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Effect of Different Nitrogen and Weeding Levels on Yield of Five Maize

cultivars under Irrigation

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Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 1(4): 119-125, 2013 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/ujar.2013.010401

Effect of Different Nitrogen and Weeding Levels on Yield

of Five Maize cultivars under Irrigation
Izzeldein Adam Mohammed Radma1,*, Yassin Mohammed Ibrahim Dagash2

1
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resoureces, Gezira State Sudan
2
College of Agricultural Studies ,Shambat .Sudan University of Science and Technology
*Corresponding Author: izzeldienadammohmmed@gmail.com

Copyright © 2013 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved.

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the Maize grain enters also in livestock feeds, and in other
Demonstration Farm of Mohammed Osman Salih ( Blue Nile industrial purposes as in the case of glucose and starch and
North of Gezira state / ElBagir area) for the two consecutive edible oil industries.
seasons ( summer 2007 /2008 and 2008 /2009 ) to study the In industrialized countries, maize is largely used as
effect of nitrogen and weeding levels on yield of five livestock feed and as a raw material for industrial products,
cultivars of maize (Zea Mays L.) under irrigation. The while in developing courtiers it is mainly used for human
treatments used consisted of three levels of nitrogen control consumption. In sub-Saharan Africa, maize is a staple food
(N0) , 86 kg N/ha (N1), 129 kg N/ha (N2), two levels of for 50% of the population. It is important source of
weeding non-weed control (W0) , weeding (W1) and five carbohydrate, protein, vitamin B, and minerals. Green maize
cultivars, open pollinated Giza-2 (V1) , Var-113 (V2) , (fresh on the cob) is eaten boiled, playing an important role
Hudiba-1 (V3) and Hybrid cultivars, Hycorn-90 (V4) and in filling the hunger gap CIMMYT[1]
Hycorn-675 (V5).The 30 factorial treatments were executed Maize (Zea mays L,) is grown on approximately 140
in randomized complete block design, with four replications. million hectares (M/ha) worldwide: 97 M/ha in developing
The results obtained showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a countries, 34 M/ha in the high income countries, and 9 M/ha
significant effect on final seed yield and some yield in the Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union
components as cob yield and number of seeds per cob when http://www.c[2]
different nitrogen doing with no-weeding was not significant Maize is a staple food for several hundred million people
for seed yield. The results from these experiments showed in the developing world. The average inhabitant of Eastern
that hybrid cultivars maize efficiently utilized nitrogen and Southern Africa consumes about 80 kg of maize each
without weeding better than the open cultivars except year; while in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
Giza-2.The results obtained showed negligible differences he consumes about 170 kg. Annual per capita maize
between the two seasons for yield . This justifies growing utilization averages 100kg in East Asia and more than 190 kg
maize in summer with 129 kg/ha nitrogen and good in the southern cone of South America, largely as animals
cultivation. feed in both cases. Unfortunately, developing countries do
not produce enough maize to meet their needs and must
Keywords Cultivar, Irrigation, Nitrogen, Yield, therefore import approximately 30 million tons of maize
Weeding. annually. Use of improved cultivars and management
practices should help increase maize yield and reduce
imports in developing countries. {(http:// www[3]
Maize is the second most important crop of New World
1. Introduction food programme (Anonymous[4] In New World food
programme, maize is grown on 539,215 ha with a total
Maize or corn as a world crop is grown in various production of 836,446 tons and per ha yield of 1551 kg. It
countries. The crop is widely used as a food crop in many serves as a food, fodder and feed and also as a source of raw
parts of the world especially in the tropical and subtropical material for the industry. Average yield of maize in Pakistan
countries. Maize is rich in starch (carbohydrates) with an and New World food programme is very low as compared
average of about 70%, but low in protein (about 9.5%). The to other maize growing countries of the world .
oil is concentrated mainly in the germ with an average of 4% The weed control is an important management practice for
of the kernel weight. The compositions of the other maize production and should be carried out to ensure
components of the kernel are 1.4% sugars, 2.3 crude fibre optimum grain yield .Weed control in maize is carried out by
and 1.4% ash. mechanical and/ or chemical methods. Weed between plants
120 Effect of Different Nitrogen and Weeding Levels on Yield of Five Maize cultivars under Irrigation

