Facts & Data

(PAPER II Batch 2024: CAPF AC EXAMINATION 2024)

Use these facts to improve your content for UPSC CAPF PAPER II answers (Essay,
Argument, Report writing)

❖ Private investment in agriculture

Agriculture increased to 9.3% in 2020-21.
Institutional Credit to the Agricultural
❖ Nearly half of India’s workforce is Sector continued to grow to 18.6 lakh
sustained by the agriculture sector, i.e. 15% crore in 2021-22. Urged a Fivefold
of GDP is supporting some 45% of the increase in private investments in
workforce. agriculture by 2030, targeting of
10%, current is 2%.
According to the Periodic Labour Force
Survey (PLFS) conducted by the National
Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of
❖ Foodgrains production in India saw
Statistics and Programme Implementation
sustained increase and stood at 315.7
(MoSPI), about 45.76% of the total
million tonnes in 2021-22. India is largely
workforce is engaged in agriculture and
self-sufficient in staple food production,
allied sector during 2022-23
particularly rice and wheat. This ensures the
nation can feed its large and growing
population.
❖ Economic Survey 2022-2023:
The performance of the agriculture and India is the world’s largest producer of milk,
allied sector has been buoyant over the pulses, and spices, and has the world’s
past several years, much of which is on largest cattle herd (buffaloes), as well as the
account of the measures taken by the largest area under wheat, rice and cotton.
government to augment crop and
❖ Free foodgrains is provided to about 81.4
livestock productivity, ensure certainty
of returns to the farmers through price crore beneficiaries under the National Food
support, promote crop diversification, Security Act for one year from January 1,
improve market infrastructure through 2023.
the impetus provided for the setting up of ❖ Agriculture Infrastructure Fund: Rs
farmer-producer organisations and 13,681 crores sanctioned for Post-Harvest
promotion of investment in Support and Community Farms under the
infrastructure facilities through the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund.
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund.

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❖ National Agriculture Market (e-NAM): Crop Insurance:
Online, Competitive, Transparent Bidding The area under the flagship crop insurance
System with 1.74 crore farmers and 2.39 scheme fell 17% in the two years up to kharif
lakh traders is put in place under the season 2018.
National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
Scheme. Farm mechanisation:

❖ Agriculture & allied sector constitutes ❖ Overall farm mechanisation in India has
17.59% of the GDP, up from 17.8% in been lower at 40-45 percent compared to
2019-20. Agriculture provides a livelihood other countries such as the USA (95
for nearly 50% of the working population. percent), Brazil (75 percent), and China (57
percent). It can help reduce time by
❖ World Bank report titled ‘Issues and approximately 15-20 percent.
Priorities for Agriculture’: India has about
195 million hectares of land under Seed Industry:
cultivation. Of this, about 63% is rain-fed,
❖ India is the fifth largest seed market
while the remaining 37% of the agricultural
across the globe.
land depends on irrigation.
Agriculture Extension:
❖ Indian Council for Agricultural
Research (ICAR): demand for foodgrains ❖ According to an NSSO survey, ~60% of
would increase to 345 million tonnes by Indian farmers do not get much
2030.
agricultural technical assistance from
❖ Irrigation Efficiency: The overall government institutes.
irrigation efficiency of the major and R&D in Agriculture: Presently agriculture
medium research funding is less than 1% of GDP.
irrigation projects is estimated to be around Storage and Warehousing of Agriculture
38 percent. The efficiency of the Produce:
surface irrigation system can be improved Around 70% of the total foodgrains
from about 35-40 per cent to around production is retained and consumed at the
50-60 per cent and that of groundwater from farm level. As of 2019, India has a total Agri
about 65-70 per cent to 72-75 percent. warehousing capacity of around 91 million
metric tonnes (MMT) with the majority of the
Organic Farming: capacity being owned by state agencies.
❖ 1.5 % of world’s agriculture is under
organic farming
Food Processing Sector
❖ 1.1% of total agriculture land in India is
under organic farming ❖ Worth: The estimated worth of the Indian
Food Processing Industry is 121bn
❖ 41% of global organic producers in India

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dollars. The food processing sector has been key schemes under the Ministry of
growing at an average rate of over 8 Agriculture in India:
per cent over the past 5 years. Pradhan Mantri KISAN Samman Nidhi
(PM-KISAN):
❖ Second Largest Producer: India is the
world's 2nd largest producer of fruits & • Aim: Income support of Rs. 6,000 per
vegetables after China year to small and marginal farmers.
• Direct cash transfer to the bank
❖ Low Processing: Approximately 2% of accounts of eligible farmers.
fruits and vegetables, 8% marine, 35% milk,
6% poultry are processed. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana:

❖ Unorganized Sector: More than 75% of • Crop insurance scheme to provide

the industry is in unorganized sector. financial support to farmers in case of
crop failure.
❖ Food Wastage: In India, around 25-35% • Covers all food crops, oilseeds, and
food is wasted due to inadequate handling, horticultural crops.
storage and logistical issues. Only 6% of
perishable food is processed at the moment. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana:

• Focus on improving water use

❖ Sugar Industry: India is the second
efficiency through efficient irrigation
largest sugar producing country of the World
practices.
after Brazil.
• Aims to achieve “Per Drop More Crop.”
➢ It is the second largest agro-based
Ayushman Sahakar Scheme:
industry in India after the Cotton
Industry. • Promotes healthcare services through
cooperatives.
➢ It gives livelihood for approx. 50
• Aims to enhance the role of
million farmers and their families.
cooperatives in creating healthcare
Focus on Industrial Needs: infrastructure.
• E-NAM (National Agriculture Market):
• Farmers encouraged to explore
• An online trading platform for
opportunities in meeting industrial
agricultural commodities.
needs such as ethanol
• Facilitates transparent and efficient
production through crops like maize.
online trading.
• Maize identified as a future crop to
meet ethanol industry demand and Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan-Dhan Yojana
address climate change concerns. (PM-KMY):
• Advocated for the democratization of
• Pension scheme for small and
credit and insurance in farming.
marginal farmers.
• Provides a fixed monthly pension after
the age of 60.

