrnf/ odkYaomf wind ESifh tide affect
onf vessel ay:wGif qefYusifbufoufa&mufaernf/
Shortening-in = Cable udk home xJodkY jyef&pfwifjcif;jzpfonf/
Growing / leading = Cable onf hawse pipe rSxGufaeonfh direction. (Growing aft or for-
ward)
Short stay = Cable onf vertical line ESifh closely taut and leading jzpfaejcif;/
Long stay = Cable onf horizon ESifh closely taut and leading jzpfaejcif;/
Brought up = Got her cable, come to [kvnf;ac:onf/ Anchor onf sea bed wGif
holding jzpfaejyD;? vessel is riding to her anchor and cable jzpfaejcif;/
(ausmufuu kd jf cif;)
Snub Cable = Running out jzpfaeaom cable udk b&dwfzrf;í stop vkyfjcif;/
Range Cable = Cable udk deck, wharf, dry dock wGif layout vkyfjcif;/
Veer Cable / Walk back = Windlass power oHk;jyD; cable udkavsmhcsjcif;/
Walking back the anchor = Anchor udk windlass jzifhavQmhcsjcif;/
Surge Cable = Cable udk break odkY windlass roHk;bJ freely run out jzpfapjcif;/
A'cockbil = (Ready to fire) anchor udk hawse pipe rS clear jzpfatmif avsmhcsjyD;
vertically hanging vkyx f m;jcif;/
Foul Anchor = Anchor onf a&atmufrS cable line rsm;odYkr[kwf wire ta[mif;rsm; odYkr[kwf
rdrd\ own cable jzifh n§doGm;jcif;/
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Foul Hawse = Anchor ESpfckpvHk;csxm;jyD; cable wpfckESifhwpfck n§daejcif;? odkYr[kwf cross
jzpfjcif;/
Clear Hawse = Cable ESpfckpvHk;csxm;jyD; wpfckESifhwpfck clear jzpfaejcif;/
Open Hawse = Anchor ESpfckcsxm;jyD; cable ESpfckonf rdrdwdkY\ oufqdkif&m bow direction
rsm;twdik ;f leading jzpfaejcif;/
Up and Down = Cable onf a&xJoYkd vertically leading vkyfaejcif;/
Clearing Anchor = Deck ay:wGif&Sdaom securing gear rsm;udk jzKwfxm;jyD;? anchor ESifh cable
onf break ay:wGif&Sdaeonfhtcsdef/
Nipped Cable = Cable direction onf hawse pipe odYk r[kwf stem jzifah xmufjyD;? direction
sharply change jzpfaejcif;/
Render Cable = Brake udk slackly zrf;xm;jyD;? Cable udk slowly run out jzpfapjcif;/
Scope = Hawse pipe rS anchor txd cable t&Snfudk hawse pipe rS sea bed txd
vetical distance jzifh pm;í&aom &v'f/

Length of cable from hawse pipe to anchor

Cable scope =
Vertical distance from hawse pipe to sea-bed

Cable scope = Amount of cable to be used udk wGuf&mwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;ay: xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf/

(1) The nature of the holding ground.
(2) The amount of swinging-room.
(3) The degree of exposure to bad weather.
(4) The duration of stay at anchor.
Roughly guidance taejzifh cable length udk a&teuf\ 3 to 8 time twGif;toHk;jyKMuonf/

Natural Sheer
Cable is leading find on it own bowl. (Ahead rS one point odYkr[kwf one and half point direction
odkY leading vkyfaejcif;/

Breaking Sheer
Cable csxm;aom bow \ qefYusifbufodkY vessel yaw jzpfoGm;jyD; extremity of the yaw wGif vessel
onf wjcm;wpfbufodkY direction ajymif;jyD; yaw jzpfrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif &Sdaeaom cable leading tajctaeudk
breaking sheer [kac:onf/

Dragging
Vessel onf excessive stress aMumifh un intentionally drift jzpfomG ;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdt
k csed w
f iG f csxm;aom
cable weight onf vessel \ weight udk qufvufí hold on rvkyfxm;Edkifjcif;jzpfonf/

Dropping Down
Anchor onf just clear of the sea bed wGif tidal stream \ affect aMumifh drift jzpfaejcif;udk
dropping down [kac:onf/ xdktcsdefwGif vessel \ speed over the ground onf weight of the stream ESifh
twlwlyifjzpfonf/ Rudder affect jzifh control vkyfír&yg/ Vessel udk control vkyfvdkvQif engine odkYr[kwf
anchor udktoHk;jyK&rnf/

Dredging Down
Anchor udk short stay wGifxm;jyD; tidal stream \ affect jzifh vessel udk drift jzpfapjcif;udkac:onf/
xdktcsdefwGif vessel speed over the ground onf rate of the current xufenf;onf/ Vessel wGif head way
&Sdaernf/ Rudder jzifh vessel udk control vkyfvdkY&onf/
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MOORING

Mooring qdkonfh term udk "by two anchors" odkYr[kwf "to a mooring buoy" qdkonfhpum;vHk;rsm;ESifh
wGJoHk;wwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H moored to a jetty or quay by mooring ropes [kvnf;oHk;wwfonf/ odkYaomf
seafarears rsm;twGuf "mooring" qdok nfh term onf "Mooring (securing the vessel) with two anchors" [k
t"dyÜg,f &Sdygonf/

Advantages of Mooring rsm;rSm-

(1) Vessel onf tide turn jzpfonft h cg little swinging room om,lonf/ Vessel \ stem udk centre jyKjyD; own
length twGi;f rSmom turning jzpfonf/
(2) Cable scope udk pre-adjust vkyfEdkifonf/

Disadvantages rsm;rSm-
(1) Open moor rSvGJí second or lee or sleeping anchor onf no value jzpfonf/ bmrStoHk;r0ifyg/
(2) Foul hawse jzpfEdkifonf/
(3) Mooring rS jyefí weighing anchors vkyv
f Qif lee anchor udk jyefr &ef drop down vkyjf yD;rS a&SUodYk jyefwufjyD;
weighing vkyf&aomaMumifh tcsdefukefonf/ In case of emergency wGif tEÅ&m,frsm;onf/
(4) Abeam rSavwdkufvQif open hawse jzpfjyD; tight span jzpfwwfonf/

(I) The Open Moor

- Heavy weather wGif single anchor jzifh vessel weight udk rxdef;Edkifonfhtcg oHk;onf/
- Dragging udk prevent vkyf&ef additional holding power vdktyfonfhtcg oHk;onf/

Procedure
(1) Mooring vkkyfvdkonfh position udka&G;jyD; ¤if; position odkY wind or currennt udk bow wpfbufwGifxm;jyD;
proceed vkyfyg/ Lee drift udk counter act vkyf&efjzpfonf/
(2) Secure vkyfvdkonfh position rS pre-adjust vkyfxm;onfh cable length t& proceed vkyfjyD; weather (or)
up stream anchor udk let go vkyfyg/ Cable udk pay out vkyjf yD; engine ahead movement jzifh head way
udk 1/3 of cable used xd proceed vkyfyg/ ¤if;tcsdeftwGif; weather anchor udk render vkyfyg/
(3) 1st cable udk 1/3 of the cable used pay out vkyjf yD;vQif engine stop vkyí f 2nd anchor udk let go vkyyf g/
1st cable onf gradually taut jzpfvmjyD; windward odkY growing jzpfvmrnf/ Vessel \ bow onfvnf;
windward odYk vnfomG ;rnf/
(4) Engine udk ahead ay;jyD; weather helm ay;yg/ Bow onf windward or up stream okYd csufcsif;vsifjrefpmG
vnfoGm;jyd; down stream odkYarsmoGm;rnf/
(5) Cable (2)acsmif;pvHk; ahead odkY growing jzpfvmonfESifh 2nd cable udk render vkyfyg/ Cable (2)acsmif;pvHk;
length wlvmonfhtcg vdktyfovdkn§djyD; a&G;xm;aom position odkY drift down vkyfyg/
* Cable (2)acsmif;Mum; angle onf 120º xufrausmfatmif owdjyK&ygrnf/ Tight span jzpfrnf/

(II) Running Moor (or) Flying Moor.

Weak wind weak tidal stream wGifydkíoHk;oifhonf/ Operation vkyfaepOfwpfavQmufvHk; engine
udkoHk;&onf/ Standing moor xuftcsdefukefoufomonf/
(1) Mooring vkyr f nfh position onfjzpfEikd vf Qif good holding ground jzpfoifjh yD; depth of water udv
k uf&dS draft
t& a&G;cs,f&rnf/ xdkYaemuf against the stream proceed vkyf&rnf/
(2) Let go vkyfrnfh anchor onf weather anchor jzpf&rnfh (cable udk vessel rzdrdap&efjzpfonf/) 1st anchor
let go vkyr
f nfth csdew
f iG f vessel's speed over the ground onf 4-5 knots jzpfoifo h nf/ Moored position
ra&mufcif 4 shacklelass 1/2 ship's length avmufta&mufwGif 1 anchor udk let go vkyfyg/
st
 138
(3) 1st cable udk render vkkyfí pay out vkyfxm;jyD; head way udk continue vkyfxm;yg/ oabFmay:&Sd amount
of cable ESifh depth of water t& pre-adjust vkyfxm;aom cable length, up to 8-9 shackle xd moor
vkyfrnfh position udkausmfwufoGm;yg/
(4) Engine udk stop vkyfaomtcg vessel head-way ukefoGm;onfESifh 2nd / lee anchor udk let go vkyfyg/
(5) Mooring vkyv f o
kd nfh position a&mufonftxd weather/1st cable udk heaving up vkyjf yD; lee/2nd cable udk
render vkyfyg/ vdktyfvQif aemufodkYarQm&ef engine movement oHk;Edkifonf/
(6) Mooring position a&mufonfhtcg cable (2) ckpvHk;udk secure vkyfyg/

(III)Standing, Ordinary, Dropping or Straight Moor.