rows are removed generally by mechanical cultivation. For the security reasons and the reliability of the result
While weeds on the rows are controlled by hand hoeing or by they were conducted in the farms of Osman Salih ElBagir
herbicides, and both methods are effective in controlling area (North of Gezira state. Sudan) latitude 15-22N and
weeds. longitude 32-46 E.
The average annual harvested area in the world is over 150 Prior to commencement of the experiment, soil samples
million hectares with seed production of about 800 million were taken for the analysis of soil, which showed that soil
metric tons with an average yield of 4970.9 kilogram per was sandy clay loam with a pH range from 8.29-8.88. It was
hectares Wikipedia[5] The average harvested area in the found that the sand content ranged from 38.80 to 69.80%, the
world is about 130 million hectares with seed production of silt content from 4.44-28.00% and the clay contents from
about 455 million metric tons per hectare Ali[6] The United 24.48 to 33.20%. The nitrogen content was found to be
States exports about 59 per cent of the world trade of corn. 0.0079-8.035% and 0.0079-0.047% over dry weight. The
Other maize exporting countries include: China, Brazil, phosphorus content 0.55-1.85 mg/L and the K contents was
Mexico, Argentina, India and France. 0.200 to 0.92 mg/L .
The leading importing countries include: Italy, Japan, The climate of the locality is tropical semi-arid with low
United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands and Spain relative humidity. During summer in the first season, the
Jugenheimer[7]. In Africa, the Portuguese brought maize range of temperature was 41.6-19.5°C and during the second
from the West Indies to the island of Sao Tome, and from season it was 42.6-19.2°C. Temperature, relative humidity
there it was taken to the Cold Coast. Apparently, it reached and rainfall data for the two seasons was obtained from
South Africa shortly after the arrival of the first Dutch Ministry of Sciences and Technology, Meteorological
colonists, where it now occupies 65% of the land under Authority, Khartoum Station .
cropping, and it is the main staple food of the majority of the The seeds of open-pollinated cultivars (Geza-2, Hudeiba-1
people. Another possibility is that the crop may have entered and var-113) were obtained from the Seed Propagation
Africa through Egypt, where maize cultivation was Administration, Gezira Research Station. The 2 hybrid
established in the latter half of the eighteenth century with cultivars (Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675) were obtained from
cultivars imported from Syria and India Song et al[8]. Pacific Seeds PTY .LTD.
In Sudan, Maize utilization as a human food for making The experiment was factorial in a randomized complete
bread was limited, where most of the produce is consumed as block design, with four replications. The treatments
roasted kernels or in mixing with wheat to make bread. The consisted of the five cultivars of maize (V1 = Geza-2, V2 =
environmental conditions in the Sudan are generally var-113 , V3 = Hudiba -1,V4 = Hycorn-90, V5 = Hycorn-675.
favorable for maize production. Old statistics showed that The three levels of nitrogen are:-
the crop used to be produced in various ecological zones N0 =( control ) with no nitrogen , N1 ( 86kg N/ha) , N2
Arab[9] and AOAD[10]. (129 kg N/ha ): and the two levels of weed are : W0 ( control )
The total area of maize was 160 hectares in 1999 and the with no weed , W1 = weeding .
total production was 406 kg \ha Lower yields and low market Before sowing the fertilizer was applied where nitrogen
prices, were the main factors, which gave low priority for was broad-cast on top of the ridges .Sowing was done by
maize in agricultural development in the Sudan .Results hand where 2 -3 seeds per hole were sown on top of the ridge
indicated the success of the crop under rain-fed conditions in holes 20 cm within the ridge, then the seedings were
where an average yield of about 1.9 ton\feddan was obtained. thinned to one plant per hole .The experiment was sown on
Further experimental trials were carried out by the Arab the 27th of July in the first season (2007/2008) and on the 1st
African Company for Agricultural and Industrial of August (2008/2009).
Development under irrigation (3.000 feddans) in Gezira The watering interval was 8 -10 days in both season and
FAO[11]. the plants were thinned to one plant per hole after seventeen
As mentioned before, the yield of maize per unit area in days from planting. More than three manual weedings in
the Sudan is the very low compared to the world average. each seasons were carried out according to the block design
The reasons are many including management and the main treatments .Termites infestation was observed when the crop
objective of this research is to study the effects of the was 35 days old in the two seasons. The crop was sprayed
nitrogen and weeding on productivity of a number of maize with Dursban 10ml/L in first season and in the second season
genotypes and to select the best cultivar for the prevailing the crop sprayed with Morsban (480ml/L).
conditions. The number of cobs per plant was taken at 60 and 75 days
from sowing, for each of the six plants per plot.
The six plants of each plot were cut at 120 days from
2. Materials and Methods sowing and sun-dried then weighed and the average dry
The experiment was conducted for two consecutive weight per plant was recorded.
summer seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. When signs of maturity were clear on the plants (complete
The objectives of this experimental were to investigate the yellowing of leaves and cobs and partial shedding of leaves),
effect of nitrogen and weeding levels on yield of five maize harvesting was made for the remaining plants for the plot to
(Zea mays) cultivars . estimate the final yield.
 Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 1(4): 119-125, 2013 121

