AND EQUIPMENT Topic 1: Introduction Good project management in construction must vigorously pursue the efficient utilization of labor, material equipment. The use of new equipment and innovative methods has made possible wholesale changes in__ construction technologies in recent decades. The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affeets the ne and effort thus the project. It is required amount of u job-site productivity of a therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment used ir most commonly Construction Plant and Equipment a2 o Topic 2: construction equipment’s Types of Typically, construction equipment is used essentially operations, and can be broadly classified to perform repetitive according to two basic functions: Construction plant and equipment may also be categorised as follows = xcavation, loading and Factors Factors construction equipr Manufacturer-Specific, Labour ation) affecting ction equipment's and pla: © Economic considerations such as owning costs, operating labour costs nd operating fuel costs of equipment are most important in selection of equipment. Besides, the resale value, the replacement costs of existing equipment and te salvage are also important. company policy on owr While empha: in purchase of equipment keeping in mind the future requirement of projects. the e putting too much focus on short-t Site conditions-both ground con ED 1s well as climatic conditions. example, the soil and profile of a may dictate whether to go for a mounted ed ng or renting’ on owning may result shasis on renting may lead to pment or a and he Ith issues. © Maintain the planned rate of production where there is a shortage of skilled or unskilled labor © Maintain the high quality standards often required by present-day design and specifications (technical Economic Considerations, Company-specific, Site-Specific Equipment Specific, Client’ and ‘oject Specific, Manufacturer-Specific, Labour Consideration) affecting selection of ent’s and plants © Economic considerations such as owning costs, operating labour costs and operating fuel costs of equipment are most important in selection of equipment. Besides, the resale value, the replacement costs of Company policy on owning or renting’ existing equipmer and the value associated with the equ! are also Importanta required amount of 0 job-site therefore important for site ma: construction pl the characte! equipment A ote —i/] tion ed affects the xipment oft productivity of a project. It tics of the major types of Construction Plant and Equipment wbject that deals with operating, using and maintaining building and civil construction machinery and plant. It also addresses health and safety regulations related to the use of various machines. Selection of appropriate type and size of equipment affects the amount of time and effort thus job site productivity of project Reasons _or_ benefits construction plant Percent project. asons or benefits for using construction plant © better quality work © Increase the rate of output through work progress with the best effec High and e| methods. work © Reduced overall construction costs especially for large contracts © Carry out activities which cannot be done mm to do them economically and much faster © Eliminate the heavy manual work by human thus and reducing fatigue eliminating various other hazards and health issues © Maintain the pl production where there is a shortgg of skilled or unskilled labor e& + “Maintain the high quatity stangtiee often required by present-day design anned rate of and specifications —_ (technic Economic Consider tions, equipment procurement is concer The schedule, quality and safety require ments demanded of a particular project cases force the nay in som company to yield to the demands of the client ° A cons action company may prefer to buy equipment from the — same manufacturer again and again, and that too from a specific dealer. This ay be to bi ng in uniformity in the equipment sed by the company or because the company is familiar with fleet poss the working style of the manufacturer and the dea © Shortage of manpower. In some situations this to a di nay le cision in favour of procuring equipment that is highly automated. Further, the select of equipment may be governed & availability or non-availability of tr It also serve as a basis for implementing the changes required in each procedure, allowing efficiency enhanced pe optimisation and Performance can be evaluated by Monitoring the processes; this provides info mation that enable checking the status of processes and seek to control the activities. The information provided by can be used in the correction of activities to enhance perfomance: Assessing the performance of a project it is based on the final results of the procedures and can be used as a bene nark for future si Har activities or for comparison with pre-established values. Its value is intended to help undertake the construction general assessment of the procedures. Topic 2: equipment’s Types of & nhequipment rather than a mobile ki + Construction eau high price tags. While it may be tempting to their spare parts sly avai 2 The owner/client preferences. T + A construction company may prefer to buy equipment from the same < ‘of equipment may be governed by the availability or non-availabil ty of trained manpower Performance/work evaluation Performance evaluation helps in the communication between the contractor and the customer/client of the construction project, so that the 1 can monitor the status of constru ter It also serve as a basis for implementing the changes required i each procedure, allowing optimisation efficiency and enhanced performance. Performance ca be evaluated by Monitoring the processes:- this provides information that enable checking the status of processes and seek to control the activities. The information provided by can be used in the correction of activities to enhance perfomance; Assessing the performance of a pro} it is based on the final results of the nd can be used as proce’ benchmark for future similar activiti < fo} mW of equipment may be governed by the Performance/work evaluation Performance evaluation helps in the and the customer/client of the construction project, so that the latter can moniter the status of construction, It also serve as a basis for implementing the changes required in each procedur allowing optimisation efficiency and enhanced perform Performance can be evaluated by Monitoring the processes: this provid information that enable checking the status of processes and seek to control the CONSTRUCTION PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Topic 1: Introduction Good project management in construction must vigorously pursue the efficient ization of labor, material land and equipment. The use of new equipment and novative methods has made possible whole: le changes 1 construction technologies in recent decades. selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and effort thus the job-site productivity of a project. It Is therefore important for site agers and construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in Construction Plant and Equipment 2 a Se o TTTopic 2: Typ equipment’s es of construction Typically, construction equipment is used to perform operations, and can be broadly classified according to two basic functions: essentially _ repetitive Construction plant and equipment may also be categorised as follows 9) Equipment for dewatering @2> project. Reasons or benefits for using construction plant © better quality work Increase the rate of output through 1 effective work progress with the be and efficient methods. High work output © Reduced overall construction costs especially for large contracts © Carry out activities which cannot be done manually. to do them more economically and much faster @ Eliminate the heavy manual work by human thus reducing fatigue and eliminating various other hazards and health issues. © Maintain the planned rate of of skilled or unskilled labor ©} Maintain the high quality stand often required by pri and specifications ent-day design (echnical, Economic Considerations, < S m0 equipment procurement is concerned. The schedule, quality and safety requirements demanded of a particular project may in some cases force ti company to yield to the demands of the client © A construction company may prefer to