References:

1. Wikipedia (n.d.) Law. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law [Accessed 18

May 2025].

2. University of Kashmir (n.d.) Jurisprudence – Unit I. [online] Available at:

https://law.uok.edu.in/Files/5ce6c765-c013-446c-b6ac-b9de496f8751/Custom/jurisprudence-
Unit-I.pdf [Accessed 18 May 2025].

3. The Open University (n.d.) Starting with law. [online] Available at:
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society-politics-law/starting-law/content-section-1.1
[Accessed 18 May 2025].

4. Collins Dictionary (n.d.) Law. [online] Available at:

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/law [Accessed 18 May 2025].

5. UNDP (n.d.) The meaning of law. [online] Available at:

https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ua/paper-meaning-of-law-
EN.pdf [Accessed 18 May 2025].

6. Encyclopaedia Britannica (n.d.) Law. [online] Available at:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/law [Accessed 18 May 2025].

7. Vocabulary.com (n.d.) Law. [online] Available at:

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/law [Accessed 18 May 2025].

8. Britannica Dictionary (n.d.) Law. [online] Available at:

https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/law [Accessed 18 May 2025].
a.
9. University of Lucknow (n.d.) Sources of Law. [online] Available at:
https://udrc.lkouniv.ac.in/Content/DepartmentContent/SM_4c1bee9c-cb81-4e0f-b9aa-
ef256ae4290b_30.pdf [Accessed 18 May 2025].

10. COHUBICOL (n.d.) Sources of Law. [online] Available at:

https://publications.cohubicol.com/vocabularies/law/sources-of-law/ [Accessed 18 May 2025].

11. Nicolet College (n.d.) Sources and Types of Law. [online] Available at:
https://nicoletcollege.pressbooks.pub/businesslaw/chapter/sources-and-types-of-law/
[Accessed 18 May 2025].

12. Wikipedia (n.d.) Sources of law. [online] Available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_law [Accessed 18 May 2025].

13. Highline College Library (n.d.) Sources of Law. [online] Available at:
https://library.highline.edu/c.php?g=344547&p=2320319 [Accessed 18 May 2025].

14. Lumen Learning (n.d.) Sources of Law. [online] Available at:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-criminallaw/chapter/1-6-sources-of-law/ [Accessed
18 May 2025].
15. Lumen Learning (n.d.) Part II – Sources of Law. [online] Available at:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-monroe-law101/chapter/part-ii-sources-of-law/
[Accessed 18 May 2025].

16. PW Live (n.d.) Sources of Law – Company Secretary Exam. [online] Available at:
https://www.pw.live/exams/company-secretary/sources-of-law/ [Accessed 18 May 2025].

17. NATO (1999) Judicial Functions, Importance and Quality. [online] Available at:
https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/bogdanovskaia.pdf [Accessed 18 May 2025].

18. NIU (n.d.) Judiciary: Functions, Importance and Essential Qualities. [online] Available at:
https://niu.edu.in/sla/online-classes/Judiciary-Functions,-Importance-and-an-Essential-
Quality-of-Judiciary.pdf [Accessed 18 May 2025].

19. Lok Sabha (n.d.) Introduction to Legislation. [online] Available at:

https://sansad.in/ls/legislation/introduction [Accessed 18 May 2025].

20. Karnataka Judicial Academy (n.d.) Role of Courts in Upholding Rule of Law. [online]
Available at:
https://kjablr.kar.nic.in/assets/articles/Role_of_Courts_in_Upholding_Rule_of_Law.pdf
[Accessed 18 May 2025].

21. Wikipedia (n.d.) Lawmaking procedure in India. [online] Available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawmaking_procedure_in_India [Accessed 18 May 2025].

22. Encyclopaedia Britannica (n.d.) Judicial lawmaking. [online] Available at:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/court-law/Judicial-lawmaking [Accessed 18 May 2025].

23. Lok Sabha (2022) G8 Legislation Document. [online] Available at:

https://sansad.in/uploads/mfm_G8_04fa398e83.pdf?updated_at=2022-11-
29T06%3A58%3A05.044Z [Accessed 18 May 2025].

24. Utkal University (2022) Common Law System and Institutions in India. [online] Available at:
https://utkaluniversity.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Common-Law-system-and-
Institutions-in-India.pdf [Accessed 18 May 2025].