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Krishi Kalyan Abhiyan: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana:

• Outreach program to promote best • Promotes organic farming and

agricultural practices. certification.
• Focus on improving farmers’ income • Aims to improve soil health and
and welfare. conserve natural resources.
Soil Health Cards (SHC) Scheme: National Food Security Mission:

• Provides information about soil • Enhances food production and

nutrient status to farmers. productivity.
• Aims to promote balanced and • Focus on increasing the production of
judicious use of fertilizers. rice, wheat, pulses, and coarse
cereals.
National Bamboo Mission:
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Unnat
• Promotes the holistic development of
Krishi Shiksha Yojana (PDDUUKSY):
the bamboo sector.
• Focus on increasing the area under • Promotes higher education in
bamboo cultivation and value agriculture and allied sciences.
addition.
Rashtriya Gokul Mission:
Green Revolution – Krishonnati Yojana:
• Aims to conserve and develop
• Integrates various agricultural indigenous cattle breeds.
schemes to promote sustainable • Focus on enhancing milk productivity
farming. and promoting sustainable breeding.
• Aims to double farmers’ income by
2022.
Yuva Sahakar-Cooperative Enterprise
Support and Innovation Scheme:
Energy
❖ Coal: 55% of India's energy needs, and the
• Encourages youth to take up
country is the world's third-largest
cooperative ventures in agriculture.
• Provides financial support and coal importer and consumer.
training.
❖ Renewable Energy Installations in
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay India: 152.90 gigawatts as of February
SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA):
2022(solar, wind, bio-power, and hydel
• Aims to ensure remunerative prices to power).
farmers for their produce.
• Involves Price Support Schemes, Price ❖ The country aims to become a net exporter
Deficiency Payment Scheme, and Pilot of energy and has set a target to meet 50%
of Private Procurement and Stockist of its energy requirements through
Scheme. renewable sources by 2030.

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❖ India has set a target to increase the share emissions. The country has committed to
of natural gas in its energy mix to 15% by reducing its emissions by 33-35% from
2030, up from the current 6.7%. 2005 levels under the Paris Agreement and
aims to achieve a net-zero economy by 2070.
❖ India is projected to become the fifth
largest energy storage market by 2030,
following China, the US, Germany, and
Australia.
E-governance
❖ Solar Sector in India: It has experienced ➢ UN e-governance Development
Index (2022): India ranks 105 out of
significant growth since 2011, with a
193 countries.
compounded annual growth rate of
approximately 59%. ➢ Aadhar authentication: Around
85.41% of ration cards have been
➢ The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar linked to Aadhaar up until August
Mission (JNNSM) initiated in 2010 2019, still leaving out a significant
number.
aimed to promote and develop solar power in
➢ Digital Divide: Only 28% of women in
India, with the target revised to
rural areas have access to the internet
300 gigawatts by 2030. ➢ E-Courts: Between 2006 -2019, there
has been an overall increase of 22% in
➢ India currently ranks fifth in installed the pendency of cases across all
solar power capacity, following China, the courts, total pending cases have now
US, Japan, and Germany. surpassed 4.4 crores mark.
❖ Non-fossil Fuel energy Target: 500 Types Of E-Governance
gigawatts by 2030 and meeting half of its
➢ e-Administration: The use of ICTs to
energy requirements through renewable modernise the state; the creation of
sources. data repositories for Management
Information System (MIS) and
➢ To boost renewable energy installations,
computerization of records. For e.g.:
the government has set a target of 450
Demography, land, health etc.
gigawatts of renewable energy-based
➢ e-Services:
installed capacity by 2030, with a solar
The emphasis here is to bring the state
target of 300 gigawatts.
closer to the citizens. For eg: Provision
❖ Oil: India's top Oil Supplier: Russia, of online services.
surpassing Saudi Arabia and Iraq, with ➢ e-Governance:
The use of IT to improve the ability of
increased imports in October 2022. the government to address the needs
❖ To address environmental concerns, India of society.
➢ e-Democracy:
is striving to reduce greenhouse gas

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 The use of IT to facilitate the ability of
all sections of society to participate in
the governance of the state.

Judiciary
2nd ARC Recommendations: Types of
❖ Vacancies: The total sanctioned
Interaction In E-Governance
strength in the 25 High Courts is
➢ G2G (Government to Government): 1,080. However, the present working
Eg: The Office of the Controller strength is 661 with 419 vacancies as
General of Accounts created and of March 1, 2021.
introduced the Public Finance ❖ Pendency: Courts saw an increase of
Management System (PFMS); E– over 27% in pendency between
Samiksha. December 2019 and April 2022, as per
➢ G2C (Government to Citizens): Eg: the National Judicial Data Grid.
Aarogya Setu; Co-WIN Portal;
Fast Track Special Courts:
Computerisation of Land Records;
Digi locker; etc. ➢ There are 389 districts in the country
➢ G2B (Government to Business): Eg: where the number of pending cases
SWIFT (Single Window Interface for under
Trade) ➢ POCSO Act exceeds 100.
➢ G2E (Government to Employees): ➢ These FTSCs will dispose-off 1,66,882
Eg: Sandes’s messaging application cases of Rape and POCSO Act, that
are pending trial in various courts.

Government Schemes and Initiatives ❖ All India Judicial Services to fill up

vacancies: as recommended by
➢ Aadhar Enabled Payment System Parliamentary Standing Committee on Law
(AEPS) and Justice in 2013
➢ E-procurement
➢ The e-Court Mission Mode Project ❖ Per capita spending on free legal aid:
(MMP) The per capita spending on legal aid in India
➢ MyGov portal is just Rs 0.75 ($0.008 USD). In Australia, it
➢ Digital India is $23 and in Argentina $17.
➢ Digi Locker
❖ Gram Nyayalayas: They were expected to
➢ e-Hospital-Online Registration
reduce around 50 % of the pendency of cases
Framework (ORF)
in subordinate courts. Only 208 Gram
➢ DARPAN
Nyayalayas are functioning in the country.
➢ PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and
Timely Implementation) SDG Goals: SDG 16 (Peace, Justice &
➢ National Centre of Geo-informatics Stronger Institutions).
(NCoG)
Government Schemes and Initiatives
➢ National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

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❖ National Judicial Data Grid religious belief that everything
belonged to God and was from God.
❖ Nyaya Mitra ➢ It provides a means by which the
wealthy people would be the trustees
❖ Judicial Service Centre
of trusts that Looked after the welfare
❖ Inter-operable Criminal Justice System of the people in general.
(ICJS)
Relevance of Idea of Trusteeship
❖ Tele-Law Initiative ➢ Prevailing inequality: Oxfam report
reveals “India’s top 10% population
holds 73% of the wealth”.