buy equipment from the same, manufacturer again and again, and that too from a specific dealer. This may be to bring in uniformity in the equipment fleet possessed by the company or because the company Is familiar with the working style of the manufacturer and the dealer © Shortage of manpower. In some situations this may lead to a decision in favour of procuring equipment that is highly automated. Further, the selection of equipment may be overnce ED availability or non-availaphiity of tr4 It also serve as a basis for implementing the changes required in each procedure, allowing optimisation efficiency and enhanced performance. Performance can be evaluated by Monitoring the processes;- this provides information that enable checking the status of processes and seek to control the activities. The information provided by can be used in the correction of activities to enhance perfomance: Assessing the performance of a project — it is based on the final results of the procedures and can be used as a benchmark for future similar activities or for comparison with pre-established values, i take the Topic 2: Types of construction equipments s value is Intended to help unde general assessment of the procedures Se S utFactor: may go for fixed-base kind of equipment rathe equipment na mobile kind of Construction equipments come with high price tags. While it may be pting to go for the equipment with low initial price, it is preferable to opt for standard equipments. Such equipments are manufactured in large s, and numbers by the manufactu: their spare parts are easily available, which would — ensure rind downtime. Resides, they can also fetch good salvage money at the time of their disposal. The owner/client preferences. This may not be in line with the construction companys preferred policies as far as ycurement is concerned. equipment 5 The schedule. requirements demanded of a particular project may in some cases conga company to yield to the demands ¢ client quality and safety A construction company may prefer to ‘and health issues, © Maintain the planned rate of production where there is a shortage of skilled or unskilled labor em in the high quality standards ntday design (technica consider often required by pr and specifications Company-specific Equipment Specific, Client ana Site-Specific Projec Manufacturer-Specific specific Labour Consideration) Factors affecting _selectio: or construction equipment’s and plants © Economic considerations such owning costs, operating labour costs ting fuel costs of and oper equipment are most impo Manufacturer-Specific Labour con: ation) affecting _selection or construction equipment's and plants Economic considerations such as owning costs, operating labour costs and operating fuel costs of equipment are most important in selection of equipment. Besides, the resale value, the replacement costs of existing equipment and the salvage value associated with the equipment are also important yy policy on owning or renting: While emphasis on owning may result im purchase of equipment keeping in mind the furure require: nent of projects, the emphasis on renting may lead to putting too much focus on short-term benefits, Site conditions-both ground con ED as well as climatic conditions. example, the soil and profile of a site may dictate whether to go for a eal construction equipment often affects the of time and effort thus the required amou job-site productivity of a project. It is therefore important for site managers and to be familiar with construction planne the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in Construction Plant and Equipment is a subject that deals with operating, using and maintaining building and civil construction machinery and plant. It also addresses health and safety regulations related to the use of various machines. Selection of appropriate type and size of equipment affects the amount of time and effort thus job site productivity of project. Reasons_or_penetits_tor_uSaD construction plant © better quality workrom = wpe corn) 10) Auxiliary equipment’s Topic 3: Excavation, loading and grading equipment Earthmoving — may nelude site preparation; excavation; embankment construction; backfilling; dredging: preparing base course, sub-base, and sub-grade; compaction and — road surfacing. For earthmoving operations, material is placed in three categories - rock, soil (common earth), and ssified. Soil weight affects the perform s how nce of the equipment dozers push, graders cast, and serapers load the mate! Equipments unde this category a) Excavators b) Front shovel © Front end loaders a) Backhoe/ backactor ©) Dozers clamshell backhoe loaders to do multiple jobs like;- © Light demolition © Transportation of light al; Digging holes; building Paving roads; Breaking asphalt; small urban engine ng projects. ©) Clamshell The clamshell bucket is a sophisticated articulating two-piece bucket mechanically hinged at the middle to form a claw-like appendage with an internal volume. It is attached by a hangar or bracket and uses ground engaging tool on its. cutting edge to dig in a vertical Clamshell commonly used in excavation or material direction. buckets are dredging, handling >> however, each application has its unique requirements and has to be designed optimally for efficienc maximum Clamshell ma: be commonly used in dredging, excavation or material handling, unique requirements and has to be eiticioney. Clamshell may be (eabte) or by both hydraulic and Hydraulte Gxeavator. The dual or. quad hydraulic cylinders/rams mounted provide excelient digging force. The Innerside of the bucket has a clamshell bucket is with additional layer b) Front shovel ©) Front end loaders @ Backhoe/ backactor e) Dozers De g) Trenchers h) Motor graders i) Scrappers mshell a) Excavators They consist of © Boom © stick (dipper arm) © bucket and © cab onar n known ing platfe as the house that si Ss atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.repls It can duplicate the work of a bulldozer, front end loader and excavator. The backhoe loader also has the advantage g driven directly to the aiff t eas. These can also be associated of b: job « with variety of other instruments like hydraulic hammers, asphs nd grapples. The attachment of different tools allows © Light demotition nspor cerial groove. @) Concrete Batching and Mixing Plant: A concrete batching and mixing plant is a huge set up of machines meant to combine cement, aggregates such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete (ready-mixed). These plants are either mobile or stationary and their sizes range from portable mixer to heavy industrial mixing plant Stationary plant mixer, mixes the concrete before it is discharged into a truck mixer. Revolving drums, conveyor and diesel or electric powered engines are used in this plant. The truck mixer is used primarily as an agitating haul unit tion. Dump trucks at a central mix ope Mobile concrete mixing plant is also very clamshell is ideal for dredging application by crane. 1D Dozers Dozers equipped are heavy machines dQ for clearing and grading land. ally having continuow broad hydraulic blade Parts of a tread n front ader inc © Tractor, © blade and © rippers. The blade may be lifted and forced down by hydraulic rams. © For digging, the blade is held below surface level: © For transporting, it is held at the surface level © For spreading, it is held above the surface level, as the tractor @Q forward. Depending on the ni dozer blades come in th © of the work, thePa See key) st vps.com/l SS) diameter of the poker is decided from the consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in the form-work. © External or Shutter Vibrators: Th zidly to the form work at the se vibraters are clamped -determined points so that the formwork and concrete are vibrated. They consume more power for a given compac pre~ asting of thin in- situ sections of such shape and different types of soils, e.g. © static steel wheel and pneumatic rollers for thin layer of soils © Impact machines like jumping jack rammers for cohesive type of soils: © Plate compactors for granular soils and asphalt. For soils with greater cohesive content, machines like © Vibratory rollers available in le and dual drum models with either smooth or pad-foot drums are used. Soil compactor plays important role in| many infrastructure projects. Equipments under this category