25. Legislation.gov.uk. (n.d.) Justice of the Peace Act 1361. [Online] Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3/34-35/1/contents

26. GOV.UK. (2024) Magistrates’ courts. [Online] Available at:

https://www.gov.uk/courts/magistrates-courts

27. Legal Services Commission. (2022) Common Law and Statute Law: How They Interact.
[Online] Available at: https://www.legalservicescommission.org.uk/common-law-vs-statute-
law

28. House of Commons Library. (2023) Understanding Statutory Interpretation. [Online]

Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8730/

29. Judiciary UK. (n.d.) The Role of Precedent in English Law. [Online] Available at:
https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/the-justice-system/jurisdictions/criminal-
jurisdiction/
30.
31. GOV.UK (2024) Employment Rights Act 1996. [online] Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/18

32. GOV.UK (2024) Equality Act 2010. [online] Available at:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15

33. GOV.UK (2024) Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. [online] Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1974/37

34. GOV.UK (2024) Companies Act 2006. [online] Available at:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46

35. GOV.UK (2024) Consumer Rights Act 2015. [online] Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/15

36. Acas (2024) Common law and employment. [online] Available at:
https://www.acas.org.uk/common-law-and-employment

37. CIPD (2023) Employment law overview. [online] Available at:

https://www.cipd.org/uk/knowledge/factsheets/employment-law-factsheet

38. Ministry of Corporate Affairs (2020) Companies (Amendment) Act, 2020. [Online] Available
at: https://www.mca.gov.in/content/mca/global/en/acts-rules/companies-act/companies-
amendment-act-2020.html

39. Press Information Bureau (2020) Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2020 passed in Lok Sabha.
[Online] Available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1658614

40. PRS Legislative Research (2020) The Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2020. [Online] Available
at: https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-companies-amendment-bill-2020

41. World Bank (2020) Doing Business 2020 Report. [Online] Available at:
https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2020
42. IBM Wins $1.6 Billion Legal Battle as Supreme Court Upholds Ruling (2025) World Lawyers
Forum. Available at: https://worldlawyersforum.org/news/ibm-wins-1-6b-software-case-
supreme-court-ruling/ (Accessed: 25 April 2025).
43. IBM Age Discrimination Litigation - Cohen Milstein (2024) Cohen Milstein. Available at:
https://www.cohenmilstein.com/case-study/ibm-age-discrimination-litigation/ (Accessed: 25
April 2025).
44. IBM's spinoff: key contractual considerations for existing IBM clients (2021) DLA Piper.
Available at: https://www.dlapiper.com/en-QA/es-pr/insights/publications/2021/05/ibms-
spinoff-key-contractual-considerations-for-existing-ibm-clients (Accessed: 25 April 2025).
45. IBM IASP – Pros and Cons - Redress Compliance (2024) Redress Compliance. Available at:
https://redresscompliance.com/ibm-iasp-pros-and-cons/ (Accessed: 25 April 2025).
46. Legislation - Wikipedia (2002) Wikipedia. Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislation (Accessed: 25 April 2025).
47. Standard vs Framework vs Laws vs Regulations: 6 Key differences (2025) TrustCloud.
Available at: https://community.trustcloud.ai/docs/grc-launchpad/grc-101/compliance/
standard-vs-framework-vs-laws-vs-regulations/ (Accessed: 25 April 2025).
48. IBM (n.d.) LegalMation transforms legal operations with IBM Watson. [online] Available at:
https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/legalmation [Accessed 18 May 2025].

49. IBM (n.d.) Judicial systems are turning to AI to help manage vast quantities of data and
expedite case resolution. [online] Available at:
 https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/blog/judicial-systems-are-turning-to-ai-to-help-manage-its-
vast-quantities-of-data-and-expedite-case-resolution [Accessed 18 May 2025].

50. IBM (n.d.) Administrative Office of the Courts boosts operational efficiency with IBM Cloud
and Watson AI. [online] Available at: https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/administrative-
office-of-the-courts [Accessed 18 May 2025].

51. IBM (n.d.) Legal information. [online] Available at:

https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/samfm/8.0.1?topic=legal-information [Accessed 18 May 2025].

52. IBM (n.d.) Sample calculations. [online] Available at:

https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/openpages/9.0.0?topic=calculations-sample [Accessed 18 May
2025].