Tidal stream very strong jzpfaomtcg oH;k oifo h nf/ Mooring vkyv f o
kd nfh position udk (2)cg jzwf&onf/
Running moor xuftcsdey f Mkd umonf/
(1) Mooring vkyfvdkonfh position udka&G;jyD; against the tidal stream jzifh proceed vkyfyg/ Desired position
udk ausmfjyD; about 5 shackles plus 1/2 ship's length a&mufonfhtcg engine udk stop vkkyfyg/ Head way
ukefvQif lee anchor udk let go vkyfyg/
(2) Vessel tidal stream jzifh drift jzpfapjyD; lee cable (riding cable) udk render vkyí f pre-adjust vkyx f m;aom
length of cable t& about 8-9 shackles txd pay out vkyfyg/
(3) xdkYaemuf engine ahead ay;jyD; astern way-off vkyfyg/
(4) Lee cable ESiahf 0;&mbufoYkd maximum helm order ay;yg/ Engine ahead ay;jyD; vessel udk cant jzpfatmif
vkyfyg/ Weather anchor (Sleeping cable) udk let go vkyfyg/
(5) Lee cable (riding cable) udk heaving up vkyjf yD; weather cable (sleeping cable) udk render vkyjf yD; pay
out vkyfyg/ xdktcsdefwGif riding cable \ windlass ay:wGif stress roufa&mufap&ef engine jzifh xdef;ayyg/
(6) Mooring vkyfvdkonfh position a&mufvQif cable (2)ckpvHk; secure vkyfyg/

(VI)Baltic Moor
- During the bad weather wGif vessel rsm;\ ranging udk not sufficiently robust jzpfaom quay, wharf rsm;
wGif along side vkyf&mwGif oHk;onf/
- Baltic area wGif&Sdaom port rsm;onf yifv,fbufrS ukef;bufodkY wdkufcwfaom (onshore gale wind) rsm;udk
cHpm;&onf/ xkdYaMumifh port rS depart vkyfonfhtcg bow thruster unit r&Sdaom vessel rsm;twGuf berth rS
clear vkyf&ef tcuftcJ&SdonfhtwGuf xdkjyóemudkajz&Sif;Edkif&efvnf; þ mooring udkoHk;onf/
- þ mooring \ t"du disadvantage rSm - astern rS wire udk anchor ring rS jyefjzKwfaomtcg tcsdefrsm;pGm
,l&onf/ vG,u f pl mG jzKwfEikd &f ef shackle MuD;Mud;rm;rm;udk oH;k &onf/ xdt
k cg anchor udk hawse pipe xJoYkdqw
JG if
jyD; jzKwf&efrjzpfEdkifbJ acock bill position wGif jzKwfxkwf&onf/ xdktcg vessel udk anchor &Sdonfhbuf lee
ward jzpfap&ef vSnfhxm;ay;&jyefonf/
 139
- Anchor udk let go vkyfonfh position rSm;vQif operation udk procedure tprSjyefvkyf&onf/
(1) Off-shore side rS anchor udk A'cock bill position xm;jyD; astern rS ship's components rsm;ESifh clear jzpf
atmif ship side rS pass vkyfvmonfh 25-30 mm &Sdaom wire udk anchor \ ganger length of cable wGif
shackle on onf/
(2) Ship side wpfavQmuff&Sd bight of wire udka&xJwGifr&Sdap&ef light seizing vkyx f m;onf/
(3) Wharf rS 3-4 shackles (1 1/3 of ship's length) tuGmta0;xm;jyD; proceed vkyfyg/ ¤if; distance onf
wind force ESifh expected weather condition t& vary jzpfrnf/
(4) Aft station wGif anchor let go vkyo
f nfth cg wire udk slack vky&f efEiS hf during operation wGif adjust vky&f ef
standby man xm;yg/
(5) Vessel berth wGif along side vkyfaomtcg bridge &Sdrnfh posiotion odkY vessel's stem a&mufonfhtcg
anchor udk let go vkyfyg/ Wire udkvnf; slack vkyfyg/ Head way udk continue vkyfyg/
(6) Vessel \ 1/2 length avmuf cable udk surged vkyfjyD;vQif cable udk snub vkyfyg/ Aft rS wire udk slack
rjzpfatmif hove-in vkyfyg/
(7) On-shore wind onf vessel udk wharf bufoYkd drift down (push) vkyo f mG ;rnf/ Cable ESifh wire udv
k t
kd yf
ovdk adjust vkyfjyD; slowly veer vkyfyg/
(8) Vessel \ shore side wGif ship's fenders rsm;oHk;í fwd and aft lines rsm; secure vkyfyg/
(9) Mooring lines rsm; secure vkyfjyD;rS anchor cable ESifh wire udkqGJawmifhyg/

(V) Mediterranean Moor

þ method udk oHk;&jcif;taMumif; (2) csuf&Sdonf/
- Quay space is restricted jzpjfyD; vessel rsm;pGm along side vkyf&ef vdktyfvQif
- Vessel rsm;\ astern rS loading/ discharging vky& f ef vdt
k yfvQif (Tankers, Ro-ro, Paissengers ships). ¤if;
method udkoHk;onf/
- ¤if; method \ disadvantages rSm G.C. vessels rsm;udk þ method jzifh alongside vkyfxm;vQif cargo
operation udk wharf ay:odkY direct wif^csír&bJ barges rsm;ay:odkY wif^csjyD; cargo operation vkyf&onf/
- Bad weather wGif ¤if; method onf unfavourable jzpfonf/
- þ method jzifh vessel rsm;eD;uyfpGm moored vkyfxm;vQif foul anchor or foul cables jzpfEdkifonf/

Procedure
(1) Berth ESihf wwfEi
kd o
f rQ parallel xm;í approach vkyx
f m;jyD; main engine dead slow ahead jzifh off shore
(seaward) anchor udk let go vkyfyg/
(2) Quay rSa0;oGm;atmif hard over wheel ay;yg/ xdktcsdefwGif 1st cable udk render vkyfjyD; pay out vkyfyg/
Vessel movement onf ahead &Sdaeapyg/ Hard over wheel to be off shore side vkyfyg/
(3) Cable udk tenf;i,f taut jzpfapjyD; vessel astern vnfap&efaqmif&Gufyg/
(4) Astern vnfoGm;vQif 1st anchor udk snub vkyfjyD; 2nd anchor let go vkyfyg/ Engine udk astern ay;jyD;
vessel udk taemufokdYqGJyg/
(5) Vessel astern-way &vQif 2nd anchor udk render vkyfjyD; pay out vkyfyg/ 1st anchor udk shortening in
vkyfyg/
(6) Engine stop ay;jyD; astern-way udk choose vkyfyg/ vdktyfvQif cable rsm;udk brake oHk;jyD; adjust vkyfyg/
(7) Vessel \ astern onf quay ESihf heaving line jzifyh pfí rDEikd af vmufonftxd engine ESihf cable brake udo
k ;kH
jyD; manoeuvre vkyyf g/
(8) Mooring line rsm;udk crossing ay;jyD; secure vkyfyg/
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DECK APPLIANCES

Deck appliances rsm;wGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf/

1. The lead line
2. Deep sea lead line
3. Sounding machine
4. Ship log
5. The Telegraph
6. Boat davit
7. Wind Lass
8. Capstan
9. Winch
10. Steering gear

LEAD LINE
Lead Line toHk;jyK&jcif;&nf½G,fcsuf
1. Deapth of water wdkif;&ef? (txl;ojzifh sounding machine rsm;ESifhwdkif;ír&aomtcgtoHk;jyKonf/)
Oyrm - Aground jzpfaomtcgESifh shallow water rsm;wGif
2. Port wGifuyfxm;pOf (odkU) aground jzpfvQifa&,mOfygwfvnf&Sd Depth of water wdkif;&ef?
3. Anchor cs&ef approch vkyfvmNyD; astern qGJvQif head way ukefaMumif; asterm way &SdaMumif;odEdkif&ef?
brought up jzpfaomtcgwGif lead line stationary jzpfjcif;udkodEdkif&ef?
4. Anchor drag jzpfrjzpfodEdkif&ef?
5. Arming the lead vkyfjcif;jzifh nature of bottom odEdkif&ef (chart ESifhwdkufMunf&efESifh anchor cs&ef holding
ground) od&&
dS ef?
6. Vessel \ free board wdkif;&efwdkUwGiftoHk;jyKonf/

Hand Lead wGio

f ;kH aom lead onf 3.2 kg (7 lb) tenf;qH;k ½S&d rnf/ lead \ base end wGit
f ayguf (cavity
(or) score (or) recess) yg½Sdonf/ ¤if;taygufxJwGif “white-lead ” ( cJjzLtaysmUpm; ) “tallow” (ysm;za,mif;)
udka&míxnfUxm;NyD; sea bed rSajrom; nature of bottom udkuyfapjcif;jzifhod½SdEdkifonf/ lead \ upper end wGif
lead stop (uGif;) yg½Sdonf/ lead onf 30 cm (1 feet) cefU½Sdonf/
8 mm dia: BudK;udk 55 m coil taejzifhvmonf/
Lead Line - onf (8-10) mm ½Sdonf/ dress hemp tom;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;NyD;? Left handed cable laid
rope jzpfonf/ ‘25’ fathom cefU&SnfNyD; ‘20’ fathom xd marking rsm;jyKvkyfxm;onf/
- BudK;topfudka&pdrfonfUtcg usHKUoGm;Edkifojzifh marking rsm;rwyfcif lead line topfudk fresh water
wGif aocsmpdrfNyD; tackle jzifhqGJqefUNyD;rS marking rsm;wyf&onf/
- Marking topfrsm;wyf&mwGif-
Base of the lead rSwdkif;xm;vQif (Lead - in)
strop of the lead rSwdkif;xm;vQif (lead - out ) [kac:onf/ rnfonfh enf;rqdkoHk;Edkifonf/
- 20 fathom xd making vkyx
f m;&mwGif marking vkyx
f m;aom fathom rsm;udk mark [kac:Ny;D marking
rygaom fathom rsm;udk “Deep” [kac:onf/
Hand Lead Line wGif ‘9’ marks and ‘11’ deep &SdSonf/
 141
2 Fathoms - Leather 2 ck
3 Fathoms - Leather 3 ck
5 Fathoms - White Liner tpwpfp (avQmfcsnfjzifh&ufxm;aom ydwfp)
7 Fathoms - Red bunting wpfp (tvHcsKyfonfht0wfp)
10 Fathoms - Leather tpwpfckwGiftv,fütaygufazgufxm;onf/
13 Fathoms - Blue Serge wpfp (ouúvyfMurf;p)
15 Fathoms - White Liner wpfp
17 Fathoms - Red Bunting wpfp
20 Fathoms - BudK;wpfacsmif;wGiftxHk;ESpfxHk;yg/
- Deep rsm;rSm ( 1,4,6,8,9,11,14,16,18,19 ) Fathoms wdjk zpfonf/ marking rsm;\ material rsm;udkpdwf
f ;kH Edik af omfvnf; colour rsm;udak jymif;vJír&yg/ (owfrw
BuKd uo S x
f m;aom material rsm;udt
k oH;k jyKxm;vQif
ntarSmifüyif mark rsm;udkcGJjcm;Edkifonf/ EIwfcrf;jzifhyGwfMunfhNyD; trsdK;tpm;cGJEdkifonf/
- sounding udkajym&mwGif fathom eHygwfudk aemufqHk;rSajym&onf mark fathom rsm;ufdk by the mark
[kajym&NyD; deep fathom rsm;udk by the deep [kajym&onf/
Oyrm - wdkif;í&aom sounding - 5 fathom - by the mark 5
- 51/4 fathom - and a quarter 5
- 51/2 fathom - and a half 5
- 53/4 fathom - and a quarter less 6
- 6 fathom - by the deep 6
- meter jzifh marking vkyfaom hand lead rsm;wGif unit fathom tpm; meter ajymif;vdkuf½Hkomjzpfonf/
tm;vHk;wlonf/ odkUaomf 20 meter making NyD;vQifaemufxyf 20 meter (40 meter a&mufonftxd)
udk ( 1-20 ) meter marking vkyfonfhtwdkif;xyf marking vkyfxm;onf/
- Sounding wdkfif;&ef old vessel rsm;wGif mid: shipae&mü 2 feet cefYxkwfxm;aom ( chain ) plat form
yg&So
d nf/ chain rygaom vessel rsm;wGiw
f wfEikd o
f í mid: shiprSwikd ;f &rnf/ lee drift aMumifh lead line
udkrydap&ef wather side rSwdkif;&rnf/
- lead line end udk made fast vkyx
f m;yg/BuKd ;udk left handed acGNy;D b,fvufwiG u
f ikd yf g/ lead \ 1 fathom
cefY leading udknmvufrSudkifNyD; vessel \ foward zufodkYypfNyD;wdkfif;&onf/
- nbuf sounding ,lvQifvHkavmufaom rD;tvif;a&mifr&Sdygu deck rS water level ( free board ) udk
t&ifwdkif;NyD;rS sounding xJwGif4if; free board udkEIwf,l&rnf/ (lead line \ a&pdkaeaomae&mudk
marking \ material tm;udi
k Mf unfí
h vnf; sounding ud,
k El ikd o
f nf/)
R hand lead jzifhsounding ,ljcif;udk Taking a cast of lead
R Lead \ score rS tallow jzifh nature of bottom ,ljcif;udk arming the lead
R Marking rsm;udk Lead \ base rSpí measure vkyv
f Qif Lead in Lead t&Snrf ygbJ ( hide backet)
Lead trop rSpí measure vkyfvQif “lead out ”
R “Benefit of the lead ” - Lead out mark vkyx
f m;aom Lead Line jzifh sounding ,lvQif marking
zwfí&aom depth of water xuftrSefwu,f&Sdaom Depth of water u Lead wpfacsmif;pm (1
feet / 30 cm ) cefYydkrsm;aernf/ 4if;udk benefit of the lead [kac:onf/