The cobs of six plants in each plot were measured and the 3. Results
average cob length was recorded for each plot.
The average number of seeds per cob and the average Analysis of variance(table1,2) show clear significant (P=
weight per cob were also made. 0.01) differences in dry weight between the levels of
100-seeds were counted randomly and weighed for each nitrogen. The application of 86 kg N/ha gave 20%,26%
plot. significantly higher dry weight over control, whereas the
The cobs from each plot of the harvested plants were application of 129 kg N/ha increased the dry weight per plant
weighed then threshed and the seed yields for each plot were over the control by 27%, 30% respectively. Also, in the two
recorded. Yield per hectare was then estimated. season there were significant (P=0.01) differences between
Data collected from the different treatment were subjected cultivars, where cultivar HyCorn-90 gave significantly
to analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate for higher dry weight than the cultivars Giza-2, var.113,
randomized complete block design (Gomez and Gomez, Hudiba-1 and Hycorn-675, which were significantly
1984).The means were separated using the least significant different from each other. The interaction between
difference (LSD) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). treatments and weeding were also significant .

Table 1. F-value of the measured variables for interaction of cultivar weeding and fertilizer treatment

2007/08 season
Length of
Source of No .of Dry weight/plant Weight of 100-seeds No .of Yield of seeds
d. f cob
variation rows/cob g seeds/cob wt (g) seeds/cob kg/ha
(cm)
V 4 6.68* 36.28** 61.62** 16.55* 110.8** 35.18** 41.254**
N 1 0.505NS 656.7** 376.5** 267.1** 182.6** 94.05** 214.634**
499.64*
W 2 0.95NS 117.6** 1724** 61.30** 3.81NS 1.086NS
*
VN 4 5.38* 117.62** 56.92** 8.56* 6127** 4.99NS 39.55**
VW 8 4.22** 27.98* 76.62** 12.28** 54.72** 10.75* 48.48*
113.25*
NW 2 1.35NS 20.84* 19.62* 15.26** 3.59NS 10.352*
*
VNW 8 3.09* 98.44** 64.57** 9.73* 29.84** 5.315* 43.55
Ms. Error 1.056 43.93 7.114 2.325 564.11 1.05 82.061
SE 0.297 1.913 0.770 0.440 7.383 0.296 2.3
LSD 0.6162 4.195 1.693 0.9272 14.45 0.680 181.2
C.V % 1.5% 0.7% 7.5% 4.7% 8.3% 3.4% 15.6%
** = significant at1% level ( highly significant)
* = significant at 5% level (significant)
NS = not significant

Table 2. F-value of the measured variables for interaction of cultivars weeding and fertilizer treatments