Various Findings
How has India Fared in the Gender Gap
Report 2024?
(World Economic Forum released
the 18th edition of its annual Global
Gender Gap Report for 2024)
➢ India’s Rank: India has slipped two
places in the global rankings to 129th
in 2024 from 127th in 2023 out
of 146 countries.
Within South Asia, India
ranked fifth after Bangladesh,
Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan.
Pakistan ranked last in the
region.
➢ Economic Parity: India is among the
countries with the lowest levels of
economic parity, similar to
Bangladesh, Sudan, Iran, Pakistan,
and Morocco, with less than 30%
Inequality in India gender parity in estimated earned
income.
Gandhian Theory of Trusteeship ➢ Educational Attainment: India
showed the best gender
➢ Gandhi’s idea of trusteeship arose parity in secondary
from his faith in the “law of non- education enrolment.
possession”. It Was founded on his

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 ➢ Political Empowerment: India national wealth. The richest 1% of
ranked 65th globally in political the Indian population owns 53% of
empowerment of women and 10th in the country’s wealth, while the poorer
parity of years with female/male half jostles for a mere 4.1% of
heads of state over the past 50 years. national wealth.
However, women's ➢ Income inequality: According to
representation at the federal the World Inequality Report 2022,
level, in Ministerial positions India is among the most unequal
(6.9%), and countries in the world, with the top
in Parliament (17.2%) remains 10% and top 1% of the population
low. holding 57% and 22% of the total
➢ Gender Gap Closure: India has closed national income respectively. The
64.1% of its gender gap as of 2024. share of the bottom 50% has gone
The slip in ranking from 127th to down to 13%.
129th was primarily due to small ➢ Tax Burden on Poor: Approximately
declines in 'Educational 64% of the total goods and services
Attainment' and 'Political tax (GST) in the country came from
Empowerment' parameters, although the bottom 50% of the population,
'Economic Participation' and while only 4% came from the top
'Opportunity' scores saw slight 10%.
improvements. ➢ Healthcare is Luxury: Many
ordinary Indians are not able to
➢ All India Financial Inclusion Survey access the health care they need. 63
(NAFIS) of 2015-16 by NABARD: million of them (almost two people
reported that only 30.3 per cent of all every second) are pushed into poverty
agriculture households availed credit because of healthcare costs every
from institutional sources. year.
➢ India Human Development Survey ➢ The State of Food Security and
(IHDS): Women comprise over 42 per Nutrition in the World, 2023:
cent of the agricultural labour force in Around 74% of India’s population
the country, yet they own less than 2 could not afford a healthy diet, and
percent of its farmland. 39% fell short of a nutrient-adequate
➢ The bottom 60% popu lation holds one.
only 4.8% of the national wealth. ➢ According to Global Hunger Index
2023: India’s 2023 GHI score is 28.7,
SDG Goals: SDG 10 (Reduce Inequalities)
considered serious according to the
GHI Severity of Hunger Scale.

➢ Wealth Inequality: India is one of Constitutional Provisions

the most unequal countries in the
(Art. 14; Art. 15; Art. 15(4); Art. 16; Art. 17;
world, with the top 10% of the
Art. 18; Art. 38; Art. 39; Article 39 (a); Art.
population holding 77% of the total
39 (c); Art. 42; Art. 46)

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Several schemes implemented by the
government for inclusive growth:
➢ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Secularism
Employment Guarantee Act
Scheme (MGNREGA) ❖ The development of four Vedas and the
➢ Prime Minister’s Employment various interpretations of the Upanishads
Generation Programme (PMEGP) and the Puranas highlights the idea of
➢ Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya religious pluralism.
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU- ❖ Ashoka in his 12th Rock Edict appealed
GKY) not only for the toleration of all religious
➢ Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- sects but also to develop a spirit of great
National Urban Livelihoods Mission respect toward them.
(DAY-NULM)
➢ Samagra Shiksha Scheme 2.0 ❖ The Bhakti and the Sufi movements
➢ National Health Mission restored the secular character of Indian
➢ Mission Ayushman society. Torchbearers were Khwaja
➢ Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Moinuddin Chisti, Saint Kabir Das, Guru
Nanak Dev, Saint Tukaram, Mira Bai, etc.

❖ Akbar’s promulgation of ‘Din-i-Ilahi’ or

Social Empowerment
the Divine Faith, and construction of Ibadat
➢ World Bank: In India, 52 per cent of Khana (house of worship) in Fatehpur Sikri
the STs belong to the category of was done to nurture religious harmony are
Below Poverty Line (BPL) and 54 few examples of secularism.
percent of them have no access to
economic assets such as
communication and transport. NCRB’s Crime in India Report (2020):
➢ International Monetary Fund's communal riots registered an increase of
research: It has shown that raising 96% in 2020 over the previous year.
women's participation in the
workforce to the level of men can boost
the Indian economy by 27%. Judicial Pronouncements
➢ Census 2011: India has 8 million
senior citizens (above 60 years of age). ❖ S. R Bommai vs Union of India case
➢ SDG Goals: SDG 1 (No Poverty); SDG (1994): SC held that the 42nd CAA only
2 (Zero Hunger); SDG 3 (Good Health made secularism explicit which was already
& Well Being); SDG 4 (Quality implicit in the Constitution
Education); SDG 5 (Gender Equality);
❖ Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): SC
SDG 8 (Decent Work Economic
held that Secularism as one of the pillars of
Growth); SDG 10 (Reduce
“Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution”
Inequalities)
cannot be altered by the Parliament.

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❖ The Shirur Mutt case, 1954: the Schemes and Initiatives to Promote
‘Doctrine of essentiality’ was coined by the Good Governance

Supreme Court. Here the court opined that ❖ Right to Information (2005): The right
only the religious practices which were to information promotes openness,
essential and integral to the religion shall be transparency and accountability in
protected. administration by making the government
more open to public scrutiny.

❖ E-Governance: PRAGATI, Digital India

Government Steps to Promote
Secularism Program, MCA21, Passport Seva Kendra
(PSK), online Income Tax Return, etc.
❖ 42nd CAA 1976: Addition of “Secularism”
❖ Motto of 'Minimum Government,
phrase in Indian constitution.
Maximum Governance’.
❖ Introduction of universal adult
❖ Aspirational Districts Programme: by NITI
franchise (Article 326) immediately after
Aayog
Independence.
❖ Good Governance Index: launched on
❖ Welfare schemes: like Nai Udhan, Nai
the occasion of Good Governance Day on 25
Roshni (leadership development of minority
December 2019.
women), Seekho aur Kamao (Learn and
Earn).