53. IBM (n.d.) Blendow Group accelerates legal research with IBM Watson Discovery. [online]
Available at: https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/blendow-group [Accessed 18 May 2025].

54. IBM (n.d.) Legal & General streamlines risk management with IBM OpenPages. [online]
Available at: https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/legal-and-general [Accessed 18 May 2025].

55. IBM (n.d.) Watson Discovery – Use cases. [online] Available at:
https://www.ibm.com/products/watson-discovery/use-cases [Accessed 18 May 2025].
56. IndiaFilings. (2023). Sole Proprietorship Registration Process. Available at:
https://www.indiafilings.com/learn/sole-proprietorship-registration-2/

57. iPleaders. (2022). The Partnership Act, 1932. Available at: https://blog.ipleaders.in/the-indian-
partnership-act-1932/

58. Vedantu. (2025). Formation of a Company: Stages, Process, and Procedure. Available at:
https://www.vedantu.com/commerce/formation-of-a-company

59. Stripe. (2024). Incorporated vs. unincorporated: What businesses should know. Available at:
https://stripe.com/in/resources/more/incorporated-vs-unincorporated-what-businesses-should-
know

60. Hysons. (2023). What's the Best Legal Structure: Incorporated or Unincorporated? Available
at: https://www.hysons.co.uk/news/whats-the-best-legal-structure-incorporated-or-
unincorporated/
61. LawShelf. (n.d.). Sole Proprietorship. Available at:
https://www.lawshelf.com/coursewarecontentview/sole-proprietorship/
62. Investopedia. (2024). What Are the Sources of Funding Available for Companies? Available
at: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/03/062003.asp

63. Hello Bonsai. (2024). Sole Proprietorship Examples. Available at:

https://www.hellobonsai.com/blog/sole-proprietorship-examples

64. Black Tie Legal Services India LLP. (2024). Top 23 Partnership Firm Examples. Available at:
https://blacktielegalservicesindiallp.in/partnership-firm-examples/

65. US Chamber of Commerce. (2023). 10 Hugely Successful Companies that Reinvented Their
Business. Available at:
https://www.uschamber.com/co/good-company/growth-studio/successful-companies-that-
reinvented-their-business

66. ClearTax. (2025). Appointments, Roles, Responsibilities of Company Secretaries. Available

at: https://cleartax.in/s/company-secretary-appointments-roles-responsibilities-removal

67. Umesh Chandra College. (n.d.). Introduction to Company [PDF]. Available at:
https://umeschandracollege.ac.in/pdf/study-material/company-law/Introduction%20to
%20Company.pdf

68. Investopedia. (n.d.) Sole Proprietorship: What It Is, Pros and Cons, and Differences From an
LLC. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/soleproprietorship.asp
[Accessed 26 Apr. 2025].

69. Investopedia. (n.d.) Partnership: Definition, How It Works, Taxation, and Types. [online]
Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/partnership.asp [Accessed 26 Apr. 2025].

70. Investopedia. (n.d.) Corporation: What It Is and How to Form One. [online] Available at:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corporation.asp [Accessed 26 Apr. 2025].

71. GOV.UK. (n.d.) Set up as a sole trader. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/set-up-
sole-trader [Accessed 26 Apr. 2025].

72. U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). (n.d.) Choose a business structure. [online]
Available at: https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/launch-your-business/choose-business-
structure [Accessed 26 Apr. 2025].

73. Wikipedia. (n.d.) Corporation. [online] Available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation [Accessed 26 Apr. 2025].

74. Corporate Finance Institute (CFI). (n.d.) Partnership. [online] Available at:
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/accounting/partnership/ [Accessed 26 Apr.
2025].

75. GOV.UK (2023) Set up a business. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/set-up-business

(Accessed: 26 April 2025).

76. GOV.UK (2023) What a sole trader is. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/become-sole-trader
(Accessed: 26 April 2025).

77. Legislation.gov.uk (1907) Limited Partnerships Act 1907. Available at:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw7/7/24/contents (Accessed: 26 April 2025).
78. Legislation.gov.uk (2006) Companies Act 2006. Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/contents (Accessed: 26 April 2025).