2008 / 2009 season

No .of Dry weight per
Source of Weight of 100seeds No .of seeds Length of cob
d. f rows plant Yield of seeds kg/ha
variation seeds/cob weight (g) /cob (cm)
Per cob G
V 4 178.78** 25.22* 20206.0** 215.7** 55.320.3** 2118.2** 1641444.4**
N 2 93.07* 49.12* 26278.2** 2495.01** 73768.1** 14759.0** 113491135.8**
W 1 180.08** 80.03** 86887.0** 1184.4** 125001.1** 8806.5** 5441476.4**
VN 8 81.51* 6.38* 13632.1** 171.23** 121318.9** 411.23** 5540227.7**
VW 4 43.218 10.21* 8238.8** 7163* 20859.2** 388.38** 448216.1**
NW 2 21.80* 2.11NS 4386.2** 447.3** 42850.9** 535.9** 3740356.8**
VNW 8 45.28** 19.88* 14665.7** 202.26** 31261.1** 1185.71** 7498855.9**
Ms. Error 3.83 2.344 217.72 9.514 911.78 24.494 143923.7
SE 0.565 0.442 4.26 0.980 8.717 1.429 109.515

LSD 1.227 0.964 9.295 1822 19.15 3.143 239.3

C.V % 13.3% 36.4% 26.8% 31.3% 35.9% 35.6% 39.3%

** = significant at1% level ( highly significant)

* = significant at 5% level (significant)
NS = not significant
122 Effect of Different Nitrogen and Weeding Levels on Yield of Five Maize cultivars under Irrigation