❖ Skill development cum employment

programmes: Udaan and Himayat to Prison Reforms
accommodate J&K youth into mainstream
➢ Decrease in number of prisons: The
development of India were started.
total number of prisons at national
❖ Prime Minister’s 15-point programme for level has increased from 1,306 in 2020
minorities Good Governance to 1,319 in 2021, having increased by
1.0%-NCRB, Prison Statistics- 2021.
➢ Overcrowding in Jails: The NCRB
❖ Bhagavad Gita: provides numerous cues report said a total of 1,361 jails across
for good governance, leadership, the country had over 4.50 lakh
prisoners, around 60,000 more than
dutifulness and self-realisation which are the total capacity of all prisons, at the
re-interpreted in the modern context. end of year 2017.
➢ Under trial Prisoners: The number of
❖ Kautilya’s Arthashastra: the welfare of
undertrial prisoners has increased by
people was considered paramount in the role
9.4% during 2015-17.
of King.
➢ Increase in registered cases: Data
❖ Mahatma Gandhi: emphasised “su-raj'' shows an increase of 3.6% in the
which essentially means good Governance. registration of cases over 2016.

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➢ Delay in Trials: In 2016, 67% of the empowerment, and labour
people in Indian jails were undertrials market participation, India
which is extremely high by ranks 108 out of 166 nations
international standards like it is 11% in 2022.
in the UK,20% in the US and 29% in
France. ❖ Window of opportunity: Demographic
Dividend advantage for India is available
from 2005-06 to 2055-56, longer than any
country in the world.
Human Resources ❖ India has 62.5% of its population in the
➢ Performance at Various Indicators: age group of 15-59 years which is ever
India’s average life increasing and will be at the peak around
expectancy reached 67.7 years in 2036 when it will reach approximately 65%.
2022, up from 62.7 years the
previous year.
➢ India’s Gross National Income As per the Wheebox India Skills Report,
(GNI) per capita has surged to USD 2023:
6951, marking a 6.3% increase over
➢ In contrast with last year’s employability
the span of 12 months.
figures of 46.2%, 50.3% of young people
➢ There is a rise in expected years of
were found to be highly employable overall.
schooling, reaching 12.6 per
individual. ➢ The percentage of the employable women
➢ HDI Score: India attained an HDI workforce has increased to 52.8%, compared
score of 0.644 in 2022, positioning it to 47.2% for men.
at 134 out of 193 countries in the
UN’s 2023-24 report. ➢ The report also points out that 89% of
➢ Notable Achievements: graduates were actively seeking internship
o There is a 9.1-year increase in opportunities.
life expectancy at birth, a rise
➢ Candidates from Uttar Pradesh,
of 4.6 years in expected years
Maharashtra and Delhi had the highest
of schooling, and an increase
employability.
of 3.8 years in mean years of
schooling. ❖ Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana-
o India’s strides in reducing Flagship skill development program of
gender inequality, highlighted Ministry of Skill Development and
a Gender Inequality Index (GII) Entrepreneurship launched in 2015 to
of 0.437, surpassing the global mobilise, train, certify large numbers of
average. youths to take up industry relevant skill
o On the GII 2022 list, which training.
evaluates countries based on
reproductive health,

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 Health mortality estimation Under-Five Mortality
Rate (U5MR) has declined from 126 in
Government expenditure on health: In 1990 to 34 in 2019, with Annual Rate of
2023, the Indian government spent 2.1% Reduction (ARR) of 4.5 per cent in the time
(Budget 2024-25) of the country's GDP on period 1990-2019.
healthcare, and the Health Ministry aims to
reach 2.5% by 2025 ❖ Mental Health: According to an estimate
by the World Health Organization (WHO),
❖ Economic Survey 2020-21: An increase mental illness makes up about 15% of the
in public healthcare spending from 1% to total disease conditions around the world.
2.5-3% of GDP can decrease the out-of- The same estimate also suggests that India
pocket expenditure from 65% to 35% of has one of the largest populations affected
overall healthcare spending. by mental illness.

❖ NFHS 5: social indicators such as total

fertility rate, sex ratio and health outcome Landmark judgement in This Regard
indicators viz., infant mortality rate, under-
five mortality rate, institutional birth rates ❖ Paschim Bangal Khet Mazdoor Samity
have improved over the years. case (1996): SC held that in a welfare state,
The primary duty of the government is to
❖ Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OPE): as a
secure the welfare of the people and
percentage of Current Health Expenditure moreover It is the obligation of the
fell down to 58.7% in 2016-17 from 60.6% in government to provide adequate medical
2015-16. facilities for its People.
❖ Life Expectancy: According to the ❖ Paramanand Katara v Union of India:
National Health Profile (NHP 2019), India’s SC held that every doctor at government
life expectancy is estimated at 67.4 years for
males and 70.2 for females. Hospital or otherwise has the professional
obligation to extend his services with due
❖ Hospital beds: World Health Organization Expertise for protecting the life of a patient
tracks country-wise data on hospital
beds per 10,000 people. India has only seven
compared with US- 29, China- 42,
Education
South Korea- 143.
❖ Economic Survey 2021-22: Expenditure
❖ Doctor-population ratio: The present on the education sector increased by nearly
ratio in India is 1:1456. The government 20 percent in 2020-21 (last year’s Budget
aims to achieve the doctor patient ratio of (2023-24), 2.9 % of GDP).
1:1000 as prescribed by WHO by 2024.
❖ Almost a third of all children in Classes I
Child Health: As per estimates developed by and II did not have a smartphone
the UN Inter-agency Group for Child

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available at home. ➢ Agriculture Based Economy: The
NSSO’s latest annual Periodic Labour Force
❖ ASER 2019 Report: gap between learning
Survey (PLFS) report for 2021-22 (July-
outcomes of children with mothers who were
June) shows the farm sector’s share in the
educated upto Standard 12th or higher was
country’s employed labour force at 45.5%.
40% more than children of uneducated
mothers. ❖ Exports: they are estimated to grow at
12.5 per cent in FY 2022-23 despite
❖ AISHE 2018-19: SC & ST enrollment is
14.89% and 5.53% respectively. sustained supply chain disruptions and an
uncertain geopolitical environment.
❖ E-learning and Digital Literacy: At least
or 31% (463 million) of school children ❖ The share of exports in GDP (at 2011-
worldwide cannot be reached by remote 12 prices) also increased to 22.7 per cent
learning programs. 15% of rural India has in FY 2022-23 compared to 21.5 per cent in
the internet, 42% of urban India has the FY 2021-22.
internet.