79. Legislation.gov.uk (2006) Companies Act 2006 - Explanatory Notes. Available at:
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/notes (Accessed: 26 April 2025).
a.
80. Supreme Court of Canada, 2020. Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller, 2020 SCC 16, [online]
Available at: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/18304/index.do [Accessed 27
April 2025].

81. Arbitration Act, 1991, S.O. 1991, c. 17. Government of Ontario, [online] Available at:
https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/91a17 [Accessed 27 April 2025].

82. International Commercial Arbitration Act, 2017, S.O. 2017, c. 2, Sched. 5. Government of
Ontario, [online] Available at: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/17i02 [Accessed 27 April
2025].

83. Employment Standards Act, 2000, S.O. 2000, c. 41. Government of Ontario, [online]
Available at: https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/00e41 [Accessed 27 April 2025>.
84. ADR Chambers Canada (no date) ADR Chambers Canada. [online] Available at:
https://adrchambers.com [Accessed 27 April 2025].

85. American Arbitration Association (no date) AAA Employment Arbitration. [online] Available
at: https://www.adr.org/Employment [Accessed 27 April 2025].

86. Law Society of Ontario (no date) Lawyer Referral Service. [online] Available at:
https://lso.ca/public-resources/lawyer-and-paralegal-finder/lawyer-referral-service [Accessed
27 April 2025].

87. Ontario Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development (no date) Resolve
a workplace issue. [online] Available at: https://www.ontario.ca/page/resolve-workplace-issue
[Accessed 27 April 2025].

88. Government of Ontario (no date) File a complaint about Employment Standards. [online]
Available at: https://www.ontario.ca/page/file-complaint-employment-standards [Accessed 27
April 2025].

89. Tribunals Ontario (no date) Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario. [online] Available at:
https://tribunalsontario.ca/hrto/ [Accessed 27 April 2025].

90. Tribunals Ontario (no date) Ontario Labour Relations Board. [online] Available at:
https://tribunalsontario.ca/olrb/ [Accessed 27 April 2025].

91. Legal Aid Ontario (no date) Legal Aid Ontario. [online] Available at:
https://www.legalaid.on.ca [Accessed 27 April 2025].

92. Law Society of Ontario (no date) Paralegals. [online] Available at: https://lso.ca/paralegals
[Accessed 27 April 2025].

93. Haynes Law Firm (no date) Haynes Law Firm. [online] Available at:
https://www.hayneslawfirm.com [Accessed 27 April 2025].
a.
94. Law Society of Ontario, 2025. Law Society Referral Service. [online] Available at:
https://lsrs.lso.ca/ [Accessed 27 April 2025].
95. Legal Aid Ontario, 2025. About Legal Aid Ontario. [online] Available at:
https://www.legalaid.on.ca/ [Accessed 27 April 2025].

96. Legal Aid Ontario, 2025. Community Legal Clinics. [online] Available at:
https://www.legalaid.on.ca/find-legal-help/community-legal-clinics/ [Accessed 27 April
2025].

97. Law Society of Ontario, 2025. Paralegal Rules of Conduct. [online] Available at:
https://lso.ca/about-lso/legislation-rules/paralegal-rules-of-conduct [Accessed 27 April 2025].

98. ADR Chambers, 2025. ADR Chambers Canada. [online] Available at:
https://adrchambers.com/ [Accessed 27 April 2025].

99. American Arbitration Association, 2025. Employment Law Dispute Resolution. [online]
Available at: https://www.adr.org/Employment [Accessed 27 April 2025].