THE DEEP SEA LEAD

¤if;onf (13.13.5) kg (or) 28 lbs &So
d nf/ BuKd ;onf hand lead xuf size ydBk u;D Ny;D (120 fathom) xd&n
S o
f nf?
small wooden reel xJwi
G &f pfxnfx
h m;onf/
 142
Marking rsm;udk Up to 20 fathom xd hand lead twdkif;vkyfxm;NyD; 20 fathom aemufydkif;wGif ‘q,f’
*Pef;eHygwfwdkif; BudK;wpfacsmif;wGif BudK;txHk;(knot) rsm;xnfhxm;onf/ Oyrm - 20fm -2 xHk;, 30fm = 3 xHk;,
40fm = 4xH;k , 50fm = 5 xH;k ? ponfjzifMh um;xJrS 5 eHygwfrsm;wGif BuKd ;ütxH;k 1xH;k xnfx
h m;onf/ Oyrm -25,35,45,55
ponfhae&mrsm;jzpfonf/ 100 fm wGif a piece of leather wGiftayguf 2 azgufxm;onf/ 100 fm xdom marking
&Sdonf/
Deep sea lead wdi
k ;f &ef vessel udkf stop vky&f onf? focle xdyrf pS í crew rsm; main deek wpfavQmuf chain
txd wef;pD&yfapNyD; wpfa,mufpD\vufxJwGif BudK;udktenf;i,fpDacGí udkifcdkif;xm;&onf/ O.O.W onf bot-
tom found jzpfEdkifavmufonfh crew em;wGif&yfNyD; a&ShqHk;vlrSpí lead udkypfcs&onf/ yxrvlvufxJrS BudK;
acGuek v
f Qi?f 4if;aemufru
S yfvQuv
f u
l kd “watch there watch” [katmfíowday;vdu
k &f onf/ aemufvu
l 4if;vufxrJ S
BuKd ;acGuq f mG ;Ny;D bottom rxdao;ygu “No bottom found” [katmfNy;D aemuf
kd ufavsmch sonf/ 4if;vufxrJ BS uKd ;ukeo
wpfa,mufudk watch there watch [kxyfatmf&onf/ xdkuJhodkUwpfa,mufpDBudK;rsm;udkavsmhcsNyD; bottom udk lead
xdaomtcg bottom found [kac:í depth of water udkzwf&onf/
Deep sea lead udkjyefqGJwifaomtcg tpOfajyrnfhae&mwGif wooden snatch block udkcsdyfNyD; lead line
udkxnfhí wooden reel xJodkUjyef&pfxnfh&onf/ (smatch block csdyf&efopfom; boom tao;wckvkyfxm;
wwfonf/)

SOUNDING MACHINE (KELVIN HUGHS)

Kelvin hughs sounding machine udk hand drive odYk electric motor jzifh drive vkyMf uonf/ 4if;wGif 550M
(300 fm) &Snaf om ‘7’ strand galvanised steel wire (piano wire) uddk rum xJwi
G x
f nfx
h m;onf/4if; wire \ out
board end wGif 4M &Snaf om hamp line (avQmBf uKd ;)yg&So
d nf/ ¤if; hamp line wGif cap (tzH;k ) ygaom taygufrsm;
azmufxm;onfh (perforated ) brass guard tube ESifh 11kg (24lb) tav;csdef&Sdaom cast iron sinker (tav;wHk;)
udkcsdyfqGJxm;onf/ ¤if; sinker wGif nature of bottom ,l&ef hand lead rSmuJhodkU score ygonf/
Brass guard tube xJwi
G x
f nf&h ef glass sounding tube rsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if; glass tube rsm;onf 60cm ( 24 in)
&SnfNyD;wbufzGifh hollow rsm;jzpfonf/ twGif;eH&Hudk silver chromate (teDa&mif) okwfxm;onf/ wpfcgoHk;jzpfí
oabFmwGif glass tube tacsmif; 100 ygonf/
Sounding glass tube udk brass guard tube xJwGif open end udk downward taetxm;ESifhxnfhNyFD; cap
udkydwfyg/ xdkUaemuf sinker \ weight jzifh wire udkavQmhcsyg/ sinker bottom udkxdrxd feeler (hook metal rod)
udkMunfhíodEdkifonf/ sinker bottom udx
k v
d Qif(axmifaeaom feeler slack jzpfrnf) wireudkjyef&pfwifyg/xdkYaemuf
brass guard tube udz
k iG Nhf y;D sound glass tube udx
k w
k yf g/ Depth of water ESihf pressure of water wdu
k ½f u
fdk f tcsKd ;usojzifh
glass tube xJodkU sea water rsm; pressure aMumifhwdk;0ifvmrnf/ 4if; sea water rsm;ESifh glass tube \twGif;eH&HrS
silver chromate wdkU"gwfjyKojzifh silver chloride (tjzLa&mif) odkUajymif;oGm;rnf/ ¤if;ta&mifajymif;oGm;aom
yrmPudk sounding mechine wGifygaom 'box wood scale' jzifhwdkif;Munfhygu depth of water udkodEdkifonf/
formular ESiv
hf nf;wGuEf ikd o
f nf/

Depth in fathom = 5.5 x White colour length of tube

Remaining red colour length of tube

Glass sounding tube udkwpfcgoHk;rjzpf&ef - open end wGif non-return valve wwfxm;aom wigzell tube
rsm;udkwDwGifxm;onf/ pressure aMumifh0ifvmaom sea water rsm;udk non return valve uydwfxm;í¤if; tube
xJrSygvmaom sea water height udkwdkif;NyD; depth of water wGufEdkifonf/ NyDF;vQif non return valve udkjzKwfNyD;
a&rsm;jyefxkwfí&ojzifh tBudrfBudrfoHk;Edkifonf/
 143
ELECTRONIC ECHO SOUNDING MACHINE

Basic principle - vessel \ hull rS sound impulse rsm;xkwfvTifhNyD; sea bed udk½dkufíjyefwufvmaom
sound impulse rsm; vessel udv
k m½ku
d rf nf/ ¤if; time interval twGi;f sea water xJwiG f sound travel vkyaf om dist
t& depth of water udkwGufxkwfonf/
Sea water xJwGif sound velocity onf temp: ESifh salinity t& varies jzpfEdkifonf/ odkUaomf 1500 m/sec
(4900 ft/sec) udk world wide accept vkyo
f nf/ record vkyí
f &aom sounding rsm;udk correct vky&f ef table of the
velocity of sound in sea water (H.D 282) udkoHk;&onf/odkUaomf tablar sounding rsm;udkwduspGm survey
vkyf&eftwGufomvdktyfNyFD; normal navigation purpose twGurf vdt
k yfyg/ depth of water udw
k u
d spmG vdt
k yfvQif
seho-sounding correction table (N.P139) udo
k ;kH Edik o
f nf/
Vessel \ inside hall platting wGif heavy vertical cylinder wyfqifNy;D 4if;xJwi
G f fresh water tjynfjh znfí
h
transmitting and receiving transducer rsm;wyfqifxm;onf/ transmitting transducer wGif sound impulse
rsm;xkwfEdkifonf/ nickle coil rsm;ygaom super sonic transmission pack wyfqifxm;onf? conductor unit rS
current ay;vdkufvQif nickle coil rsm;wkefcgoGm;NyD; 14.25 Kc/sec &Sdaom (super sonic) sound ware rsm;udk sea
bed odkU vertically xkwfvTifhonf/ ¤if; sound ware rsm; sea bed udk½dkufNyD;jyefvmí transmitting transducer
ESit
hf m;vH;k wlaom receiving transducer ud½k u
kd rf nf/ ¤if;rS flashing unit ½du
k rf nf/ ¤if;aemuftoH transimitting ESihf
receiving vkyaf om interval ESihf distant rSmtvGee
f nf;aomaMumifh time interval ESihf scale udck sUJ ay;aom amplified
unit odUk a&mufrnf/ Amplified unit rS recorder unit udk depth of water udy
k Ukd ay;onf/
Echo sounder oHk;vQif actual depth onf recorded depth xufenf;aewwfonf/
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

LOG

Instrument of apparatus for ascertaining ship’s speed through water and/or distance run.
Vessel \ speed on the water udkwdkif;&ef 15 &mpkcefYu log (2) rsdK;udkpwiftoHk;jyKcJhonf/
1. Dutch man’s log.
2. Common log. ( 1578 üwDxGif)

1. Dutch man’s log.

Vessel \ fore and aft wGiof bservation station (2)ckuakd ½G;cs,o
f wfrw
S Nf yD; ¤if; position (2)ckMum; distance
udw
k ikd ;f xGmrSwo
f m;NyD; small floting obj: wpfck (log of wood ) udk forward station rSypfcsNyD; tcsed rf w
S x
f m;vdu
k o
f nf/
aft station udjk zwfomG ;cse
d rf w
S x
f m;onf/ ¤if; time interval twGi;f obs: station (2)cktMum; distance udk vessel oGm;
h nf/ xdYk aMumifh 1. hour wGif dist rnfrQoGm;cJo
cJo h nfukd wGux
f w
k ,
f &l onf/ Speed through the water udw
k ikd ;f Edik f
onf/