include a) Rollers They are important engineering vehicle for the roads and highway constructions and used for the compaction of dirt, < TT Chain Hoist- they consist of chain rope and pulley and is used to move the load up and down 4 = uwdifferent shapes ana si re tabll vibrator in machine provides optir vibration in the mix so that the ratio of cement used can be reduced substantially without affecting the strength of the blocks. The other important equi type hydraulically operated concrete block machines are vibratory motor, s, heppe pump motor, hydraulic leve and hydraulic filler vw) Concrete pla 1 pumps mops: They are u ito supply concrete to places, which are difficult to each by other heavy machines. Concrete Pum heavy-duty Equipme! pipe, hose and othe: s. When pressure is h concrete by the cone pump. it forces the concrete throu lubricated pipe. Concrete pumping useful in the areas where space available for cons > pump, pplied to iction equipment is Limite © Dragline Draglines are amongst the largest mobile equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the vicinity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been constructed. They can be used to lift heavy materials and equipment used for land levelling, xi Galso called as Tipper) those trucks whose contents can be emptied by raising the front end of the platform pneuma: discharged by cally so that the load is ity. They are av: and mainly us activities such as to clear material wastes the building const supply materials to the construction sites ete. Another form of lable uuck is the standard a upping bucket The can be classified based on © Weight or load carried in tonegg 7 S tonnes lorry e@ Based on number of wheels or number of driving wheels eg 4~4 or 4x2 etc ao po) eee any tractor or backhoe that gives it maximum downward pressure. It is suitable where precise cutting is required. b) Bituminous distributor This is a truck-mounted plant for generating liquid bituminous and applying them to road surfaces through a spray bar connected to the terials of the truck. Bituminous materials include both asphalt and tar which have similar properties except that tar is not soluble in petroleum products. While asphalt is most frequently used for road surfacing, tar is used when the pavement is likely to be heavily exposed to petroleum spills. ix) Road Cleaning Machin. They use high pressure air blower within a short time thereby saving labour, time and also bitumen @ machine is provided with a rotary D which mechanically operates and cleans the dust particles settled on the road.extreme care because they are very dangerous equipment's. the so stress waves can penetrate up to 10m. In cohesion less soils, the Mqueraction that is followed by the compaction of the soil, and in cohesive soils, they create an increased amount of pore water pressure that is followed by the compaction of the soil. Pore water pressure is the pressure of water that is trapped within the particles of rocks and sq h) Motor graders he degree of compaction depends on the weight of the hammer, the height from which the hammer is dropped, and the spacing of the locations at which the hammer is dropped. The initial weight dropping has the most impact, and penetrates up to a greater depth. The stays close to the ground. A blade is following arc ew Pt one, eS shunted tinder the cab to. sprend Qa another, compact the shallower newated and the process is. completed by compacting the soil at the surface Motor graders operated from the centre of the machine are us A motor grader is an earth-moving apparatus equipped with a long blade used to level a surface of roads and construction sites. Graders ce n produce inclined surfaces, to give cant (camber) to roads. At the end it has a plow which ed for Most soil types can be improved with for saturated or nearly saturated clays or soils with low permeability Advantages of soil compacting include: © Water seepage is minimized © Damage from frosts is prevented. © Load bearing capacity of soil is increased. Applications: eDigging pits for ground construction work. elIdeal for digging and loading material in tight and limited © Contraction and swelling of soil is spaces tent. E * Material handling, loading and unloading industrial wastes, grains, sands, etc * Heavy duty mechanical clamshell is ideal for dredging application by crane. reduced to a certain e; Different types of compactors are used for different types of soils, e.g. © static steel wheel and pneumatic rollers for thin layer of soils © Impact machines like jumping jack rammers for cohesive type of soils; ) Dozers © Plate compactors for granular Dozers equipped are heavy machines soils and asphalt. For soils with used for clearing and grading land, greater cohesive content, machines, usually having continuous treads and a like 2 broad hydraulic blade in front @Q © Vibratory rollers availabl Parts of a grader include; single and dual drum models with either smooth or pad-foot drums are used. Soil compactor plays an CSET nls © Tractor, © blade anadiameter of the poker is decided from the consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in the form-work. © External or Shutter Vibrators: These vibrators are clamped rigidly to the form work at the pre-determined points so that the formwork and concrete are vibrated. They consume more power for a given compaction effect than internal vibrators external vibrators are more ol used for pre-casting of thi situ sections of such shape and Chain Hoist- they consist of chain rope and pulley and is used to move the load up and down = ’ as- = = = STENT TYPES OP COMpACtore are ae different types of soils, e.g. © static steel wheel and pneumatic rollers for thin layer of soils © Impact machines like jumping jack rammers for cohesive type of soils: © Plate compactors for granular soils and asphalt. For soils with greater cohesive content, machines like © Vibratory rollers available in single and dual drum models with either smooth or pad-foot drums are used. Soil compactor plays an important role in’ many infrastructure projects. Equipments under this category include a) Rollers They are impc nt engineering vehicle for the roads and highway constructior and used for the compaction of dirtthat 1 essure. It is ANY tractor OF DAcKNoe, maximum downward pr suitable where pr gives: cise cutting is requirea. b> Bituminous distributor This is a truck-mounted plant for gener and applying them to road surface through a spray bar connected to the end ueck. Bit erials include beth asphalt and tar which have similar s not soluble in petroleum products. While asphalt is most ting liquid bituminous materials properties except that tar frequently used for road surfacing, ¢ used when th pavement is likely to be heavily exposed to petroleum spills. ix) Road Cleaning Machine: They use high pressure air blowe! within a short time thereby saving labour, time and also bitumen. @ machine is provided with a retary 5 which mechanically oper rticles settled on the rc the dust pe ame xii). | Dumper Trucks/ Tipper Dumper trucks (also those trucks whose contents can be emptied by raising the front end of the platform pneumatically so that the load is discharged by gravity. They are available in various sizes and mainly used in activities such as to clear material wastes from the building construction sites to supply materials to the construction sites etc. Another form of truck is the standard Tipper) are truck, which does net have a tipping bucket The can be classified based on ried in toneg.eg © Weight or load 5,6, 20, 5 tonnes lorry © Based on number of wheels or number of driving wheels eg 4x4 or 4=2 ete different shapes and sizes. The table-top vibrator in machine provides optimum vibration in the mix so that the ratio of cement used can be reduced substantially without affecting the strength of the blocks. The other important equipments used in stand type hydraulically operated concrete block machines are vibratory motor, pump motor, hydraulic levers, hopper and hydraulic filler vi). Concrete placer and pumps Concrete Pumps: They are used to supply conerete to places, which are difficult to reach by other heavy machines. Concrete Pumping Equipment’s are concrete pump. heavy-duty pipe, hose and other accessories. When pressure is app! column of fre concrete by the cone pump, it forces the concrete throu lubricated pipe. Concer