❖ UNESCO data: India has one of the lowest

Employment, Unemployment and Skill
public expenditure rates on education per Development
student, especially compared to other Asian
countries like China. ➢ Worker Population Ratio (WPR): It
climbed from 52.6% to 52.9% over the
preceding year.
Constitutional Provisions
❖ Employment Generation: Currently,
❖ Article 21A; Article 28; Article 29; Article
95% of employment in India is generated by
30; Article 41; Article 45; Article 46;
agriculture, businesses in the informal
Article 51 (k) (added after 86th economy, and micro, small and medium
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002); Art. enterprises (MSMEs).
350-A; 86th Amendment Act of 2002.
❖ The increase in the labour force in India
for the age group 15–59 years was from 431
million in 2004– 2005 to 512.1 million in
Economy and 2020–2021, an addition of 81 million
workers.
Economic ❖ Skills: UNICEF 2019 reports that at least
Development 47% of Indian youth are not on track to have
the education and skills necessary for
❖ In purchasing power parity terms, India employment in 2030.
has retained the position of third largest ❖ Gig Workers in India: The NITI Aayog’s
economy. ‘India's Booming Gig and Platform

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Economy’ report estimates that in 2020– ❖ Cash transfer of ₹2.2 lakh crore to over
21, 77 lakh (7.7 million) workers were 11.4 crore farmers under PM Kisan
Samman Nidhi.
engaged in the gig economy.

➢ They constituted 2.6% of the non- ❖ Saptarishi: Seven priorities of the budget
‘Saptarishi’ are
agricultural workforce or 1.5% of the total
workforce in India. ➢ inclusive development,

➢ The gig workforce is expected to expand ➢ reaching the last mile,

to 2.35 crore (23.5 million) workers ➢ infrastructure and investment,
by 2029–30.
➢ unleashing the potential,
➢ green growth,
➢ youth power and
Government ➢ financial sector.

Budgeting and ❖ Atma Nirbhar Clean Plant Program: For

boosting availability of disease-free,
Public Finance quality planting material for high value
horticultural crops.
❖ Per capita income has more than doubled
to ₹1.97 lakh in around nine years. ❖ Urban Infrastructure Development
Fund (UIDF) will be established through use
❖ Indian economy has become 5th largest
of priority Sector Lending shortfall, which
economy in the world in the past nine years.
will be managed by the national Housing
❖ EPFO membership has more than Bank, and will be used by public agencies to
doubled to 27 crore. create urban infrastructure in Tier 2 and
Tier 3 cities.
Digital Payments: 7,400 crore digital
payments of ₹126 lakh crore has taken place ❖ Entity DigiLocker to be set up for use by
through UPI in 2022. MSMEs, large business and charitabletrusts
to store and share documents online
❖ 11.7 crore household toilets constructed securely.
under Swachh Bharat Mission.
❖ 500 new ‘waste to wealth’ plants under
❖ 9.6 crore LPG connections provided GOBARdhan (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro
under Ujjwala. Resources Dhan) scheme.
❖ 220 crore covid vaccination of 102 crore ❖ Centre to facilitate one crore farmers to
persons. adopt natural farming over the next three
years. For this, 10,000 Bio-Input Resource

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Centres to be set-up, creating a national- ❖ Massive decentralised storage capacity
level distributed micro-fertilizer and to be set up to help farmers store their
pesticide manufacturing network. produce and realize remunerative prices
through sale at appropriate times.
❖ Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
4.0, to be launched to skill lakhs of youth ❖ Sickle Cell Anaemia elimination
within the next three years covering new age mission to be launched Rs. 10 lakh crore
courses for Industry 4.0 like coding, AI, capital investment, a steep increase of 33%
robotics, mechatronics, IOT, 3D printing, for third year in a row, to enhance growth
drones, and soft skills. potential and job creation, crowd-in private
investments, and provide a cushion against
❖ 30 Skill India International Centres to
global headwinds.
be set up across different States to skill
youth for international opportunities. ❖ Aspirational Blocks Programme
covering 500 blocks launched for saturation
❖ Targeted Fiscal Deficit to be below 4.5%
of essential government services across
by 2025-26.
multiple domains such as health, nutrition,
❖ Agriculture Accelerator Fund to be set- education, agriculture, water resources,
up to encourage agri-startups by young financial inclusion, skill development, and
entrepreneurs in rural areas. basic infrastructure.

❖ To make India a global hub for 'Shree ❖ Rs. 15,000 crore for implementation of
Anna', the Indian Institute of Millet Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development
Research, Hyderabad will be supported as Mission over the next three years under the
the Centre of Excellence for sharing best Development Action Plan for the Scheduled
practices, research and technologies at the Tribes.
international level.
❖ New Infrastructure Finance Secretariat
❖ ₹20 lakh crore agricultural credit established to enhance opportunities for
targeted at animal husbandry, dairy and private investment in infrastructure.
fisheries.
❖ ‘Effective Capital Expenditure’ of Centre to
❖ Digital public infrastructure for be Rs. 13.7 lakh crore.
agriculture to be built as an open source,
❖ Continuation of 50-year interest free loan
open standard and interoperable public
to state governments for one more year to
good to enable inclusive farmer centric
spur investment in infrastructure and to
solutions and support for growth of agri-tech
incentivize them for complementary policy
industry and start-ups.
actions
❖ Computerisation of 63,000 Primary
Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) with
an investment of ₹2,516 crore initiated.

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 ENVIRONMENT The study identified Andhra Pradesh,
Assam, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and

❖ Indo-Himalayan Realm: India lies within Maharashtra as the states most prone
the Indo-Malayan realm and is the home to to high-intensity forest fires, which
about 7.6% of mammals, 14.7% of are driven by rapid climate changes.
amphibians, 6% of birds, 6.2% of reptilian,
➢ Forest fires have also been reported in
and 6.0% of flowering plant species.
Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and
❖ Biodiversity Hotspot: India is one of the
Rajasthan.
most biodiverse regions of the world and
contains four of the world’s 36 biodiversity Land Degradation:
hotspots – the Western Ghats, the Eastern
❖ Deforestation and forest degradation
Himalayas, and the Indo-Burma hotspot
globally contribute around 12% of
and Sundaland biodiversity hotspot.
greenhouse gas emissions, according to
❖ Megadiverse Country: It is one of the the International Union for Conservation of
seventeen megadiverse countries. The Nature (IUCN).
country has seven Natural World Heritage
❖ Forests play a crucial role in carbon
sites, eleven Biosphere.
sequestration, absorbing approximately 2.6
❖ Conservation Efforts: As of 2020-21, billion tonnes of carbon dioxide annually,
there are 981 protected areas including 104 which accounts for nearly 33% of the
National Parks, 566 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 97 carbon dioxide released from burning fossil
Conservation Reserves and 214 fuels.