100. Ontario Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development, 2025.
Employment Standards. [online] Available at: https://www.ontario.ca/page/employment-
standards-workplace-safety [Accessed 27 April 2025].
101. ADR Chambers Canada Inc., 2024. Annual Statistics on Employment Mediation and
Arbitration. [online] Available at: https://www.adrchambers.com/statistics [Accessed 27
April 2025].
102. Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS), 2024. Early Conciliation
and Mediation Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.acas.org.uk/statistics [Accessed
27 April 2025].
103. American Arbitration Association (AAA), 2024. Employment Arbitration Case Filing
and Resolution Statistics. [online] Available at:
https://www.adr.org/AAA_Employment_Statistics [Accessed 27 April 2025].
104. Canadian Labour Congress, 2023. Gig Workers Survey Report. [online] Available at:
https://canadianlabour.ca/gig-workers-survey-2023 [Accessed 27 April 2025].
105. Government of British Columbia, 2024. Employment Standards Branch Annual
Report. [online] Available at:
https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/employment-business/employment-standards [Accessed
27 April 2025].
106. Law Commission of Ontario, 2022. Modernizing Commercial Arbitration in Ontario:
Issues Paper. Toronto: LCO.
107. Law Society of Ontario, 2024. Law Society Referral Service Annual Report 2023–24.
[online] Available at: https://lso.ca/lsrs-report [Accessed 27 April 2025].
108. Legal Aid Ontario, 2023. Annual Report 2022–23. Toronto: LAO.
109. Ontario Ministry of Labour, Immigration, Training and Skills Development, 2024.
Employment Standards Branch Annual Report 2023–24. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
110. Paralegal Society of Ontario, 2023. Tribunal Outcome Metrics for Paralegal-led
Cases. Toronto: PSO.
111. Smith & Partners LLP, 2024. Class-Action Funding and Fee-Shifting in Canada: A
Market Overview. Toronto: Smith & Partners.
112. Rosenblatt, J. (2014). Apple, Samsung Agree to Mediator in Attempt to End Suit.
Bloomberg. Available at: https://www.nysdra.org/apple-samsung-agree-to-mediator-in-
attempt-to-end-suit [Accessed 18 May 2025].

113. Reuters. (2024). Federal judge sends FedEx contractor's racketeering claim to
arbitration. Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/legal/federal-judge-sends-fedex-
contractors-racketeering-claim-arbitration-2024-05-07/ [Accessed 18 May 2025].
114. EEOC. (2025). EEOC Sues General Motors and UAW for Age Discrimination. U.S.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Available at:
https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/eeoc-sues-general-motors-and-uaw-age-discrimination
[Accessed 18 May 2025].

115. SCL. (2025). TCC upholds IBM's claim for breach of software licence by reverse
engineering. Society for Computers and Law. Available at: https://www.scl.org/tcc-upholds-
ibms-claim-for-breach-of-software-licence-by-reverse-engineering/ [Accessed 18 May 2025].

116. ESQgo. (2024). Can You Sue Amazon? Understanding Amazon Arbitration Process.
ESQgo. Available at: https://www.esqgo.com/blog/amazon-sellers-guide-to-aaa-arbitration/
[Accessed 18 May 2025].
117. PON Staff (2025) 'Apple v. Samsung: An Example of Negotiation in Business Gone
Bad', Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, 23 April. Available at:
https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/business-negotiations/apple-v-samsung-an-example-of-
negotiation-in-business-gone-bad/ (Accessed: 18 May 2025).

118. UC Davis School of Law (n.d.) 'Failed Mediation: The Apple-Samsung Example', UC
Davis Negotiations Blog. Available at:
https://students.law.ucdavis.edu/negotiations/blog/posts/failed-mediation-the-apple-samsung-
example.html (Accessed: 18 May 2025).

119. Jus Mundi (2012) 'Vic Jackson Transportation Inc. v. FedEx Ground/Home Delivery:
Order Addressing the Validity of Certain Arbitration Provisions', Jus Mundi. Available at:
https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-vic-jackson-transportation-inc-v-fedex-
ground-home-delivery-order-addressing-the-validity-of-certain-arbitration-provisions-of-the-
operating-agreements-and-the-scope-of-these-proceedings-friday-27th-january-2012
(Accessed: 18 May 2025).

120. UAW (2023) 'GM UAW Settlement Agreement 07:07:22 Phase I Opinion & Award',
United Auto Workers. Available at: https://uaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/UAW-GM-
070722-Phase-I-Opinion-Award-Arbitrator-Dana-Eischen.pdf (Accessed: 18 May 2025).

121. American Arbitration Association (n.d.) 'Early Neutral Evaluation: Getting an Expert's
Assessment', AAA. Available at:
https://www.adr.org/sites/default/files/document_repository/Early_Neutral_Evaluation.pdf
(Accessed: 18 May 2025).

122. EsqGo (2024) 'Can You Sue Amazon? Understanding Amazon Arbitration Process',
EsqGo. Available at: https://www.esqgo.com/blog/amazon-sellers-guide-to-aaa-arbitration/
(Accessed: 18 May 2025).