useful in the areas whe for construction equ Fate ad aves enon pumping is space available Dragline Draglines are amongst the largest mobile equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the vicinity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been constructed. They can be used to lift heavy materials and equipment used for land levelling.Pa 3) caceermesw + vi) Slip-form This may be define: continuously moulding or as a method of forming concrete, with the use of a moving formwork. The rate of movement or slipping is controlled by the setting or curing rate of the concrete, which must be capable of supporting at least its own weight when exposed by the moving formwork. This is undoubtedly the most unique aspect of slip forming, the ability ef concrete to sta nd safely and unsupported within 2 to 4 hours after being placed into the formwork in a plastic state. Used in construction of rein SD concrete wall structures such as So complexes, chimneys, reservoir piers, in ground shafts, dam structures ete rhe major components of slip form fo} sequently its load-bearing capacity. Compaction- is the process by which solid soil particles closely together by mechanical means and it is achieved through reduction of air voids. It is a rapid process and it is an artificial process re packed more Consolidation- is the process by which soil particles are packed more closely together under the application of static loading. It is achieved through gradual drainage of water from soil pores. It is a natural process and is strictly applicable for saturated or nearly saturated clays or soils with low permeability Advantages of soil compacting include: © Water seepage is minimized © Damage from frosts is prevented. e Load bearing capacity of ‘& rereased. © Contraction and swelling of soil is reduced to a certain extent. Different types of compactors are used for ae eee nea) compacting the soil at the surface. Most soil types can be improved with dynamic compaction. Old fills and si soils are most often treated The soils that are below the water table ula! have to be treated efully to permit emission of the excess pore water pressure that is created when the weight is dropped onto the surface Topic 5: Concreting equipment’s These include a) Crushing plants b) Sand making m © Sand washing machines nines @ conc mixers ©) Concrete vibrators D conc block machine @ Concrete placers and pumps @ h) Slip form a) Crushing plant Crushing plants are the huge assembly Topic 5: Concreting equipment’s These include a) Crushing plants b) Sand making machines © Sand washing machines @ Concrete mixers e) Concrete vibrators D Concrete block r g) Concrete placers and pumps h) Slip form « ushing plants are either __ static assemblies or mobile assemblies and ipmenv’soa Oy Caceres 3 a to roads. At the end it has a plow which cylinder/ram delivers smooth staye¢lose-to-the-sround.> AT blade: is: opening and closing actions with situated under the cab to spread and Song wen ceration“soreerwhien ase push gravel pre-requisite for an effective Motor graders operated from the centre telescopic clamshell bucket © levelling the surface during earthwork in embankments and providing blanket surface befo: ding balla: spre and 1 ying track, foundation pads to finish grade prior tothe construction of large buildings and ® Scrappers Slip form The scraper cuts soil with a sharp blade aesue at the front bottom of the bucket. The a) Crushing plant soil is stored in the bucket and can be Crushing plants are the huge assembly released at the required location. The of machines designed to recycle and construction have reprocess the rubbles of buildings, reads, hydraulically operated bails and push or other materials into commercially blocks with hooks. sized aggregate for use as base materials They are Sone or ee moseversaee or other value-added applications such as ballast for vai ous applications. equipment that performs different BE functions is used for excavating, digging crushing plants are either static and hauling of materials. assemblies or nobile assemblies and consist of different ar s ays of equipment’s Uses of scrapers include like screens, pre-screener, intake hopper, © preparing the ground for the new magnetic separator, conveyor both loads of solid waste; in preparing undersized and oversized, _ loading work at landfills conveyor and crushing units like jaw © in preparing the sites fo crusher, cone crusher etc. They find their construction (road, ete.) through applications in Road Construction; digging, loading, hauling Building Construction; Constructio) dumping the wastes materials’ over bridges; Construction of pav and paths ete b) Sand making machines The machine consists of feeding hopper,Pa) cee Peete compaction of shallow elements and compaction of very dry mixe The main application of this type of vibrator is in the compaction of nal slabs 2 150 truck mixer transports concrete/mortar directly from plant to the place where it is to be poured. mt has a wide r not exceedir mm in thickness, and patching and repair work of paveme: applications specially for mas works like Multi-storeyed buildings, a Bridge works etc. The basic function of - transit mixer is to maintain the concrete's ead? liquid state, through the turning of the drum ull the point of delivering at ~) Block ma! equipme: ing machine and Ex ated mple is a hydraulically ope concrete block machine that produces blocks of different types like solia, an be reduced Objectives of preventive maintenance D To obtain maximum availability of the equipment by avoiding breakdown and reducing shutdown periods to ii) To keep the machine in proper condition so as to maintain the equality of the product iii) To minimize the wear and tear iv) To preserve the value of the equipment v) To ensure the safety of workers vi) ‘To keep the plant at maximum production efficiency vil) To achieve the hove objectives with Applications: economical combination ° Digging pits for ground construction work. runctional elements of preventive functional element Ee eldeal for digging and loading maintainedurface level, as the tractor move: forward Depending on the ¢ of the work dozer blades come in three varieties that and used only for fine grading: and curved and has large side wings capable to carry more material © Combination Blade, which is short in length, side wings. s curved and has small Ar don the end oppos: the shovel. The ripper is used to break up compacted ground or paved ar Uses of dozers include- © Im Earthmoving: Road construction: © Lifting various materi Breaking pavement ana compacted grounds: The fully mechanical clamshell is designed specifically to be used on a crane for large capacity dredging and digging applications. The opening and closing action is operated via cable. The inner side of the bucket has a smooth surface for easy unloading of high viscosity material suchas) mud and. clay. while the outer layer is reinforced with additional layer of wear strips The hanger is constructed with high tensile steel Telescople dipper arms are used where dip excavation work needs to be carried out in tighay spaced environment. The single centred mount hydraulic eyiinder/ram clamshell bucket is specificalt designed to be used on a telescope dipper arm. ‘The unique and powerfil customized hydraulle Cylinder/ram delivers smooth mmpor many Infrastructure projects. Equipment’s clude under — this category a) Rollers b) Jumping jack rammers. Rollers: They ar nt engineering vehicle for the roads and highway constructions and used for the compaction of dirt gravel, concrete, and asphalt. In landfill compaction too, road roller has great util from simple drum ry. Its size var with a handle, to a size of many tonnes. Rased on their sizes rolle following types ep-foot Roller: A sheep-foot roller has almost hoof like are of structures protruding from a roller to provide pinpgipt pressure all across the Protruding studs on the drum is simil to a sheep-foot, which provides a kneading action. For al vibrators are more often used for pre-casting of thin i situ sections of such shape and thickness that cannot be. compacted by internal vibrators. © surface Vibrators: These are placed directly on the concrete mass and best suited compaction of shallow elemeé and compaction of very dry mixes. The main application of this type of vibrator ic in the com ee of© Corrective