Community Reserves. ❖ The UN has designated the period 2021-

2030 as the Decade on Ecosystem
❖ Human-Animal conflict: In the Monsoon
Restoration, focusing on restoring
session (2019), the Union Environment degraded terrestrial ecosystems,
Ministry informed the Lok Sabha that 2398 including forests.
people in India were killed by elephants
while tigers claimed 224 lives in the last five ❖ Bonn Challenge: In 2011, the Bonn
years. Challenge was launched with a global target
to restore 150 million hectares of degraded
❖ According to a study conducted by the
and deforested landscapes by 2020 and 350
Council on Energy, Environment, and Water million hectares by 2030.
(CEEW), over 30% of districts in India are
vulnerable to extreme forest fires. ➢ India joined the Bonn Challenge in 2015,
committing to restore 26 million hectares of
❖ CEEW has warned that the incidence of
degraded and deforested land by 2030 and
such wildfires has increased by more than create an additional carbon sink of 2.5
10 times in the past two decades.
billion to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide

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equivalent through forest and tree cover by Earth's land surface which amounts to 3.9
2030. billion
hectares.

❖
Groundwater Deforestation is responsible for
approximately 11% of global greenhouse gas

Depletion emissions, including CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2,

and chlorofluorocarbons.
UNESCO report: Report states that India is
the largest extractor of groundwater in the ❖ A mere 1% increase in deforestation
world. results in a significant 0.93% decrease in the
availability of clean drinking water in rural
➢ Central Ground Water Board communities that rely on open wells and
(CGWB): Estimates that about 17% of flowing streams.
the groundwater blocks across the
country are overexploited, where the ❖ The World Health Organization (WHO):
rate of extraction is more than that of states that since 1990, approximately 420
renewal. million hectares of forests have been lost due
➢ Access to water: About 75% of to conversion for other land uses such as
households do not have drinking agriculture, industrial use, and biofuels.
water at home,
❖ State of India’s Environment 2022:
➢ 84% rural households do not have
Increasing the forest cover: The target is
piped water access, and 70% of India’s
to increase it to 33.3 percent of the
water is contaminated, with the
geographical area, as envisaged in the
country currently ranked 120 among
National Forest Policy, 1988.
122 in the water quality index
released by WaterAid.

❖ NITI Aayog’s Composite Water Indian State of Forest Report 2021:

Management Index (2019): 75% of
households in India do not have access to ➢ The total forest and tree cover in India
drinking water on their premises. currently stands at 80.9 million hectares,
accounting for 24.62% of the country's
geographical area.

➢ The report highlights that 17 states and

union territories have over 33% of them land
Forest Conservation area under forest cover.

❖ The Global Forest Resources ➢ 17 states/UT’s have above 33 percent of

Assessment, (by FAO): highlights that the geographical area under forest
forests cover approximately 31% of the cover.

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➢ Out of these states and UTs, ❖ Poor Storage: Poor storage infrastructure
Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Andaman & allows India to store only 6 percent of
Nicobar rainwater, compared to 250 per cent stored
by developed nations.
Islands, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya
have more than 75 percent forest ❖ Risk of energy shortages: 70% of India’s
cover. thermal power plants are likely to face high
water stress by 2030, severely hampering
➢ Total carbon stock in the country's India’s energy production and
forest: estimated to be 7,204 million
economic activity. Thermal power
tonnes, an increase of 79.4 million. constitutes more than 80% of India’s total
utility power generation and 90% of them
rely on fresh water sources for cooling.

❖ Dams in India: India has 4,407 large

Water Resources dams, the third highest number in the world

after China (23,841) and the USA (9,263).

❖ India identifies as a water-stressed ❖ According to a United Nations (UN)

country: As the per capita water availability report: "Ageing water infrastructure: An
declined from 5,178 cubic metres (m3)/year
emerging global risk", over 1,000 large dams
in 1951 to 1,544 m3 in 2011. It is expected
in India will be roughly 50 years old
that it will reach 1,140 cubic metres by
2050. in 2025 and such ageing embankments
across the world pose a growing threat.
❖ NITI Aayog’s Composite Water
Management Index (2019): 75 percent of
households in India do not have access to
drinking water on their premises. Air Pollution
❖ According to Water in India Situation ❖ According to the World Health
and Prospects (UNICEF, 2013): The demand Organization (WHO), 99% of the global
for water in India is expected to rise population breathes air that exceeds the
drastically to about 833 billion Cubic Metres organisation's air-quality limits, containing
(BCM) in 2025 and 899 BCM in 2050. particles that can penetrate deep into the
lungs and bloodstream, leading to various
❖ Water Quality Index: India ranks 120th diseases.
amongst 122 countries.
❖ A study conducted by the Council on
❖ Extreme water stress: 54% of India’s Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW), a
total area faces high to extreme water stress; think tank based in New Delhi, found that
❖ Water table: In India, it is declining every households and industries contribute to
year by 0.4 m.

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more than 60% of India's PM2.5 loads, ➢ The study of water quality for
further exacerbating air pollution. identifying contaminated river
stretches discovered that rivers and
❖ Transportation sector in urban areas
streams in 31 states and Union
significantly contributes to greenhouse gas
territories (UT) did not fulfil the water
emissions.
quality requirements.
❖ India has achieved its target of supplying
❖ WEF: It's estimated that around 70% of
20% ethanol-blended petrol ahead of
surface water in India is unfit for
schedule and aims to double the blend by
2025-26. consumption.

➢ This initiative aims to reduce oil ❖ According to research done by the

import dependence and address Central Water Commission, heavy
environmental concerns. metal contamination was detected in
65% of water samples collected from
❖ The National Clean Air Programme various water quality sites around the
(NCAP), launched in 2019, aims to achieve a country.
20%-30% reduction in particulate matter
(PM) air pollution by 2024, using 2017 as the ❖ River Pollution: India’s 14 major, 55
base year for comparison. minor and several hundred small rivers
receive millions of litres of sewage, industrial
❖ Child Mortality: In India, air pollution and agricultural wastes.
kills one lakh children under the age of five
every year and is responsible for 12.5% of all ❖ Marine and Coastal Pollution: Roughly
deaths in the country. 80% of marine and coastal pollution

❖ World Bank: According to a 2016 World originates on land – including agricultural