The application of 86 kg N/kg did not increase rows whereas the application of 129kg N/ha increased the weight
number per cob compared to the control, whereas the of seeds over the control by 106%, 84% respectively. On the
application of 129 kg N/ha increased the number of rows per other hand, there were significant differences in the weight
cob over control by 8% in the first season, however of seeds between the application of 86 and 129 kg N/ha in the
application of 86 and 129 kg N/ha gave similar significantly both. Also, there were significant (P=0.01) differences
9% higher number of rows per cob over the control in the between cultivars, in 2007/2008 Giza-2 gave significantly
second season. On other hand, there were no significant higher weight of seeds than var-113, Hudiba-1, Hycorn-90
differences in the number of rows per cob between the and Hycorn-675, which were not significantly different from
application of 86 and 129 kg N/ha (Table1,2). Also, there each other. While in 2008/2009 Hycorn-90 and Hycorn -675
were no significant differences between the five cultivars in gave significantly higher weight of seeds per cobs than
number of rows per cob. The differences between the two Giza-2 ,var-113and Hudiba -1, which were also
levels of weeding and the interaction were not significant in significantly different from each other . The difference
the both. between the two levels of weeding and interaction were
From the statistical analysis(table1,2), it was clear that significant.
there were significant (P=0.01) differences in 100-seeds From the statistical analysis (table1,2), it was clear that
weight between the levels of nitrogen. The application of 86 there were significant (P=0.01) differences in seeds number
kg N/ha gave 25% ,31% significantly higher 100-seeds per cob between the levels of nitrogen. The application of 86
weight over the control, whereas the application of 129 kg kg N/ha gave 40%,38% significantly higher number of seeds
N/ha increased the weight of seeds over the control by 69% , over the control, whereas the application of 129kg N/ha
75% respectively. First season there were significant (P= increased the number of seeds per cob over the control by
0.01) differences between cultivars , where cultivars 27%,84% respectively. On the other hand, in the first season
Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675 gave significantly higher there were no significant differences in the number of seeds
100-seeds weight than the cultivars Giza-2, var-113 and per cob between the application of 86 and 129kg N/ha. Also,
Hudiba-1 which were not significantly different from each there was significant (P=0.01) difference between cultivars,
other. In second season also There were significant (P=0.01) where Giza-2 gave significantly higher number of seeds per
differences between cultivars, where Hudiba-1 gave cob than the cultivars var-113, Hudiba-1, Hycorn-90 and
significantly higher weight of 100-seed than Giza-2, var-113, Hycorn-675.In the second season there were significant
Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675, which were also significantly differences in the number of seeds per cob between 86 and
different from each other. Weeding gave significant higher 129 kg N/ha. Also, there was significant (P=0.01) difference
seed weight over the control and treatment interaction were between cultivars, where Hudiba-1 gave significantly higher
significant in both. number of seeds per cob than Giza-2, var-113, Hycorn-90
From the analysis of variance (table1,2), it was clear that and Hycorn-675. Weeding gave significant increase in seed
there were significant differences in length of cob between number over the control in both seasons.
the levels of nitrogen. The application of 129 kg N/ha gave There were significant (P=0.01) differences in seed yield
8%,23% significantly longer cobs than the control per hectare between the levels of nitrogen. The application of
respectively, whereas in the first one the application of 86 kg 86 kg N/ha gave 49%, 29% significantly higher seed yield
N/ha did not increase the length of cobs over the control, over the control, whereas the application of 129 kg N/ha
there were no significant differences in the length of cob increased the seed yield over control by 106%, 86%
between the application of 86 and 129 kg N/ha, there were respectively. On the other hand, there were significant
significant differences between the cultivars, where differences in the seed yield between the application of 86
Hycorn-90, Hycorn-675 and Giza-2 gave significantly taller and 129 kg N/ha (Table 1,2). Also in the first season there
length than var-113 and Hudeiba-1. While the second season . were significant (P=0.01) differences between cultivars,
the application of 86 kg N/ha gave 15% significantly longer whereas cultivar Giza-2 gave significantly higher seed yield
cobs than the control and there were significant differences than var-113, Hudiba-1, Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675, which
in the length of cobs between the application of 86 and 129 were significantly different from each other. season two
kg N/ha, there were significant differences between cultivars, cultivar Hudiba-1 gave significantly higher seed yield than
where cultivars Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675 gave the Giza-2, var-113, Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675, which
significantly taller length than the cultivars Giza-2, var-113 were significantly different from each other.
and Hudeiba-1 which were not significantly from each other. The weeding level gave significantly higher yield of seed
The differences between the two levels of weed, the weeding kg/ha over control. Treatment interaction was also
levels gave 15%, 23% significant over the control significant.
respectively.
Statistical analysis(table1,2) shows a significant effect of
nitrogen and weeding and their interaction an seed weight
4. Discussion
per cob. The application of 86 kg/ha gave 44%, 38% Weeding had significant effect on dry weight and in
significantly heavier weight of seeds/cob over control, general weed control gave higher dry weight in both seasons.
 Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 1(4): 119-125, 2013 123