2. Common log
Common log wGif a piece of wood (log ship) yg0ifNyD; ¤if; log ship wGif taygufoHk;aygufyg0ifonf/
tay:ydik ;f 1 ayguf(odYk)2 aygufukd log line csn&f efxm;NyD; atmufq;kH wpfaygufukd tpdYkwckcsnx
f m;aom MudK;wpfacsmif;jzifh
log line wGifjyefcsnfxm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh log ship udk always up right jzpfaeaprnf/
Log ship yxrqHk;rDwm 20/30 t&Snftxd two line udk “stray line” [kac:onf/ Vessel rS disturb water
rsm;\ effact roufa&mufap&efjzpfonf/
 144
Stray line qH;k vQif log line udk join vkyo
f nfah e&mü a piece of bunting udck snx
f m;onf/ ¤if;udk “turn mark”
[kac:onf/ ¤if; turn mark rSpí logline knot (txHk;rsm;) yg0ifaom cord av;rsm;jzifh making vkyfxm;onf/ ¤if;
cord wGifygaom knot ta&twGufonf vessel \speed in knot ta&twGufESifh nDrQatmifwGufxm;onf/
a&S;acmwfu 14 sec odkYr[kwf 28 sec Mumaom sand glass rsm;udktoHk;jyKojzifh1em&D (3600sec) udk 1-
nautical mile (1853 meter) ESiw
hf u
G v
f Qif 1 em&D? 1 rdik Ef eI ;f oGm;aomoabmFonf 28 sec wGif 14.4 meter oGm;onf/
14 sec twGuf 7.2 meter oGm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh turnmark rSpí log line wGif 28 seec sand glass twGuf 14.4 meter a&mufvQif cord wGif
1.knot xHk;xm;rnf/ 28.8 meter a&mufvQif cord wGif 2. knot xHk;xm;rnf/ xdkenf;wl 43.2 a&mufvQif 3 knot
xHk;xm;rnf/ tpOftwdkif; txHk;ta&twGufrsm;oGm;rnf/
Knot wpfcE
k iS w
hf pfcMk um;wdik ;f wGif 0.5 knot making tjzpf cord wpfacsmif;wGif one knot xH;k NyD; mark vkyx
f m;
onf/
Log udk stream vkyNf yD; stray line qH;k í turn mark a&rsuEf mS jyifukd pa&mufonft
h csed rf pS í sand glass udpk run
rnf/ sand glass ukefvQif log line udk burt’s nipper jzifh stop vkyfNyD; run out jzpfoGm;aom knot t&nftwGufudk
Munfhí ship speed udkowfrSwfonf/
xdYkaMumifh marine avmuwGif ship speed wdik ;f aomu&d,mudk log [kac:NyD; speed udk (nautical miles/
hour ) knots [kac:onf/

Tow log (patent log) or towing log (invented 50 year ago)

Four pitched fins ygaom rotator udka&xJwGifBudK;jzifh stream vkyfNyD;vnfapNyD; wire hart ygaom log line
jzifhcsdwfxm;onf/ a&xJwiG f rotator vnfaomtcg log line rS wire hart vdu
k v
f nfonf/ ¤if; wire hart udk register
'dik cf u
G w
f iG cf sw
d x
f m;NyD; number of turns t& nautical miles udk record vkyk o
f nf/ 900 turns udk 1 N.M tjzpf rigister
wGiw
f ufapNyD; register wGif rdik f 100000 xd record vkyEf ikd o
f nf/ log line t&Sno
f nf vessel speed ESifh free board
t& vary vkyaf y;&onf/ speed udw
k u
G ,
f v
l v
kd Qif total log dist udk steming time jzifph m;rS&onf/ Total dist
travelled on the water udkom record vkyfay;onf/

Pitot log
Operates on the pressure principal . pressure - sensing element udk bottom rSxw
k x
f m;NyD; vessel oGm;
aepOf oufa&mufaoma&\ pressure t& speed udkwGufxkwfonf/ Log tube udkarmfwmjzifh ESdrfhíjrSifhí&onf/
draft tenf;trsm;aMumifh pressure ajymif;vJrIudk compensate vkyfEdkifonf/ Vsl. a head oGm;pOfom speed udk
wdkif;í&onf/ Speed theough the water wdkif;Edkifonf/

Impeller log (chernikeeff / log)

Vessel armif;aepOf vessel \hull wGifwyfxm;aom retractable log tube twGif;rS impellar vnfjcif;jzifh
speed udkwGufxkwfonf/

DOPPLER LOG (ELECTRO MAGNETIC LOG ) a&xJwGifjrKyfxm;aom

Probe wckpw
D iG ½f o
dS nf electrode 2 ckMum;oufa&mufaom voltage udw
k ikd ;f xGmNyD; speed udw
k u
G x
f w
k f onf/
yxr soner rSxw
k v
f iT ahf om magnetic field onf water udjk zwfNyD; 'kw,
d soner udv
k m½du
k o
f nft
h cg cHpm;&aom
voltage yrmPt& speed udw
k u
G x
f w
k o
f nf/ Speed aES;vQif 'kw,
d soner wGif magnetic field oufa&mufreI nf;rnf/
speed rsm;vQifoufa&mufrIrsm;rnf/ Speed on the ground udk&&Sdrnf/
S Voltage directly proportional to the rate of the magnetic field and speed.
 145
THE HAND LEADLINE
146
 147
SHIP SPEED BY ENGIN REVOLUTION
New ship trial run vkyjf yD;aomtcg&½SadS om revolution table rS speed udw
k u
G x
f w
k jf cif;jzpfonf/ ¤if; table
onf normal draft ESihf bottom clean jzpfNyD; smooth water wGif one knot EIe;f jzifh oGm;&efvt
kd yfaom propeller shaft
\ revolution / min: udkaz:jyonf/ Speed through the water &½SdEdkifonf/ Variation of draft, sea state, ship
bottom state ESifh effect of wind and sea udk allowance vkyaf y;&rnf/

TAUT WIRE MEASURING GEAR

Distance run over the ground udkwdkif;í&onf/ wire wckudk see bottom wGif anchor vkyfxm;NyD; wire udk
drum ay:rS payout vkyjf cif;jzifh speed udw
k u
G x
f w
k o
f nf/ Surveying purpose, mine laying and sweeping operation
telegraph cable location rsm;udw
k ikd ;f xGm&efom toH;k jyKonf/

ROPE
A strong thick line or cord number of things twisted or strand together.
Rope wGif fiber rope ESifh wire rope [lí 2 rsdK;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
Fiber rope udk 2 rsdK;cGJjcm;xm;onf/
- Natural fiber
- Syithetic fiber.
S NATURAL FIBER ROPE wGif
- Hard fiber rope
- Soft fiber rope [lí½Sdonf/
S HARD FIBER ROPE
(1) Manila (abaco fibre rSjyKvkyfonf banana family) ta&mifrSm ivory white rS darkish brown
txdtrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ trsm;qHk; philippline rSxkwfvkyfonf/ grade trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/
Manila rope onf smooth, glossy, (acsmrTwaf jymifvufawmufy) strong, flexible, very durable easy to
handle and high resistant to sea water jzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh natual fibre rsm;wGif toH;k trsm;qH;k jzpfonf/
2. SISAL (HARD FIBRE) - Aloe leaves rSxw
k v
f yk o
f nf pine apple rSxw
k v
f yk o
f nf/ East africa ESihf Java
uRef;wdkYrSxkwfvkyfonf/ aumif;aom sisal rope onf medium grade manila rope ESifhwlnDonf/ Creamy. white
colour &So
d nf/ very brittle (jywfv,
G o
f nf) glossy jzpfonfa&pdv
k Qif mainly swell jzpfonf/
3. COIR (HARD FIBRE) - Fibre of coconut (tke;f qHBudK;) india ESihf ceylon (oD&v
d umF)rStrsm;qH;k xkwv
f yk f
onf/ teDa&mifjzpfonf? Very elastic, rough to handle, flats easily, extreme resistence to sea water jzpfonf/
wpfcgwpf&H gross or bass line [kac:onf/ ¤if;\weight onf size [laom manila rope \wpf0ufcefYom&SNd y;D
manila rope strength \ 6 yHk 1 yHkom strong jzpfonf/

SOFT FIBRE ROPE

1. Hemp (ydkufqHavQmf) - Russin, India, Italy, Balkans, ESifh Newzealand. wdkYrS xkwf
vkyfonf/ Wire rope cores tjzpf mainly xkwfvkyfonf/
Hand lead line tjzpftoHk;jyKonf/
2. Jute (*HkavQmf) - Wire rope \ cores tjzpfoHk;onf/ Hemp xuf weak jzpf
onf/
3. Flax (linen tom;xkwfaomavQmfyifrsdK;) - Sail ESihf tarpaulin cavas xkwv
f yk &f efo;kH onf/ Sewing twin tjzpf
oHk;onf/ (*ef*sDBudK;)
 148
4. Cotton (csnfMudK;) - 0g*Gr;f rSxw
k v
f yk o
f nf/ tvSwefqmqifaom ae&mrsm;wGif toH;k jyK
onf/ (txl;ojzifh Ganway) npfywfvG,fonf/

SYNTHATIC FIBRE ROPE

1. Polypropylene - Lightest synthatic rope jzpfonf/ Manila xuf 60% stronger jzpfonf/ 40% stretches
•
jzpfonf/ water udk 0.1% om absorb vkyfonf/ 165 C rSm melt. jzpfonf/
2. Polythene - Cotton xuf 2 q strong jzpfonf/4if;\strength onf manila ESifh nylon Mum;wGif&Sdonf/ a&udk
•
0.01% om absorb vkyfonf/ ¤if;onfa&ay:wGifvHk;0eD;yg;ay:aeonf/ 135 C rSm melt jzpfonf/ Camical aMumifh
affect rjzpfyg/ Sun light ESifh abrasion udkaumif;pGm resist vkyfonf/ Coir rope xuf 7 q strong jzpfonf/
3. Nylon and Terylene - tvGef Strong soft jzpfNyD; pliable jzpfonf/ water proof jzpfNyD; quickly dry jzpfonf/
extrime temp: odUk wet or dry jzpfaecse
dw
f iG f equally flexible jzpfonf/ Pest and corrosive resistance jzpfonf/
Low fire risk enf;w,f low melting jzpfw,f nylon u terylene xuf more elastic jzpfonf/
¤if; Rope rsm;udk splice vky&f mwGif acsmfxu
G Ef ikd af omaMumifh tenf;qH;k 4. Tucks xd;k &rnf/ Nylononf acids
aMumifyh suq
f ;D Ekid Nf yD; terylene u malkalis aMumifyh suq
f ;D Edik o
f nf/ ¤if;wdUk udk shock absorber taejzifh two line rsm;wGif
oHk;onf/