Bank report, the lost lives and ill health run-off, pesticides, plastics and untreated
sewage
caused are also a colossal economic
burden. $225bn is lost labour income in
2013, or $5.11tn per year (about $1m a
minute), if welfare losses are also added. Solid Waste
Management
Water Pollution ❖ India generates: Over 150,000 tonnes of
municipal solid waste (MSW) per day.
❖ According to the Yamuna Monitoring
Committee: only 2% of the Yamuna river ❖ According to MoEF&CC: 62 million
flows through Delhi, the city is responsible tonnes of waste is generated annually in the
for 76% of the pollution burden on the river. country by the 377 million people living in
urban India, the world’s third-largest
❖ CPCB (2018): garbage generator at present, out of which

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5.6 million tonnes is plastic waste, 0.17
million tonnes is biomedical waste,
hazardous waste generation is 7.90 million
tonnes per annum and 15 lakh tonnes is e-
Clean and
waste. Renewable Energy
❖ World Bank: According to the World
International Energy Agency (IEA) unveiled
Bank, India’s daily waste generation will key insights into India's energy future with
reach 377,000 tonnes by 2025. its report "Electricity 2024."
❖ Waste Collection and Treatment: Only Key Highlights of the Electricity Report
83% of waste is collected and less than 30% 2024
is treated.
• India is projected to rely on coal to
❖ Per capita Waste Generation: in Indian meet rising electricity demand
cities ranges from 200 grams to 600 grams through 2026.
per day. • Coal-fired generation is expected to
meet 68% of India's electricity
❖ SECC 2011: 1,82,505 households in rural
demand by 2026, despite a decrease
areas are reported as manual scavengers.
from 74% in 2023.
They face serious health hazards due to the • Coal-fired power generation is
absence of a proper disposal system or expected to rise by 2.5% annually
safety regulations in place. (2024-2026).
India and electronic waste generation: • Despite India’s net-zero target by
India is the third largest electronic waste 2070, coal is expected to dominate,
meeting 68% of demand.
generator in the world after China and the
USA as per the Global E-waste Monitor Renewable Generation:
2020.
• Renewable energy (RE) generation
❖ UN Report: 50 million tonnes of e-waste remained relatively stable, with a 21%
generated every year will more than double share of electricity generation in
to 110 million tonnes by 2050, making it the 2023. The rise in solar and wind was
fastest growing waste stream in the world. largely offset by reduced hydropower
output
❖ Low Recycling Capacity: Only 17.4% of
• Close to 21 gigawatts (GW) of RE
the total e-waste was collected and recycled
capacity was added during 2023,
globally.
with RE accounting for nearly 44% of
❖ Illegal trade: Close to 90 per cent of the total installed capacity in 2023.
world's electronic waste - worth nearly $19 Electricity Demand Dynamics:
billion - is illegally traded or dumped each
year, to destinations halfway across the • India's electricity demand rose by
world. 7% in 2023, driven by rapid economic

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 growth and increased space cooling • Renewable Energy (including
needs. Hydropower)- 41.4%
• Expected annual average growth of • Nuclear fuel- 1.60%
6.5% between 2024 and 2026.
India's Renewable Energy Target:
• India's electricity demand is projected
to outpace China's by 2026, with the India is set to achieve its short term and long-
world's fastest growth rate. term targets under the Panchamrit action
plan, like
Global Comparison and Emerging
Economies: • Reaching a non-fossil fuel energy
capacity of 500 GW by 2030.
• China holds the largest volume of
• Fulfilling at least half of its energy
expected growth, India’s electricity
requirements via renewable energy by
demand in the three years might
2030
nearly be equivalent to the United
Kingdom’s. • Reducing CO2 emissions by 1 billion
tons by 2030; reducing carbon
• Developed economies reported
intensity below 45 percent by 2030.
substantial reductions in
manufacturing and industrial output, • Net-Zero emission target by 2070.
and high inflation. In August 2022, India updated its Nationally
• About 85% of new electricity Determined Contribution (NDC) according
capacity is expected from emerging to which the target to reduce emissions
economies, particularly in South Asia, intensity of its GDP has been enhanced to
with China and India in the lead. 45% by 2030 from 2005 level.
Hydropower Challenges and Mandates:

• Changing weather patterns led to

a 15% fall in hydropower Climate Change
generation in 2023.
• To ensure uninterrupted power ❖ The IPCC report could signal the end of
supply, the government mandated coal-based units in India:
a blending of a minimum of 6% of Scientists from the UN's Intergovernmental
imported coal with domestic coal until Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) working
March 2024. group III have stated that all coal-fired power
Installed Electricity Generation Capacity plants without carbon capture and storage
(Fuelwise) as of May 2023: (CCS) technology must be closed by 2050 to
limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees
• Total Installed Capacity (Fossil Fuel & Celsius.
Non-Fossil Fuel) is 417 GW.
• The share of various energy sources in ❖ A study conducted by World Weather
the total Electricity Generation are: Attribution in July 2021 revealed that
• Fossil fuel (including Coal)- 56.8%

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heatwaves and wildfires are "unimaginable" population, were vulnerable to extreme
without human-induced climate change. climate risks.

❖ Internal Displacement due to Climate Between 1990 and 2019, India incurred
Change: In 2021, nearly five million people losses exceeding $100 billion. The intensity
in India were internally displaced due to of floods, landslides, heavy rainfall, and
climate change and disasters, according to droughts has also significantly
the United Nations' annual Global Trends increased.
Report by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).
➢ Over 40% of Indian districts are
❖ The number of urban heat islands is
experiencing a swapping trend, where flood-
increasing due to rising heatwaves. The
average temperature in India has risen by prone areas are becoming drought-prone,
0.62°C from 1901 to 2020, according to the and vice versa.
India Meteorological Department (IMD).
❖ Glaciers on the UNESCO World Heritage
❖ The 'Global Sea-Level Rise and list face a significant threat, with one-third
Implications Facts and Figures' report, under imminent danger, despite efforts to
released by the World Meteorological limit temperature increases.
Organisation (WMO), highlights the
➢ The study suggests that two-thirds
following key points:
of the glaciers could still be saved if
➢ Between 2013 and 2022, sea levels global temperature rise remains below
experienced an average annual rise of 4.5 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to pre-
industrial levels.
mm, which is the highest recorded rate to
date. ➢ These glaciers, found in Africa,
Asia, Europe, Latin America, North
➢ In 2020, approximately 11% of the global
America, and Oceania, are losing 58
population (around 896 million
billion tons of ice annually and
people) lived within the Low Elevation contribute to nearly 5% of observed
Coastal Zone. global sea-level rise.