Maintenance involve: emergency. remedial and repairs. It is a unscheduled reactive as opposed to proactive mode of maintenance. It is based on the policy of ‘operate the equipment until it breaks down and then repair © Preventive Maintenance programs. Pr Maintenance aims at preventing failure, detecting onset failure and discovering a hidden failure, m, which is is a progi endeavours to anticipate failure and the adoption of necessary preventive action before they Objectives or prev » To obtain maximum availability of the equipment by avoiding breakdown and Bracings, Ope ation screws, Extraction jacks, 4 nd Miscellaneous equipment Topic 6: Bitumen laying equipment’s a) Asphalt Pave: hey are used for distribution, shaping and compaction of asphalt — layer. Material is discharged from the lorry in a tipping action viii) Asphalt Road Cutter It is a machine that removes the existing asphalt surface of roadways, runways, or other asphalt surface. It can be operated both manually and mechanically and can be attached with any tractor or backhoe that gives it maximum downward pressure. It is b) Bituminous distributor This is a truck-mounted plant for generating liquid bituminous materials < fo} i ro vi) Slip-form. This m: y be defined as a method of continuously moulding or forming concrete, with the use of a moving formw¢ Kk. The rate of movement or slipping is controlled by the setting or curing rate of the concrete, which must be capable of supporting at least its 9: weight when exposed by the m formwork. This is undoubtedly the most y of concrete to stand safely and unique aspect of slip forming, the abi iv) Concrete vibrators Since concrete contains particles of varying sizes, the most satisfactory compaction would perhaps be obtained by using vibrators with different speeds of vibration. Concrete vibrators used include © Immersion or Needle Vibrators: This is perhaps the most commonly used vibrator It essentially consists of a steel tube with one end closed and rounded) having an eccentric vibrating element inside it. This steel tube called poker is connected to an electric motor or a diesel engine through a flexible tube diameter of the poker is dect from the consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in the form-work nd Oo mWro eo capamie to carsy more material compaction of the initial layer Topic z Transporting equipment’s length, less curved and has A ripper — mounted on the end opposite They adopt two modes of transportation the shovel. The ripper is used to break up, Y AGOE * © Horizontal movement. examples compacted ground or paved are tippers dumpers conveyor belts Uses of dozers include- © Vertical movement xamples © m Earthmoving: mobile hoists, cranes pumps and © Road construction: ermal © Breaking pavements ana epeDUmpeSE: compacted grounas: This is usually an open four wheeled © Digging of canals: vehicle with the load skip in front of the © Land clearing and land levelling: driver. The skip can tip to dump the load: © Preparation of construction sites this is where the name “dumper” con © Removal of civil engir from. They are used to carry loads and projects. mate to the construction A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as site tractor to tow such things as a Qe compressor to run pneumatic aril@aap main applications of dumpers are—tn transporting materials to construction sites, in manufacturing and preduction line ed fo} uu lubricated. pipe. Concrete. pumping Is useful in the areas where space available for construction equipment is limited. It is faster and saves enough man power and energy. It is all weather operation and does not require heavy equipment’s like cranes and hoists for other construction ations, Concrete Placer: This Machine can be sed for Bridges, Culverts, mass Concreting Purpose and Canal Works. It can pour concrete at the height of 27 feet and has ability to fold for Towing without removing discharge hopper. Mechanical power for the conveyor is provided by an engine, which drives a Hydraulic Double Pump. Electric hoistIs a modernized form of chain and boom hoist it is used for handling materials in industriesa following types: sh roller has Roller: A st almost cep-foot rep-foot hoof like structures protruding provide pressure all ac froma roller to pinpoint otruding studs on the drum is similar to a sheep-foot, which provides a kneading action. For compaction of plastic soils like clay or silt it is very effective. On granular neep-foot rollers tend to shove rather than such soils. The works very well compact sheep-foot role on cohesive soils and as well wet condition: eee ow Combination Rollers: Combination rollers are used for better efficiency and for the compaction of asphalt base and sub-base courses for road construction and road maintenance. Some of the compact rollers also use vibratory front system on the drum for density requirements and tires in the impermeability smoothness of the mat Compacted material manipul by the four pneumatic four pneumatic rear to provide and iD JOD Ses ANG aT Various COMstrnetOT Hoists They include chain, boom « te hoists, Boom holsts-They are used to lift weights on the hooks that are attached to the special metal ropes. They are used when the pavement is likely to be heavily exposed to petroleum spills ix) Road Cle ning Machine: They use high pressure air blower within a short time thereby saving labour, time and also bitumen. This machine is provided with a rotary brush which mechanically operates and cleans the dust pa icles settled on the road. x) Chip Spreader Used for maintaining the and long-lasting effect, s one of the most effective quality giving the roads a methods and this is done by a chip spreader, which is a v nique self-propelled machine for laying of pre-coated chipping, A chip spreader through chip gives special protective wearing surfay an existing pavement xi) Ballast Spreader sealing The road paver can be used for laying The of ballast raver can b:eee SE) ® Trench Trenchers perform functions like © Landscaping: © Irrigation: © plumbing: © Underground utility construction for water and sewer services: Special trenching components available to cut through rocky soils, paving and ground ete Rased on the size and usage these can be categorized as chain trenchers, wheel or disc trenchers nd bucket trenchers. With attachments like backhoe: and reel carriers, trenchers become more versatile and efficient Trenchers must be handled 2 extreme care because they are dangerous equipment’ oe Topic 4: Compaction Equipments The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically The bas ic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact and vibration. Kneading- it is the process of pressing and stretching of soil particles at the same time applying pressure Ramming- is the process of forcing soil particles close together by pounding Compacting technique involve ¢ 1ergy application to loose material or other material which increases density; consequently its load-bearing capaci Compaction. is the process by which solid soil particles are packed more ae een) ane Pat b>) Sand making machines sts of feeding hopper rotopactor, sand screen, conveyors, elevators, electrical prime movers and controls, ete. Rotopactors of varying size: are used to crush stone from which sand is obtained. The sand so produced i utilized in the construction of buildings, pavements © Sand washing machine Sand washer is used to remove the dust @) Concrete Batching and Mix! Oo electric motor ana deceler: A concrete batching and mixing plant is number of driving wheels eg 44 or 4*2 ete Lifting e! recting and equipment Commonly used equipment’s include folk lift truck, cranes and derricks. Most derricks are stations ry while most cranes can move from place to place under their own power. The terms derricks and cranes are sometimes used interchangeably Types of lifting equipments © overhead cranes and their supporting runways. patient hoists. motor vehicle lifts. vehicle tail lifts and cranes fitted to vehicles. © a building cleaning cradle and its suspension equipment, © telehandlers and fork lifts. ooo a) Lift Truck/-folk lift A lift truck is a machine, which lifts and cd© pDerricks:. They used to iift 2 commonly equipment of materials in industrial or building construction. A derrick consists of a vertical mast and an inclined boom sprouting from the foot of the mast. The mast is held