CONSTRUCTION OF ROPE
ANGLE OF LAY
Slected fibre rsm;udk long ribbons (silver) rsm;tjzpf&&Sdatmif comb vkyfíqGJqefYa&G;cs,fyg/ ¤if; silver
rsm;udk yams tjzpf spun (Adkif;iif)vkyfonf/ ¤if; yams rsm;udk twist vkyfNyD; strand jzpfatmifvkyfonf/ ¤if; strand
rsm;udk twist vkyfNyD; rope jzpfatmifvkyfonf/

comb spun twist twist

fibre silver or long ribbens yams strand rope
S Z S

Strand rsm;udk rope tjzpf twist vky&

f mwGif S right handed twist vkyv
f Qif ‘Z’ twist [kac:NyD; S left handed
twist vkyfvQif ‘S’ twist [kac:onf/
Silver rS yams jzpfatmif spun (Adkif;iif)vkyfonfh direction ESifh strand rS rope jzpfatmif twist vkyfonfh
direction onf same direction jzpf&rnf/ yam rS strand jzpfatmifvkyfonfh direction onf reverse jzpfonf/
Angle of lay : The angle between axis of the stnad and axis of the road.
Standard lay : Pliavility, strength ESihf chafing udk with stand vkyE
f ikd &f ef angle of lay &Sad om rope udk standard lay
[kac:onf/ All general work wGiftoHk;jyK&ef standard lay jzifh twist vkyfonf/
Soft or long lay : Standard lay xuf angle lay eJatmifvkyfxm;aom BudK;udkac:onf/
Hard or firm of short lay : Standard lay xuf angle of lay rsm;atmifvkyfxm;aom BudK;udkac:onf/

NUMBER OF STRAND CONSTRUCTION t& TYPE OF ROPE cG J j cm;jcif ;

1. Hawser laid rope (or) plain lay (-3 strand rope)
Strand 3 acsmif;udk right handed (Z twist) &pfxm;onf most common type jzpfNyD; size trsdK;rsdK;xkwo
f nf/
2. Shrout laid rope (or) 4 strand rope
Strand 4 acsmif;udk centre wGif heart xm;NyD; right handed (Z twist) &pfxm;onf/ Size wlvQif hawser
xuf weight rsm;NyD; strength enf;onf/ Stretch jzpfrIenf;onf/
 149
ROPE
 150
WIRE ROPE
 151
3. Cable laid rope (or) water laid rope (9 strand rope)
3 strand right handed hawser laid rope 3 acsmif;udk left handed jyef&pfxm;onf towing spring tjzpf
oHk;onf/ (very elastic) okdYaomf wire rope rsm;onf normally right handed jzpfojzifh cable laid rope rsm;udk
towing spring vky&
f ef right handed jyKvky&f onf/
4. Unkinkable lay
Normal rope rsm;ESifhrwlbJ yarn udk strand jzpf&efESifh strand udk ropes jzpf&ef same direction jzifh twist
vkyfxm;onf/
Lifeboat falls ESihf multiple block rsm;twGi;f toH;k jyKaom BudK;rsm;wGio
f ;kH onf/
5. Warp lay (9 strand, 12 strand,15 strand.)
Cable laid ESiw
hf w
l yl ifjzpfonfoUkd aomf first and final lay rsm;udyk í
kd hard jzpfatmifvyk x
f m;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H
12 strand (hawser 4 acsmif;), 15 strand rope (howser 5 acsmif;) rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
6. Square line (plaited moring rope) 8 strand rope
Strand 8 acsmif;wGif
- Strand 2 acsmif;udk right handed twist vkyfxm;aomBudK; 2 acsmif;
- Strand 2 acsmif; left handed twist vkyfxm;aomBudK; 2 acsmif;
- ¤if; 4acsmif;udk zGwfrSD;xdk;xm;onf/
¤if;BudK;onf Square yHak y:aeonf/ highly flexible jzpfNyD; kinking aMumifh damage rjzpfyg/ stretch jzpfjcif;
enf;onf/ tjcm; laid vkyx
f m;aom same size BudK;rsm;xuf extension udrk sm;pGmvkyEf ikd o
f nf/(MumMumoHk;Edkifonf/)
winch ay:wGif grip aumif;onf/
Plaited rope \oufwrf;onf plane lay rope xuf 2 qcHonf/
Breaking Stress of Fibre Rope
Material Size Range Breaking Stress
Grade 1 Manilla 7 mm to 144 mm 2D2 / 300 tonnes
Polythene / Polypropylene 4 mm to 80 mm 3 D2 / 300 tonnes
Polyester (Terylene) 4 mm to 96 mm 4 D2 / 300 tonnes
Polyamide (Nylon) 4 mm to 96 mm 5 D2 / 300 tonnes
D = diameter of the rope in millimeter
Tonnes = 1000 kg.
1
Rope \ proof load onf /5 of B.S jzpfNyD;
Rope \ S.W.L onf 1/6 of B.S jzpfonf/
Rope \size udkaz:jy&mwGif imperial system wGif circumfrence udk inches jzifhaz:jyNyD; S.I unit wGif
diameter udk mm jzifah z:jyonf/
Fiber rope one coil wGif 720 ft/ 220m/ 120 fathom &Sdonf/

OPENING A COIL
Coil topfrsm;wGif wpfcgwpf&r
H nfoUkd open vky&f ef instruction lable ygwwfonf/ rygvmcJv
h Qif atmufyg
twdkif; uncoil vkyfyg/
Left handed rope twG u f -
Unconil udk outside end ESifh inside end 2 ckpvHk;rSxkwf,lí&onf/
Right handed rope -
Outside end rS uncoil vkyfvdkvQif tdyfcGHudkcRwfNyD; outside end tpudk anticlock wise jzifhxkwfyg/
152
 153
“BLOCKS”
BLOCK = Grooved sheave working in a frame or shell used to alter direction of a rope or chain; or
to gain a mechaical. Advantage by reeving a purchase. Types vary largely, to suit different
purposes. They are clasified by their special peculiarities. These are: number of sheaves,
number of scores, nature of stroping nature and size of shell etc: (marine dictionary)

PARTS OF BLOCK
SHELL = The outside case (Bosun manual). That part of a block in which a sheave revolves. (M.D)
(sheave udkumxm;aom cover)
,
SHEAVE = A groove wheel in which a rope runs and alters it s direction. (BuKd ;twGuf ajrmif;xGi;f xm;
aombD;) bronze ,steel or lignum vitae wdjYk zifv
h yk o
f nf/ shave udk diameter jzifah z:jyonf/
BUSH = The metal centre of a sheave through which the pin pass in large gin blocks oil reservior is
fitted round the bush.(sheave tv,fwGif pin ESifh friction enf;&efESifh wdkufpm;rIenf;&ef
wyfqifxm;aom metal uGif;jzpfonf/)
Steel or bronze jzifv
h yk x
f m;onf/ gin block rsm;wGif bush tv,fwiG f ajrmif;xGi;f xm;Ny;D
lubication oil tNrJ&Sdaeap&efjyKvkyfxm;onf/ 4if;ajrmif;xJodkY oil xnfhEdkif&efpDpOfxm;onf/
tcsdKU block rsm;wGif bush tpm; ball bearing udkoHk;onf/
SHEAVE PIN = A steel axle pin passing through the shell fork and on which the sheave revolves. (sheave
vnf&ef shell, fork ESifh sheave udkazgufNyD; xnfhxm;aompin ) ¤if; pin center udk
taygufao;ao;azgufxm;NyD; lub oil or grease xnfhEdkif&efvnf; pDpOfxm;onf/
STROP = Shot length of rope with ends spliced trogether to make a loop of rope with ends eye
spliced. Used for making a sling (or ) an attachment for hook , shakle (or) rope (wooden
block rsm;wGifom&Sdonf/ block udk hang vkyfEdkif&efESifh bind vkyf&ef shell \tjyifbuf&Sd
score xJ w G i f j rKyf N yD ; ywf x m;aomBud K ;/ ¤if ; \tay:buf E S i f h a tmuf b uf w G i f eye
xdk;vQifvJxdk;xm;rnf/
SCORE = The groove on the outside shell of a wooden block to take a strope. Score is deepest at
the bottom or tail of the block to take the splice (sheel \tjyifbuf side wGif strope
jrKyf0ifaeap&ef xGif;xm;aomajrmif;vdkif; wooden block wGifom&Sdonf/
CROWN = The top of the block. The head of the block. (block wpfck\tay:ydkif;xdyfydkif;)
TAIL = Bottom of the block (block \atmufyi
kd ;f )
BECKET = Loop of rope sennit or wire use for festing or for attachment ( block \ tail ydi
k ;f wGi&f adS om
BudK;csnfp&mae&m? wooden block rsm;wGif fibre (odkY) wire BudK;ESifhuGif;vkyfxm;NyD; steel
block wGif fork wzufudk&Snfxm;NyD; taygufazgufxm;onf/ shackle csdwfEdkif&ef tackle
rsmwGifBudK; (fall)tqHk;owf&ef top block \ tail wGifxm;onf/
SWALLOW= An opening between the cheeks of sheel through which the rope passes. (cheek
ESpfcktMum;wGif&Sdaom block xJodkY BudK;xdk;xnfh&rnfhae&m sheave\ tay:bufwGif wpfck?
atmufbufwGifwpfck&Sdonf/)
CHEEK = The side of the shell on each side of the swallow (swallow aygufrsm\ab;wbufp&
D dS shell
\twGif;bufrsm;)
ARSE = Chock end of a commom wooden block (wooden block \atmufajcydi
k ;f chock vkyx
f m;
onfhae&m)
 154
SWIVEL = A pivot free to move in an inmovable part (rvIyf&Sm;Edkifonfh part wckwGif freely move
vkyfEdkif&efjyKvkyfxm;aom0if½kd;)
DISTANCE PIECE
A piece used at the arse and crown to keep the cheeks of the shell apart and ensure free
running of the sheave.
FORK-SHAPE STRPE ( OR ) BINDING
Steel forked piece, one end of which is fitted.
Block wpfcw
k iG ½f adS om sheave wpfv;kH csi;f pD\ friction aMumifh load wpfcu
k kd lift vky&f mwGif pdu
k x
f w
k o
f nft
h m;\
8% to 10% usqif;aponf/ Block wpfvHk;\ size udkwdkif;&mwGif4if;\ length of shell udkwdkif;onf/

BLOCK trsdK;tpm; ( TYPE ) udkcGJ&mwGif

METERIAL’ t& - wooden block, metal block
‘CONSTRUCTION’ t& - internal bound block (binding or fork onf shell \twGi;f wGi&
f dS metal block
rsm;wGifomoHk;onf/
‘External bound block’ (shell udk strop binding utkyx
f m;onf/ wooden block rsm;wGit
f oH;k rsm;onf/
NUMBER OF SHEAVE t& - ‘single block’ sheave wpfckxJomyg/
‘multiple block’ sheave wpfcx
k ufyykd g/
“PURPOSE” t&