➢ This number is projected to exceed 1 ❖ India's Carbon Emissions Profile:

billion people by 2050, indicating a
➢ Global Position: India ranks as the third
potential increase in the population exposed largest emitter globally when
to coastal areas with low elevation.
considering the total emissions. If the
❖ Extreme Climatic Events: A report by emissions continue to increase at the
The Council on Energy, Environment and historical rate of 5%, it is projected that
Water in 2021 found that 75% of districts in India's emissions will grow fivefold.
India, representing over half the
➢ India's population represents one-
sixth of the world's population; however,

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historically, it has accounted for only 3.3% an average of 286 billion tons of ice per year
of the cumulative global emissions. between 1993 and 2016, while Antarctica
lost about 127 billion tons of ice per year
Key Sectors:
during the same time period.
➢ The industrial and power sectors are The rate of Antarctica ice mass loss has
responsible for the majority of India's tripled in the last decade.
emissions, totaling 2.7 GtCO2e.

➢ Approximately one-third of the emissions Government Initiatives:

originate from the steel and cement
➢ Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har
sectors, followed by another one-third from Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA)
the power sector. The remaining ➢ Green Energy Corridor (GEC)
emissions come from transportation and ➢ National Smart Grid Mission
other sectors. (NSGM) and Smart Meter National
Programme
➢ The agriculture and allied activities sector ➢ Faster Adoption and Manufacturing
also plays a significant role, of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles
(FAME)
contributing nearly 17% of the total
➢ International Solar Alliance (ISA)
emissions.
➢ Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
❖ India’s Commitments to Combat
Climate Change: At the 26th edition of the
Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2021,
India pledged to achieve net-zero carbon
Research and
emissions by 2070.

❖ The UN Environment Programme's

Development
emissions gap report for 2022 highlights ❖ Provisions in Interim Budget 2024-
that the international community is falling 25:
short of the Paris goals, and urgent A corpus of Rs.1 lakh crore to be
transformative actions are required to avoid established with fifty-year interest free
climate disaster. loan to provide long-term financing or
refinancing with long tenors and low
❖ Global Climate Risk Index 2021: India or nil interest rates. A new scheme to
has improved its rankings from last year. It be launched for strengthening deep-
is ranked 7th in the 2021 Index as compared tech technologies for defence
to 5th in 2020 Index. purposes and expediting
'atmanirbharta' is also mooted.
❖ Data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and
❖ Academic talent:
Climate Experiment: shows Greenland lost

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 Despite the comparatively lower share R&D activities are conducted in
of GDP dedicated to R&D, India has the Higher Educational Institutions
emerged as a powerhouse in (HEIs).
producing academic talent. ❖ State Governments not Allocating
Annually, India generates an Adequate Funds:
impressive 40,813 PhDs and is in The RBI’s report, State Finances: A
third place after the United States and Study of Budgets of 2023-24, had a
China. section devoted to the r&d spending of
❖ Research output: the State governments. The study
India’s research output remains covered only 10 out of 36 States and
substantial, ranking third globally, Union Territories implying that
with over 3,00,000 publications in research is not a priority for most
2022, highlighting the nation’s robust States. The annual spending on
research ecosystem and its research was also quite small in most
commitment to advancing knowledge States (0.09% of the GSDP on
across diverse fields. average), though Rajasthan emerged
❖ Low R&D Investment as Percentage an outlier.
of GDP:
However, with R&D investment as a ❖ Global Innovation Index (GII) 2022:
percentage of Gross Domestic India is now placed at 40th position among
Product (GDP) standing at 0.64%, the top innovative economies
India falls behind major developed and ❖ Very low human capital base for
emerging economies such as China research: just 0.45% of the students
(2.4%), Germany (3.1%), South Korea enrolled in higher education are enrolled in
(4.8%) and the United States (3.5%). doctoral programmes
❖ Less Contribution by Private
Sector: ❖ Economic Survey 2020-21: India's gross
In India, GERD is primarily driven by expenditure on R&D is 0.65% of its GDP,
the government sector, including the significantly lower than 1.5-3% of GDP spent
central government (43.7%), State by the top 10 economies.
governments (6.7%), Higher
❖ The Indian Research Ecosystem:
Education Institutions (HEIs) (8.8%),
and the public sector industry ➢ In India Only 0.5% of undergraduates go
(4.4%), with the private sector on to do Phds.
industry contributing only
36.4% during 2020–21. ➢ In the U.S.-9% of undergraduates go on to
❖ In leading innovative economies do Phds.
such as China, Japan, South Korea,
❖ Union Budget 2022-23: Defence R&D to
and the U.S., a significant portion
(>70%) of R&D funding is from private be opened up for industry, startups and
industries, driven by market forces academia with 25% of defence R&D budget
earmarked.
and profit motives, and the actual

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 including the National Informatics
Centre (NIC) and the Ministry of
Electronics and Information
Technology (MeitY).
Cyber Security
❖ Global Cybersecurity Index for 2021:
❖ The 2024 Cisco Cybersecurity ranks India at 10th place globally.
Readiness Index found that only 4%
of companies in India are ready to ❖ Crimes in cyberspace cost the global
tackle today's threats, with 59% of economy around $450 billion a year.
organisations falling into the ❖ National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB),
"beginner or formative stages of
2021: India registered 52,974 cyber crime
readiness".
cases in 2021, an increase of over 5% from
❖ The attempted cyber attack on
2020 (50,035 cases) and over 15% from
the Kudankulam Nuclear power 2019 (44,735 cases).
plant in October 2019 highlights the
potential risks to critical ❖ National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal:
infrastructure. setup by the government in 2019. Since its
❖ Malware attacks, such as the one on inception 317439 cyber crime incidents and
City Union Bank’s SWIFT system in 5771 FIRs have been registered upto
March 2020, can result in financial February, 2021 in the country.
losses, identity theft, and damage
trust in the financial system. ❖ Covid-19: Cyber-crimes have gone up by
❖ The compromise of sensitive almost 500% in India during the global
information, as seen in the leak of pandemic.
Common Admission Test (CAT) ❖ Pegasus: As per claims, at least a 1,000
data in May 2021, can have severe Indian phone numbers are in a list of
consequences for privacy and potential targets of surveillance using the
security. Pegasus spyware sold by Israeli company
❖ Operation SideCopy in 2020, where the NSO Group to “vetted governments” with
a Pakistani threat actor targeted the approval of the Israeli government.
Indian military and diplomatic
personnel with malware and phishing Government Initiatives
emails.
• National Cyber Security Policy
❖ The targeting of India's power
• Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative
sector by a China-linked APT group in
• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination
February 2021, with potential
Centre (I4C)
implications for power outages,
underscores the severity of this threat. • Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet
❖ The global cyberattack on Cleaning and Malware Analysis
SolarWinds in December 2020 Centre)
affected Indian organizations, • Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA).

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