in position by guys or stifflegs connected to a base while a topping lift links the top of the mast and the top of the inclinea boom. A hook in the read line hanging from the top of the inclined boom is used to lift loads Guy derricks may easily be moved from one floor to the next qa building under construction stiffleg derricks may be mounted on tacks for movement within a work area. < o cay Cena compaction of asphalt base and sub-base courses for road construction and road maintenance. Sor of the compact rollers also use vibratory system on the front drum for density requirements and four pneumatic tires in the rear to provide impermeability and smoothness of the material Compacted material manipulated by the four pneumatic ndem Rollers: Tandem roj have their utility in soil asphalt compaction, construction and repair on small to medium jobs on highways. both sides some considerations Signaling for changes of direction Brakes with secondary safety mechanisms y. devices to help with repetitive work CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT @e Equipment related costs vary between 27 — 40% of the tot nerefore. the standard of equipment ao m0 1 2 Pee Dynamic compaction This is a method that is used to increase the density of the soil when certain subsurface constr ke other methods inappropriate. It is is used to increase the density of soil deposits. The process involves of dropping a heavy weight repeatedly on the ground at regularly spaced intervals. The weight and the height determine the amount of compaction that would occur. The weight that is used, depends on the degree of compaction desired and is between 8 tonne to 36 tonne. The height varies from 1m to 30m. soils, these waves create liquefaction that is followed by the compaction ofClassified as batched or continuous, free-falling or forced movement, and stationary or portable. The main types of mixers include | The drum mixe 4) The pan mixer Tilting dru mixer: A tilting dru mixer is ene whose drum in which mixing ts discharging. The drum ke place is tilted for conical or bowl shaped with internal vanes, and the disc pid and unsegregated so that these mixers are suitable for mixes of low workability and for those containing large size aggregate. 27 vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name “dumpe: from. They @ used to carry loads and materials to the construction sites. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor to tow such things as an a compressor to run pneumatic drills. The main applications of dumpers are in transporting materials to construction sites, in manufacturing and production line. =D per > Dumper trucks (also called as Tipper) are those emptied by raising the front end of the < mw 1cks whose contents can be Piling plant A pile driver is a mechanical device used to drive piles (poles) into soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other ructures, The term also used in reference to members of the construction n pile-driving rigs. Types of piles include Timber (treated or untreated), Concrete reinforced and pre-stressed concrete Pile driving equipment include diesel hammers, vibratory hammers, and impact hamme: applicatio: help select the right pile driving r job. The Regardless of the equipment for your particu pile driving equipment used for driving on differe! it types *& including steel sheet piles and H Common types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is hand-held and others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility. © Rotary drills- cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface © Rotary-percussion drills - combines the two cutting movements to provide a faster penetration in rock. Drilling Rig: A drilling rig is a machine, which creates holes in the ground. The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.rae eee replaced the traditional methods of drilling and blasting. Grouting ana dewatering equipments Grouting « penet ng is often use to stop the ation of water in sub-soil with ity, 3 and jointed rock strata. Row/s of hole: are bored on the soil and, usually nder high grout will rate into the voids of th ch as in fissured high pe cement grout, are injected pressure. The cement pene sub-soil and form somewhat an impermeable curtain vertically separating the ground wate} Cement grout is usually a mixture of cement and water, or cement and sand unde ratio maximum 1:4. Some chemical grout can be used to form! which can increase strength and reduce permeability of soil. ce: + calcium chloride = calcium silicate, o Sodium silicate xvi) Rock tunnel ng equipments They include special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutter heads and capable of excavating full diameter of the increasingly methods of tunnel. Their use has replaced the traditional drilling and blasting Grouting and equipment Grouting Grouting is dewatering often use to stop the penetration of water in sub-soil with high permeability, such as in fissured and jointed rock strata. Row/s of holes are bored on the soil and, usually cement grout, are injected under b grout ate into the voids of the sub-soil pressure. The cement and form somewhat an impermeable curtain vertically separating the ground ro eet replaced the traditional of Grouting and equipments dewatering Grouting Grouting is ofte! penetration ef water in sub-soil with high permeability, such as in fissured and jointed rock str Row/s of holes are bored on the soil and, usually c injected under high grout will penetrate into the voids of the sub-soil nent grout, a pressure. The cement and form somewhat an impermeable curtain vertically separating the ground cement grout of pe + calcium neability of soil. (eg. Sodium silicate chloride = calcium silicate, Pam Bete xiv) Cranes and derricks © Cranes: These are the huge machineries having ropes meant to lift or to lower any heavy devices. Cranes are not permanent structure and either fixed in the ground or mounted on certain vehicles. operated operator or through infrared or Cranes are either through cab radio signals. Cranes are used for unloading of goods in the transport industry, the loading and for the movement of debris, sand mud and other materials in the construction industry and for the assembling of he: vy equipment in the manufacturing industryca Drilling and blasting These equipment’s are used for rock excavation The t includes loosening, loading, hauling and k Of rock excavation compacting specialized for performed by ne loosening ope reck excavation and is Ling, bla yuipments under this category include; a) Drilling equi b) Rippers © Rock tunnelling equipment @) Drilling equipments Types of drilling equipment’s include © Percussion drills- penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotates without cutting on the ups Common types of percussion drills Rancihetd and omer wher QD © Rotary aris. cv ae Types of pile I nmers include © prop © Single acting stear or compressed © Double acting steam or compressed arif © Differential acting tea corupressed alk © Diesel © Hyard © vibrate y drivers Drilling and blasting These equipment’s are used for rock excavation The ta sk of rock excavation Includes loosening, loading, hauling and compacting. The loosening operation is ais performed by drilling, blasting or "=> Equipments under this category includ a) Drilling equipments specialized for rock excavation ai b) Rippers a ) Rock tunnelling equipment a) Drill ng equipments Types of drilling equipment’s include: © Percussion drills- penetrates ana cuts rock by i npact while it rotates without cutting on the upstroke. Common types of percussion 4 include a jackhammer which is hand-held and others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wl for mobility © Rotary drills. cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface © Rotary-percussion = drills - combine: the two cutting Drilling Rig: A drilling rig is a machine, which creates holes in the ground. The term “rig” therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is “<> penetrate the surface of the Earth's cr fo} etcetera a xv) Rippers Tractor mounted are capable of penetrating and prying loose most rock types. The blade or ripper is connected to an adjustable shank which controls the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or lowered. Automated ripper may be installed to g depth and tip angle. Hydraulic Hydraulic