Clump block = solid wood udx

k iG ;f xm;onf/ rounded shape &SNd y;D 4if;\ size \wpf0ufEiS n
hf rD Qaom
circumfrence &SdonfhBudK;udk pGJ&efoHk;onf/ (odyfroHk;awmhyg)
Non- Toppling Block = Block ay:wGif weight r&Sad omtcgBuKd ;rsm; (fall) ay:rSvefr
Y MuoGm;ap&efEiS hf jammed
rjzpfap&ef Tail ydkif;udk tao;qHk;jzpfatmif jyKvkyfxm;onf/ life boat fall ESifh
heavy cargo takle rsm;wGifoHk;onf/
Snatch block = Side wpfzufzi
G yhf w
d Ef ikd af tmif hinge wyfxm;onfh small strong steel block jzpfonf/
BudK;udk swallow xJodkY tprSxdk;xnhfp&mrvdk? Mum;rSjzwfí side udkzGifhNyD;xnhfEdkifonf/
cargo rsm;udk deck ay:wGifa&TU&ef swinging derrick qif&mwGif guy wire rsm;
direction ajymif;&eftoHk;0ifonf/
Lead block = vdkcsifaom direction udka&mufatmifoHk;aomrnfonfh block udkrqdkac:onf/
Cargo gin = (gin block /cargo block) self lubrichating sheave ESihf swivel ygNy;D skeleton frame
ESifhwnfaqmufxm;onfh matel block rsm;jzpfonf/ derrick rsm;\ head block ESifh
heel block tjzpfoHk;onf/
¤if;tjyif tail block funnel block, hook block, butterfly block ponfjzifh&Sdovdk
sailing vessel rsm;wGif oHk;aom sister, fiddle, fly tye , funiture ponfjzif&h MdSuonf/
wpfckjcif;pD\ t"dyÜg,fudk marine dictionary wGifMunfhEdkifygonf/
PURCHASE = apparatus for gaining mechnical advantage, mechnical advantage gain by
lever age, tackle or positioning.
Tackle = the running gear of a ship purchase made by reeving rope or chain through one or
more blocks.
Purchase onf M.A &&efo;kH aom appratus tukev
f ;kH udak c:onf/ tackle onf one
of the purchase jzpfonfoaYkd omf tackle qdv
k siBf uKd ;ESiw
hf x
JG m;aom pufoD;wGJjzpfonf[k
wdwdususajym&rnf/
 155
f mwGif ‘M.A’ &&ef tackle rsm;udk purchase tjzpftoH;k jyKMu
Weight rsm;udk lift vkw&
onf/
xdo
k o
Ykd ;kH &mwGif tackle trsKd ;tpm;t& ‘M.A’ wefz;kd rsm;&onf/ ¤if; ‘M.A’ wefz;kd udyk if
used to disadvantage (omref&Edkfifaom M.A wefzdk;om&atmif)oHk;jcif;ESifh used
to advantage (omref&Edkifonfh ‘M.A’ xufudk&atmif)oHk;jcif;[lí 2 rsdK;&Sdonf/
FORCE = Any push or pull on a certain meterial
LOAD = To put cargo into a veassel weight of a cargo
M.A = Ratio between force applied and weight lifted when using a purchase or other
machine.
Load (or) Resistance
Applied force Effort

Distance effort move Velocity effort

Velocity Ratio = (or)
Distance load move Velocity of load
Whight a&TUaom dist ESifh hauling part a&TU&aomBudK;t&Snf distance ratio jzpfonf/
¤if; distance2 ck rwlaomfvnf; tcsdefwpfcktwGif; wpfjydKifwnf;a½TUMuonf/
Oyrm Sigle block wGif weight move jzpfaom distance
1
V.R = 1 = 1
Gun tackle wGif weight move jzpfaom dist xuf hauling part rS rope move jzpfaom distance 2 q
&Sdonf/
Constant speed “W udkqGJygu sheave rsm;aom tackle onf sheave enf;aom tackle xuf M.A rsm;
aomfvnf; tcsdefydkMumonf/
- M.A udk disadvantage tjzpfoHk;xm;jcif;udkatmufygenf;rsm;jzifhcGJjcm;Edkifonf/
1.weight a½TUoGm;aom direction ESihf hauling (pull) direction wlonf/
2. hauling part onf standing block rSxu G o f nf/
- M.A udk advantage tjzpfoHk;xm;jcif;udkatmufygtwdkif;cGJonf/
1. weight ESihf hauling (pull) direction qefuY sio
f nf/
2. hauling part onf moving block rSxu G o f nf/
M.A wefzdk;wGufenf;rSm - 1. M.A = Load
Applied Force
2. M.A = moving block rSBuKd ;ta&twGuf
3. Disadvantage M.A = numbers of sheave
Advantage M.A = numbers of sheave + 1
Tackle rsm;udkoHk;vQif block rsm;aMumifh friction (yGwfwdkufrI) aMumifhjzpfaomckcHrIrsm;jzpfay:apNyD; safe
side &&ef friction onf shave wpfcp
k w
D ikd ;f üqGaJ om load \ 10% oufa&mufonf[,
k Nl y;D allowance vky&f onf/
qGaJ om Load wGif xnfhaygif;&onf/
weight wpfckudk - lift vkyf&ef Tackle oHk;vQif M.A &&Sdrnf/

odkUaomf Tackle udkoHk;vQif

applied force = w
(trSefwu,fpdkufxkwf&aomtm; x M.A) = w + friction
sxp = w + friction
 156
Shave wpfcp
k \
D friction aMumifjh zpfvmrnfh total friction
= number of sheave x w x10
100
Formulae s x p = w + n x w
10
s = stress on the hauling part or S.W.L.
p = power gaind by the tackle used (or )M.A
w = Weight
n = Nos.of sheaves in tackle
157
 158

Used to Advantage.

Load
* MA = Applied Force

= 1
1/5
= 5

* MA = Nos. of Sheaves + 1
= 4 + 1 = 5

* MA = Nos. of Rope at Moving Block.

= 5

GYN (OR) THREE AND TWO TACKEL

Used to Disadvantage.

Standing Load
Block * MA = Applied Force

= 1
1/5
= 5
Moving
Block
* MA = Nos. of Sheaves
= 5

* MA = Nos. of Rope at Moving Block.

= 5

Weight

Used to Advantage

Load
* MA = Applied Force Standing
= 1 Block
1/6
= 6

* MA = Nos. of Sheaves + 1
= 5 + 1
Moving
* MA = Nos. of Rope at Moving Block. Block
= 6

Weight
 159

THREE FOLD PURCHASE

Load
* MA = Applied Force

= 1
1/6
= 6

* MA = Nos. of Sheaves
= 6

* MA = Nos. of Rope at Moving Block.

= 6

Reeving
- Top block "A" \ backet ygaom cheek jzifh deck ay:wGifaxmifyg/ (Sheave rsm;onf vertical
twdkif; tay:atmuf tqifhqifh&Sd&rnf) ¤if; block udk vlESifha0;onfhbufwGifxm;yg/
- Bottom block "B" udk swallow rsm; deck ay:wGif up and down jzpfatmifcsxm;yg/ (Sheave rsm;onf
horizontal twdi
k ;f ab;wdu
k &f &dS rnf/) MudK;ud;k up and down xd;k Edik o
f nft
h ajctaewGix
f m;jyD; vlEiS ehf ;D onfh
bufwGifxm;yg/
- Block ESpfckudk face to face jzpfatmifxm;yg/
(1) MudK;udk top block "A" \ middle shave nmbufrS píxdk;jyD;? b,fbufrSqGJxkwfyg/
(2) Bottom Block "B" \ b,fbufqHk;&Sd tay:rSxdk;jyD; atmufrSqGJxkwfyg/
(3) Top block "A" \ atmufqHk; shave udk b,fbufrSxdk;jyD; nmbufrSqGJxkwfyg/
(4) jyD;vQif bottom block "B" \ nmbufqHk; sheave atmufrSxdk;jyD; tay:odkYqGJxkwfyg/
(5) Top block "A" \ tay:qHk; sheave udknmbufrSxdk;jyD; b,fbufrSqGJxkwfyg/
(6) Bottom block "B" \ middle sheave udk tay:rSxdk;jyD; atmufrSqGJxkwfyg/
(7) aemufqHk;tqifhtaejzifh top block "A" \ becket wGif secure vkyfyg/
 160
DERRICK

Boom or spare use for hoisting or lowering weights, made of wood or steel, control by guys, supported
by topping lift and pivoted at lower end.

“PARTS OF THE DERRICK”

Boom (or) Derrick Make up of seamless steel tubes or pipes, stepped one withing the other so
that the end diameter is 2/3 the diameter at mid-length.
Guy Rope or tackle by which a boom or derrick is controlled. Laterally (derrick
boom udk ab;wzufwcsufokdU siwng vkyf&ef wyfqifxm;aom BudK; odkUr[kwf
tackle)
Spider Band (Matel collar) Iron band around the boom at the derrick head fitted with equil spaced lugs.
(derrick head &Sd shackle on &efoHk;onfhoHuGif;)
Derrick Head Boom xdyfrS ‘1’foot txd length udkac:onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh boom ESifh dif-
ferent colour okwfxm;onf/ 4if; head area onf strength ydkrsm;onf/
Derrick Heel Lower end of the derrick ¤if; heel wGif gooseneck pin udw
k yfxm;onf/
Gooseneck Iron that connect end of a spar or boom with its pivot, projecting iron fitting
with ring or band at its outer extremity.
Swivelling collar Mast house or samson post attached gooseneck pin fit vkyo
f nfo
h jH ym;/
Swivelling Lug Derick \ heel block udkcsdyfonf swivelling collar atmufwGif wyfxm;aom
swivel lug.
Preventer(lazy guy) Fitted to the out board sides of the derick in addition to the side guy to assist
in absorbing the strong side-stresses.
Topping Lift Either a single wire or chain span, shackled to derick spider band and to the
mast or a double or triple wire purchase, which hold the boom at a set angle.
Union Plate (Monkey Face) Its the traingular shape steel plate use for connection to the two runners (Union
Hook) of a union purchase or cargo hook.