This result is confirmed by Teton-Kagho and Gardner[12]. obtained from plots kept weeded at early stage. Results from
Nitrogen application generally increased dry weight/plant both seasons suggest that weed control should be carried out
and the increase reached significant levels at later stages of for maize to provide maximum grain yield per cob. Results
growth in both seasons. Such effects could be attributed to obtained in this study in both seasons showed that the
enhancement of vegetative growth and dry weight significant increase in seed yield and yield components were
production by nitrogen. The interaction of N with weeding mainly due to the applications of nitrogen. The increase in
had significant effect on dry weight (at early stages at over seed yield can be attributed to the increase in cob yield and
60 days from sowing) in the second season. It is well known number of seeds per cob.
that the combined effect of nitrogen and weeding is greater These increases were positively correlated with prolonged
than individual effect of each treatment by itself. weed –free duration. However ,yields obtained from plots
Effects of nitrogen on number of seeds per cob are kept weed-free until the growth of maize were not significant
significant. Weed and the interaction of nitrogen were from those plot kept weed-free from emergence until row
significant in both seasons. In this connection, Habib [13]; closure. This may be explained by the lower weed
Sharma[14]; Lucas[15] found significant effects of nitrogen occurrence in maize until the 6-leaf stage. Hanway [35];
on number of seeds per cob. Singh et al[16] Gangwar and Berzensy et al[36] and Delpine and Covareli [37] stated that
KaLm [17] and Cimmyt[18] found that maize yield and yield the nutrient uptake of maize from soil is relatively small
components were significantly increased by application of during the 2-4 leaf stage of development.
nitrogen. In this study, grain yield of Hybrids and open pollinated
The result obtained in both seasons showed no significant cultivars of maize was positively affected by nitrogen and
effect of nitrogen on 100-seeds weight, with significant weeding significantly. In the first season, cultivar Giza-2
effect of weeding. Ali [19] and Ologunde and Ogunlela [20] gave higher seed yield of 4.52t/ha, compared to other
found no significant effects of nitrogen on 100-seeds weight. cultivars, but in the second season, cultivars Hycorn-90 and
Weed removal had no–significant effect on number of Hycorn-675 (Hybrid) gave higher grain yield of 4.10t/ha.
rows/cob in both seasons, while weeding during different Similar results were obtained by Adediran et al., [38]; FPDD
growth stages increased number of 100-seeds weight. [39]. The yield of hybrid maize increased with increase in
Oleson et al.,[21] studied the response of corn to weeding nitrogen rate.
and reported both negative and positive responses. Positive From the comparison of the seed yield in the two seasons,
responses were associated with low weed growth and it was clear that there were very little differences between
negative responses with high weed growth during maize seasons, where in the first summer season seed yield varied
growth stages. between 2730 – 5631 kg/ha with an average of 4.18 t /ha
The effects of nitrogen, weed and their interactions on while the yield in the second season varied between 2.70
seeds yield were significant in both seasons. Sharma [22] to5.03 t/ha with an average of 3.87 t/ha.
found that nitrogen had significant effect on weight of seeds
per plant. Gangwar and Kalm [23] stated that nitrogen
significantly influenced yield attributes. Also cultivars
5. Conclusions
showed significant difference seed yield. These results are in In this study, N application to maize tended to improve
agreement with the results of Singh and Saroha [24]; Karama seed yeild. The response to N increased as level of N applied
Swamy [25] ; Richards et al [26] and Omara[27] . On the increased. Thus it is feasible to recommend N application to
other hand, increasing nitrogen, irrespective of weeding, maize under similar conditions .This suggest, as mentioned
gave a continuous increase in seeds yield. Similar results earlier, that maize crop in this area can successfully be grown
were obtained by Ali [28] and Arab O [29]. Ebaisary et al., in the summer season in Northern, Gezira and similar areas
[30] found significant increases in seed yield with increasing in Sudan.
levels of nitrogen but the increase in seed yield above the The weed control used in this study failed to bring out
levels of 80 -130 kg N/ha was low and not significant. On the clear differences in yield of maize. Also results of this
other hand, Abdel Malik et al[31]; Okajima et al[32] and experiment showed that weeds cause 42-62% yield losses in
Affholder et al[33] found that seed yield increased maize. However, a weed-free growth period during stages of
significantly with the application of nitrogen and weed the crop was enough to prevent these losses under similar
control. growing conditions. These results are valuable for growers
In the present study in the two seasons, nitrogen gave a for developing an integrated weed control strategy.
consistently, significant increase in yield and yield The experiment was conducted during summer in both
components. In this connection, Gardner et al[34] reported seasons. Further studies are needed to compare summer
that various maize cultivars responded to the application of growing with winter growing.
nitrogen up to 240 kg N/ha. The responses due to these high The results from these experiments showed that hybrid
levels of nitrogen might be due to the poor soil conditions of maize (Hycorn-90 and Hycorn-675) efficiently utilized
the experimental site or due to high response of the cultivars nitrogen better than the open pollinated
used. In this study the highest number of seed/cob was (Hudiba-1andVar-113) with the exception of Giza-2.
124 Effect of Different Nitrogen and Weeding Levels on Yield of Five Maize cultivars under Irrigation

Agricultural Research Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture

and Forestry, Sudan.
[20] Ologunde, O.O. and Ogunlela, V.B. (1984). Relationship of
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