mounted on some equipment (called as. control rippi Breakers: control breakers can be carriers) such as backhoes, excavators ete The application of hydraulic breakers mainly lies in bri breaking asphalt su! trimming of RCC pile heads: demolition aking concrete roads: rocks and faces: concrete projects involl ng bridge decks, foundations and pavement breakersWell point systems © shallow or deep-borea izontal control ground water © clectro-osmosis method Auxiliary equipment’s Air compressors and pumps are widely used al the power sources — for Air compressors used Is which include drills, grinders, pneumatic hammers, saws, wrenches, concrete vibrators. Pumps are used to supply we dewater at construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construc ant Matching of Equipment ana On any construction job a number of co © Stress caused by poor environment (@oise, heat, poor ventilation, chemicals, noxious gases) © Plan each stage of the project with safe working as one of the primary the provision of protective clothing. © Ensure adequate supervision. © Maintain adequate records and all participants. Safety precautions on moving > equipment ra) rome Wee Auxiliary equipment’s Air compressors and pumps are widely power construction tools and equipment. used as the sources for Air compressors used pneumatic construction tools which include drills, hammers, grinders, staple sandblasting guns, and concrete vibrators. saws, wrenches, guns, Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at construction sites and to provide water jets for some types of construction Matchin; of Equipment and Plant On any construction job a number of combination to Construction of concrete dam. Construction Cement grout is usually a mixture of cement and water, or cement and sand under ratio maximum 1:4, Sometimes nical grout can be used to form a gel which can increase strength and reduce permeability of soil. (eg. Sodium silicate Je = calcium silicate, * calcium chlo which is a silica gel) The following provisions can contribute certain degree of water-tightness to the basement during the construction: © Sheet piling © Diaphragm walls © Suitable grouting to the sub-soil In addition, control by the use of the deep-bored ground water can be further following arrangement: © sump pumping © Well point systems © Shallow or wellsOD & cudoc all participar Safety precautions on moving vehicles, signalling device backward movement rail lights Operate: 1s-hanaling ately be & materi. should be equipment adeau otected © the 2s ae ned and constructe Penner} from one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiffleg derricks may be mounted acks for movement within a work area. = = Cement grout is usually a mixture of cement and water, or cement and sand under ratio maximum 1:4. Sometimes chemical grout can be used to form a gel which can increase strength and reduce permeability of soil. (eg. Sodium silicate + calcium chloride which is a silica gel) calcium silicate, The following provisions can contribute certain degre basement du 2 of wate tightness to the ng the constr 1ction © Sheet piling © Diaphragm walls © Suitable grouting to the In addition, water can be further control by the use of the following arrangement ground © sump pumping © Well point systems © Shallow or deep-bored wells © in. preparing the sites for construction (road, ete.) through digging, loading, hauling andsystem at the same rate. i) The batching ana mixing plant which produces the — mixed conerete should balance the aggregate processing ana conveying plant i) The transportation equipment be it Mat body truck with concrete buckets, or agitator cars, bucket on cable way or dump trucks should match the mixers. The concrete vibrators should be adequate to compact the concrete -d by the transportation equipment iv) Where cranes are needed to unto: Ce a) Digger volume Maintenance records Important to implementing effective management of maintenance of construction equipment, is the proper recording and documentation of equipment maintenance records and reports. Such records indicates maintenance manpower man hours available, hours planned for maintenance work, actual hours worked for maintenance, overtime hour preventive and corrective maintenance hours, maintenance costs, causes of equipment breakdown, maintenance skills required, detailed description of equipment operating hour and material costs etc. These data_or reports will assist the organization @Q a) Tracking down — equipment maintenance cost trends. equipment, , total labour b) Assessing the effectiveness of the fleet sizes to economical and geable levels. Improving vorkshop | workshops and cilitic Owners of construction equipment should establish workshops facilities for vicing and repairing their own equipment. Before deciding to set up a workshop, however, the following important questions shouldbe. addressed: © The type and number of equipment you need to maintain © The kina of facil hanics, tools and equipm: carry out services and repairs dea to nvolved to carry out the a repairs in yor workshop compared to tha by an agent or garage should be noted that, the bigger the fleet s es, the more economical it is to et your own workshop. But with little the discharge is rapid and unsegregated so that these mixers are suitable for mixes of low workability and for those containing large size aggregate. iii) Pan type mixer: A pan type mixer is a forced-action mixer, as distinct from drum mixercombination to produce the end-product Examples Construction of concrete dam The cc involves the production of aggregates, handling of ingredients such as cement, aggregates, water and admixtures, batching and mixing the concrete, handling of the mixed concrete which involves. transportation and compaction. Fach of the items are performed by different equipment and plant. AN the rformed at the same rate so that there placement and tivities have to be no stoppage of work for want of equipment or product of the previous ton Thus m opera ching or cor tial ® The crushed aggregates Procaemy by the aggregate processing be handled by the belt conveyor system at the same rate. 4) The batching and mixing plant ruction plant is esse: Ba o cay ene functional elements of preventive maintained 0 Inspections and checkups ii) Servicing including cle cooling and lubrication ii) Planning and scheduling iv) Record and analysis wv Training of mainta vi) Strorage of spare parts aning nee staff 1) Having a maintenance culture Maintenance culture is an attitude whereby structures are kept in functional and facilities, systems — and safe conditions at minimum costs. Lack of maintenance culture on premature br high cost of repair, equipment related management of kdown of equipment, repetitive work, CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT Equipment related costs vary between 27 ~ 40% of the total project costs. Therefore, the standard of equipment management has an extremely large effect on the execution of the project The objective of equipment management is © to try to improv: quality of the the si na fety ¢ project by d execution mechaniz, * to reduce the duration and costs of the project ‘This could be achieved by © carrying the equipment to site © maintaining equipment in good working condition aining and keeping competent Protection of operators Operators of vehicles and earth-moving or Is-he nt should be ndling equipm| adequately be protected against the weather or accidents due to impact crushing or contact with a moving load by a cab which © Is designed and constructed in accordance with ergonomic principles and provides full protection from adverse weather conditions © Is fully enclosed where dusty conditions are likely to be encountered; © Provides the driver with a clear and unrestricted view of the area of oper © Is equipped with direction Ergonomic design; espec both sides. on operator protection a some considerations ally seal controls and information displays> Pan type mixer: is a forced—act! drum mix: ee fall of the m. The pan A pan type mixe mixer, as distinct fro which relies on the f concrete inside the d r ist of a circular pan rotating about its axis with one or two sta paddles rotating about vertical axis of pan. < o cae Sete oe ne) noxious gases) These cause the following hazards © Falling ms ry © crushing due to impact of moving or chinery or parts of machine