DERRICK RIGS
The union purchase or married gear or yard and stay

Rig for general cargo handling (up to about 1.5 tonnes)

Easy and simple to rig jzpfonf? speedy jzpfonf/ wear and tear eJonf winchman wpfa,mufyv
J o
kd nf/
Derrick boom 2acsmif;wGif ? 1acsmif;udk hatch way ay:wnfw
h nfw
h iG f rig vkyí
f (inboard derrick or ship
derrick )tjcm;1acsmif;udk ship rail (or) bulwark ESihf clear jzpfatmif wharf odUk lighter ay:odUk cargo csEi
kd af tmif
(off-shore derrick or yard or out board derrick)udk rig vkyx
f m;onf/
Boom wacsmif;ukd Rig vkyfjcif;?
- Crutch rS securing lock udjk zKwy
f g/
- Derrick head wGif&Sdaom ab;2 bufrS spider band lug 2 ckwGif guy pennant rsm;udk shackle on yg? out
board side wGif preventer wire udx
k nfyh g/
- Cargo runner head block udk shackle on yg? runner wire reeve vkyx
f m;yg/
- Topping lift span udk shackle on yg/
 161
- Topping axmif&ef (boom udk desired angleaxmif&ef) cargo runner rsm;udk winch xJrc
S sed q
f íavsmx
h w
k Nf y;D
deck ay:wGiaf cGxm;yg? topping drum rS bull wire ESihf runner winch rS gipsy drum udk runner wire jyef &pfrnfh
direction wGif topping wire udq
k aJG xmifrnfh direction jzpfatmif 5 ywf 6 ywfryS wfNy;D topping drum vnfapjcif;jzifh
topping wire udq
k aJG xmifyg/ ¤if;tcsed w
f iG f boom swing rjzpfap&ef guy pendant rsm;jzifh xde;f xm;&rnf/ vdck siaf om
angle xuftenf;i,fydkaxmifNyD; jyefavQmhjcif;jzifh topping drum rS ratchet ay:wGif brake bar NidoGm;rnf/ bull
wire udkjyefjzKwfyg/
Side guy rsm;jzifh boom udk position cse
d yf g/ out board side udt
k enf;i,fykd swing Ny;D prevanter wire
udk boom ESifh 90º teD;pyfqHk;&Edkifrnfh deck ring wGif secure vkyyf g/ cargo runner udk in board side strong point
or deck ring wGif shackle on Ny;D qGaJ wmify
h g/ preventer wif;oGm;rnf/ ¤if;tcsed w
f iG f side guy rsm;udk wif;atmifqí
JG
secure vkyfyg/ Preventer wire udk Boom ESifh wwfEdkifoí 90º &Sdapyg/
¤if; proceduretwdkif;tjcm; boom udkvkdcsifonf position &atmifaxmifyg/
* Boom 2acsmif;rS cargo runner 2 ckudk union plate wGif shackle on yg? ¤if; cargo runner 2 ckMum; angle
onf 120 'D*&Dxuf ydkrrsm;ap&yg/ tight span jzpfEdkifonf/
* tcsdKU Union purchase rsm;wGif in board side guy 2 acsmif;tpm; centre guy (or) schooner guy udkoHk;
xm;onf/ xdkUaMumifh boom 2 acsmif;udk wpfNydKufeuf rig vkyfEdkifonf/
* Union rigging jzifh derick boom 2 ck\ S.W.L 2 ckaygif; 1/3 load udk rEdi
k o
f nf/ odUk aomf union purchase
onf light load 1.5 tonnes&Sdaom cargo rsm;twGufom suitable jzpfonf/ speedy operation jzpf atmif rig
vkyf&efomoHk;onf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh 2 tonnes xufydkaom load rsm;udk tjcm;enf;ajymif;í rig vkyfNyD;ronf/
* Topping durm wGif&Sdaom brake bar onf topping qGJaxmifaepOf ratchet gearsrsm;ay:wGif free
jzpfNyD;vGwfaernf attend vkyf&efrvdkyg/ boom jyef down vQif brake bar udkvlwpfa,muf rxm;&efvdkonf/
* tcsKd U winch rsm;wGif runner winch drum ESitfh opping drum udk shaft jzifq
h ufxm;Ny;D windlass uJo
h Ukd gear udk
engauge vkya
f y;Ny;D topping udq
k aJG xmifí&onf? bull wire rvdt
k yfyg/
* Cargo \ weight 3 tonnes ausmv
f Qif runner wire udk doubling-up vkyaf y;&rnf/
DOUBLE-UP vkyfjcif;
Double up vkyfjcif;jzifh hauling part wGif M.A ydk&apaomaMumifh cargo winch udk oufomaponf lift
vkyrf nf weight onf fall wire \ S.W.L xufrsm;vQif double upvky&f onf/ single whip runner wire wpfacsmif;\
length onf usually 240 feets (40 fathom) &Sdonf/ double upvkyfvQif working part odkUa&mufEdkifrnfh length
&Sd&efvdktyfonf BudKwifwGufcsufxm;&rnf/ head block rSwGufvmaom runner wire end udk travelling block
wGifvQdKNyD; derrick head wGif spider band tykd&Sdu ¤if; spider band wGif shackle on íowfonf/ spider band
tydkr&Sdygu derrick head wGif slipping ESihf chafing rjzpf&ef canvas odkY *HkeDtdwfjzifhywfNyD; ¤if;tay:wGif wire udk
3/4 ywfrQywfí head block csdwfxm;aom spider band wGif shackle on yg/

SWINGING DERRICK BY SINGLE DERRICK

Rig vky&f mwGif step rsm;onf/ careful supervision vdt
k yfonf/ cargo runner udk double up vky&f efvt
kd yfonf/
* Advanges rSm Derrick \ S.W.L ESifhnDrQonfh Wt udr
k í&onf/ cargo work udk both side of the ship rSm
operate vkyfEdkifonf/ cargohold \ any part udk operate vkyfEdkifonf/
* Disadvantages rSm cargo operation vkyaf epOfwcse
d v
f ;kH cargo gear wckv;kH rSm stress rsm;ouf a&mufaeonf/
txl;ojzifh guy pendant rsm;wGifydkíoufa&mufonf/ load udk swing vkyfvQif hatch coaming rsm;ESihf rails
rsm;udx
k cd u
kd rf Nd y;D ysupf ;D Edik o
f nf/ cargo swing vkyv
f Qif jznf;jznf;csi;f great caution ESihf operate vky&f onft
h wGuf
tcsdefMumonf/ cargo runner armif;aomolwpfa,mufESifh swin vkyf&ef guy pendantarmif;&efwpfa,muf?
pkpkaygif;(2)a,mufvdktyfonf/ wear and tear rsm;onf/ rigging vkyfonfholu efficient jzpf&efvdktyfonf/
 162
Rigging procedure .
* Derrick boom udk horizontal position wGix
f m;Ny;D rsuEf mS jcif;qdik rf S cargo winch \ runner wire rsm;uksd natch
blocks rsm;jzifh vdktyfovdk angle &atmifqifNyD; derrick boom \ Guy pendants spider band rsm;wGif shackle
on rnf/ xdkUaemuf derrick boom udkvdktyfonfh angle a&mufatmif topping life jzifhqGJaxmifrnf/ load udk
twiftcsvkyf&ef derrick \ cargo winch udkoHk;NyD; boom udk swing vkyf&ef rsufESmcsif;qdkifrS cargo winch
rsm;udkoHk;&rnf/

JUMBO (HEAVY LIFT)

Gantry: ( gallow): horseshoe - shaped girder , hinged on the mast carries block through which a gantline
is rove.
Gantline : Aline rove through a block near the mast head used to hoist any aloft .
Mast clamp: Half round, hinged fitting for securing head of derrick boom.
Jumbo heevy lift rsm;ukd rig vkyf&mwGif t"ducufcJrIUrSm boom ukd mast clamp wGif secure vkyfxm;aom
vertical position wGif rig vkyf&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ tcsdKU jumbo derrick rsm;onf ton 100 ausmfxdrEdkifonf/
wire ESihf block rsm;udk rig rvkyc
f if aocsmpGm examined vky&f rnf/ txl;ojzifh shave rsm; freely rotate jzpfrjzpf
check vkyf&rnf/ topping lift purchase block (6 - fold purchase)onf derrick boom head wGifwyfqifxm;NyD;
canvas ESit
hf yk x
f m;wwfonf/ mast wGiw
f yfqifxm;aom gallow or gantry wGicf sw
d x
f m;onfh block rS gentline udk
rove vkyí
f topping lift rsm;udIk n posn:a&mufatmifqw
JG if&onf/ (Topping lift tackle \ mast wdik b
f ufwiG &f rdS nfh
standing block udk boom head wGif&Sdrnfh moving block \tay:wGif &Sd&efqGJwifjcif; jzpfonf/)
Topping lift purchase xJwi
G &f adS om fall wire rsm;wif;oGm;atmif heaving line jzifq
h w
JG if;yg/ Guy pendant
rsm;udk 4if;wdkU\ spider band rsm;wGif shackle on í guy pendant \ purchase rsm;udk tight jzpfatmifqGJwif;yg/
Topping lift udw
k wfEikd o
f í tight yg/ derrick boom head spider band tay:em;wGif breaking-out wire udk
mast wdi
k Ef iS yhf wfícsnyf g/ (Mast clamp jzKwv
f u
kd v
f Qif boom jyKwu
f sroGm;ap&ef ,m,Doikd ;f xm;aom wire jzpfonf/
) xdkYaemuf mast clamp udkjzKwfyg/ boom \ weight onf breaking-out wire ay:wGifoufa&muf oGm;rnf/
xdktcsdefwGif topping lift ay:wGif weight roufa&mufao;yg/ wire wacsmif;udk fore castle head avmufrS lead
block jzihf derrick head udkvSrf;csdwfNyD;qGJjcif;jzifh breaking-out wire udkjywfxGufatmifqGJyg/ xdkUaemuf guy wire
rsm;\ control jzifh derrick boom udk horizontal a&mufonftxd lower vkyyf g/ derrick boom onf goose neck
wGif freely rotate jzpfrjzpf test vkyfyg/ NyD;vQif jumbo onftoHk;jyK&eftoifhjzpfonf/
* Cargo purchase \ lower block (moving block) rSxGufvmaom hauling part ukd derrick head
wGifwyfqifxm;onf sheave udkjzwfNyD; winch udka&mufapjcif;jzifh MA wefzdk;wufaponf/
* Topping lift udv
k nf; derrick head wGi&f adS om lower block (moving block) rS hauling part udx
k u
G af pNy;D
mast head wGio
f wfowfwyfxm;aom block wckrS topping winch odUk a&mufapNy;D MA wufatmifjyKvyk x
f m;onf/
xdkuJhodkUpDpOfxm;aomaMumifh winch rsm;wGif MA wufaponfhtjyif derrick wGifoufa&mufaprnfh thrust udk
reduce jzpfaponf/
* Side guy pendant rsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzifh opposite side rS winch rsm;jzifhqGJonf/
Traditional heavy derrick rsm;wGif winch (6) vHk;txd vdktyfwwfonf/ mast wdkiftwGuf extra stay
rsm;vkdtyfwwfonf/ toHk;jyK&ef rig vkyf&mwGif wcgw&H 8 hour cefYMumwwfonf/ (Danton page 387)
* Jumbor derrick onf main hatch (usually NO.2) wGi&
f w
dS wfonf/
 163
STUELCKEN DERRICK

1960 aemufydkif;ESifh 1970 ESpfrsm;twGif; pwiftoHk;jyKonf/ S.W.L 15 to S.W.L 525 txd&Sdonf/ "V"
shape &Sdaom stays rsm;rygonfh samson posts (mast) 2 acsmif;\ center line wGif derrick udkwyfqif xm;onf/
xdkYaMumifh F.W.D ESifh A.F.T hatch 2 ckvHk;odkY cargo runner hook udk ajymif;ay;jcif;jzifh operate vkyfEdkifonf/
mast post wckwGif hoisting winch wckESifh span (guy pendant) winch wpfckwyf xm;NyD; pkpkaygif; winch
4ckomvdt
k yfonf/ hoisting winch 2vH;k twGuf control lever wckEiS hf span winch 2 vH;k twGuf lever wpfcpk pk ak ygif;
lever 2 ckjzifh winch 4 vkH;udk vlwpfa,mufwnf;jzifh operate vkyfEdkifonf/
tjcm; cargo gear rsm;xuf stuelcken derrick \ advantages rsm;rSm-
1. Guys ESihf preventers rsm;rvdt
k yfjcif;? tackle work r&Sjd cif; (tackle rsm;wyfqif&jcif; prepared vky&f jcif;)
2. Mast 2ckMum;rS derrick udk F.W.D or A.F.Todk. swing vkyfEkdifojzifh F.W.D or A.F.T wGif&Sdaom
3. Derrick (winch) rsm;udk vlwa,mufxJjzifh controllers or remote control jzifhoperate jzifhvkyfEkdifjcif;/
4. Largely maintainance - free jzpfjcif; up to 4 years txd bearing, sheave, swivels ESihf gooseneck rsm;udk
maintaince vkyf&efrvdkyg friction rSm 2% cefYom&Sdonf/
5. Winch rsm;wGif full or half load power ratio 2ckom&Sad omaMumifh cargo handling speed rsm;udk vdt
k yfovdk
ajymif;vJEdkifjcif;/
6. Samson posts rsm;\ F.W.D ESifh A.F.T wGif union purchase rig vkyfEdkifaom light derricks 2
acsmif;pDyg0ifojzifh stuelken derrick jzifh heavy load udk hatch wckwiG f operate vkyaf epOf wjcm;wpfbufwiG f
union purchse ESifhwpfNydKifwnf; operate vkyfEdkifjcif;/
7. Stuelken container masts rsm;onf 3 to 5 tonnes &Sdaom load rsm;udk 2 min cefUtwGif; trans ship
vkyfEdkifjcif; samson post wpfacsmif;wGif light derrick wpfckxJomxm;NyD;4if;ukd F.W.D and A.F.T
odkUajymif;Ekdifatmif mast \ out board side wGifwyfxm;onf trunionstool jzifh support vkyfxm;onf/
xYdkaMumifh post 2 acsmif;wGif derrick wpfpHkomwyfxm;ojzifh economy jzpfonf derrick 2 acsmif;pm
tukeftusoufomonf/
8. Vessel wGif suffiencent loading stability &SdvQif stuelken derrick capicity udkBudKufoavmuf wnf
aqmufEdkifonfh S.W.L limit r&Sdjcif;/
9. Vessel wGif suffiencent derrick 2acsmif;ygvQif 4if;wdkU\ S.W.L aygif;v'f&Sdaom load udk rEdkifonf/
xdkuJhodkUr&mwGif traverse (derrick rsm;udkaemufrSqdkif;xm;aomBudK;) rvdktyfyg/ Oyrm- S.W.L 130 tons
&Sdaom derrick 2 acsmif;jzifh 260 tons load udk rEdkifonf/

* Type of stuelken ay:rlwnfí hoisting purchase udk F.W.D and A.F.T hatch rsm;odYk ajymif;aom method
rsm; uGmoGm;onf/
1. Rotary type
.
Crago tackle udk F.W.D and A.F.T odkUajymif;&ef boom udk vertical position wGif 180 rotate vkyfí
ajymif;onf/ yxrqHk;xkwfvkyfonfh design jzpfonf S.W.L up to 60 tons xd rEkdifonf/ oabFm 15 pD;cefY
wGifom&Sdonf/

2. Pendulum type (em&DcsdefoD;)

Cargo tackle udk derrick boom \ one side wGif rig vkyx
f m;onf/ xdUk aMumifh boom udk F.W.D and A.F.T
swing vkyv
f Qif cargo tackle onf automatically ajymif;Ny;D om;jzpfomG ;onf/
 164
3. Double pendulum
Pendulum type ESihf principle wlonf? odUk aomf cargo tackle 2 ckudk boom \ both side wGif rig vkyx
f m;onf
tackle lower block 2 ckukd cross bar (union table) ESihf attached vkyx
f m;onf/ cargo tackle2 ck udk union table
rSjzKwfNyD; boom udk swing vkyfvQif cargo tackle 2 cktjcm; hatch waybufajymif;rnf/ xdktcg union table
udkjyefwyfvQif F.W.D and A.F.T ajymif;NyD;om;jzpfonf/ boom udkwpfzufrSwpfbufodkU swing vkyf&mwGif boom
udk vertical position a&muf&efEiS hf vertical position rStjcm;wzufoUkd bull wire jzifq
h &JG onf/

4.Split purchase
Design onf pendulum type uhJodkY boom \ one side wGif cargo tackle udk rig vkyfxm;onf/ odkUaomf
cargo tackle 2 ckoHk;xm;onf/ (load enf;aomtcg hoisting speed rsm;rnf/)

5.Fork type
Single pendulum cargo tackle udkoHk;xm;onf/ wzufrSwzufodkUOD;pGm boom udk cargo tackle \ lower
block rS hook (ramshorn hook) udkjzKwf&onf? xdkUaemuf hoisting fall (cargo runner) udkqGJNyD; fork 2 ckjcm;wGif
cargo tackle 2 ckyl;NyD; vertical twdkif;jzpfonfhwdkifatmifwdkufyg/ (¤if;tcsdef cargo tackle \ lower block
onftay:wGif&SdNyD; upper block onfatmufwGif a&mufaernf/ xdkUaemuf boom udk operate vkyfrnf/ hatch
bufoUkd bull wire udo
k ;kH Ny;D swing vkyyf g cargo tackle \ lower block onfvnf; ¤if; hatch bufoUkd a&mufomG ;rnf/
xdkUaemuf hook udkjyefwyfNyD; operate vkyfEdkifonf/

6.Container type
¤if;onf Pendulum type ESihfwyHkpHwnf;jzpfonf/ odkUaomf cargo tackle \ hauling part udk (span tackle
operation force rsm;udk rxdcdkufapatmifcsdefpí) boom \ heel wGif&Sdaom goose neck bearing rSxGufatmif
lead block rsm;jzifh guide vkyfxm;onf/ xdkuJhodkUvkyfxm;ojzifh boom out board position wGif cargo handling
vky&f mü cargo gear \ stability vGepf mG aumif;aponf rapid swinging speed jzifh operate vkyEf ikd o
f nf/ (txl;ojzifh
container handling wGiv
f Qijf refaponf/)

7.Log/ lumber type

S.W.L rwlaom boom 2 acsmif;udk fore and A.F.T hatch 2 ckpvHk;wGifwpfjydKifeuf operate vkyfEdkif&ef
high speed ESifh operate vkyfEdkifNyD; stable design &SdaomaMumifh logs rsm;udk handling vkyf&efoifhavsmfonf/
8. High speed version
Span wire winch rsm;\ either side wGif disconnect vkyE
f ikd af om winch drum wpfv;kH xnfx
h m;onf span
wire udk reeving (&pf)&onf length wpf0ufavQmu
h sNy;D load vnf;wpf0ufavQmo
h mG ;onf/ odUk aomf swining speed
2 qwufonf/

EXTENPORE GEAR (Without Study or Preparation Gear)

¤if;wdu
Yk kd Wooden or steel spars jzifjh yKvyk x
f m;jy;D ? ¤if; spars udk topping lift jzifh tenf;qH;k 45 degrees
Angle xm;í axmifxm;&rnf/ Sheer rsm;tMum;wGif 60 to 90 degrees cGmxm;oifhonf/ ¤if; spars udk
strengthened vky&
f ef fishing (securing stout timbers jzifh tv,fwiG f spars \t&Snf oH;k yHEk pS yf ckH efjY zifh lashing
or bolt jzifh zrf;xm;onf/ Spars ESpfacsmif;udkzrf;xm;aom strops rsm; avQmrxGuf&ef atmufajcrS Collar
odrYk [kwf thumbs pieces jzifh zrf;xm;onf/ Spars \ Effective length onf Spars \ Heel ESifh Crutch Mum;
 165
distance udak c:onf/ Splay Tackles rsm;udk Spars rsm;\atmufajcrsm; um;rxGuo
f mG ;ap&ef txde;f oabmjzifh
wyfay;&rnf/ splay tackles t&SnfrSm sheer twGuf effective length \oHk;yHkwpfyHkjzpfjyD; Gym twGuf
effective length \ wpf0ufjzpfonf/ spars rsm;\atmufajcwGif Shoe rsm;xnfhay;&rnf/ Shoe udk timber
odkYr[kwf Sand bag rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfEkdifonf/

Single Spars
Ordinary derrick uJhodkYjzpfonf/ ¤if;\ Heel udk Hatch timber udk Shoe tjzpfoHk;í wyfqif&rnf/
Spars \ Heel udk tackle oHk;ck odkYr[kwf av;ckjzifh aocsmcGmí Secure vkyf&rnf/ Single Spars udktoHk;jyK
jcif;jzifh Weight wpfckudk Pick up vkyfjyD; tjcm;wpfae&modkY Swing vkyfjyD; a&TUajymif;Edkifonf/ (Certain limit
only)

Two Spars (Sheer legs)

Spars ESpfacsmif;udk Deck ay:wGifcsjyD; Head ESpfckudk Crutch Lashing vkyfyg/ Heel ESpfckudk 30 to 40
degree cGmxm;yg/ Crutch rSaeí topping lift udc
k snyf g/ Martingale (forward guy used to prevent backward
toppling) udk Crutch wGif Secure vkyfyg/ Lifting tackle udkvnf;wyfqifyg/ Weigth udkrpOfwGif ab;bufodkY
Swing rjzpfap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ odkYr[kwf spars wpfacsmif;\ heel onf deck ESifh vGwfoGm;jyD; jydK usEkdifonf/
Sheer leg udo
k ;kH jcif;jzifh deck ay:wGif forward or aft direction odYk sheer leg ESpcf u
k kd 20º toward the weight
odkY apmif;xm;jyD; weight udkrí opposite direction odkY 40º cefY swing vkyfjyD; weight udkjyefcsjcif;jzifh deck
ay:wGifa&TU,lEdkifonf/

Three Spars (Tripod or the Gym)

Spars oHk;acsmif;udk tripod tjzpf wyfqiftoHk;jyKonf/ yxrOD;pGm spars ESpfacsmif;udk sheer leg uJhodkY
deck ay:wGif lashing vkyfyg/ ¤if; spars ESpfacsmif;udk cheeks [kac:onf/ wwd, spars odkYr[kwf prypole
udk cheeks ESpaf csmif;\ crutch atmufem;rSmxnfí
h secure vkyyf g/ ¤if; tripod wGif splay tackle oHck Ek iS hf lifting
purchase omvdktyfonf/ Gym jzifh weight udkr&mwGif tripod \ base triangle tjyifodkY swing rjzpfap&ef
owdjyK&rnf/ Gym udk heavy weight rsm; vertical position odkYrjyD;jyefcs&eftwGufom toHk;jyKonf/ Oyrm-
windlass shaft rsm;udk repair vkyf&ef rjyD; jyefcszdkY&eftoHk;jyKwwfonf/
166
167
 168

ROTARY SINGLE PENDULUM

Cargo Wire
Topping Span
Topping
Span

Cargo
Wire

DOUBLE PENDULUM SPLIT PURCHASE

Cargo Wire Cargo Wire

Topping Span Topping Span

 169
UNION PURCHASE OR MARRIED GEAR

BREATHING APPARATUS