toppling plant and equipment © Falling from plant and equipment © Limbs or bodies caught in machinery © Physiological damage through vibration 2 Poor ergonomics-design of equipment to reduce operator fatigue discomfort and injury © Physiological and psychological damage through repetitive work © Stress caused by poor environment (@oise, heat, poor __ ventilation chemicals, noxious gases) General safety strategies Plan each stage of the projec @Q safe working as one of the prit objectives © Ensure the appropriate equipment is ue ch op conveying, pIant ii) The transports jon equipment be body truck with concrete buckets, or agitator cars, bucket on cable way or dump trucks The should match the mixer concrete vibrators should be adequate to compact the concrete as it is unloaded by the transportation equipm: iv) Where cranes are unload the buckets they should balance the transportation and compacting equipment. Another case is excav ana transportation of earth bya mbination of power shovels or lines and we by dump truck: v) The product of excavation of the to handled efficii matching betw: y essential equipment and plant is ve: Even if any plant or equi services to reputable workshops, Having an equipment overhaul policy Instead of replacing old equipment with new ones, major overhaul could be This implies that the overhauled machine should carried to old machines. meet the performance of a new machine in all respects including running costs and reliability. Ez ch contractor could come up with own overhaul policies for each type of equipment. For example you could set different overhaul policies to graders, loaders, haul trucks, Fleet rationalization/standar: tion Construction plant and equipment should be of the same type, makes, a model fore: ten.a> Life T A lift truck 4 wek/.fOlk Lift machine, which lifts and transports materials by using forks under the load. They are available in different nodels and capacities for working ¢ Load is lowered, raised and tilted by the ed hydraulically and consists of a cylinder and interlocking rails. The applications of lift trucks are lifting and removing of materials to the job sites and in variov nvironment and requirement t, which is opera construction by the carrier units. In either case, the matching between equipment and plant is ver Even if any plant or equipment is inefficient or unable to ha y essential ndle the product which it has to handle at the same rate as the previous operation the production of the entire process is sure to fall. This will lead to increase in the cost of unit of production and in the project cost. Safety precautions Some causes of hazards Many of the hazards which do arise hav! the following causes: Poor mechanical design (breaks in use, not powerful enough, components. fracture or malfunction) Poor functional design (not properly designed for the stated purpose) Used in the wrong circumstances (e.g, ground collapses under a crane) Poor maintenance (breaks or working condition © Training and keeping competent HOw ro MANAGEMENT. IMPROVE PLANT Maintenance _management _of equipment Involves Planning and implementation which includes of maintenance task © the method ana timing of © storage of equipment, © repair measures, © Parts stocking. Aims at keeping the equipment in reli. The program ta : to Wl equipment failures shorten dowr due to equipment failure and to repair the equipment atl . ble and main ble condition Basically there wwe mmers include Types of pile h: © Drop ° Si steam or compressed © Double acting steam or compressed arif © Differential acting steam —or compressed a © Diesel © Hydra © vibra a Drilling and blastingi| These equipment’s are @sed for rock excavation The task of rock excavation includes loosening, loading, hauling and compacting. The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation angeis performed by drilling, blasting or rip{ Equipments under this category include;- a) Drilling equipments b) Rippers & WWCO @ eudocs. replacement wo are tho: fuipment ownership cc owner of equipment must take account to evaluate and project investment. These would include costs on interest for borrowed money, taxes, nce, depreciation costs It is very crucial for the revenue accrued from use of ach equipment to ded so that could be established whether the i NE the invested be rece an adequate return o: capital ana det mined profitability Oo oe ey a of say 3, 40r 6 m* In equipment planning, the following should be considered: © Equipment should be selected to enhance the operating efficiency ef each equipment used in combination. © The working capacities of every equipment used in combination should be matched. Examples of this equipment matching include D Ex equipment ( transporting equipmenv. bucket of 2m" should be avator vs the haul Excavator used with a 2m or 4m‘ etc ii) A batching plant should be used with a truck mixer of bigger volume. @ Maintenance records Important to implementing effective management of maintenance of 2 of maintenance organization Main enance Costs Each type of cost incurred to every nstruction equipment in its lifetime is. 1 © of This is vital supposed to be properly recorded taken accow: information when the management has to make decision concerning choice of 1 equipment, equipment life ar replacement here are two types of Equipment costs they include D Equipment operating costs. it includes charges for the ator, fuel and lubricant ts of repairs and tire replacement Equipment ownersnip GD are thos penses that the owner of equipment must take crete pou plants, "s supplied by central mix Mobile concrete mixing plant is also very popular and widely used. Mobile concrete mixer plant is a unit mounted on a trailer, which carries sufficient. unmixed materials, such as cement, sand, coarse aggregates, water, and any chemicals required, for special mix specifications to the job site. In this type of plant cement, sand and aggregates are carried in separate bins. The materials mixed proportionately are mixed with water and then discharged through the conveyor system. ©) Concrete mixers There are essentially three classifications of mixers: the d mixer, pan mixer, and continuous. Each of these mixers can be further classified as batched or continuous, free-falling or forced movement, and S fo} mWbreakdown, lost. time due to high equipment downtime and high cost of maintenance and r epair b) Operator management In the case of storage of equipment, which is not under use, the following measures must be taken care of all parts of the equipment + Take action to prevent rusting of parts, + Drain out the cooling wat 1 oper ngs. + Use wooden blocks to keep tires om the ground, for ° mproving maintenance management Economic life of 2 ipment could be extended if thi This woul a involve having effective Ce) replacement There are two types of Equipment costs they include » Equipment operating costs. it includes charges for the operator, fuel and lubricant costs of repairs and ure repl iD Equipment ownership costs are those expenses that t owner of equipment must take project investment. The would include costs on inter for borrowed money taxes, depreciation cos mt is very crucial for the rev be recorded so. that it cou established wh: er the item is earning equate return on the invested nd determined profitability. replacement. There are two types of Equipment costs they include » Equipment operating costs. it includes charges for the operator, fuel and lubricant costs of repairs and tire replacement i) ~~ Equipment are those expenses tha the owner of equipment must take evaluate and investment. account to project These would include costs on interest for borrowed money, taxes, insurance, depreciation costs ete It is very crucial for the revenue established whether the item is earning an adequate return on the invested capital and determined profitability. equipment ©) Improving maintenance management Economic life of ~—_— construction equipment could be extended if they got proper maintenance. This would involve having effective © equipment inspection maintenance schedules qualified and skilled maintenance personnel © lubrication management © proper maintenance records © equipment performance analysis © Maintenance standard setting, etc In order to carry out effective management reduce the fleet sizes to cronomical Gay manageable levels. Improving workshops _ and workshop facilities